Prisoner of war - Knowledge

3857: 3105: 4869: 3234: 3897: 44: 2672: 6172:"But when the outcries of the lackies and boies, which ran awaie for feare of the Frenchmen thus spoiling the campe came to the kings eares, he doubting least his enimies should gather togither againe, and begin a new field; and mistrusting further that the prisoners would be an aid to his enimies, or the verie enimies to their takers in deed if they were suffered to live, contrarie to his accustomed gentleness, commended by sound of trumpet, that everie man (upon pain and death) should uncontinentlie slaie his prisoner. When this dolorous decree, and pitifull proclamation was pronounced, pitie it was to see how some Frenchmen were suddenlie sticked with daggers, some were brained with pollaxes, some slaine with malls, others had their throats cut, and some their bellies panched, so that in effect, having respect to the great number, few prisoners were saved." 2833: 3326: 88: 4388: 4893: 4148: 4124: 3113: 6089:, The University of Chicago – "Originally, captured soldiers had been made to fight with their own weapons and in their particular style of combat. It was from these conscripted prisoners of war that the gladiators acquired their exotic appearance, a distinction being made between the weapons imagined to be used by defeated enemies and those of their Roman conquerors. The Samnites (a tribe from Campania which the Romans had fought in the fourth and third centuries BC) were the prototype for Rome's professional gladiators, and it was their equipment that first was used and later adopted for the arena. Two other gladiatorial categories also took their name from defeated tribes, the Galli (Gauls) and Thraeces (Thracians)." 3796: 3597: 3913: 3933: 4256: 4399: 3873: 3823: 2457: 3842: 3086: 5133: 5322: 5374: 4595: 2365: 4066:

where food rations were meager and conditions squalid. One American admitted "The only difference between the stalags and concentration camps was that we weren't gassed or shot in the former. I do not recall a single act of compassion or mercy on the part of the Germans." Typical meals consisted of a bread slice and watery potato soup which was still more substantial than what Soviet POWs or concentration camp inmates received. Another prisoner stated that "The German plan was to keep us alive, yet weakened enough that we wouldn't attempt escape."

5353: 8988:, "American and Australian soldiers massacred Japanese prisoners of war" according to The Faraway War by Prof Richard Aldrich of Nottingham University. From the diaries of Charles Lindberg: as told by a US officer, "Oh, we could take more if we wanted to", one of the officers replied. "But our boys don't like to take prisoners." "It doesn't encourage the rest to surrender when they hear of their buddies being marched out on the flying field and machine-guns turned loose on them." On Australian soldiers attitudes 4579: 4446: 3885: 4634:

and employers resented the idle prisoners, and efforts were made to decentralise the camps and reduce security enough that more prisoners could work. By the end of May 1944, POW employment was at 72.8%, and by late April 1945 it had risen to 91.3%. The sector that made the most use of POW workers was agriculture. There was more demand than supply of prisoners throughout the war, and 14,000 POW repatriations were delayed in 1946 so prisoners could be used in the spring farming seasons, mostly to thin and block

4587: 4915:). Their POWs were housed in three camps, according to their potential usefulness to the North Korean army. Peace camps and reform camps were for POWs that were either sympathetic to the cause or who had valued skills that could be useful to the North Korean military; these enemy soldiers were indoctrinated and sometimes conscripted into the North Korean army. While POWs in peace camps were reportedly treated with more consideration, regular prisoners of war were usually tortured or treated very poorly. 3811: 3612:, the Japanese captured 350,000 POWs, of which 131,134 came from Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Of these 131,134 POWs, 35,756 died while detained, the death rate of Western prisoners was thus 27.1 per cent, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians. The death rate of Chinese was much higher. Thus, while 37,583 prisoners from the United Kingdom, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the 5197: 5275: 4692:

occupation zones of Germany, as well as providing relief to the prisoners held there. On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was also permitted to visit and assist prisoners in the US occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. "During their visits, the delegates observed that German prisoners of war were often detained in appalling conditions. They drew the attention of the authorities to this fact, and gradually succeeded in getting some improvements made".

4857: 2657: 2724:, there were increased efforts to improve the treatment and processing of prisoners. As a result of these emerging conventions, a number of international conferences were held, starting with the Brussels Conference of 1874, with nations agreeing that it was necessary to prevent inhumane treatment of prisoners and the use of weapons causing unnecessary harm. Although no agreements were immediately ratified by the participating nations, work was continued that resulted in new 3994: 3530: 11334: 4109:. He wrote about semi-starvation, the casual murder of individual prisoners by guards and how, when they were released (now from a German camp), they found a deserted German town filled with foodstuffs that they (with other released prisoners) ate.. It is estimated that of the 700,000 Italians taken prisoner by the Germans, around 40,000 died in detention and more than 13,000 lost their lives during the transportation from the Greek islands to the mainland. 4885: 2236: 2468:

the state. The European states strove to exert increasing control over all stages of captivity, from the question of who would be attributed the status of prisoner of war to their eventual release. The act of surrender was regulated so that it, ideally, should be legitimised by officers, who negotiated the surrender of their whole unit. Soldiers whose style of fighting did not conform to the battle line tactics of regular European armies, such as

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intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labour. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, some German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-50s."

4563: 5296: 5250: 5226: 2498:, French for "discourse", in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who hold him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. 4058: 11346: 2820:(towards Soviet POWs and Western Allied commandos) were notorious for atrocities against prisoners of war. The German military used the Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Soviet POWs; and the Soviets also used Axis prisoners as forced labour. The Germans also routinely executed Allied commandos captured behind German lines per the 4877: 3097: 4219: 4144:, the Axis powers took 4.6 million Soviet prisoners, of whom 1.8 million were found alive in camps after the war and 318,770 were released by the Axis during the war and were then drafted into the Soviet armed forces again. By comparison, 8,348 Western Allied prisoners died in German camps during 1939–45 (3.5% of the 232,000 total). 3856: 2579:

to the prison to ensure it was of sufficient quality. Despite the generous supply and quality of food, some prisoners died of starvation after gambling away their rations. Most of the men held in the prison were low-ranking soldiers and sailors, including midshipmen and junior officers, with a small number of

4922:. The Chinese hoped to gain worldwide publicity, and while some prisoners refused to participate, some 500 POWs of eleven nationalities took part. They came from all the North Korean prison camps and competed in football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track and field, soccer, gymnastics, and 2642:, even while the belligerents were at war. A cartel was usually arranged by the respective armed service for the exchange of like-ranked personnel. The aim was to achieve a reduction in the number of prisoners held, while at the same time alleviating shortages of skilled personnel in the home country. 3959:

After the French armies surrendered in summer 1940, Germany seized two million French prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany. About one third were released on various terms. Of the remainder, the officers and non-commissioned officers were kept in camps and did not work. The privates were

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was particularly high. Gavan Daws has calculated that "of all POWs who died in the Pacific War, one in three was killed on the water by friendly fire". Daws states that 10,800 of the 50,000 POWs shipped by the Japanese were killed at sea while Donald L. Miller states that "approximately 21,000 Allied

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was intended to be a model depot providing the most humane treatment of prisoners of war. The British government went to great lengths to provide food of a quality at least equal to that available to locals. The senior officer from each quadrangle was permitted to inspect the food as it was delivered

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In line with this development the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly regulated in international treaties, particularly in the form of the so-called cartel system, which regulated how the exchange of prisoners would be carried out between warring states. Another such treaty was the 1648

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In Europe, the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly centralised, in the time period between the 16th and late 18th century. Whereas prisoners of war had previously been regarded as the private property of the captor, captured enemy soldiers became increasingly regarded as the property of

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and declared war on Germany, the United States initially made plans to send Italian POWs back to fight Germany. Ultimately though, the government decided instead to loosen POW work requirements prohibiting Italian prisoners from carrying out war-related work. About 34,000 Italian POWs were active in

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In February 1944, 59.7% of POWs in America were employed. This relatively low percentage was due to problems setting wages that would not compete against those of non-prisoners, to union opposition, as well as concerns about security, sabotage, and escape. Given national manpower shortages, citizens

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In accordance with Article 27 of the Geneva Convention, the POWs were used in various productive activities. In return for providing work, the prisoners were granted payment and accommodation, as well as free time for cleaning, rest, and religious or other activities by their employers, according to

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Between 1941 and 1945 the Axis powers took about 5.7 million Soviet prisoners. About one million of them were released during the war, in that their status changed but they remained under German authority. A little over 500,000 either escaped or were liberated by the Red Army. Some 930,000 more

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Information on conditions in the stalags is contradictory depending on the source. Some American POWs claimed the Germans were victims of circumstance and did the best they could, while others accused their captors of brutalities and forced labour. In any case, the prison camps were miserable places

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was suspended, Confederate officials approached Union General Benjamin Butler, Union Commissioner of Exchange, about resuming the cartel and including the black prisoners. Butler contacted Grant for guidance on the issue, and Grant responded to Butler on 18 August 1864 with his now famous statement.

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made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual. On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the

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until mid-1947 by the Allies. The JSP were used until 1947 for labour purposes, such as road maintenance, recovering corpses for reburial, cleaning, and preparing farmland. Early tasks also included repairing airfields damaged by Allied bombing during the war and maintaining law and order until the

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For correspondence with their families, the prisoners were provided with postcards. However, most of these were not used as the POWs feared reprisals from the Soviet authorities upon learning that they were prisoners in Romania. The punishment of POWs in the Romanian camps was applied following the

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in 1918. The US held 48,000. The most dangerous moment for POWs was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes killed or mistakenly shot down. Once prisoners reached a POW camp conditions were better (and often much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the

4703:. Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, the U.S. chose to hand over several hundred thousand German prisoners to the Soviet Union in May 1945 as a "gesture of friendship". U.S. forces also refused to accept the surrender of German troops attempting to surrender to them in 3616:, the number for the Chinese was only 56. The 27,465 US Army POWs captured in the Pacific Theater, including Filipinos, had a 40.4 per cent death rate. The War Ministry in Tokyo issued an order at the end of the war allowing local commanders to kill remaining POWs without formal orders from Tokyo. 3066:

In 2000, the U.S. military replaced the designation "Prisoner of War" for captured American personnel with "Missing-Captured". A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since "Prisoner of War" is the international legal recognised status for such people there is no need for

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At the start of the American Civil War a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in

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in 1415. This was done in retaliation for the French killing of the boys and other non-combatants handling the baggage and equipment of the army, and because the French were attacking again and Henry was afraid that they would break through and free the prisoners who would rejoin the fight against

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pilots and observers were captured in the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and the Levant. One third of all Australian prisoners were captured on Gallipoli including the crew of the submarine AE2 which made a passage through the Dardanelles in 1915. Forced marches and crowded railway journeys preceded

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After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the POW status of the German prisoners was in many cases maintained, and they were for several years used as public labourers in countries such as the UK and France. Many died when forced to clear minefields in countries such as Norway and France. "By

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In September 1943 after the Armistice, Italian officers and soldiers in many places waiting for orders were arrested by Germans and Italian fascists and taken to internment camps in Germany or Eastern Europe, where they were held for the duration of the war. The International Red Cross could do

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There was much harsh treatment of POWs in Germany, as recorded by the American ambassador (prior to America's entry into the war), James W. Gerard, who published his findings in "My Four Years in Germany". Even worse conditions are reported in the book "Escape of a Princess Pat" by the Canadian

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During World War I, about eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps until the war ended. All nations pledged to follow the Hague rules on fair treatment of prisoners of war, and in general the POWs had a much higher survival rate than their peers who were not captured. Individual

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When a military member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them that the chain of command is still in effect (the highest ranking service member eligible for command, regardless of service branch, is in command), and requires them to support their leadership. The Code of Conduct also

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Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) pp. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the

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After the German surrender, the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid, such as food or prisoner visits, to POW camps in Germany. However, after making appeals to the Allies in the autumn of 1945, the Red Cross was allowed to investigate the camps in the British and French

4231:, the organisations leading the camps were to permanently control how the prisoners were accommodated, cared for, fed, and used. Due to some problems that arose with the food allowance in 1942, it was decided that the prisoners were to be fed like the Romanian troops, with an allocated 30 7635: 8670:

Views in the Media were mirrored in the House of commons, where the arguments were characterized by a series of questions, the substance of which were always the same. Here too the talk was often of slave labour, and this debate was not laid to rest until the government announced its

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Prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Japanese-occupied Asia, held by Japanese imperial armed forces were subject to murder, torture, beatings, extrajudicial punishment, brutal treatment,

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have done or are doing some of the very things we are prosecuting the Germans for. The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of prisoners of war that our command is taking back prisoners sent to them. We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practising

4183:. Until August 1944, 5,221 Soviet prisoners died in Romanian camps mainly to disease during winter. The POWs were treated according to the 1929 Geneva Convention, which was ratified by Romania on 15 September 1931. Initially, the prisoners were held in five POW camps in 2864:. (The Convention recognises a few other groups as well, such as "nhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units".) 4040:. Berga was the deadliest work detachment for American captives in Germany. 73 men who participated, or 21 percent of the detachment, perished in two months. 80 of the 350 POWs were Jews." Another well-known example was a group of 168 Australian, British, Canadian, 3986:, which had been signed by these countries. Consequently, western Allied officers were not usually made to work and some personnel of lower rank were usually compensated, or not required to work either. The main complaints of western Allied prisoners of war in 9645:

Bligh, Alexander. 2015. "The 1973 War and the Formation of Israeli POW Policy – A Watershed Line? ". In Udi Lebel and Eyal Lewin (eds.), The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Reshaping of Israeli Civil–Military Relations. Washington, DC: Lexington Books (2015),

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DOD's POW/MIA Mission: Capability and Capacity to Account for Missing Persons Undermined by Leadership Weaknesses and Fragmented Organizational Structure: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of

2223:, who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually 3203:

217 Australian and unknown numbers of British, New Zealand and Indian soldiers were captured by Ottoman forces. About 50 per cent of the Australian prisoners were light horsemen including 48 missing believed captured on 1 May 1918 in the Jordan Valley.

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on what the officers believed were private casual conversations. Much of the listening was carried out by German refugees, in many cases Jews. The work of these refugees in contributing to the Allied victory was declassified over half a century later.

4618:, of the roughly 1,000 US combat veterans he had interviewed, only one admitted to shooting a prisoner, saying he "felt remorse, but would do it again". However, one-third of interviewees told him they had seen fellow US troops kill German prisoners. 7847:(p. 290)—"2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation ... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs ... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers". 4286:. After Marshal Antonescu's visits, a new camp was to be set up, and the prisoners were to be treated according to the Geneva Convention. In September, all 110 POWs were transferred to the villas belonging to the Brașov and Giurgiu City Halls at 2193:

Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as

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Regardless of regulations determining treatment of prisoners, violations of their rights continue to be reported. Many cases of POW massacres have been reported in recent times, including the murder of Israeli prisoners of war in the 1973

4926:. For the POWs, this was also an opportunity to meet with friends from other camps. The prisoners had their own photographers, announcers, and even reporters, who after each day's competition published a newspaper, the "Olympic Roundup". 3056:

requires service members to resist giving information to the enemy (beyond identifying themselves, that is, "name, rank, serial number"), receiving special favours or parole, or otherwise providing their enemy captors aid and comfort.

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Bligh, Alexander. 2014. "The development of Israel's POW policy: The 1967 War as a test case", Paper presented at the Seventh Annual ASMEA Conference: Searching for Balance in the Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C., 31 October

4796:(NRA) included suspending prisoners by the neck in wooden cages until they died. In very rare cases, some were beheaded by sword, and a severed head was once used as a football by Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers. 4162:, signatory countries had to give POWs of all signatory and non-signatory countries the rights assigned by the convention. Shortly after the German invasion in 1941, the USSR made Berlin an offer of a reciprocal adherence to the 8803:

Edward N. Peterson, The American Occupation of Germany, pp. 42, 116, "Some hundreds of thousands who had fled to the Americans to avoid being taken prisoner by the Soviets were turned over in May to the Red Army in a gesture of

4294:). The excellent living conditions at the camp earned it the nickname "gilded cage", with the prisoners describing it as "probably the best prison camp in the world". The treatment of the Allied POWs was overlooked by Princess 4028:

A small number of Allied personnel were sent to concentration camps, for a variety of reasons including being Jewish. As the US historian Joseph Robert White put it: "An important exception ... is the sub-camp for U.S. POWs at

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became POWs of the Western Allies. Some of these were, like the Germans, used as forced labour in France after the cessation of hostilities. After the war, Hungarian POWs were handed over to the Soviets and transported to the

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any individual country to follow suit. This change remains relatively unknown even among experts in the field and "Prisoner of War" remains widely used in the Pentagon which has a "POW/Missing Personnel Office" and awards the

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to serve as a moral code for United States service members who have been taken prisoner. It was created primarily in response to the breakdown of leadership and organisation, specifically when U.S. forces were POWs during the

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is quoted: "Japanese are still being shot all over the place", "The necessity for capturing them has ceased to worry anyone. Nippo soldiers are just so much machine-gun practice. Too many of our soldiers are tied up guarding

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years in camps where disease, poor diet and inadequate medical facilities prevailed. About 25 per cent of other ranks died, many from malnutrition, while only one officer died. The most curious case came in Russia where the

4673:. In 1947, the Ministry of Agriculture argued against repatriation of working German prisoners, since by then they made up 25 per cent of the land workforce, and it wanted to continue having them work in the UK until 1948. 2778:, meaning it is a war crime by the detaining power to deprive the rights afforded to them by the Third Convention's provisions. Article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention states that POWs can only be required to give their 3912: 5064:. A large number of surviving Croatian or Bosnian POWs described the conditions in Serbian concentration camps as similar to those in Germany in World War II, including regular beatings, torture and random executions. 4516:

Stories that circulated during the Cold War claimed 23,000 Americans held in German POW camps had been seized by the Soviets and never been repatriated. The claims had been perpetuated after the release of people like

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and used the coffins for firewood. Food was scarce and prisoners resorted to eating horses, cats, dogs or even human flesh. The bad conditions inside the graveyard contributed to a city-wide epidemic after the battle.

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At the end of the war in 1918 there were believed to be 140,000 British prisoners of war in Germany, including thousands of internees held in neutral Switzerland. The first British prisoners were released and reached

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the contracts signed with the commanders of the prison camps. The main workplaces for prisoners were in agriculture and industrial enterprises, but also in forestry, civil works, and in service of the POW camps.

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We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your

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long distances towards central Germany, often in extreme winter weather conditions. It is estimated that, out of 257,000 POWs, about 80,000 were subject to such marches and up to 3,500 of them died as a result.

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The United States handed over 740,000 German prisoners to France, which was a Geneva Convention signatory but which used them as forced labourers. Newspapers reported that the POWs were being mistreated; Judge

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In 1946, the UK held over 400,000 German POWs, many having been transferred from POW camps in the US and Canada. They were employed as labourers to compensate for the lack of manpower in Britain, as a form of

4761:, a Hungarian soldier taken prisoner by the Red Army in 1944, was discovered in a Russian psychiatric hospital in 2000. It is likely that he was the last prisoner of war from World War II to be repatriated. 3960:

sent out to work. About half of them worked for German agriculture, where food supplies were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.

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In the winter of 1941/1942, the conditions of the POW camps were unsatisfactory, leading to the deaths of prisoners due to various diseases. The conditions were improved in 1942 when, by order of Marshal

2574:. The average prison population was about 5,500 men. The lowest number recorded was 3,300 in October 1804 and 6,272 on 10 April 1810 was the highest number of prisoners recorded in any official document. 4983:

As in previous conflicts, speculation existed, without evidence, that a handful of American pilots captured during the Korean and Vietnam wars were transferred to the Soviet Union and never repatriated.

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George Pearson. It was particularly bad in Russia, where starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; a quarter of the over 2 million POWs held there died. Nearly 375,000 of the 500,000

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He rejected the offer, stating in essence, that the Union could afford to leave their men in captivity, the Confederacy could not. After that about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the

4788:, fewer than 1,000 remained alive at battle's end. Japanese prisoners of war sent to camps fared well; however, some were killed when attempting to surrender or were massacred just after doing so (see 2387:

famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was

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surrendered in 1915, 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half the Russian losses were prisoners as a proportion of those captured, wounded or killed. About 3.3 million men became prisoners.

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Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat" War in History 2004 11 (2) 148–192 p. 189, (footnote, referenced to:

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Although thousands of Japanese servicemembers were taken prisoner of war, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the

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describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see

5892: 4215:. As the frontline moved further away, the captured prisoners were given to German POW camps, and then they were transferred to Romanian ones after requests from the Romanian authorities. 4140:

in the summer of 1941 and the following spring, 2.8 million of the 3.2 million Soviet prisoners taken died while in German hands. According to Russian military historian General

3778:. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. 9259:"Were Korean War POWs Sent to U.S.S.R? New Evidence Surfaces: Probe: Former Marine corporal spent 33 months as a prisoner and was interrogated by Soviet agents who thought he was a pilot" 3276:

had to write a report on the circumstances of their capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each returning officer and man was given a message from King

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Footnote to: K. W. Bohme, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 15 vols. (Munich, 1962–74), 1, pt. 1:x. (n. 1 above), 13:173; ICRC (n. 12 above), p. 334.

6643:"Myth: General Ulysses S. Grant stopped the prisoner exchange, and is thus responsible for all of the suffering in Civil War prisons on both sides – Andersonville National Historic Site" 6992: 5822: 9426: 8981: 7661: 3265:

and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for the receiving Allies and many ex-prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by

8817:, Die deutschen Nachkriegsverluste unter Vertriebenen, Gefangenen und Verschleppter: mit einer übersicht über die europäischen Nachkriegsverluste (Munich and Berlin, 1988), pp. 36f.) 7289: 4912: 2956:

personnel as separatist rebels. However, guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to receive benefits from both civilian and military status simultaneously.

8513: 7312:"An excellent reference for Japan and the treatment of US Airmen Pows is Toru Fukubayashi, "Allied Aircraft and Airmen Lost over Japanese Mainland" 20 May 2007. (PDF File 20 pages)" 6585: 5105:

This section lists nations with the highest number of POWs since the start of World War II and ranked by descending order. These are also the highest numbers in any war since the

3795: 2488:. This treaty established the rule that prisoners of war should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be allowed to return to their homelands. 5029:, American, British, Italian, and Kuwaiti POWs (mostly crew members of downed aircraft and special forces) were tortured by the Iraqi secret police. An American military doctor, 5022:, prisoners were well-treated in general by both sides, with military commanders dispatching enemy prisoners back to their homelands in record time following the end of the war. 3261:

On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released

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Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00.

4844:, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets ( 8782: 8751: 10941: 6243: 3932: 8368:(Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.) 8331: 4997: 9572: 4695:

POWs were also transferred among the Allies, with for example 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps to the Soviets and subsequently imprisoned in the

3104: 10138: 3063:, the official U.S. military term for enemy POWs is EPW (Enemy Prisoner of War). This name change was introduced in order to distinguish between enemy and U.S. captives. 6100: 4868: 2809:, in particular concerning the right of prisoners of war and internees to send and receive letters and cards (Geneva Convention (GC) III, art. 71 and GC IV, art. 107). 4243:

regulations of the Romanian Army. Executions by firing squad were few. The escapees who were caught and did not commit any acts of sabotage or espionage were tried by

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were found alive in camps after the war. The remaining 3.3 million prisoners (57.5% of the total captured) died during their captivity. Between the launching of

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An improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom they viewed as "

5842: 4462: 4158:

The Germans officially justified their policy on the grounds that the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention. Legally, however, under article 82 of the

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During these many months of trial, the early rescue of our gallant Officers & Men from the cruelties of their captivity has been uppermost in our thoughts.

10789: 10080: 7063: 6642: 4361: 3269:

troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains.

6725: 4054:("terrorist aviators") or these aircrews were classified as spies, because they had been disguised as civilians or enemy soldiers when they were apprehended. 9109: 6677: 4993: 3884: 3338: 3233: 10104: 8134: 10098: 10068: 8423: 6847: 5817: 3822: 2258:(later canonised as the city's patron saint) pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, 9985: 9934:(University Press of Kansas; 2010); 278 pages; Argues that the US military has failed to incorporate lessons on POW policy from each successive conflict. 9201: 8239: 7311: 6963: 6862: 2583:. About 100 senior officers and some civilians "of good social standing", mainly passengers on captured ships and the wives of some officers, were given 7627: 3593:, Italian soldiers and civilians in East Asia were taken as prisoners of war by Japanese armed forces and subject to the same conditions as other POWs. 11383: 8363: 7112: 2507: 9404: 4638:

in the west. While some in Congress wanted to extend POW labour beyond June 1946, President Truman rejected this, leading to the end of the program.

2399:: "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain". 9266: 9227: 7129: 6699: 6510:'In Cartellen wird der Werth eines Gefangenen bestimmet', in In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum zweiten Weltkrieg 5907: 4247:

and sentenced to prison terms from 3-6 months to several years. After 23 August 1944, the Soviet POWs were handed over to the Soviet headquarters.

3609: 2812:

However, nations vary in their dedication to following these laws, and historically the treatment of POWs has varied greatly. During World War II,

10164: 8848: 8720: 8539: 8496: 8268: 7736: 4048:; two of the POWs died at Buchenwald. Two possible reasons have been suggested for this incident: German authorities wanted to make an example of 2538:. Some Native Americans continued to capture Europeans and use them both as labourers and bargaining chips into the 19th century; see for example 43: 10127: 8989: 8604:

S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (September 1994), pp. 487–520.

8209: 8057: 4521:. Careful scholarly studies demonstrated that this was a myth based on the misinterpretation of a telegram about Soviet prisoners held in Italy. 4414:, where the Soviets captured 91,000 German troops in total (completely exhausted, starving and sick), of whom only 5,000 survived the captivity. 3284:

The Queen joins me in welcoming you on your release from the miseries & hardships, which you have endured with so much patience and courage.

2905:, or more properly they are not combatants. Captured soldiers who do not get prisoner of war status are still protected like civilians under the 9606: 7457: 6539: 6012: 5011:, which ended in Indian victory and the capture of 93,000 Pakistani POWs, they were later slowly repatriated in a deal with Pakistani President 3001:

When a country is responsible for breaches of prisoner of war rights, those accountable will be punished accordingly. An example of this is the

10092: 7888: 7857: 5897: 5212: 5097:

using electrocution, beatings, and sexual abuse. Both sides of the conflict forced prisoners to be naked at times as a humiliating punishment.

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used during and immediately after the war to interrogate prisoners before sending them to prison camps, was subject to allegations of torture.

4118: 2440:

enemy had broken a treaty with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the

2428:. Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. During his lifetime ( 2333: 10005: 7601: 7000: 4669:. A public debate ensued in the UK over the treatment of German prisoners of war, with many in Britain comparing the treatment to the POWs to 2671: 9829: 8684: 8575: 4661:

September 1945 it was estimated by the French authorities that two thousand prisoners were being maimed and killed each month in accidents".

4489: 4357: 4349: 9050: 9031: 8978: 6325: 6047: 9828:(University Press of Kentucky, 2010); 468 pages; Sources include American soldiers' own narratives of their experiences guarding POWs plus 7686: 7297: 5847: 5106: 4961: 4611: 4552: 4365: 4353: 4159: 3983: 3550: 2748: 2628: 8521: 2832: 11349: 10921: 9003: 4789: 4530: 4369: 3141: 2860:, wear a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bear arms openly, and have conducted military operations according to the 10153: 7185:

Ferguson, Niall (2004), "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat",

3221:

army) who were released and armed to fight on the side of the Entente, who briefly served as a military and diplomatic force during the

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generally do not qualify because they do not fulfill the criteria of Additional Protocol I. Therefore, they fall under the category of

2848:

entitled to combatant's privilege—which gives them immunity from punishment for crimes constituting lawful acts of war such as killing

9794:

Rennbahn: Trente-deux mois de captivité en Allemagne 1914–1917 Souvenirs d'un soldat belge, étudiant à l'université libre de Bruxelles

9365: 8037: 7361: 2998:

In addition, if wounded or sick on the battlefield, the prisoner will receive help from the International Committee of the Red Cross.

11730: 11042: 10824: 8866: 8759: 4700: 4645:(DEF) so as not to treat prisoners as POWs. A lot of these soldiers were kept in open fields in makeshift camps in the Rhine valley ( 4548: 3747:

Allied POW camps and ship-transports became accidental targets of Allied attacks. The number of deaths which occurred when Japanese "

2679: 10186: 10110: 4792:). In some instances, Japanese prisoners of war were tortured through a variety of methods. A method of torture used by the Chinese 11402:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

8303: 6760: 5179:

Over 4.5 million taken by the Western Allies before the formal surrender of Germany, another three million after the surrender

3969: 3810: 2976: 1031: 10086: 8328: 8189: 8072: 7155: 6813: 3325: 2108:

Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the

11635: 11113: 10213: 9576: 7914: 7428: 6549: 5862: 5807: 5437: 3954: 1463: 7235: 11436: 11376: 11238: 9283: 4964:

and subjected them to mistreatment and torture. Some American prisoners of war were held in the prison known to US POWs as the

4861: 4828:

1944 and 1945 on 66 US military installations, performing support roles such as quartermaster, repair, and engineering work as

6264: 6108: 2355:; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive. 9965: 9953: 9775: 9185: 8831: 8656: 8467: 8160: 7958: 7898: 7344: 6492: 5988: 5710: 4817: 4606:

During the war, the armies of Western Allied nations such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US were given orders to treat

4534: 4410:

servicemen (excluding Japanese), of whom more than a million died. One specific example is that of the German POWs after the

4387: 4306: 2945: 9135: 8962: 6045:

Wickham, Jason (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans up to 146 BC, University of Liverpool PhD Dissertation.

11604: 11252: 9970:

Richard D. Wiggers, "The United States and the Denial of Prisoner of War (POW) Status at the End of the Second World War",

9351: 7788: 6571: 6240: 17: 9066:

Insolvibile Isabella, Wops. I prigionieri italiani in Gran Bretagna, Naples, Italy, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2012,

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Upon arrival at the receiving camp the POWs were registered and "boarded" before being dispatched to their own homes. All

11809: 11763: 11715: 11486: 11337: 10752: 7704: 6122: 6070:

Wickham 2014 notes that for Roman warfare the outcome of capture could lead to release, ransom, execution or enslavement.

3565:, because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonorable. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by 2424:

of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or

2388: 1819: 87: 9991: 9632:"Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century", Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor. 9627: 9301: 7818: 6079: 4892: 4147: 11317: 11196: 10054: 10040: 10023: 9071: 8402: 7572: 7547: 7408: 6870: 6626: 6544: 6467: 6358: 4641:

Towards the end of the war in Europe, as large numbers of Axis soldiers surrendered, the US created the designation of

4302: 2867:

Thus, uniforms and badges are important in determining prisoner-of-war status under the Third Geneva Convention. Under

2513: 2014: 1792: 402: 4872:

Captured Chinese soldiers beg for their lives to a South Korean soldier, thinking they are going to be executed, 1951.

11369: 11287: 11138: 10863: 10681: 10629: 9873: 9848: 9819: 9746: 9731: 9686: 9640: 9559: 9534: 9499: 9466: 9436: 9214: 9177: 8936: 8790: 8395: 8373: 8256: 8003: 7511: 7490: 6980: 6434: 6225: 6191: 6160: 5857: 5619: 4163: 4123: 3744:. Escapes among Caucasian prisoners were almost impossible because of the difficulty of hiding in Asiatic societies. 3554: 1468: 10159: 7684:

Joseph Robert White, 2006, "Flint Whitlock. Given Up for Dead: American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga"

7061: 5033:, a 37-year-old flight surgeon captured when her Blackhawk UH-60 was shot down, was also subjected to sexual abuse. 3329:

Jewish USSR POW captured by German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were executed after selection.

2512:

Early historical narratives of captured European settlers, including perspectives of literate women captured by the

11799: 10847: 9898: 9724:

The Escape Artist: An WW2 Australian prisoner's chronicle of life in German POW camps and his eight escape attempts

5872: 4696: 2410: 2116:

them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for

1546: 35: 9709:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine

9113: 9083: 7098:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine

6669: 4305:, a new camp was set up in Bucharest. Camp No. 13 from Bucharest was initially located within the barracks of the 11301: 11294: 11026: 10638: 8354: 8138: 5877: 5444: 4973: 4473:' 80,000 evacuees from the Soviet Union in the United Kingdom, only 310 volunteered to return to Poland in 1947. 3254:

and a large reception camp was established at Dover capable of housing 40,000 men, which could later be used for

3112: 3080: 2651: 1891: 1529: 1316: 136: 8420: 3596: 11768: 11665: 11421: 11217: 7318: 4800: 4784:, over 20,000 were killed and only 216 were taken prisoner of war. Of the 30,000 Japanese troops that defended 4091: 3847: 3277: 2802: 1655: 10116: 7758: 7473:

Based on data in "Horyo Saishū Ronkoku Fuzoku-sho 'B'", Kykutō Kokusai Gunji Saiben No. 337, February 19,1948.

4976:

and badly treated. After the war, millions of South Vietnamese servicemen and government workers were sent to

10761: 9921: 6646: 5953:– "Captives taken in war have been called prisoners since mid-14c.; phrase prisoner of war dates from 1630s". 5605: 4345: 4329: 4152: 4045: 2953: 2770:. It applies from the moment a prisoner is captured until his or her release or repatriation. Under the 1949 2414: 2072: 1519: 10148: 10122: 9174:

An American Dream: The Life of an African American Soldier and POW who Spent Twelve Years in Communist China

7443:

Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II. Final Report, 7 December 1941–31 December 1946,

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In Britain, German prisoners, particularly higher-ranked officers, were housed in luxurious buildings where

2687:

1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. In the late summer of 1864, a year after the

11705: 11005: 10143: 8185: 5984: 5773: 5458: 3997:

Representation of a "Forty-and-eight" boxcar used to transport American POWs in Germany during World War II

3200: 2696:, accounting for nearly 10% of the conflict's fatalities. Of the 45,000 Union prisoners of war confined in 2009: 708: 468: 10175: 6742: 3553:, did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with international agreements, including provisions of the 11531: 11441: 10206: 9375: 9258: 8492: 7133: 6703: 5940: 5887: 5153:

He also believes that there were men who actually died as POWs amongst those listed as missing-in-action.

5090: 4977: 4793: 4607: 4407: 4105:

was among those interned and wrote about this time in his life. The book was translated and published as

3832: 3122: 2528:, and had lasting influence on the body of early American literature, most notably through the legacy of 2204:

involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no

2019: 1206: 1003: 874: 412: 9826:

The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War From the Revolution to the War on Terror

8844: 8276: 6923:

Years later Several ex POWS identified themselves (Ref: AMerican Legion Monthly Magazine September 1927)

5151:

maintains that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one million died in Soviet custody.

5071:, Yang Chen and Shih Liang. The two were imprisoned as spies for three years before being interned in a 4911:, the North Koreans developed a reputation for severely mistreating and torturing prisoners of war (see 4398: 11408: 11203: 11182: 10810: 10697: 10265: 9613: 9370: 8717: 8550: 8486: 8339: 7110:

The Postal History Society 1936–2011 – 75th anniversary display to the Royal Philatelic Society, London

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on St. Ecaterina Street. In June 1944, the non-commissioned officers were transferred to a wing of the

4098: 4087: 3301:

While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of the war, the same treatment was not granted to

2949: 2660: 2620: 1483: 8213: 7454: 4816:

and became an Allied co-belligerent. This did not change the status of many Italian POWs, retained in

3589:. After 20 March 1943, the Imperial Navy was ordered to kill prisoners of war taken at sea. After the 11804: 11794: 11753: 11695: 11088: 10998: 10956: 10170: 10001: 9945: 9939: 9833: 9679:

We We're Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War

8645:

Inge Weber-Newth; Johannes-Dieter Steinert (2006). "Chapter 2: Immigration policy—immigrant policy".

6563: 6024: 5902: 5640: 5528: 5307: 5045: 5004: 4458: 4255: 3520: 2916:

armed conflicts. The application of prisoner of war status in non-international armed conflicts like

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although some further afield. They were afforded the courtesy of their rank within English society.

2567: 2456: 1593: 1101: 445: 319: 153: 10180: 9635:"Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945", Dietz, Bonn 1997, 8622:

Renate Held, "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in britischer Hand – ein Überblick (in German)" (2008)

7865: 11710: 11675: 11620: 11506: 11049: 10493: 10299: 9661: 9546:

Kurt W. Böhme: "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Jugoslawien", Band I/1 der Reihe: Kurt W. Böhme,

8248: 7605: 7253: 5967: 5612: 5493: 4417:

German soldiers were kept as forced labour for many years after the war. The last German POWs like

4204: 3558: 3037: 2906: 2747:

covered the treatment of prisoners of war in detail. These provisions were further expanded in the

2741: 2534: 2361:

had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.

2044: 1911: 1458: 1151: 964: 812: 8692: 8583: 4069:

As the Red Army approached some POW camps in early 1945, German guards forced western Allied POWs

11416: 11308: 11231: 11147: 10984: 10796: 10368: 9917: 9047: 9028: 8445: 8194: 8115: 7683: 7396: 6786: 6746: 6054: 5647: 5633: 5535: 4934: 4622: 4485: 4450: 4324:. After 23 August, at the request of the prisoners to be organised into a military unit, General 3979: 3741: 3205: 3154: 2965: 2861: 2853: 2837: 2752: 2492: 1997: 1979: 1735: 1294: 1216: 1161: 1041: 754: 417: 296: 48: 10047:

To Fight for My Country, Sir!: Memoirs of a 19-year-old B-17 Navigator Shot Down in Nazi Germany

7441:

Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Department of the Army,

6396: 6303: 3903: 3569:, the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed on Chinese prisoners of war. 11446: 11431: 11224: 10914: 10622: 10595: 10468: 10320: 10199: 6993:"375,000 Austrians Have Died in Siberia; Remaining 125,000 War Prisoner...—Article Preview—The" 6972: 5682: 5661: 5626: 4824: 4465:. Thousands were executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the 4301:

In the spring of 1944, with the increasing number of American and British prisoners due to the

3751:"—unmarked transport ships in which POWs were transported in harsh conditions—were attacked by 3590: 3314: 3196:, in April 1916. Many were weak and starved when they surrendered and 4,250 died in captivity. 2921: 2806: 2705: 2701: 2599: 2473: 2421: 2121: 1864: 1839: 1561: 1473: 1346: 1221: 817: 794: 220: 119: 9660:

The stories of several American fighter pilots, shot down over North Vietnam are the focus of

9198: 9007: 8236: 7950: 7944: 7537: 6960: 6348: 2708:

in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and

2156:

For a large part of human history, prisoners of war would most often be either slaughtered or

11758: 11566: 11556: 11521: 11210: 11161: 11012: 10782: 7974: 6616: 6217: 6211: 5766: 4957: 4896: 4829: 4642: 4470: 3866:, Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945 3145: 3085: 3068: 2868: 2639: 2543: 2529: 1453: 1386: 1339: 988: 951: 914: 832: 784: 668: 478: 271: 175: 6899: 3100:

American soldiers of the 11th Engineer Regiment taken as prisoners of war by Germany in 1917

2712:

in New York state, with a death rate of 25% (2,963), nearly equalled that of Andersonville.

11685: 11645: 11526: 11127: 10886: 10775: 10447: 9489: 9401: 9379: 8918: 8482: 7369: 6893:"Department of Defense Instruction January 8, 2008 Incorporating Change 1, August 14, 2009" 6317: 5837: 5802: 5752: 5570: 5430: 5094: 4411: 4325: 4275: 4141: 4137: 4102: 4097:

nothing for them, as they were not regarded as POWs, but the prisoners held the status of "

3763: 3273: 3044: 2559: 2521: 2485: 2339:

Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians'

2128:

them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or

1844: 1746: 1603: 1598: 1416: 1381: 1116: 931: 789: 725: 579: 549: 126: 31: 8877: 5053: 4848:) regardless of their wishes. The forced repatriation operations took place in 1945–1947. 8: 11735: 11456: 11451: 11426: 11063: 10803: 5549: 5500: 5061: 5012: 4930: 4880:

An American POW being released by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong captors in February 1973

4594: 4196: 3582: 3524: 3210: 3185: 3025:

during World War II. Most were executed or sentenced to life in prison for their crimes.

3009:. German and Japanese military commanders were prosecuted for preparing and initiating a 2688: 2607: 2575: 2566:

in Huntingdonshire, England in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the

2563: 2525: 2481: 2461: 2305: 2277: 2201: 1695: 1680: 1556: 1443: 1421: 1396: 1356: 1266: 1076: 976: 926: 693: 683: 648: 440: 430: 180: 104: 8431:

National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, p. 28 Retrieved 18 July 2012

8300: 6764: 5148: 3585:. The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma–Thailand 11773: 11650: 11576: 11471: 11275: 11175: 11168: 11070: 10833: 10382: 10375: 10313: 9527:

Ende des Dritten Reiches – Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Eine perspektivische Rückschau

9431: 8097: 7202: 7163: 6593: 6389: 5724: 5598: 5465: 4845: 4781: 4615: 4540: 4508:. An estimated 60,000 to 347,000 of these Japanese prisoners of war died in captivity. 4476:

Of the 230,000 Polish prisoners of war taken by the Soviet army, only 82,000 survived.

4014: 3990:

POW camps—especially during the last two years of the war—concerned shortages of food.

3752: 3613: 3601: 2988:

Paid for work done and not forced to do work that is dangerous, unhealthy, or degrading

2941: 2902: 2771: 2759: 2693: 2273: 2029: 1884: 1804: 1725: 1670: 1645: 1566: 1512: 1478: 1409: 1326: 1236: 1141: 1086: 971: 936: 889: 764: 735: 688: 626: 601: 435: 229: 148: 8164: 7918: 11680: 11640: 11593: 11541: 11466: 11268: 11245: 11034: 11019: 10991: 10977: 10690: 10553: 10251: 10050: 10036: 10019: 9961: 9949: 9932:

America's Captives: Treatment of POWs From the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror

9869: 9844: 9815: 9771: 9742: 9727: 9712: 9697: 9682: 9666: 9636: 9555: 9530: 9495: 9210: 9181: 9067: 8942: 8932: 8827: 8652: 8463: 8391: 8369: 8252: 7999: 7954: 7894: 7568: 7543: 7507: 7486: 7404: 7340: 7239: 7206: 6976: 6622: 6488: 6463: 6440: 6430: 6354: 6221: 6187: 6173: 6156: 5852: 5827: 5812: 5731: 5696: 5563: 5514: 5472: 5451: 5285:≈200,000 (135,000 taken in Europe, does not include Pacific or Commonwealth figures) 5083: 4774: 4716: 4333: 4295: 3802: 3771: 3538: 3222: 3010: 2940:

by government forces and are sometimes executed on spot or tortured. However, in the

2775: 2763: 2729: 2595: 2547: 2409:

constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for

2364: 2313: 2209: 2205: 2065: 1974: 1921: 1824: 1814: 1809: 1779: 1762: 1757: 1730: 1675: 1376: 1366: 1361: 1351: 1271: 1261: 1256: 1231: 1201: 1091: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1036: 1026: 941: 894: 864: 703: 496: 473: 407: 10105:

First hand account of being a Japanese POW. Part 1 in a series of 4 video interviews

10008:

regarding their individual experiences as POWs and the memoirs they each published:

9529:. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes. Munich 1995. 9319:"The True Story of India's Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani POWs After 1971 War" 9279: 5176:(the death rate for German prisoners of war was highest in Yugoslavia with over 50%) 4918:

The 1952 Inter-Camp POW Olympics were held from 15 to 27 November 1952 in Pyuktong,

4287: 4192: 4184: 2994:

Not compelled to give any information except for name, age, rank, and service number

2034: 11814: 11670: 11586: 11551: 11189: 11154: 10900: 10879: 10768: 10727: 10417: 9927: 7940: 7194: 6535: 6268: 5787: 5654: 5507: 5423: 5327: 5312: 5264:; 240,000 taken by the Soviets in 1939; 15,000 taken by Germany in Warsaw in 1944) 5049: 4841: 4813: 4720: 4647: 4571: 4070: 4030: 3919: 3828: 3574: 3566: 3534: 3218: 3184:

often treated prisoners of war poorly. Some 11,800 British soldiers, most from the

3162: 3002: 2857: 2845: 2524:, are an example. Such narratives enjoyed some popularity, spawning a genre of the 2293: 2216: 2039: 2004: 1936: 1829: 1767: 1660: 1588: 1581: 1438: 1371: 1321: 1311: 1186: 1106: 1066: 1051: 1013: 998: 869: 854: 807: 715: 673: 616: 611: 569: 392: 369: 261: 185: 114: 97: 9809: 3890:

Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945

3762:

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as

2105:. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. 11748: 11700: 11660: 11561: 11511: 11120: 10907: 10856: 10546: 10514: 10433: 10028: 9408: 9305: 9287: 9205: 9139: 9054: 9035: 8985: 8966: 8959: 8901: 8852: 8724: 8646: 8500: 8427: 8406: 8358: 8335: 8307: 8243: 7690: 7461: 7116: 7067: 6967: 6247: 6086: 5780: 5745: 5738: 5591: 5486: 5379: 5068: 4666: 4578: 4083: 4025:, experienced four years of captivity under entirely normal conditions for POWs. 4018: 3767: 3546: 2849: 2624: 2571: 2517: 2109: 1849: 1834: 1752: 1708: 1650: 1306: 1301: 1191: 1181: 1096: 1071: 1008: 849: 779: 769: 621: 606: 529: 501: 291: 286: 266: 109: 9812:: Life of the French prisoners of war at the peasants of low Bavaria (1939–1945) 8399: 7796: 5584: 4586: 11690: 11615: 11571: 10970: 10949: 10817: 10745: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10507: 10454: 9861: 9696:

2nd ed. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008)

9601: 9136:"Chinese operated three types of POW camps for Americans during the Korean War" 8894: 8814: 8384: 7861: 5883:

Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914–1918 Great War

5832: 5759: 5542: 5280: 4989: 4754: 4724: 4625:

were installed. A considerable amount of military intelligence was gained from

4466: 4445: 4426: 4418: 4373: 4203:. By 1942, the number reached 12 camps of which 10 were in Romania, and two in 4050: 4022: 3975: 3334: 3302: 3255: 3214: 3181: 3137: 3041: 2873: 2821: 2813: 2791: 2539: 2425: 2329: 2219:, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the 2187: 2129: 2102: 2024: 1772: 1196: 1156: 1134: 1121: 1111: 1081: 993: 946: 749: 740: 631: 584: 564: 554: 524: 491: 379: 336: 301: 276: 143: 76: 8488:"Americans, Germans, and War Crimes: Converging Narratives from "the Good War" 7733:

Royal Canadian Air Force Association, "Allied Officers Deported to Buchenwald"

7198: 7023:

Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity.

6790: 4758: 3309:, e.g. in France, until 1920. They were released after many approaches by the 11788: 11720: 11655: 11536: 10893: 10613: 10602: 10403: 10011: 9547: 9525:

Rüdiger Overmans: "Die Rheinwiesenlager 1945" in: Hans-Erich Volkmann (ed.):

9298: 8514:"How Britain's German-born Jewish 'secret listeners' helped win World War II" 7915:"Report at the session of the Russian association of WWII historians in 1998" 7822: 6207: 6130: 5556: 5479: 5358: 5072: 5067:

In 2001, reports emerged concerning two POWs that India had taken during the

5037: 5030: 5019: 4969: 4651:). Controversy has arisen about how Eisenhower managed these prisoners. (see 4626: 4518: 4501: 4310: 4244: 4228: 4180: 4021:

who had enlisted in the British Army, and who was captured by the Germans in

4006: 3782: 3775: 3586: 3306: 3133: 3125:

92,000 Russians surrendered during the battle. When the besieged garrison of

2836:

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the

2787: 2783: 2732:

that specified that prisoners of war be treated humanely and diplomatically.

2709: 2635: 2444:

in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as

2406: 2384: 2369: 2317: 2289: 2239: 1871: 1859: 1715: 1635: 1551: 1534: 1391: 1246: 1226: 904: 899: 879: 859: 774: 745: 720: 596: 574: 559: 534: 374: 281: 239: 234: 131: 8946: 8540:"History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776–1945" 5935: 5393:, of them, it is estimated that between 60,000 and 347,000 died in captivity 4856: 4437:, were not released by the Soviets until 1955, two years after Stalin died. 4278:. The airmen were interned at first in the court of the Central Seminary in 11630: 11625: 11516: 11393: 11361: 11095: 11056: 10720: 10704: 10486: 10440: 10222: 9986:"American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II" 9781: 9754:

History of prisoner of war utilisation by the United States Army, 1776–1945

7080: 6444: 5577: 5390: 5338: 5202: 5187: 5138: 5079:, where they spent the following 38 years under a special prisoner status. 5057: 4965: 4746: 4653: 4232: 4179:

Between 1941 and 1944, 91,060 Soviet prisoners of war were captured by the

4035: 4010: 3189: 3121:

surrenders were uncommon; usually a large unit surrendered all its men. At

3006: 2817: 2721: 2588: 2441: 2358: 2220: 2125: 2113: 2058: 1984: 1964: 1959: 1854: 1799: 1433: 1428: 1251: 1166: 909: 643: 544: 341: 225: 9716: 9701: 9692:

Peter Dennis, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou :

6932:

Geo G. Phillimore and Hugh H. L. Bellot, "Treatment of Prisoners of War",

4888:

Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps in 1973

3993: 2255: 2164:

could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as

11496: 10872: 10840: 10713: 10674: 10667: 10560: 10539: 10500: 10461: 10389: 10237: 7565:

Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle

7423: 5867: 5717: 5675: 5165: 4949: 4942: 4919: 4677: 4635: 4434: 4188: 4128: 4041: 3562: 3193: 3060: 3018: 2697: 2631: 2285: 2247: 2098: 1969: 1720: 1685: 1524: 1211: 1176: 884: 827: 730: 514: 215: 210: 52: 9235: 8644: 8116:"No. 40 Squadron Wellington X ME990 -R F/O. Lawrence Franklin Tichborne" 6424: 5145:

About 3 million taken by USSR (474,967 died in captivity (>15%))

3529: 2320:. When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and 11501: 10660: 10588: 10424: 10410: 10396: 10361: 10258: 9856:

Beyond the Bamboo Screen: Scottish Prisoners of War under the Japanese.

9788:. First Published Arris Books, 2006. 2nd ed., Constable Robinson, 2007. 9516:, Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor (ref. Streit) 9087: 7975:"Part VIII: Execution of the convention #Section I: General provisions" 5157: 4908: 4900: 4884: 4741: 4422: 4392: 4061:

Telegram notifying parents of an American POW of his capture by Germany

3923: 3789:, recorded their ordeal in seemingly harmless prison quilt embroidery. 3049: 2925: 2917: 2886: 2675: 2656: 2580: 2292:

aimed to not only defeat but also to eliminate enemies. Authorities in

2149: 1926: 1896: 1618: 982: 9308:. Taskforceomegainc.org (17 September 1996). Retrieved on 24 May 2014. 8351: 6789:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 5 May 2008. Archived from 6485:

Zwischen Tätern und Opfern: Gewaltbeziehungen und Gewaltgemeinschaften

3341:, tabulated the total death rate for POWs in World War II as follows: 2325: 2235: 11481: 10521: 10123:

War Memoirs of a British Army Signalman as a prisoner of the Japanese

9671: 9552:

Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges

8017:

Order within Anarchy: The Laws of War as an International Institution

5703: 4953: 4945:

to distant POW camps, only 3,290 were repatriated four months later.

4938: 4769: 4493: 4430: 4279: 3987: 3938:

Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese

3786: 3755: 3748: 3149: 2937: 2933: 2898: 2894: 2882: 2767: 2664: 2603: 2309: 2224: 2169: 2161: 2140: 2117: 2094: 1916: 1740: 1690: 1640: 1630: 1625: 1490: 1281: 1276: 1241: 678: 364: 331: 200: 7483:

Prisoners of the Japanese : POWs of World War II in the Pacific

4614:. Some breaches of the Convention took place, however. According to 4562: 3982:, France, the U.S., and other western Allies in accordance with the 3922:

captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese

2982:

Allowed to communicate regularly with relatives and receive packages

11743: 11581: 10276: 10244: 8905: 8312: 8058:"1943 – 1944. Prizonieri de război americani și englezi în România" 7766: 5410: 5026: 4753:. Such forced Hungarian labour by the USSR is often referred to as 4505: 4497: 4208: 4200: 3863: 3578: 3170: 3090: 3022: 2929: 2890: 2844:

To be entitled to prisoner-of-war status, captured persons must be

2469: 2436: 2348: 2340: 2301: 2259: 2165: 1931: 1906: 1539: 1171: 1146: 759: 314: 256: 168: 10160:

Notes of Japanese soldier in a USSR prison camp after World War II

6123:"Church Fathers: Church History, Book VII (Socrates Scholasticus)" 4492:

were captured by the Soviet Union. The prisoners were captured in

4382: 2871:, the requirement of a distinctive marking is no longer included. 2542:, a sailor who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the 11546: 11491: 11476: 11461: 10334: 10306: 10285: 7858:"Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II" 5261: 5237: 5208: 5173: 5169: 4708: 4670: 4566: 4406:

According to some sources, the Soviets captured 3.5 million

4332:

Regiment. All Western Allied POWs were evacuated to Italy during

3759:

POWs died at sea, about 19,000 of them killed by friendly fire."

3305:

prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom had to serve as

3266: 3247: 3166: 2878: 2321: 2157: 1941: 1901: 1665: 1499: 1495: 837: 822: 698: 359: 354: 324: 243: 205: 10191: 9881:

Useful Captives: The Role of POWs in American Military Conflicts

4005:—or whom the Nazis believed to be Jewish—were killed as part of 3622:

Number of Western Allied POWs and Death Rate Under the Japanese

3148:

held about 720,000, mostly gained in the period just before the

2972:

Treated humanely with respect for their persons and their honour

2553: 10345: 10093:

Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II

9741:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Republished by Penguin, 1992; 9427:"Threats and Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran-Iraq Prisoner Deal" 8073:"Prizonierii americani în "colivia de aur" de la Timișu de Jos" 7049:

Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919.

6840:"War in the Gulf: P.O.W.'s; U.S. Says Prisoners Seem War-Weary" 6540:"Site of the Norman Cross Depot for Prisoners of War (1006782)" 5823:

Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)

5255: 5231: 5161: 5076: 4923: 4785: 4704: 4685: 4283: 4057: 3243: 3174: 3126: 3014: 2944:, both sides treated captured troops as POWs presumably out of 2725: 2392: 2352: 2344: 2297: 2196: 1448: 844: 661: 397: 10942:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

9895:

The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947

9841:

Histoire de la captivité des Français en Allemagne (1939–1945)

9110:"Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal" 8826:

David Lubań, "Legal Modernism", Univ of Michigan Press, 1994.

7737:

National Museum of the USAF, "Allied Victims of the Holocaust"

7602:"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories" 7504:

Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific

7254:"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories" 6429:. New York: Inner Traditions International. pp. 229–233. 4876: 3878:

Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manilla, Philippines, 1945

2501: 2417:

in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.

2276:'s English army killed many French prisoners of war after the 11259: 10292: 9944:(2nd ed.). Millerton, NY: Grey House Pub, 2006. p. 9607:

Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

9280:

pp 26–33 Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs To the Soviet Union

8421:

POW/MIA Issues: Volume 2, World War II and the Early Cold War

6302:

Hassig, Ross (2003). "El sacrificio y las guerras floridas".

4504:, then sent to work as forced labour in the Soviet Union and 4377: 4328:

approved the transfer of 896 POWs to the barracks of the 4th

4270:, the former Normal School used as Camp No. 13 during the war 4212: 4101:". Treatment of the prisoners was generally poor. The author 3251: 2985:

Given adequate food, clothing, housing, and medical attention

2403: 2251: 2182: 2173: 2145: 919: 455: 450: 9979:

Open Road to Faraway: Escapes from Nazi POW Camps 1941–1945.

9514:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

8301:

Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow

7567:. London: Spectre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 50–58. 6743:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons" 6645:. U.S. National Park Service). 18 July 2014. Archived from 6574:

on 27 February 2019 – via Munich Digitization Center.

6267:. Faculty.washington.edu. 29 September 2007. Archived from 5301: 5110: 5041: 4681: 4298:, who was nicknamed "The Angel of Ploiești" by the airmen. 4282:, with the wounded airmen taken to the no. 415 Hospital in 4166:. Third Reich officials left the Soviet "note" unanswered. 3310: 3116:

German soldier of Infantry Regiment 120, POW 1 January 1918

2798: 2779: 2758:

Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention protects captured

2396: 195: 190: 8867:"Hungarian Prisoners-of-War In French Captivity 1945–1947" 7060:

British National Archives, "The Mesopotamia campaign", at

6618:

Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy

4524: 3280:, written in his own hand and reproduced on a lithograph. 2304:

desirable. Examples of such wars include the 13th-century

10000:

On 12 February 2013, three American POWs gathered at the

8928:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

8537: 7709: 7222:

Savage Continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II

6961:

Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945

6048:"The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC" 4933:, of the 11,721 French soldiers taken prisoner after the 4461:

in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became

4309:, in a frequently bombed area. It was later moved to the 4002: 3096: 2606:

and prisoner camp for around 6,000 POWs who lived in the

2269:) liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so. 68: 9997:

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

6241:"Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan" 5843:

Extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany

5107:

Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

4339: 4218: 4001:

Only a small proportion of western Allied POWs who were

3246:

on 15 November. Plans were made for them to be sent via

3177:. In Germany, food was short, but only 5 per cent died. 2807:

restoring and maintaining family contact in times of war

8736:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8038:"Prizonieri de război sovietici în România (1941–1944)" 7337:

Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes

6460:'Prisoners in early modern warfare' in Prisoners in War 4864:

bound and killed by North Koreans during the Korean War

4274:

The first Americans were captured in Romania following

3974:

Germany and Italy generally treated prisoners from the

3028: 9159: 9157: 8783:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8752:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8718:

ICRC in WW II: German prisoners of war in Allied hands

8458:

Dear, I.C.B; Foot, M.R.D., eds. (2005). "War Crimes".

4362:

Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939

2324:

following the projected capture (1209) of the city of

9941:

The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War & Internment

9905:

Prisoners of the Reich, Germany's Captives, 1939–1945

9575:. Stern.de – Politik. 6 February 2012. Archived from 8712: 8710: 8648:

German migrants in post-war Britain: an enemy embrace

8462:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 983–984. 8237:

Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression

8163:. Worldwar2database.com. 27 July 2011. Archived from 4222:

Soviet POWs escorted by a Romanian cavalryman in 1941

3816:

Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943

9868:

1979 Stein & Day; 1991, 1996 Scarborough House.

8324: 8322: 7506:. Melbourne: Scribe Publications. pp. 295–297. 7290:"Japanese troops ate flesh of enemies and civilians" 6667: 6098: 5818:

Armenian POWs during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

4913:

Treatment of POWs by North Korean and Chinese forces

4790:

Allied war crimes during World War II in the Pacific

4711:, and handed them over to the Soviet Union instead. 4402:

German prisoners of war being paraded through Moscow

2476:, were often denied the status of prisoners of war. 9694:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

9614:

Full text of Third Geneva Convention, 1949 revision

9154: 8640: 8638: 7705:"'Soldiers and Slaves' Details Saga of Jewish POWs" 7085:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

6586:"Die Aufzeichnungen des Totengräbers Ahlemann 1813" 6534: 3108:

US POWs at German prison camp Rastatt, Germany 1918

11754:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 9888:Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II 9681:, 1st ed.; 1997, BasicBooks (HarperCollins, Inc). 9509: 9507: 9282:. Nationalalliance.org. Retrieved on 24 May 2014. 8707: 8352:POW in the USSR 1939–1956: Documents and Materials 8296: 8294: 6388: 5093:, Ukrainian POWs have described being tortured by 4799:After the war, many Japanese POWs were kept on as 3850:rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945 2508:Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War 9990:United States. Government Accountability Office. 8616: 8319: 7628:"Pride and Peril: Jewish American POWs in Europe" 6614: 6395:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 4773:A group of Japanese soldiers captured during the 3740:No direct access to the POWs was provided to the 3581:, starvation rations, poor medical treatment and 11786: 11282:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 8635: 7939: 6854: 6487:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 107–129. 6426:Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources 5908:World War II Radio Heroes: Letters of Compassion 4962:United States servicemembers as prisoners of war 4582:US Army: Card of capture for German POWs – front 4044:and US aviators who were held for two months at 3509: 9504: 8291: 7287: 6700:"Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1" 6621:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73. 6353:. Columbia University Press. pp. 371–372. 6181: 6180:, quoted by Andrew Gurr in his introduction to 4383:Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns 3165:prisoners of war taken by Russians perished in 2735: 10154:New Zealand PoWs of Germany, Italy & Japan 10033:Taps on the Walls: Poems from the Hanoi Hilton 9814:– Mémoires et Cultures – 2007. 9711:10th ed. (Sydney: Angus & Robinson, 1941) 9402:Two Chinese prisoners from '62 war repatriated 9084:"Repatriation – The Dark Side of World War II" 8908:, 17 September 2000. Accessed 11 December 2016 8547:Center of Military History, United States Army 8261: 7907: 5898:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 4840:On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the 4119:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 3600:Thousands of US and Filipino POWs died on the 2749:1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War 2230: 11377: 10207: 10187:Jewish POW swapped by Germans in World War II 8190:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field 6726:"US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands" 6099:Eisenberg, Bonnie; Ruthsdotter, Mary (1998). 4358:Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4350:Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 2554:French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars 2066: 11391: 10099:Reports made by World War I prisoners of war 9792: 9424: 8996: 8161:"German POWs in Allied Hands – World War II" 7759:"Death March from Stalag Luft 4 during WWII" 7589:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation 7362:"Forgotten tragedy of Italian war detainees" 7236:"World War II – prisoners of war POWs Japan" 6971:". Robert B. Kane, Peter Loewenberg (2008). 6702:. U.S. National Park Service. Archived from 6324:. Latinamericanstudies.org. pp. 46–51. 6151:Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. 6010: 5848:German prisoners of war in the United States 4727:in October 1945 that the Allies themselves, 4553:German prisoners of war in the United States 4366:Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4354:Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 3862:Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near 2801:has a special role to play, with regards to 2619:The extensive period of conflict during the 2132:them in new political or religious beliefs. 11422:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 9573:"Kriegsgefangene: Viele kamen nicht zurück" 9219: 8533: 8531: 7967: 7395: 7278:, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9, 1995, p. 22 6863:"Pentagon: We Don't Call Them POWs Anymore" 6391:Islam. Its History, Teaching, and Practices 6182:Shakespeare, William; Gurr, Andrew (2005). 6178:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 4531:Lists of World War II prisoner-of-war camps 4370:German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 3237:Celebration for returning POWs, Berlin 1920 3089:German soldiers captured by the British in 2502:European settlers captured in North America 11384: 11370: 10964:International Network of Prison Ministries 10214: 10200: 8247:". Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer (1999). 8092: 8090: 7890:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory 7083:, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou, 6570:(in German). p. 305ff. Archived from 6289:Meyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. 6186:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 6155:. 3rd ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1993. 4968:. Communist Vietnamese held in custody by 4610:prisoners strictly in accordance with the 4545:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 3551:1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War 3549:, which had signed but never ratified the 3034:The United States Military Code of Conduct 2073: 2059: 30:"POW" redirects here. For other uses, see 7391: 7389: 7387: 7339:. Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 252. 4820:, the UK and US due to labour shortages. 4549:Japanese prisoners of war in World War II 4250: 3801:Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by 2975:Able to inform their next of kin and the 2728:being adopted and becoming recognised as 10790:Mentally ill people in the United States 10181:Historic films about POWs in World War I 10016:She Went to War: The Rhonda Cornum Story 9886:Moore, Bob, & Kent Fedorowich eds., 9763:; Charles Tuttle Company, Vermont, 1965. 9726:, 1984 Artlook Books Western Australia. 9006:. CNN. 23 September 1996. Archived from 8979:American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs' 8931:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 8676: 8528: 8457: 8207: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 7184: 7160:International Committee of the Red Cross 6860: 6562: 6386: 6293:. Oxford University Press, 5th ed. 1995. 6101:"History of the Women's Rights Movement" 5386:16,000–50,000 captured by Western Allies 5109:entered into force on 19 June 1931. The 4891: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4855: 4804:arrival of Allied forces in the region. 4768: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4561: 4444: 4397: 4386: 4290:, in the newly established Camp No. 14 ( 4254: 4217: 4146: 4122: 4112: 4056: 3992: 3970:Belgian prisoners of war in World War II 3595: 3528: 3324: 3232: 3188:, became prisoners after the five-month 3111: 3103: 3095: 3084: 2977:International Committee of the Red Cross 2831: 2745:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land 2670: 2655: 2516:, exist in some number. The writings of 2455: 2363: 2234: 2139: 1032:List of military strategies and concepts 42: 27:Military term for a captive of the enemy 11636:Right to an adequate standard of living 10165:German prisoners of war in Allied hands 9610:. Vol. 36, No. 2. 2008. pp. 19–35. 9004:"Photos document brutality in Shanghai" 8917: 8179: 8087: 7702: 7429:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 6837: 6668:Richard Wightman Fox (7 January 2008). 6507: 6482: 6145: 5863:Korean War POWs detained in North Korea 5808:13th Psychological Operations Battalion 5415: 4525:Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies 3963: 3955:French prisoners of war in World War II 3537:surrendering to the Japanese after the 3228: 2460:Casting the dice for life or death, by 14: 11787: 11437:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 11043:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 9879:Krebs, Daniel, and Lorien Foote, eds. 9492:: The Russian-Geran Conflict 1941–1945 9209:. William C. Jeffries (2006). p. 388. 9128: 8780: 8749: 8682: 8345: 8210:"Polish deportees in the Soviet Union" 7886: 7562: 7535: 7455:Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines 7384: 7334: 7276:Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu 6457: 6315: 6206: 5113:had not signed the Geneva Convention. 4261:Bucharest Faculty of Orthodox Theology 2912:The criteria are applied primarily to 2520:, captured in the chaotic fighting of 2296:often considered the extermination of 11365: 10195: 10117:Current status of Vietnam War POW/MIA 10069:Prisoners of war and humanitarian law 9937: 9344:"Falkland Islands: a gentleman's war" 9256: 9225: 8135:"German POWs and the Art of Survival" 8044: 8022: 6735: 6422: 6377:. Islamic Texts Society, 1992, p. 104 6346: 5989:North African Campaign (World War II) 5888:Military Chaplain#Noncombatant status 5404: 5334:114,861 lost or captured by US and UK 4535:Allied war crimes during World War II 4340:Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union 2645: 2614: 2391:, and all the population killed). In 2368:Aztec sacrifices, as depicted in the 2101:power during or immediately after an 11345: 9924:, 2011, retrieved: 16 November 2011. 9883:(University Press of Kansas, 2021). 9843:, Éditions Gallimard, France, 1967. 9459:"Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war" 8781:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). 8750:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). 8538:George G. Lewis; John Mehwa (1982). 8460:The Oxford Companion to World War II 8378: 8055: 8036:Duțu, Alesandru (25 November 2015). 8035: 7949:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 7501: 7464:". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 7403:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 2, 3. 7359: 7219: 6763:. Peace Pledge Union. Archived from 5082:The last prisoners of the 1980–1988 4851: 4463:prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4315:"Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital 3157:and inspections by neutral nations. 3029:U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology 2991:Released quickly after conflicts end 2334:Kill them all, God will know His own 10111:German POWs and the art of survival 9604:, "What is a Prisoner of War For?" 8864: 8511: 7542:. Simon and Schuster. p. 317. 6934:Transactions of the Grotius Society 6811: 6216:. Oxford University Press. p. 5363:≈130,000 (95,532 taken by Germany) 4307:6th Guard Regiment "Mihai Viteazul" 2514:indigenous peoples of North America 2242:riders with prisoners, 14th century 24: 9972:Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 9801: 9654: 9269:from the original on 9 April 2023. 7893:. London: Pan Books. p. 271. 7288:McCarthy, Terry (12 August 1992). 7156:"Search results – Resource centre" 6838:Schmitt, Eric (19 February 1991). 6545:National Heritage List for England 5933: 5100: 4590:Reverse of US Army Card of capture 4429:, who had been declared guilty of 3948: 3514: 2968:, prisoners of war (POW) must be: 2383:In the 13th century the expanding 2112:still in the field (releasing and 25: 11826: 11557:Right to refuse medical treatment 10221: 10062: 9178:University of Massachusetts Press 8056:Duțu, Alesandru (2 August 2015). 6680:from the original on 15 June 2013 6413:, "Period of revelation", p. 159. 5858:Islamic views on prisoners of war 5122:Number of POWs held in captivity 5044:paramilitary forces supported by 4151:Naked Soviet prisoners of war in 3608:According to the findings of the 3136:held 2.5 million prisoners; 2827: 2558:The earliest known purpose-built 2215:In the fourth century AD, Bishop 11344: 11333: 11332: 10087:Archive of World War II memories 9893:Bob Moore, and Kent Fedorowich. 9890:, Berg Press, Oxford, UK, 1997. 9866:Nazi Prisoners of War in America 9752:George G. Lewis and John Mewha, 9565: 9540: 9519: 9481: 9451: 9418: 9394: 9358: 9336: 9311: 9292: 9273: 9257:Burns, Robert (29 August 1993). 9250: 9191: 9166: 9102: 9076: 9060: 9041: 9022: 8972: 8953: 8911: 8887: 8858: 8837: 8820: 8807: 8797: 8774: 8743: 8730: 8685:"The secrets of the London Cage" 8683:Cobain, Ian (12 November 2005). 8625: 8607: 8598: 8582:. 2 October 1989. Archived from 8568: 8505: 8476: 8451: 8434: 8412: 8269:"シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料軍事公文書館でカード発見" 8228: 8212:. Wajszczuk.v.pl. Archived from 8201: 8137:. Historynet.com. Archived from 8132: 8070: 7162:. 3 October 2013. Archived from 6350:God's Rule: Government and Islam 6328:from the original on 19 May 2023 6153:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 5977: 5873:List of notable prisoners of war 5389:560,000–760,000 captured by the 5372: 5351: 5320: 5294: 5273: 5248: 5224: 5195: 5131: 4996:in Lebanon by Syrian forces and 4697:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 4449:Katyn 1943 exhumation; photo by 4336:from 31 August to 3 September. 3931: 3911: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3855: 3840: 3821: 3809: 3794: 3781:Female prisoners (detainees) at 2856:, a combatant must be part of a 2751:and were largely revised in the 2347:in the 11th and 12th centuries. 2135: 2122:exploiting them for their labour 86: 36:Prisoner of war (disambiguation) 11114:Countries by incarceration rate 11027:Prison Fellowship International 9913:Prisoners and Detainees in War 9595: 9112:. Hillsdale.edu. Archived from 8153: 8126: 8108: 8104:(in Romanian). 28 October 2022. 8064: 8009: 7988: 7946:The Third Reich – A New History 7933: 7917:. Gpw.tellur.ru. Archived from 7880: 7850: 7837: 7811: 7781: 7751: 7742: 7725: 7696: 7676: 7650: 7620: 7594: 7581: 7556: 7529: 7520: 7495: 7476: 7467: 7448: 7435: 7417: 7353: 7328: 7304: 7281: 7268: 7246: 7228: 7213: 7178: 7148: 7122: 7103: 7090: 7073: 7054: 7041: 7028: 7015: 6985: 6952: 6939: 6926: 6917: 6885: 6831: 6805: 6779: 6753: 6718: 6692: 6661: 6635: 6608: 6578: 6556: 6528: 6516: 6501: 6476: 6451: 6416: 6403: 6380: 6367: 6340: 6318:"The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice" 6309: 6296: 6283: 6257: 6252:The Journal of Japanese Studies 6234: 6013:"What is a Prisoner of War For" 5956: 5878:List of prisoner-of-war escapes 5445:As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me 4992:by their Egyptian captors, the 4825:Italy surrendered to the Allies 4077: 3320: 3081:Prisoners of war in World War I 2740:Chapter II of the Annex to the 2715: 2663:prisoners of war on the way to 2652:American Civil War prison camps 2451: 2264: 11769:Sexual and reproductive health 11666:Right to a healthy environment 10171:World War II U.S. POW Archives 9425:Nazila Fathi (14 March 2003). 8342:, 56th session, 13 April 2000. 8275:. 24 July 2009. Archived from 7703:Inskeep, Steve (30 May 2005). 7132:. Royal.gov.uk. Archived from 6999:. 8 April 2012. Archived from 6861:Thompson, Mark (17 May 2012). 6316:Harner, Michael (April 1977). 6200: 6166: 6115: 6092: 6073: 6039: 6004: 5926: 4801:Japanese Surrendered Personnel 4174: 4092:Massacre of the Acqui Division 3337:, in addition to figures from 3074: 2803:international humanitarian law 2774:, POWs acquires the status of 2678:soldier on his release from a 2587:outside the prison, mainly in 13: 1: 11686:Right to public participation 10031:– a collection of his poetry 9922:Institute of European History 8651:. Routledge. pp. 24–30. 8495:, Vol. 94, No. 4. March 2008 7845:Hitler's Willing Executioners 7660:. Jafi.org.il. Archived from 7634:. 26 May 2021. Archived from 6291:The Course of Mexican History 5914: 5606:Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence 5091:invasion of Ukraine by Russia 4764: 4736: 4719:, chief US prosecutor in the 4346:POW labor in the Soviet Union 4153:Mauthausen concentration camp 4046:Buchenwald concentration camp 4013:policies. For example, Major 3510:Treatment of POWs by the Axis 2627:(1793–1815), followed by the 2429: 2415:Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan 2413:. For the re-consecration of 2373: 11706:Right to science and culture 11006:Prison Advice and Care Trust 10156:New Zealand Official History 10128:Canada's Forgotten PoW Camps 10083:UK National Archives ADM 103 9138:. April 1997. Archived from 8923:Victory in the Pacific, 1945 8186:Benjamin Fischer (historian) 6936:, Vol. 5, (1919), pp. 47–64. 6787:"Story of an idea- the Film" 6724:Hall, Yancey (1 July 2003). 6265:"Central Asian world cities" 5997: 5985:Western Front (World War II) 5983:see references on the pages 5459:The Bridge on the River Kwai 4684:prisoner of war facility in 4511: 4292:Lagărul de prizonieri nr. 14 3201:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3036:was promulgated in 1955 via 2736:Hague and Geneva Conventions 2634:, led to the emergence of a 2246:According to legend, during 47:Serbian prisoners of war in 7: 11532:Right to keep and bear arms 11442:Freedom from discrimination 10134:German army list of Stalags 9938:Vance, Jonathan F. (2006). 9228:"In South Vietnamese Jails" 8493:Journal of American History 7789:"Guests of the Third Reich" 7368:. NHK World. Archived from 6949:(1999) pp. 368–69 for data. 6670:"National Life After Death" 6592:(in German). Archived from 5941:Online Etymology Dictionary 5795: 5711:Summer of My German Soldier 5438:Another Time, Another Place 5003:Indian intervention in the 4835: 4807: 4794:National Revolutionary Army 4479: 4009:or were subjected to other 3833:Santo Tomas Internment Camp 3140:held 2.9 million, and 2231:Middle Ages and Renaissance 2208:, and were held legally as 1530:Military–industrial complex 1004:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 11831: 11810:Imprisonment and detention 11338:Imprisonment and detention 10266:Stanford prison experiment 10144:Colditz Oflag IVC POW Camp 10139:German army list of Oflags 10081:Prisoners of War 1755–1831 9756:; Dept. of the Army, 1955. 9366:"war story: Rhonda Cornum" 9226:Thanh, Ngo Ba; Luce, Don. 9199:Trap Door to the Dark Side 8340:Commission on Human Rights 7604:. Cicr.org. Archived from 7536:Miller, Donald L. (2008). 7130:"The Queen and technology" 6615:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013). 5970:, Arnaud Amalric was only 5669:Rambo: First Blood Part II 5408: 5260:675,000 (420,000 taken by 5207:5.7 million taken by 4557: 4538: 4528: 4343: 4169: 4116: 4088:Italian military internees 4081: 3967: 3952: 3943: 3518: 3078: 2649: 2621:American Revolutionary War 2505: 2093:) is a person who is held 29: 11729: 11696:Right to rest and leisure 11602: 11407: 11400: 11327: 11137: 11105: 11080: 10999:Prison abolition movement 10957:Florida Justice Institute 10933: 10737: 10652: 10612: 10531: 10478: 10353: 10344: 10275: 10229: 10002:Pritzker Military Library 9981:2001. Cualann Press Ltd. 9974:52 (1993) pp. 91–94. 9834:Pritzker Military Library 9797:3rd edition (Paris, 1920) 9737:Rivett, Rohan D. (1946). 9172:Adams, Clarence. (2007). 9086:. Fff.org. Archived from 9057:23 September 1996 image 3 9038:23 September 1996 image 2 8851:29 September 2011 at the 8390:, Doubleday, April 2003, 8334:29 September 2007 at the 8098:"Operatiunea Reunion (I)" 7793:guestsofthethirdreich.org 7199:10.1191/0968344504wh291oa 6483:Batelka, Philipp (2017). 6458:Wilson, Peter H. (2010). 5903:Vietnam War POW/MIA issue 5308:Coalition of the Gulf War 5213:million died in captivity 5124: 5118: 5005:Bangladesh Liberation War 4812:In 1943, Italy overthrew 4699:, at the time one of the 4490:Japanese prisoners of war 4459:Soviet invasion of Poland 4440: 3621: 3521:Far East prisoners of war 3349: 3346: 2959: 2568:French Revolutionary Wars 2550:coast from 1802 to 1805. 2250:'s siege and blockade of 1594:Loss-of-strength gradient 446:Combat information center 11711:Right to social security 11676:Right to Internet access 11621:Equal pay for equal work 11507:Presumption of innocence 11050:The Prison Phoenix Trust 10494:Administrative detention 9984:Harris, Justin Michael. 9907:, 1998; on British POWs 9830:Webcast Author Interview 9722:Alfred James Passfield, 9662:American Film Foundation 9204:25 December 2022 at the 9176:. Amherst & Boston. 8895:Hungarian POW identified 8874:www.hungarianhistory.com 8499:14 November 2010 at the 8249:Harvard University Press 8242:25 December 2022 at the 7819:"Le porte della Memoria" 7632:The National WWII Museum 7296:. London. Archived from 7256:. Icrc.org. 27 July 1929 7115:21 December 2016 at the 6966:25 December 2022 at the 6812:Penrose, Mary Margaret. 6730:National Geographic News 6508:Hohrath, Daniel (1999). 6387:Nigosian, S. A. (2004). 6347:Crone, Patricia (2004). 5968:Caesarius of Heisterbach 5919: 5182:1.3 million unknown 5086:were exchanged in 2003. 4598:Certificate of Discharge 3559:Second Sino-Japanese War 2907:Fourth Geneva Convention 2704:, 13,000 (28%) died. At 2535:The Last of the Mohicans 2152:, Egypt, 13th century BC 1912:Military science fiction 1397:Technology and equipment 813:List of military tactics 11800:17th-century neologisms 11587:right to be a candidate 11417:Equality before the law 11128:Films featuring prisons 10985:Mount Tamalpais College 10639:Prisoner-of-war escapes 10369:Corrective labor colony 10176:Korean War POW Archives 9918:European History Online 9899:excerpt and text search 9858:1999. Cualann Press Ltd 9786:Hitler's British Slaves 9621:Encyclopædia Britannica 9400:Shaikh Azizur Rahman, " 8984:19 October 2018 at the 8965:3 November 2012 at the 8900:11 October 2017 at the 8845:The Legacy of Nuremberg 8405:13 October 2007 at the 8357:2 November 2007 at the 8306:24 January 2008 at the 8195:Studies in Intelligence 7887:Davies, Norman (2006). 7066:10 October 2017 at the 7021:Richard B. Speed, III. 6818:Encyclopædia Britannica 6747:Doctors Without Borders 6568:"Collected Works vol 6" 6524:Encyclopædia Britannica 6411:Introduction of Ad-Dahr 6085:26 January 2020 at the 5634:The Password is Courage 5009:third Indo-Pakistan war 4980:, where many perished. 4935:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4860:A U.S. Army POW of the 4451:International Red Cross 3742:International Red Cross 3206:Australian Flying Corps 3155:International Red Cross 2966:Third Geneva Convention 2862:laws and customs of war 2854:Third Geneva Convention 2852:. To qualify under the 2838:First Sino-Japanese War 2753:Third Geneva Convention 2491:There also evolved the 2389:ransacked and destroyed 1980:Wartime sexual violence 1736:Full-spectrum dominance 1547:Supply-chain management 11447:Freedom of information 11432:Freedom of association 10762:Contemplative programs 10469:Youth detention center 10321:Prisoner of conscience 10014:– with Peter Copeland 9793: 7563:Hunter, Clare (2019). 6423:Lings, Martin (1983). 5627:P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke 5060:forces killed POWs at 5048:forces killed POWs at 4904: 4889: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4862:21st Infantry Regiment 4777: 4734: 4603: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4454: 4421:, the highest-scoring 4403: 4395: 4303:restarted air campaign 4271: 4223: 4155: 4132: 4062: 3998: 3904:Cabanatuan prison camp 3605: 3591:Armistice of Cassibile 3542: 3330: 3315:Allied Supreme Council 3299: 3238: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3093: 2922:Additional Protocol II 2841: 2766:fighters, and certain 2702:Andersonville, Georgia 2683: 2668: 2667:prison in October 1864 2464: 2422:early Muslim conquests 2380: 2243: 2153: 1892:Awards and decorations 1865:Peace through strength 1840:Low-intensity conflict 1474:Conscientious objector 1347:Area of responsibility 56: 11759:Intersex human rights 11567:Right of self-defense 11522:Right to a fair trial 11013:Prison-Ashram Project 10183:European Film Gateway 10077:UK National Archives. 9810:Treize Qu'ils Etaient 9761:Mutine at Koje Island 9163:Adams, (2007), p. 62. 8919:Morison, Samuel Eliot 8723:26 April 2009 at the 8518:www.timesofisrael.com 8120:aircrewremembered.com 7539:D-Days in the Pacific 7335:Felton, Mark (2007). 6080:"The Roman Gladiator" 6011:John Hickman (2002). 5620:The One That Got Away 5409:Further information: 5218:World War II (total) 4958:North Vietnamese Army 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4859: 4830:Italian Service Units 4772: 4729: 4643:Disarmed Enemy Forces 4602:(Front- and Backside) 4597: 4589: 4581: 4565: 4488:, 560,000 to 760,000 4448: 4401: 4390: 4258: 4235:per soldier per day. 4221: 4150: 4126: 4113:Eastern European POWs 4060: 3996: 3599: 3532: 3328: 3282: 3274:commissioned officers 3236: 3115: 3107: 3099: 3088: 3069:Prisoner of War Medal 3038:Executive Order 10631 3017:, ill treatment, and 2928:are often treated as 2869:Additional Protocol I 2835: 2742:1907 Hague Convention 2674: 2659: 2640:exchange of prisoners 2530:James Fenimore Cooper 2506:Further information: 2459: 2367: 2238: 2143: 2124:, recruiting or even 479:Torpedo data computer 469:Ship gun fire-control 46: 11646:Right to development 11527:Right to family life 11477:Freedom from torture 11462:Freedom from slavery 11197:Ireland, Republic of 10887:Solitary confinement 10448:Prisoner-of-war camp 10130:CBC Digital Archives 10101:UK National Archives 10006:webcast conversation 9664:'s 1999 documentary 9623:(CD ed.). 2002. 9413:The Washington Times 9407:28 July 2020 at the 9286:14 July 2014 at the 8483:James J. Weingartner 8446:Saint Helen's Island 8426:4 March 2016 at the 8418:Paul M. Cole (1994) 8198:, Winter 1999–2000. 7689:11 June 2007 at the 7658:"Ben Aharon Yitzhak" 7502:Daws, Gavan (1994). 7460:27 July 2003 at the 7220:Lowe, Keith (2012), 6304:Arqueología Mexicana 6246:4 March 2016 at the 5964:Dialogus Miraculorum 5893:Prisoner of war mail 5803:Prisoner-of-war camp 5416:Films and television 5025:In 1991, during the 5018:In 1982, during the 4978:"re-education" camps 4972:and American forces 4723:, told US President 4412:Battle of Stalingrad 4276:Operation Tidal Wave 4251:Western Allies' POWs 4142:Grigoriy Krivosheyev 4138:Operation Barbarossa 4103:Giovannino Guareschi 4033:, officially called 3964:Western Allies' POWs 3764:Jack Bridger Chalker 3557:, either during the 3229:Release of prisoners 3217:prisoners (from the 3045:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3021:of individuals, and 2598:both sides used the 2560:prisoner-of-war camp 2332:allegedly replied, " 2010:Military occupations 1845:Military engineering 1747:Unrestricted Warfare 1604:Force multiplication 497:Military manoeuvrers 32:POW (disambiguation) 18:POWs in World War II 11457:Freedom of religion 11452:Freedom of movement 11427:Freedom of assembly 11409:Civil and political 11064:Prison Reform Trust 10167:(World War II) ICRC 9910:Scheipers, Sibylle 9791:Desflandres, Jean, 9619:"Prisoner of War". 9469:on 31 December 2022 9439:on 26 December 2022 9053:14 May 2011 at the 9034:14 May 2011 at the 8400:Introduction online 8216:on 16 February 2012 8141:on 19 December 2007 7526:Daws (1994), p. 297 6761:"Geneva Convention" 6522:"Prisoner of war", 6023:(2). Archived from 5690:Slaughterhouse Five 5522:Faith of My Fathers 5501:Escape from Sobibor 5337:60,000 captured by 5236:1,800,000 taken by 5031:Major Rhonda Cornum 5013:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 5007:in 1971 led to the 4994:13 October massacre 4931:First Indochina War 4600:of a German General 4486:Soviet–Japanese War 4457:As a result of the 4031:Berga an der Elster 3579:medical experiments 3539:Battle of Singapore 3525:Japanese war crimes 3211:Czechoslovak Legion 3186:British Indian Army 2903:unlawful combatants 2576:Norman Cross Prison 2562:was established at 2526:captivity narrative 2482:Peace of Westphalia 2462:Jan van Huchtenburg 2328:, the papal legate 2306:Albigensian Crusade 2278:Battle of Agincourt 2202:Rape of the Sabines 1696:Penal military unit 1681:Rules of engagement 1357:Command and control 977:Operations research 441:Director (military) 431:Fire-control system 181:Command and control 62:Part of a series on 11774:Right to sexuality 11651:Right to education 11577:Security of person 11472:Freedom of thought 11071:WriteAPrisoner.com 10834:Protective custody 10383:Extermination camp 10314:Political prisoner 10121:Clifford Reddish. 10045:Donald E. Casey – 9770:; Pantheon, 2004. 9768:War Trash: A novel 9677:Lewis H. Carlson, 9554:, Bielefeld 1976, 9432:The New York Times 9304:7 May 2013 at the 9116:on 7 February 2012 9090:on 17 January 2012 8787:The New York Times 8756:The New York Times 8740:, 17 December 2001 7843:Daniel Goldhagen, 7682:See, for example, 7608:on 5 February 2012 7591:(2006) pp. 183–214 7360:Tsuyoshi, Masuda. 7100:(1941) pp. 620–622 6844:The New York Times 6793:on 29 October 2021 6373:Roger DuPasquier. 6271:on 18 January 2012 6017:Scientia Militaria 5974:to have said that. 5767:Von Ryan's Express 5725:Tea with Mussolini 5599:The McKenzie Break 5466:The Brylcreem Boys 5405:In popular culture 5306:≈175,000 taken by 5156:Unknown number in 4998:June 1990 massacre 4974:were also tortured 4929:At the end of the 4905: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4846:Operation Keelhaul 4782:Battle of Iwo Jima 4778: 4701:NKVD special camps 4616:Stephen E. Ambrose 4604: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4541:Operation Keelhaul 4455: 4425:in the history of 4404: 4396: 4272: 4224: 4156: 4133: 4099:military internees 4063: 4015:Yitzhak Ben-Aharon 3999: 3906:, produced in 1946 3902:POW art depicting 3614:surrender of Japan 3606: 3602:Bataan Death March 3543: 3331: 3239: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3094: 2942:American Civil War 2842: 2794:(if applicable). 2772:Geneva Conventions 2760:military personnel 2694:American Civil War 2684: 2669: 2646:American Civil War 2615:Prisoner exchanges 2484:, which ended the 2465: 2381: 2244: 2154: 1805:Counter-insurgency 1726:Command of the sea 1671:Jewish laws on war 1646:Geneva Conventions 1182:Divide and conquer 972:Military operation 937:Tactical objective 436:Fire-control radar 413:Electronic-warfare 57: 11782: 11781: 11681:Right to property 11641:Right to clothing 11626:Fair remuneration 11594:Right to homeland 11542:Right to petition 11467:Freedom of speech 11359: 11358: 11295:England and Wales 11035:Prison Legal News 11020:Prison Fellowship 10978:Justice Defenders 10648: 10647: 10252:Prison healthcare 10149:Lamsdorf Reunited 9966:978-1-59237-170-9 9955:978-1-59237-120-4 9839:Gascare, Pierre. 9824:Doylem Robert C. 9776:978-0-375-42276-8 9667:Return with Honor 9562:, pp. 42–136, 254 9263:Los Angeles Times 9186:978-1-5584-9595-1 8832:978-0-472-10380-5 8793:on 28 March 2023. 8727:, 2 February 2005 8658:978-0-7146-5657-1 8512:Philpot, Robert. 8469:978-0-19-280670-3 8102:iar80flyagain.org 8071:Armă, Alexandru. 8015:James D. Morrow, 7960:978-0-8090-9325-0 7900:978-0-330-35212-3 7485:, by Gavan Daws, 7346:978-1-84415-647-4 6905:on 4 January 2014 6767:on 21 August 2007 6706:on 21 August 2013 6494:978-3-525-30099-2 6213:Europe: A History 6174:Raphael Holinshed 6127:www.newadvent.org 5962:According to the 5934:Harper, Douglas. 5853:Illegal combatant 5828:Civilian Internee 5813:1952 POW olympics 5697:Some Kind of Hero 5613:Missing in Action 5515:Escape to Victory 5494:Empire of the Sun 5473:The Colditz Story 5402: 5401: 4852:Post-World War II 4775:Battle of Okinawa 4717:Robert H. Jackson 4623:listening devices 4612:Geneva Convention 4334:Operation Reunion 4296:Catherine Caradja 4164:Hague Conventions 4160:Geneva Convention 3984:Geneva Convention 3803:Ashley George Old 3772:Ashley George Old 3738: 3737: 3633:Number of Deaths 3555:Hague Conventions 3507: 3506: 3423:Eastern Europeans 3223:Russian Civil War 3011:war of aggression 2846:lawful combatants 2776:protected persons 2730:international law 2682:POW camp, c. 1865 2596:Battle of Leipzig 2548:Pacific Northwest 2522:King Philip's War 2486:Thirty Years' War 2448:(spoils of war). 2351:could hope to be 2314:Northern Crusades 2083: 2082: 1975:Horses in warfare 1922:Anti-war movement 1825:Gunboat diplomacy 1815:Disaster response 1763:Philosophy of war 1758:Principles of war 1731:Deterrence theory 1676:Right of conquest 1599:Lanchester's laws 1367:Principles of war 1057:Counter-offensive 1037:Military campaign 942:Target saturation 865:Counterinsurgency 474:Gun data computer 408:Close air support 370:Aircraft carriers 51:captivity during 16:(Redirected from 11822: 11805:Aftermath of war 11795:Prisoners of war 11671:Right to housing 11605:Economic, social 11552:Right to protest 11547:Right to privacy 11386: 11379: 11372: 11363: 11362: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11340: 11336: 11335: 11320: 11311: 11304: 11302:Northern Ireland 11297: 11290: 11283: 11278: 11271: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11098: 11091: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11008: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10866: 10859: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10755: 10748: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10641: 10632: 10625: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10524: 10517: 10510: 10508:Maximum security 10503: 10496: 10489: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10392: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10351: 10350: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10193: 10192: 10075:Prisoners of War 9994:Representatives. 9977:Winton, Andrew, 9959: 9928:Paul J. Springer 9796: 9624: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9579:on 26 March 2023 9569: 9563: 9544: 9538: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9502: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9465:. Archived from 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9435:. Archived from 9422: 9416: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9378:. Archived from 9362: 9356: 9355: 9350:. Archived from 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9315: 9309: 9296: 9290: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9234:. Archived from 9223: 9217: 9195: 9189: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9142:on 19 April 2023 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9080: 9074: 9064: 9058: 9045: 9039: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9000: 8994: 8976: 8970: 8969:, historynet.com 8960:Battle of Saipan 8957: 8951: 8950: 8915: 8909: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8883:on 1 March 2005. 8882: 8876:. Archived from 8871: 8862: 8856: 8841: 8835: 8824: 8818: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8789:. Archived from 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8762:on 28 March 2023 8758:. Archived from 8747: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8714: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8691:. Archived from 8680: 8674: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8642: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8614: 8611: 8605: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8586:on 10 March 2007 8576:"Ike's Revenge?" 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8555: 8549:. Archived from 8544: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8524:on 7 April 2023. 8520:. Archived from 8509: 8503: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8455: 8449: 8438: 8432: 8416: 8410: 8388:Gulag: A History 8382: 8376: 8364:Logos Publishers 8349: 8343: 8329:UN Press Release 8326: 8317: 8298: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8265: 8259: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8205: 8199: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8167:on 12 April 2012 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8094: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8042: 8041: 8033: 8020: 8013: 8007: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7941:Michael Burleigh 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7921:on 20 March 2012 7911: 7905: 7904: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7868:on 30 March 2008 7864:. Archived from 7854: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7821:. Archived from 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7795:. Archived from 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7765:. Archived from 7755: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7700: 7694: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7664:on 18 March 2012 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7598: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7499: 7493: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7452: 7446: 7439: 7433: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7393: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7324:on 5 April 2023. 7323: 7317:. Archived from 7316: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7285: 7279: 7274:Akira Fujiwara, 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7242:on 5 April 2023. 7238:. Archived from 7232: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7120: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7088: 7077: 7071: 7058: 7052: 7047:Desmond Morton, 7045: 7039: 7036:The Pity of War. 7032: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7003:on 26 March 2023 6989: 6983: 6956: 6950: 6947:The Pity of War. 6945:Niall Ferguson, 6943: 6937: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6898:. Archived from 6897: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6869:. Archived from 6858: 6852: 6851: 6850:on 7 April 2023. 6846:. Archived from 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6739: 6733: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6552:on 5 April 2023. 6548:. Archived from 6536:Historic England 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6420: 6414: 6409:Maududi (1967), 6407: 6401: 6400: 6394: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6261: 6255: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6170: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6129:. Archived from 6119: 6113: 6112: 6111:on 12 July 2018. 6107:. Archived from 6096: 6090: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6053:. Archived from 6052: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6027:on 26 March 2023 6008: 5991: 5981: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5930: 5788:The Wooden Horse 5774:The Walking Dead 5655:The Purple Heart 5536:The Great Escape 5508:Escape to Athena 5378: 5376: 5375: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5328:Kingdom of Italy 5326: 5324: 5323: 5313:Persian Gulf War 5300: 5298: 5297: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5149:Rüdiger Overmans 5137: 5135: 5134: 5116: 5115: 4970:South Vietnamese 4899:POWs during the 4842:Yalta Conference 4721:Nuremberg trials 4648:Rheinwiesenlager 4572:Rheinwiesenlager 4323: 4269: 3935: 3920:Leonard Siffleet 3915: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3859: 3848:U.S. Navy nurses 3844: 3829:U.S. Army Nurses 3825: 3813: 3798: 3619: 3618: 3567:Emperor Hirohito 3535:Suffolk Regiment 3344: 3343: 3297: 3219:Austro-Hungarian 3163:Austro-Hungarian 2979:of their capture 2858:chain of command 2850:enemy combatants 2434: 2431: 2378: 2375: 2294:Christian Europe 2268: 2266: 2217:Acacius of Amida 2110:enemy combatants 2075: 2068: 2061: 1830:Humanitarian aid 1768:Security dilemma 1589:Power projection 1372:Economy of force 1352:Chain of command 1067:Defence in depth 1052:Commerce raiding 870:Defeat in detail 186:Defense ministry 90: 81: 80: 71: 59: 58: 21: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11749:Family planning 11734: 11725: 11701:Right of return 11661:Right to health 11609: 11606: 11598: 11562:Right to resist 11512:Right of asylum 11403: 11396: 11390: 11360: 11355: 11343: 11331: 11323: 11316: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11004: 10997: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10940: 10929: 10920: 10915:Women in prison 10913: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10862: 10855: 10846: 10839: 10832: 10823: 10818:Private prisons 10816: 10809: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10751: 10744: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10680: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10644: 10637: 10628: 10621: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10506: 10499: 10492: 10485: 10479:Security levels 10474: 10467: 10460: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10432: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10340: 10333: 10328:Prisoner of war 10326: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10271: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10225: 10220: 10065: 9956: 9862:Krammer, Arnold 9854:McGowran, Tom, 9836:on 26 June 2010 9807:Devaux, Roger. 9804: 9802:Further reading 9670:, presented by 9657: 9655:Primary sources 9628:Gendercide site 9618: 9598: 9593: 9592: 9582: 9580: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9545: 9541: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9505: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9470: 9457: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9423: 9419: 9409:Wayback Machine 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9382:on 6 April 2023 9364: 9363: 9359: 9354:on 17 May 2022. 9342: 9341: 9337: 9327: 9325: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9306:Wayback Machine 9297: 9293: 9288:Wayback Machine 9278: 9274: 9255: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9238:on 9 April 2023 9224: 9220: 9206:Wayback Machine 9196: 9192: 9171: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9065: 9061: 9055:Wayback Machine 9046: 9042: 9036:Wayback Machine 9027: 9023: 9013: 9011: 9010:on 6 April 2023 9002: 9001: 8997: 8986:Wayback Machine 8977: 8973: 8967:Wayback Machine 8958: 8954: 8939: 8925:. Volume 14 of 8916: 8912: 8902:Wayback Machine 8892: 8888: 8880: 8869: 8865:Tarczai, Bela. 8863: 8859: 8853:Wayback Machine 8842: 8838: 8825: 8821: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8748: 8744: 8735: 8731: 8725:Wayback Machine 8715: 8708: 8698: 8696: 8695:on 4 April 2023 8681: 8677: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8643: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8556:on 5 April 2023 8553: 8542: 8536: 8529: 8510: 8506: 8501:Wayback Machine 8481: 8477: 8470: 8456: 8452: 8439: 8435: 8428:Wayback Machine 8417: 8413: 8407:Wayback Machine 8383: 8379: 8359:Wayback Machine 8350: 8346: 8336:Wayback Machine 8327: 8320: 8308:Wayback Machine 8299: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8279:on 26 July 2009 8267: 8266: 8262: 8244:Wayback Machine 8233: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8206: 8202: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8131: 8127: 8122:. October 2018. 8114: 8113: 8109: 8096: 8095: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8069: 8065: 8054: 8045: 8034: 8023: 8014: 8010: 7998:. Penguin 2001 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7901: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7825:on 6 April 2023 7817: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7799:on 7 April 2023 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7748:Ambrose, pp 360 7747: 7743: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7701: 7697: 7691:Wayback Machine 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7638:on 5 April 2023 7626: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7587:Richard Vinen, 7586: 7582: 7575: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7500: 7496: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7462:Wayback Machine 7453: 7449: 7440: 7436: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7394: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7372:on 6 April 2023 7358: 7354: 7347: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7300:on 12 May 2023. 7294:The Independent 7286: 7282: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7218: 7214: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7166:on 19 July 2010 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7117:Wayback Machine 7108: 7104: 7095: 7091: 7078: 7074: 7068:Wayback Machine 7059: 7055: 7046: 7042: 7033: 7029: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6968:Wayback Machine 6957: 6953: 6944: 6940: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6873:on 8 April 2023 6859: 6855: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6649:on 7 March 2023 6641: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6596:on 7 April 2023 6590:leipzig-lese.de 6584: 6583: 6579: 6561: 6557: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6456: 6452: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6408: 6404: 6385: 6381: 6375:Unveiling Islam 6372: 6368: 6361: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6322:Natural History 6314: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6248:Wayback Machine 6239: 6235: 6228: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6171: 6167: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6097: 6093: 6087:Wayback Machine 6078: 6074: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5982: 5978: 5961: 5957: 5946: 5944: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5838:Elsa Brändström 5798: 5793: 5746:To End All Wars 5739:Three Came Home 5662:The Railway Man 5487:The Deer Hunter 5418: 5413: 5407: 5380:Empire of Japan 5373: 5371: 5352: 5350: 5321: 5319: 5295: 5293: 5274: 5272: 5249: 5247: 5225: 5223: 5196: 5194: 5152: 5146: 5132: 5130: 5103: 5101:Numbers of POWs 5069:Sino-Indian War 4937:and led by the 4854: 4838: 4810: 4767: 4739: 4601: 4599: 4560: 4555: 4539:Main articles: 4537: 4527: 4514: 4496:, Korea, South 4482: 4443: 4385: 4380: 4344:Main articles: 4342: 4326:Mihail Racoviță 4317: 4263: 4253: 4177: 4172: 4121: 4115: 4107:My Secret Diary 4094: 4084:Operation Achse 4082:Main articles: 4080: 4036:Arbeitskommando 4019:Palestinian Jew 3972: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3949:French soldiers 3946: 3939: 3936: 3927: 3918:Australian POW 3916: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3888: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3836: 3826: 3817: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3768:Philip Meninsky 3683:The Netherlands 3630:Number of POWs 3547:Empire of Japan 3527: 3517: 3515:Empire of Japan 3512: 3352:POWs that died 3351: 3323: 3298: 3295: 3231: 3083: 3077: 3031: 2962: 2948:, although the 2830: 2738: 2718: 2700:, located near 2689:Dix–Hill Cartel 2654: 2648: 2638:system for the 2625:Napoleonic Wars 2617: 2600:city's cemetery 2572:Napoleonic Wars 2556: 2518:Mary Rowlandson 2510: 2504: 2454: 2432: 2376: 2263: 2254:in 464 the nun 2233: 2138: 2087:prisoner of war 2079: 2050: 2049: 2000: 1990: 1989: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1887: 1877: 1876: 1850:Multilateralism 1835:Law enforcement 1795: 1785: 1784: 1753:Just war theory 1711: 1701: 1700: 1651:Geneva Protocol 1621: 1611: 1610: 1584: 1574: 1573: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1412: 1402: 1401: 1342: 1332: 1331: 1297: 1287: 1286: 1217:Network-centric 1137: 1127: 1126: 1029: 1019: 1018: 967: 957: 956: 905:Rapid dominance 810: 800: 799: 755:Electromagnetic 664: 654: 653: 640: 593: 541: 517: 507: 506: 502:Combat training 483: 460: 426:Combat systems: 422: 384: 380:Auxiliary ships 346: 306: 248: 171: 161: 160: 100: 74: 73: 72: 67: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11828: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11780: 11779: 11777: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11738: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11716:Right to water 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11691:Right of reply 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11616:Digital rights 11612: 11610: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11579: 11574: 11572:Right to truth 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11389: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11366: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11341: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11314: 11313: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11089:Rehabilitation 11084: 11082: 11081:Leaving prison 11078: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10971:Justice Action 10967: 10960: 10953: 10950:Black and Pink 10946: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10925: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10883: 10876: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10837: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10701: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10671: 10664: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10623:Prison escapes 10618: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10472: 10465: 10458: 10451: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10421: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10357: 10355: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10219: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10157: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10125: 10119: 10114: 10113:Historical Eye 10108: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10064: 10063:External links 10061: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10055:978-1448669875 10043: 10041:978-0615659053 10026: 10024:978-0891414636 9998: 9988: 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Gullett, 9705: 9690: 9675: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9633: 9630: 9625: 9616: 9611: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9564: 9539: 9518: 9503: 9480: 9450: 9417: 9393: 9357: 9335: 9310: 9291: 9272: 9249: 9218: 9190: 9165: 9153: 9127: 9101: 9075: 9072:978-8849523560 9059: 9040: 9021: 8995: 8971: 8952: 8937: 8910: 8893:Thorpe, Nick. 8886: 8857: 8836: 8819: 8815:Heinz Nawratil 8806: 8796: 8773: 8742: 8738:New York Times 8729: 8706: 8675: 8657: 8634: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8567: 8527: 8504: 8475: 8468: 8450: 8433: 8411: 8385:Anne Applebaum 8377: 8344: 8318: 8316:, 7 March 1998 8290: 8260: 8227: 8208:Michael Hope. 8200: 8178: 8152: 8125: 8107: 8086: 8063: 8060:(in Romanian). 8043: 8040:(in Romanian). 8021: 8019:, 2014, p. 218 8008: 7987: 7966: 7959: 7932: 7906: 7899: 7879: 7862:Historynet.com 7849: 7836: 7810: 7780: 7769:on 5 July 2017 7750: 7741: 7724: 7695: 7675: 7649: 7619: 7593: 7580: 7574:978-1473687912 7573: 7555: 7549:978-1439128817 7548: 7528: 7519: 7512: 7494: 7475: 7466: 7447: 7434: 7432:, 2001, p. 360 7416: 7410:978-0813327181 7409: 7401:Hidden Horrors 7383: 7352: 7345: 7327: 7303: 7280: 7267: 7245: 7227: 7212: 7193:(2): 148–192, 7187:War in History 7177: 7147: 7121: 7102: 7096:H.S. Gullett, 7089: 7079:Peter Dennis, 7072: 7053: 7040: 7027: 7014: 6997:New York Times 6984: 6951: 6938: 6925: 6916: 6884: 6853: 6830: 6804: 6778: 6752: 6734: 6717: 6691: 6660: 6634: 6628:978-0817317836 6627: 6607: 6577: 6555: 6527: 6515: 6500: 6493: 6475: 6469:978-0199577576 6468: 6462:. OUP Oxford. 6450: 6435: 6415: 6402: 6379: 6366: 6360:978-0231132909 6359: 6339: 6308: 6295: 6282: 6256: 6233: 6226: 6208:Davies, Norman 6199: 6192: 6165: 6144: 6133:on 11 May 2023 6114: 6091: 6072: 6060:on 24 May 2015 6038: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5976: 5955: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:Duty to escape 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5781:Who Goes Next? 5777: 5770: 5763: 5760:Uncommon Valor 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5564:Hogan's Heroes 5560: 5553: 5546: 5543:The Great Raid 5539: 5532: 5529:Grand Illusion 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5330: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5281:United Kingdom 5269: 5268: 5265: 5258: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5211:(about 3 5205: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5154: 5141: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5102: 5099: 5095:Russian forces 5040:in the 1990s, 5000:in Sri Lanka. 4990:Yom Kippur War 4853: 4850: 4837: 4834: 4809: 4806: 4766: 4763: 4757:—little work. 4755:malenkij robot 4738: 4735: 4725:Harry S Truman 4667:war reparation 4559: 4556: 4526: 4523: 4513: 4510: 4481: 4478: 4467:Katyn massacre 4442: 4439: 4427:aerial warfare 4419:Erich Hartmann 4391:German POW at 4384: 4381: 4374:Katyn massacre 4341: 4338: 4288:Timișul de Jos 4252: 4249: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4117:Main article: 4114: 4111: 4079: 4076: 4023:Greece in 1941 3976:British Empire 3965: 3962: 3953:Main article: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3917: 3910: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3711:United States 3708: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697:United Kingdom 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3610:Tokyo Tribunal 3561:or during the 3533:Troops of the 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3335:Niall Ferguson 3322: 3319: 3303:Central Powers 3293: 3256:demobilisation 3230: 3227: 3182:Ottoman Empire 3079:Main article: 3076: 3073: 3030: 3027: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2973: 2961: 2958: 2874:Francs-tireurs 2829: 2828:Qualifications 2826: 2822:Commando Order 2814:Imperial Japan 2792:service number 2737: 2734: 2717: 2714: 2650:Main article: 2647: 2644: 2629:Anglo-American 2616: 2613: 2555: 2552: 2546:people on the 2540:John R. Jewitt 2503: 2500: 2453: 2450: 2330:Arnaud Amalric 2290:religious wars 2267: 481–511 2232: 2229: 2160:. Early Roman 2137: 2134: 2130:indoctrinating 2103:armed conflict 2081: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015:Military terms 2012: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1773:Tripwire force 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1295:Administrative 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222:New generation 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197:Fleet in being 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1135:Grand strategy 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1122:Scorched earth 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 994:Deep operation 991: 986: 979: 974: 968: 963: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 923: 922: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 841: 840: 835: 830: 820: 811: 806: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 795:Unconventional 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 743: 741:Disinformation 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 706: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 665: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 646: 639: 638: 637: 636: 635: 634: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 592: 591: 590: 589: 588: 587: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 540: 539: 538: 537: 532: 527: 518: 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 499: 494: 492:Basic training 489: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 421: 420: 418:Reconnaissance 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 345: 344: 339: 337:Special forces 334: 329: 328: 327: 317: 312: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 247: 246: 237: 232: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 172: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 141: 140: 139: 134: 124: 123: 122: 115:Post-classical 112: 107: 101: 96: 95: 92: 91: 83: 82: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11827: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11721:Right to work 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11656:Right to food 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11601: 11595: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11537:Right to life 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11399: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11380: 11375: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11351: 11342: 11339: 11330: 11329: 11326: 11319: 11318:United States 11315: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11261: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11180: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11079: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934:Organizations 10932: 10923: 10922:United States 10919: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10864:United States 10861: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10849: 10848:United States 10845: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10831: 10826: 10825:United States 10822: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10797:Mobile phones 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10754: 10753:United States 10750: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10738:Social issues 10736: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10683: 10682:United States 10679: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10651: 10640: 10636: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10596:Trusty system 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10523: 10519: 10516: 10512: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10223:Incarceration 10217: 10212: 10210: 10205: 10203: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10188: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10012:Rhonda Cornum 10010: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9874:0-8128-8561-9 9871: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9849:2-07-022686-7 9846: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9821: 9820:2-916062-51-3 9817: 9813: 9811: 9806: 9805: 9795: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9759:Vetter, Hal, 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747:0-14-014925-2 9744: 9740: 9739:Behind Bamboo 9736: 9733: 9732:0-86445-047-8 9729: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9687:0-465-09120-2 9684: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9648: 9644: 9642: 9641:3-8012-5023-7 9638: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9560:3-7694-0003-8 9557: 9553: 9549: 9548:Erich Maschke 9543: 9536: 9535:3-492-12056-3 9532: 9528: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9508: 9501: 9500:0-304-35864-9 9497: 9493: 9491: 9484: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9397: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9361: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9253: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9216: 9215:1-4259-5120-1 9212: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9160: 9158: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9044: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9025: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8991: 8990:Eddie Stanton 8987: 8983: 8980: 8975: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8938:0-252-07065-8 8934: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8890: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8816: 8810: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8660: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8641: 8639: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8532: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8471: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8396:0-7679-0056-1 8393: 8389: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8374:5-88439-093-9 8371: 8367: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8325: 8323: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8278: 8274: 8273:Sankeishinbun 8270: 8264: 8258: 8257:0-674-07608-7 8254: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8231: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8133:Rees, Simon. 8129: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8075:(in Romanian) 8074: 8067: 8059: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8018: 8012: 8005: 8004:0-14-100131-3 8001: 7997: 7991: 7976: 7970: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7840: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7745: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7693:(book review) 7692: 7688: 7685: 7679: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7532: 7523: 7515: 7513:1-920769-12-9 7509: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7491:0-688-14370-9 7488: 7484: 7479: 7470: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7348: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7277: 7271: 7255: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7136:on 9 May 2012 7135: 7131: 7125: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7093: 7087:(2008) p. 429 7086: 7082: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7031: 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6056: 6049: 6042: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6003: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5641:Paradise Road 5638: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5480:Danger Within 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5431:Andersonville 5428: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5398:World War II 5397: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5366:World War II 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:United States 5349: 5348: 5345:World War II 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5292: 5291: 5288:World War II 5287: 5284: 5282: 5271: 5270: 5267:World War II 5266: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5245: 5242:World War II 5241: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5084:Iran–Iraq War 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073:mental asylum 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038:Yugoslav Wars 5034: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5020:Falklands War 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4943:death marches 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4751:forced labour 4748: 4743: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4627:eavesdropping 4624: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4519:John H. Noble 4509: 4507: 4503: 4502:Kuril Islands 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4394: 4389: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4311:Normal School 4308: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4248: 4246: 4245:court-martial 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4229:Ion Antonescu 4220: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4181:Romanian Army 4167: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4051:Terrorflieger 4047: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007:the Holocaust 4004: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3961: 3956: 3934: 3929: 3926:sword in 1943 3925: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783:Changi Prison 3779: 3777: 3776:Ronald Searle 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3587:Death Railway 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3350:Percentage of 3345: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307:forced labour 3304: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134:German Empire 3130: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920:is guided by 2919: 2915: 2914:international 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:date of birth 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2710:Elmira Prison 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2609: 2608:burial vaults 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:Mongol Empire 2371: 2370:Codex Mendoza 2366: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Baltic region 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284:In the later 2282: 2281:the English. 2279: 2275: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2190:for example. 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2144:Engraving of 2142: 2136:Ancient times 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902:Warrior caste 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1872:Show of force 1870: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1860:Peacebuilding 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716:Air supremacy 1714: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1656:Islamic rules 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636:Court-martial 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535:Arms industry 1533: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1152:Broken-backed 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 989:Expeditionary 987: 985: 984: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 966: 961: 960: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 921: 918: 917: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 860:Counterattack 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 814: 809: 804: 803: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 785:Psychological 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721:Combined arms 719: 717: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 663: 658: 657: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 598: 595: 594: 586: 583: 582: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 560:Fortification 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 546: 543: 542: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 520: 519: 516: 511: 510: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 378: 376: 375:Landing craft 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 326: 323: 322: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 245: 241: 240:Standing army 238: 236: 233: 231: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 165: 164: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 138: 135: 133: 132:pike and shot 130: 129: 128: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 99: 94: 93: 89: 85: 84: 78: 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11736:reproductive 11631:Labor rights 11607:and cultural 11517:Right to die 11394:human rights 11392:Substantive 11253:Soviet Union 11096:Work release 11057:Prison Radio 11033: 10804:Overcrowding 10487:House arrest 10441:Penal colony 10327: 10046: 10032: 10029:John Borling 10015: 9992: 9978: 9971: 9940: 9931: 9912: 9904: 9903:David Rolf, 9894: 9887: 9880: 9865: 9855: 9840: 9825: 9808: 9785: 9782:Sean Longden 9767: 9760: 9753: 9738: 9723: 9708: 9693: 9678: 9665: 9620: 9605: 9602:John Hickman 9596:Bibliography 9581:. Retrieved 9577:the original 9567: 9551: 9542: 9526: 9521: 9513: 9488: 9487:Clark, Alan 9483: 9471:. Retrieved 9467:the original 9462: 9453: 9441:. Retrieved 9437:the original 9430: 9420: 9412: 9396: 9384:. Retrieved 9380:the original 9369: 9360: 9352:the original 9347: 9338: 9326:. Retrieved 9322: 9313: 9294: 9275: 9262: 9252: 9240:. Retrieved 9236:the original 9231: 9221: 9197: 9193: 9173: 9168: 9144:. Retrieved 9140:the original 9130: 9118:. Retrieved 9114:the original 9104: 9092:. Retrieved 9088:the original 9078: 9062: 9043: 9024: 9012:. Retrieved 9008:the original 8998: 8974: 8955: 8926: 8922: 8913: 8889: 8878:the original 8873: 8860: 8839: 8834:pp. 360, 361 8822: 8809: 8804:friendship." 8799: 8791:the original 8786: 8776: 8764:. Retrieved 8760:the original 8755: 8745: 8737: 8732: 8697:. Retrieved 8693:the original 8689:The Guardian 8688: 8678: 8669: 8662:. Retrieved 8647: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8588:. Retrieved 8584:the original 8579: 8570: 8558:. Retrieved 8551:the original 8546: 8522:the original 8517: 8507: 8487: 8478: 8459: 8453: 8441: 8436: 8419: 8414: 8387: 8380: 8362: 8347: 8311: 8283:21 September 8281:. Retrieved 8277:the original 8272: 8263: 8235: 8230: 8218:. Retrieved 8214:the original 8203: 8193: 8181: 8169:. Retrieved 8165:the original 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8139:the original 8128: 8119: 8110: 8101: 8077:. Retrieved 8066: 8016: 8011: 7995: 7990: 7978:. Retrieved 7969: 7945: 7935: 7923:. Retrieved 7919:the original 7909: 7889: 7882: 7870:. Retrieved 7866:the original 7852: 7844: 7839: 7827:. Retrieved 7823:the original 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7797:the original 7792: 7783: 7771:. Retrieved 7767:the original 7762: 7753: 7744: 7727: 7715:. Retrieved 7708: 7698: 7678: 7666:. Retrieved 7662:the original 7652: 7640:. Retrieved 7636:the original 7631: 7622: 7610:. Retrieved 7606:the original 7596: 7588: 7583: 7564: 7558: 7538: 7531: 7522: 7503: 7497: 7482: 7478: 7469: 7450: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7419: 7400: 7374:. 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