1115:(red blood cell rupture). However, DEHP is coming under increasing pressure in Europe. The assessment of potential risks related to phthalates, and in particular the use of DEHP in PVC medical devices, was subject to scientific and policy review by the European Union authorities, and on 21 March 2010, a specific labeling requirement was introduced across the EU for all devices containing phthalates that are classified as CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction). The label aims to enable healthcare professionals to use this equipment safely, and, where needed, take appropriate precautionary measures for patients at risk of over-exposure
715:
246:
182:
1119:
65:
1475:
1771:
1684:
1985:. It is a mechanical recycling process using a solvent to separate PVC from other materials. This solvent turns in a closed loop process in which the solvent is recycled. Recycled PVC is used in place of virgin PVC in various applications: coatings for swimming pools, shoe soles, hoses, diaphragms tunnel, coated fabrics, PVC sheets. This recycled PVC's primary energy demand is 46 percent lower than conventional produced PVC. So the use of recycled material leads to a significant better
47:
1540:
4908:
2085:
2032:
386:
1615:
56:
4914:
870:, PVC is unique in its acceptance of large amounts of plasticizer with gradual changes in physical properties from a rigid solid to a soft gel, and almost 90% of all plasticizer production is used in making flexible PVC. The majority is used in films and cable sheathing. Flexible PVC can consist of over 85% plasticizer by mass, however unplasticized PVC (UPVC) should not contain any.
848:, blowing agents and smoke suppressors, and, optionally, pigments. The choice of additives used for the PVC finished product is controlled by the cost performance requirements of the end use specification (underground pipe, window frames, intravenous tubing and flooring all have very different ingredients to suit their performance requirements). Previously,
1142:, cadmium was eliminated across Europe by 2007. The progressive substitution of lead-based stabilizers is also confirmed in the same document showing a reduction of 75% since 2000 and ongoing. This is confirmed by the corresponding growth in calcium-based stabilizers, used as an alternative to lead-based stabilizers, more and more, also outside Europe.
391:
390:
2051:
gloves for clinical care and procedures that require manual dexterity and/or that involve patient contact for more than a brief period. Vinyl gloves show poor resistance to many chemicals, including glutaraldehyde-based products and alcohols used in formulation of disinfectants for swabbing down work
1932:
The next largest sources of dioxin in the U.S. EPA inventory are medical and municipal waste incinerators. Various studies have been conducted that reach contradictory results. For instance a study of commercial-scale incinerators showed no relationship between the PVC content of the waste and dioxin
1491:
for municipal and industrial applications. In the private homeowner market, it accounts for 66% of the household market in the US, and in household sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for 75%. Buried PVC pipes in both water and sanitary sewer applications that are 100 mm (4 in) in
1969:
In Europe, developments in PVC waste management have been monitored by Vinyl 2010, established in 2000. Vinyl 2010's objective was to recycle 200,000 tonnes of post-consumer PVC waste per year in Europe by the end of 2010, excluding waste streams already subject to other or more specific legislation
1724:
medically approved PVC compounds are flexible containers and tubing: containers used for blood and blood components, for urine collection or for ostomy products and tubing used for blood taking and blood giving sets, catheters, heart-lung bypass sets, hemodialysis sets etc. In Europe the consumption
1977:
Since June 2011, it is followed by VinylPlus, a new set of targets for sustainable development. Its main target is to recycle 800,000 tonnes per year of PVC by 2020 including 100,000 tonnes of "difficult to recycle" waste. One facilitator for collection and recycling of PVC waste is
Recovinyl. The
1833:
Phthalates, which are incorporated into plastics as plasticizers, comprise approximately 70% of the US plasticizer market; phthalates are by design not covalently bound to the polymer matrix, which makes them highly susceptible to leaching. Phthalates are contained in plastics at high percentages.
1834:
For example, they can contribute up to 40% by weight to intravenous medical bags and up to 80% by weight in medical tubing. Vinyl products are pervasive—including toys, car interiors, shower curtains, and flooring—and initially release chemical gases into the air. Some studies indicate that this
735:
accounts for 8%. Suspension polymerization produces particles with average diameters of 100–180 μm, whereas emulsion polymerization gives much smaller particles of average size around 0.2 μm. VCM and water are introduced into the reactor along with a polymerization initiator and other
2665:
1948:
In Europe the overwhelming importance of combustion conditions on dioxin formation has been established by numerous researchers. The single most important factor in forming dioxin-like compounds is the temperature of the combustion gases. Oxygen concentration also plays a major role on dioxin
1944:
Green
Building Rating system. The report concludes that "no single material shows up as the best across all the human health and environmental impact categories, nor as the worst" but that the "risk of dioxin emissions puts PVC consistently among the worst materials for human health impacts."
1110:
While DEHP has been medically approved for many years for use in medical devices, it was permanently banned for use in children's products in the US in 2008 by US Congress; the PVC-DEHP combination had proved to be very suitable for making blood bags because DEHP stabilizes red blood cells,
1928:
are likely to represent an even larger source of dioxin to the environment. A survey of international studies consistently identifies high dioxin concentrations in areas affected by open waste burning and a study that looked at the homologue pattern found the sample with the highest dioxin
1137:
In Europe, particularly
Belgium, there has been a commitment to eliminate the use of cadmium (previously used as a part component of heat stabilizers in window profiles) and phase out lead-based heat stabilizers (as used in pipe and profile areas) such as liquid autodiachromate and calcium
389:
1462:
of raw PVC is very poor, so the addition of a heat stabilizer during the process is necessary in order to ensure the product's properties. Traditional product PVC has a maximum operating temperature around 60 °C (140 °F) when heat distortion begins to occur.
1956:
A study commissioned by the
European Commission on "Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials" states that "Recent studies show that the presence of PVC has no significant effect on the amount of dioxins released through incineration of
1761:
and aircraft cable used for general purpose applications. PVC coated wire rope is easier to handle, resists corrosion and abrasion, and may be color-coded for increased visibility. It is found in a variety of industries and environments both indoor and out.
1627:
Polyvinyl chloride is formed in flat sheets in a variety of thicknesses and colors. As flat sheets, PVC is often expanded to create voids in the interior of the material, providing additional thickness without additional weight and minimal extra cost (see
1898:, a rare disease. Since that time, studies of PVC workers in Australia, Italy, Germany, and the UK have all associated certain types of occupational cancers with exposure to vinyl chloride, and it has become accepted that VCM is a carcinogen.
4030:
Wikstrom, Evalena; G. Lofvenius; C. Rappe; S. Marklund (1996). "Influence of Level and Form of
Chlorine on the Formation of Chlorinated Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Benzenes during Combustion of an Artificial Fuel in a Laboratory Reactor".
831:
The product of the polymerization process is unmodified PVC. Before PVC can be made into finished products, it always requires conversion into a compound by the incorporation of additives (but not necessarily all of the following) such as
1881:
In the early 1970s, the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride (usually called vinyl chloride monomer or VCM) was linked to cancers in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry. Specifically workers in polymerization section of a
1571:, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. The material comes in a range of colors and finishes, including a photo-effect wood finish, and is used as a substitute for painted wood, mostly for window frames and
2068:
The life cycle, sustainability, and appropriateness of PVC are discussed. In Europe, a 2021 VinylPlus
Progress Report indicated that 731,461 tonnes PVC were recycled in 2020, a 5% reduction compared to 2019 due to the
1952:
Several studies have also shown that removing PVC from waste would not significantly reduce the quantity of dioxins emitted. The EU Commission published in July 2000 a Green Paper on the
Environmental Issues of PVC"
1492:
diameter and larger are typically joined by means of a gasket-sealed joint. The most common type of gasket utilized in North
America is a metal-reinforced elastomer, commonly referred to as a Rieber sealing system.
3737:
1929:
concentration was "typical for the pyrolysis of PVC". Other EU studies indicate that PVC likely "accounts for the overwhelming majority of chlorine that is available for dioxin formation during landfill fires."
1786:. PVC piping is a cheaper alternative to metal tubing used in musical instrument making; it is therefore a common alternative when making wind instruments, often for leisure or for rarer instruments such as the
1933:
emissions. Other studies have shown a clear correlation between dioxin formation and chloride content and indicate that PVC is a significant contributor to the formation of both dioxin and PCB in incinerators.
4200:
2578:
Grause, Guido; Hirahashi, Suguru; Toyoda, Hiroshi; Kameda, Tomohito; Yoshioka, Toshiaki (2017). "Solubility parameters for determining optimal solvents for separating PVC from PVC-coated PET fibers".
3874:
Katami, Takeo; Yasuhara, Akio; Okuda, Toshikazu; Shibamoto, Takayuki; et al. (2002). "Formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and
Coplanar PCBs from Polyvinyl Chloride during Combustion in an Incinerator".
3190:
672:
of the German chemical company
Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts.
4221:
5515:
4689:
4324:
2722:
815:, despite the closure of many Chinese PVC plants due to issues complying with environmental regulations and poor capacities of scale. The largest single producer of PVC as of 2018 is
2670:
736:
additives. The contents of the reaction vessel are pressurized and continually mixed to maintain the suspension and ensure a uniform particle size of the PVC resin. The reaction is
4154:
3554:
4181:
3018:
2283:
Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond".
3734:
4243:
4084:
740:
and thus requires cooling. As the volume is reduced during the reaction (PVC is denser than VCM), water is continually added to the mixture to maintain the suspension.
1924:
Studies of household waste burning indicate consistent increases in dioxin generation with increasing PVC concentrations. According to the U.S. EPA dioxin inventory,
392:
1531:
in their own right, it dissolves in moisture and breaks down onto surfaces, particularly in areas where the air is cool enough to breathe, so would not be inhaled.
1466:
As a thermoplastic, PVC has an inherent insulation that aids in reducing condensation formation and resisting internal temperature changes for hot and cold liquids.
3535:
2261:
4197:
2052:
surfaces or in hand rubs. The additives in PVC are also known to cause skin reactions such as allergic contact dermatitis. These are for example the antioxidant
1867:
voluntary commitment which began in 2000, saw European Stabiliser Producers Association (ESPA) members complete the replacement of Pb-based stabilisers in 2015.
3632:
3571:
Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf; Sundell, Jan; Weschler, Charles J.; Sigsgaard, Torben; Lundgren, Björn; Hasselgren, Mikael; Hägerhed-Engman, Linda; et al. (2004).
3284:
Galloway FM, Hirschler MM, Smith GF (1992). "Surface parameters from small-scale experiments used for measuring HCl transport and decay in fire atmospheres".
2964:
2788:
439:
3687:
3035:
2962:
Opinion on The safety of medical devices containing DEHP plasticized PVC or other plasticizers on neonates and other groups possibly at risk (2015 update)
5239:
4413:
2351:
1849:
of the European Commission released a final draft risk assessment of BBzP which found "no concern" for consumer exposure including exposure to children.
2422:
1860:
compounds had previously been widely added to PVC to improve workability and stability but have been shown to leach into drinking water from PVC pipes.
3179:
2506:
4213:
4115:
1838:
of additives may contribute to health complications, and have resulted in a call for banning the use of DEHP on shower curtains, among other uses.
1841:
In 2004 a joint Swedish-Danish research team found a statistical association between allergies in children and indoor air levels of DEHP and BBzP (
4264:
414:
3337:
3953:
2023:(CPSC) arrived at a voluntary agreement with manufacturers to remove phthalates from PVC rattles, teethers, baby bottle nipples and pacifiers.
4321:
2714:
2663:, Waldo Semon, "Synthetic rubber-like composition and method of making same", published 1933-10-10, assigned to B.F. Goodrich
4286:
3619:
3358:
2861:
4345:
3006:
3431:
2660:
4014:
2608:
2396:
1725:
of PVC from medical devices is approximately 85,000 tons each year. Almost one third of plastic-based medical devices are made from PVC.
3917:
Wagner, J.; Green, A. (1993). "Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration with chlorinated organic input".
2837:
David F. Cadogan and Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2759:
David F. Cadogan and Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
787:
of the chain gives a few percent crystallinity that is influential on the properties of the material. About 57% of the mass of PVC is
3165:
2556:
407:
4147:
3132:
3551:
3244:
1579:
in new buildings; or to replace older single-glazed windows, as it does not decompose and is weather-resistant. Other uses include
4068:
3810:
3272:
2253:
2231:
1134:
BaZn stabilisers have successfully replaced cadmium-based stabilisers in Europe in many PVC semi-rigid and flexible applications.
5232:
4406:
4003:
2020:
1978:
reported and audited mechanically recycled PVC tonnage in 2016 was 568,695 tonnes which in 2018 had increased to 739,525 tonnes.
4178:
714:
1816:, (CPVC), as it is called, is produced by chlorination of aqueous solution of suspension PVC particles followed by exposure to
2743:
Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers, and Composites, Fourth Edition, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill, Charles A. Harper Editor-in-Chief.
5115:
3970:
3823:
2924:
2822:
2695:
2550:
2390:
2199:
3573:"The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study"
5574:
5525:
5494:
4699:
4668:
3792:
948:
4386:
3654:
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for pipes, doors and windows. It is also used in making plastic bottles, packaging, and bank or membership cards. Adding
3532:
5225:
4732:
4399:
2523:
3452:
2748:
791:. The presence of chloride groups gives the polymer very different properties from the structurally related material
664:
that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist
2016:, announced that it will no longer buy intravenous (IV) medical equipment made with PVC and DEHP-type plasticizers.
2961:
2777:
1359:
3704:
Creech, J. L. Jr.; Johnson, M. N. (March 1974). "Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride".
2985:
470:
55:
5217:
4757:
4391:
400:
215:
3676:
46:
5510:
5489:
5386:
5140:
4684:
4663:
4560:
3319:
3031:
1971:
1919:
1813:
1807:
1099:(DBP) have increased health risks and are generally being phased out. High-molecular-weight phthalates such as
2344:
1091:. Phthalates can be categorized as high and low, depending on their molecular weight. Low phthalates such as
2418:
2104:
621:
makes PVC softer and more flexible. It is used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, flooring, signage,
5641:
5564:
5484:
4658:
4203:
16 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive. Solvayplastics.com (15 July 2013). Retrieved on 28 January 2016.
3379:
508:
177:
3466:
660:
after extended investigation and experimentation. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of
5557:
5479:
5295:
4892:
4653:
4469:
4085:
Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials Commissioned by the European Commission
1122:
1092:
224:
4130:
3976:
2469:
625:, inflatable products, and in rubber substitutes. With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of
4822:
4797:
4099:
1544:
837:
450:
3754:
Beychok, M.R. (1987). "A data base of dioxin and furan emissions from municipal refuse incinerators".
5621:
5597:
5331:
5130:
4955:
4772:
4762:
4505:
3333:
2883:
1937:
1846:
1629:
1478:
PVC is used extensively in sewage pipes due to its low cost, chemical resistance and ease of jointing
913:
724:
547:
4370:
3860:
2778:"Health Concerns and Environmental Issues with PVC-Containing Building Materials in Green Buildings"
1812:
PVC can be usefully modified by chlorination, which increases its chlorine content to or above 67%.
5651:
5646:
5401:
5391:
5253:
4940:
4887:
4777:
4575:
4565:
4427:
4256:
3962:
3812:
The Relationship between Chlorine in Waste Streams and Dioxin Emissions from Waste Combustor Stacks
2940:
2169:
2002:
1990:
849:
241:
209:
4297:
2043:. Due to vinyl gloves having less flexibility and elasticity, several guidelines recommend either
1611:. PVC is known as having strong resistance against chemicals, sunlight, and oxidation from water.
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5636:
5631:
4991:
4882:
4867:
4847:
4341:
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2857:
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2134:
1501:
1159:
728:
355:
5406:
5284:
5039:
4767:
4725:
4580:
4458:
3427:
1842:
1243:
800:
536:
4214:"CHW Switches to PVC/DEHP-Free Products to Improve Patient Safety and Protect the Environment"
4011:
2605:
2380:
5586:
5290:
4935:
4464:
3510:
3493:
1584:
1580:
1552:
1125:
was a common plasticizer for PVC but is being replaced by higher molecular weight phthalates.
427:
81:
2540:
613:
PVC comes in rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used in
5616:
5306:
5301:
5274:
5192:
4480:
4475:
4448:
4040:
3926:
3883:
3763:
3228:
3134:
PVC Pipe & Fittings: Underground Solutions for Water and Sewer Systems in North America
2302:
1986:
1887:
1883:
1332:
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1104:
1100:
976:
681:
677:
31:
3141:
115:
8:
5436:
5197:
5120:
5034:
4986:
4610:
3735:"Estimating Releases and Prioritizing Sources in the Context of the Stockholm Convention"
3213:
2379:
Wilkes, Charles E.; Summers, James W.; Daniels, Charles Anthony; Berard, Mark T. (2005).
2164:
2057:
1652:
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1151:
732:
665:
105:
17:
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3232:
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245:
181:
143:
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5110:
5084:
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5014:
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4945:
4897:
4625:
4065:
3848:
3829:
3597:
3572:
3240:
2916:
2326:
2292:
2223:
2129:
1656:
1273:
1087:
The most common class of plasticizers used in PVC is phthalates, which are diesters of
867:
816:
795:. At 1.4 g/cm, PVC's density is also higher than structurally related plastics such as
4000:
5626:
5581:
5547:
5467:
5279:
5101:
5019:
4718:
4641:
4453:
3966:
3938:
3899:
3819:
3775:
3713:
3602:
3515:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3315:
2920:
2818:
2744:
2691:
2633:
Semon, Waldo L.; Stahl, G. Allan (April 1981). "History of Vinyl Chloride Polymers".
2546:
2519:
2386:
2318:
2195:
2109:
2070:
2013:
1958:
1907:
1783:
1754:
1576:
1516:
1304:
1096:
1059:
903:
685:
637:
622:
2971:. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks (25 June 2015).
2330:
1981:
One approach to address the problem of waste PVC is also through the process called
5472:
5167:
5069:
5044:
4976:
4842:
4837:
4782:
4646:
4376:
4048:
3934:
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3533:
Directive 2005/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 14 December 2005
3505:
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3293:
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2838:
2760:
2642:
2587:
2511:
2310:
2090:
1787:
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PVC is widely and heavily used in construction and building industry, For example,
1505:
1488:
1413:
1167:
888:
315:
263:
5247:
4421:
1487:
Roughly half of the world's PVC resin manufactured annually is used for producing
1182:
polymer. Its properties are usually categorized based on rigid and flexible PVCs.
5336:
5322:
5187:
5074:
5064:
4832:
4510:
4496:
4328:
4185:
4134:
4103:
4072:
4018:
4007:
3796:
3741:
3558:
3539:
3180:"Thermoplastics at Work: A Comprehensive Review of Municipal PVC Piping Products"
2968:
2674:
2612:
2189:
1895:
1701:
1588:
841:
833:
780:
344:
64:
3789:
1940:(USGBC) released its report on a PVC avoidance related materials credit for the
1798:
or similar. PVC is also used as a raw material in automotive underbody coating.
1639:-backed films referred to simply as "vinyl". These films are typically cut on a
1150:
Some of the most crucial additives are heat stabilizers. These agents minimize
5365:
5177:
5079:
4950:
4539:
3646:
2048:
2044:
1876:
1524:
1459:
1238:
1158:. Many diverse agents have been used including, traditionally, derivatives of
894:
852:(PCBs) were added to certain PVC products as flame retardants and stabilizers.
840:, plasticizers, processing aids, impact modifiers, thermal modifiers, fillers,
701:
697:
661:
464:
2646:
2591:
2314:
1704:, used for its weather-resistant qualities in coats, skiing equipment, shoes,
776:
5610:
5552:
5359:
5145:
5135:
5125:
5029:
4930:
4852:
4802:
4533:
3570:
3405:
2842:
2764:
2515:
2159:
2119:
2099:
2040:
1925:
1770:
1683:
1664:
1528:
1289:
1258:
1179:
1155:
1118:
1088:
657:
607:
518:
170:
5172:
5162:
5024:
4971:
4872:
4817:
4792:
3903:
3606:
3519:
3413:
2322:
2149:
2124:
2114:
1891:
1794:, a percussion instrument that is played by slapping the open tubes with a
1775:
1738:
1692:
1648:
1564:
1520:
1063:
980:
861:
796:
792:
784:
669:
614:
603:
5418:
4907:
4592:
3717:
3297:
1539:
1474:
1154:, a degradation process that starts above 70 °C (158 °F) and is
413:
5355:
5327:
5262:
5182:
4981:
4862:
4857:
4529:
4501:
4436:
3478:
2154:
2053:
2031:
1936:
In February 2007, the Technical and Scientific Advisory Committee of the
1817:
1791:
1604:
1556:
1392:
673:
618:
4097:
Home – Vinyl 2010 The European PVC industry commitment to Sustainability
3818:. Vol. 36. New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
399:
5431:
5059:
5049:
4605:
4029:
2981:
2144:
1863:
In Europe the use of lead-based stabilizers has been discontinued. The
1835:
1795:
1742:
1721:
1697:
1572:
1163:
907:
737:
579:
406:
340:
326:
154:
4052:
3895:
2444:
1790:. An instrument that is almost exclusively built from PVC tube is the
1614:
1567:
is extensively is a popular low-maintenance material, particularly in
5520:
5426:
5396:
5266:
4827:
4812:
4787:
4694:
4600:
4570:
4440:
3683:
3588:
1864:
1758:
1734:
1608:
1592:
1548:
1509:
1112:
1082:
1067:
500:
3633:"China's PVC pipe makers under pressure to give up lead stabilizers"
2715:"Shin-Etsu Chemical to build $ 1.4bn polyvinyl chloride plant in US"
463:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
5441:
4615:
3873:
2006:
1982:
1640:
1636:
1600:
1596:
1508:. PVC is chosen because of its good electrical insulation, ease of
845:
788:
772:
768:
744:
372:
198:
4913:
4188:. Solvayplastics.com (15 July 2013). Retrieved on 28 January 2016.
3115:
2297:
2282:
2001:
In November 2005, one of the largest hospital networks in the US,
5569:
5446:
5347:
5249:
4741:
4620:
4521:
4423:
4371:
The European PVC Portal (European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers)
1672:
1644:
1635:
Plasticized PVC is also used to produce thin, colored, or clear,
1376:
1202:
764:
748:
704:
633:
599:
595:
330:
304:
4377:
Polyvinyl Chloride International Chemical Safety Cards—CDC/NIOSH
684:
PVC by blending it with various additives, including the use of
4293:
3790:
Polyvinyl Chloride Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste Combustion
3140:. 2nd Brazilian PVC Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Archived from
3021:. The European PVC Industry's Sustainable Development Programme
1705:
1655:. These sheets and films are used to produce a wide variety of
1224:
752:
632:
Polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is soluble in
626:
3955:
Environmental Impacts of polyvinyl Chloride Building Materials
3620:
Phthalate Information Center Blog: More good news from Europe
3380:"Food Packaging – Roles, Materials, and Environmental Issues"
2817:(6. ed.). Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. pp. 485–511.
2504:
Allsopp, M. W.; Vianello, G. (2012). "Poly(Vinyl Chloride)".
2461:
2345:"Material Safety Data Sheet: PVC Compounds Pellet and Powder"
1709:
820:
812:
134:
4106:. Vinyl2010.org (22 June 2011). Retrieved on 6 October 2011.
2060:, propylene glycol/adipate polyester and ethylhexylmaleate.
2012:
In January 2012, a major US West Coast healthcare provider,
874:
PVC properties as a function of phthalate plasticizer level
775:
is located on alternating carbon centres. PVC has mainly an
229:
4807:
4710:
4127:
4096:
2982:"You searched for DEHP - Plasticisers - Information Center"
2577:
1941:
1857:
1632:). Sheets are cut using saws and rotary cutting equipment.
1138:
polyhydrocummate by 2015. According to the final report of
882:
645:
294:
189:
4381:
3542:. Official Journal of the European Union. 27 December 2005
2378:
1974:, Packaging and Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment).
1845:), which is used in vinyl flooring. In December 2006, the
947:
Unplasticized PVC (UPVC): window frames and sills, doors,
3561:. Canada.com (12 June 2008). Retrieved on 6 October 2011.
1397:
641:
610:). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.
1733:
PVC has been applied to various items such as: bottles,
1591:. This material has almost entirely replaced the use of
811:
About half of the world's PVC production capacity is in
523:
100 °C (212 °F) to 260 °C (500 °F)
3283:
3032:"DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PVC COMPOUNDS"
2709:
2707:
2009:
Melsungen for vinyl-free intravenous bags and tubing.
594:) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic
3552:
Vinyl shower curtains a 'volatile' hazard, study says
2635:
Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry
2080:
783:
of the chloride centres are random. Some degree of
3916:
3809:Rigo, H. G.; Chandler, A. J.; Lanier, W.S. (1995).
2813:Krauskopf, Leonard G. (2009). "3.13 Plasticizers".
2704:
1442:
1440:
1162:(lead, cadmium). Metallic soaps (metal "salts" of
3808:
2806:
2787:. California Environmental Protection Agency, US.
2753:
2254:"Substance Details CAS Registry Number: 9002-86-2"
3744:, International POPs Elimination Network, Mexico.
5608:
2858:"factsheets - Plasticisers - Information Center"
2852:
2850:
1527:. While hydrogen chloride fumes can also pose a
1437:
3378:Marsh, Kenneth; Bigusu, Betty (31 March 2007).
2580:Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
2503:
2456:
2454:
2194:. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
1820:which initiates the free-radical chlorination.
771:are mainly arranged head-to-tail, meaning that
457:15 mg/m (inhalable), 5 mg/m (respirable) (TWA)
434:10 mg/m (inhalable), 3 mg/m (respirable) (TWA)
388:
114:
4137:. Recovinyl.com. Retrieved on 28 January 2016.
3729:
3727:
2507:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2374:
2372:
1446:At 60% relative humidity and room temperature.
1244:
656:PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist
5233:
4726:
4407:
4075:. European Commission. Brussels, 26 July 2000
3951:
3753:
3703:
3467:"Post PVC Sound Insulating Underbody coating"
3111:
3109:
2847:
3669:
3464:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3177:
3130:
3096:
3094:
3062:
3060:
3047:
3045:
3009:. Seuropean Stabiliser Producers Association
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2451:
4012:An analysis by the Healthy Building NEtwork
3724:
3377:
3211:
3116:Michael A. Joyce, Michael D. Joyce (2004).
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
2659:
2538:
2466:The European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers
2369:
2026:
1170:) are common in flexible PVC applications.
5240:
5226:
4733:
4719:
4414:
4400:
4244:Kaiser Permanente bans PVC tubing and bags
3118:Residential Construction Academy: Plumbing
3106:
2632:
1603:, being used for waste pipes, drainpipes,
244:
180:
70:Pure PVC powder, containing no plasticizer
30:"PVC" redirects here. For other uses, see
3651:European Stabiliser Producers Association
3596:
3509:
3364:
3091:
3057:
3042:
2943:. Health Care Without Harm. 29 April 2013
2910:
2812:
2685:
2484:
2296:
2039:Plasticized PVC is a common material for
1949:formation, but not the chlorine content.
1870:
1009:Wire and cable insulation, flexible pipe
4342:"VinylPlus at a Glance 2021 - VinylPlus"
4087:. European Commission (July 2004), p. 96
3799:NREL/TP-430- 5518, Golden CO, April 1993
3511:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714
3262:
3072:
2906:
2904:
2876:
2350:. Georgia Gulf Chemical and Vinyls LLC.
2030:
1769:
1682:
1613:
1538:
1473:
1117:
3428:"Coated Aircraft Cable & Wire Rope"
2021:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
1964:
1622:
1519:fumes; the chlorine serves to scavenge
1107:(DIDP) are generally considered safer.
240:
214:
14:
5609:
4823:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
4279:
4033:Environmental Science & Technology
3788:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
3693:from the original on 20 December 2016.
3491:
3465:Takata, Ayumi; Ohashi, Yutaka (2002).
3038:from the original on 16 December 2021.
171:
5221:
4763:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
4758:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
4714:
4395:
4160:from the original on 14 February 2020
3325:
3268:
3100:
3085:
3066:
3051:
2901:
2686:Chanda, Manas; Roy, Salil K. (2006).
2399:from the original on 17 November 2016
2234:from the original on 13 December 2013
2187:
2181:
1331:
1303:
1272:
1237:
823:, with a global share of around 30%.
142:
5575:List of environmental health hazards
5495:List of environmental health hazards
4669:List of environmental health hazards
4348:from the original on 7 February 2022
4296:(glove manufacturer). Archived from
3657:from the original on 5 December 2018
3340:from the original on 28 January 2021
3314:. Prentice Hall. pp. 36–37, 68–72.
2988:from the original on 9 February 2022
2864:from the original on 9 February 2022
2794:from the original on 5 February 2016
2472:from the original on 5 December 2023
2425:from the original on 11 October 2022
2224:"poly(vinyl chloride) (CHEBI:53243)"
2216:
1970:(such as the European Directives on
1910:and carbon dioxide upon combustion.
1823:
1129:
747:, which can be produced from either
4267:from the original on 10 August 2017
3434:from the original on 26 August 2017
3250:from the original on 8 October 2011
3120:. Cengage Learning. pp. 63–64.
2357:from the original on 17 August 2021
2209:
1720:The two main application areas for
1453:
1145:
197:
24:
5380:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
4554:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
4287:"Vinyl Gloves: Causes For Concern"
4198:Solvay, asking more from chemistry
4179:Solvay, asking more from chemistry
3312:Plastics: Materials and Processing
3241:10.1002/j.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x
3193:from the original on 7 August 2020
2775:
1801:
1495:
1290:
1259:
696:Polyvinyl chloride is produced by
384:
25:
5668:
4364:
4224:from the original on 9 April 2016
4128:Incentives to collect and recycle
3622:. phthalates.org (3 January 2007)
3577:Environmental Health Perspectives
3331:
2785:Integrated Waste Management Board
2725:from the original on 24 July 2018
2063:
1828:
1728:
1667:on vehicles for aesthetics or as
1035:Boots and clothing, inflatables,
758:
723:About 80% of production involves
4912:
4906:
4798:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
4773:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
4148:"VinylPlus Progress Report 2019"
3706:Journal of Occupational Medicine
3677:"VinylPlus Progress Report 2016"
3398:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00301.x
3131:Rahman, Shah (19–20 June 2007).
2617:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
2606:"Ueber einige Vinylverbindungen"
2559:from the original on 26 May 2013
2539:W. V. Titow (31 December 1984).
2264:from the original on 21 May 2018
2083:
1360:Coefficient of thermal expansion
779:, which means that the relative
713:
63:
54:
45:
4778:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
4334:
4315:
4257:"PVC Policies Across the World"
4249:
4236:
4206:
4191:
4172:
4140:
4121:
4109:
4090:
4078:
4059:
4023:
3994:
3945:
3910:
3867:
3802:
3782:
3747:
3697:
3639:
3625:
3613:
3564:
3545:
3526:
3485:
3458:
3446:
3420:
3352:
3334:"Vinyl: an Honest Conversation"
3304:
3277:
3205:
3171:
3159:
3124:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2974:
2955:
2933:
2831:
2769:
2737:
2679:
2653:
2626:
2598:
2571:
2532:
1996:
1784:phonograph, or "vinyl," records
1534:
1469:
855:
767:are linear and are strong. The
709:
467:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5141:Category:Plastics applications
4888:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
4883:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
4868:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
4242:Smock, Doug (19 January 2012)
3498:Annual Review of Public Health
3214:"Sealing Our Buried Lifelines"
2437:
2411:
2385:. Hanser Verlag. p. 414.
2337:
2276:
2246:
1920:Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
1814:Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
1808:Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
1782:Molded PVC is used to produce
1547:" house with uPVC gutters and
680:developed a method in 1926 to
13:
1:
4848:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
4344:. Vinylplus.eu. 17 May 2021.
4322:London 2012 Use of PVC Policy
3273:PVC coating of wire and cable
3178:Rahman, Shah (October 2004).
3034:. Green PVC. 12 August 2021.
2176:
2105:Plastic pressure pipe systems
1901:
1765:
1715:
1173:
1076:
979:, flexible pipe, thin films (
743:PVC may be manufactured from
691:
562:Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
528:Effective heat of combustion
444:(US health exposure limits):
5565:Persistent organic pollutant
5526:Toxic Substances Control Act
5485:Persistent organic pollutant
4768:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
4740:
4700:Toxic Substances Control Act
4659:Persistent organic pollutant
3939:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90030-9
3776:10.1016/0004-6981(87)90267-8
2884:"Plasticizers Market Report"
2688:Plastics technology handbook
2615:(On some vinyl compounds),
1890:, were diagnosed with liver
1748:
1398:
826:
806:
731:accounts for about 12%, and
651:
509:Glass Transition Temperature
7:
5558:Great Pacific garbage patch
5480:Great Pacific garbage patch
4893:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
4808:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
4654:Great Pacific garbage patch
4382:The Vinyl Council of Canada
4066:Environmental issues of PVC
3494:"Plastics and Health Risks"
3359:PVC Healthcare Applications
2913:Plastics additives handbook
2815:Plastics additives handbook
2690:. CRC Press. pp. 1–6.
2076:
1745:, and seals on metal lids.
1678:
1123:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
1093:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
362:−10.71×10 (SI, 22 °C)
10:
5673:
5521:Japan Toxic Substances Law
5316:Miscellaneous plasticizers
4695:Japan Toxic Substances Law
4490:Miscellaneous plasticizers
3471:SAE Technical Paper Series
3212:Shah Rahman (April 2007).
1917:
1913:
1874:
1805:
1690:
1523:, making PVC-coated wires
1512:, and resistance to burn.
1080:
859:
29:
5595:
5540:
5516:European REACH regulation
5511:California Proposition 65
5503:
5460:
5417:
5379:
5346:
5315:
5261:
5254:polyhalogenated compounds
5210:
5155:
5131:High-performance plastics
5100:
5093:
5005:
4964:
4956:High-performance plastics
4921:
4904:
4748:
4690:European REACH regulation
4685:California Proposition 65
4677:
4634:
4591:
4553:
4520:
4489:
4435:
4428:polyhalogenated compounds
3740:27 September 2007 at the
3453:Building a PVC Instrument
2911:Krauskopf, L. G. (2009).
2647:10.1080/00222338108066464
2592:10.1007/s10163-015-0457-9
2545:. Springer. pp. 6–.
2315:10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005
2005:, signed a contract with
1938:US Green Building Council
1847:European Chemicals Bureau
1757:under pressure to encase
1630:closed-cell PVC foamboard
1500:PVC is often used as the
1417:
1412:
1396:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1320:
1309:
1288:
1277:
1257:
1242:
1222:
1217:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
850:polychlorinated biphenyls
725:suspension polymerization
513:82 °C (180 °F)
461:
438:
366:
256:
98:
90:
80:
75:
62:
53:
44:
27:Common synthetic polymer
4941:Fibre-reinforced plastic
4878:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
4116:Our Voluntary Commitment
3963:Healthy Building Network
3795:15 February 2013 at the
3557:4 September 2010 at the
3492:Halden, Rolf U. (2010).
3310:Strong, A. Brent (2005)
3187:Underground Construction
2843:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
2765:10.1002/14356007.a20_439
2611:17 November 2016 at the
2516:10.1002/14356007.a21_717
2421:. MilliporeSigma. 2022.
2170:Chlorinated polyethylene
2027:Vinyl gloves in medicine
2003:Catholic Healthcare West
1991:global warming potential
1555:, decorative imitation "
1515:In a fire, PVC can form
1482:
881:Plasticizer content (%
636:, chlorinated solvents,
554:Water absorption (ASTM)
4992:Biodegradable additives
4327:1 February 2016 at the
4133:19 January 2022 at the
3756:Atmospheric Environment
3385:Journal of Food Science
2967:3 February 2016 at the
2915:(6. ed.). Munich:
2510:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2140:Polyvinylidene fluoride
2135:Polyvinylidene chloride
1852:
983:), advertising banners
919:Elongation at break (%)
777:atactic stereochemistry
729:Emulsion polymerization
356:Magnetic susceptibility
5407:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4843:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
4838:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
4783:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
4581:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4184:1 January 2012 at the
3952:Thornton, Joe (2002).
2445:"Poly(Vinyl Chloride)"
2419:"Poly(vinyl chloride)"
2036:
1871:Vinyl chloride monomer
1843:butyl benzyl phthalate
1779:
1688:
1671:, and general purpose
1619:
1560:
1479:
1126:
801:polymethylmethacrylate
483:Mechanical properties
395:
85:poly(1-chloroethylene)
5587:Biodegradable plastic
4936:Thermosetting polymer
4833:Polylactic acid (PLA)
4331:. independent.gov.uk.
3876:Environ. Sci. Technol
3298:10.1002/fam.810150405
2941:"Phthalates and DEHP"
2673:26 April 2022 at the
2034:
1993:is 39 percent lower.
1773:
1686:
1617:
1559:", windows, and doors
1542:
1477:
1121:
922:Example applications
799:(0.88–0.96 g/cm) and
678:B.F. Goodrich Company
428:Threshold limit value
394:
289:white, brittle solid
5598:Identification codes
5198:Foam food containers
5121:Engineering plastics
4303:on 22 September 2015
4220:. 21 November 2005.
4102:25 July 2013 at the
4006:13 July 2007 at the
3982:on 20 September 2013
3733:Costner, Pat (2005)
3479:10.4271/2002-01-0293
3166:Uses for vinyl: pipe
1987:ecological footprint
1972:End-of-Life Vehicles
1965:Industry initiatives
1888:Louisville, Kentucky
1623:Signage and graphics
1333:Compression strength
1219:Thermal conductivity
1191:Unit of measurement
1105:diisodecyl phthalate
1101:diisononyl phthalate
576:poly(vinyl chloride)
488:Elongation at break
377:(fire diamond)
32:PVC (disambiguation)
5642:Commodity chemicals
5437:Endocrine disruptor
5035:Compression molding
4987:Polymer stabilizers
4611:Endocrine disruptor
4246:. plasticstoday.com
4071:12 May 2012 at the
4045:1996EnST...30.1637W
4017:2 June 2008 at the
3931:1993Chmsp..26.2039W
3888:2002EnST...36.1320K
3768:1987AtmEn..21...29B
3635:. 6 September 2013.
3233:2007Opflo..33d..12R
3168:. vinylbydesign.com
2719:Nikkei Asian Review
2604:Baumann, E. (1872)
2307:2014JMagR.242..233W
2165:Vinyl roof membrane
2058:benzisothiazolinone
1653:wide-format printer
1618:Double glazed units
1414:Surface resistivity
875:
733:bulk polymerization
666:Ivan Ostromislensky
484:
316:Solubility in water
41:
40:Polyvinyl chloride
5452:Polymer fume fever
5111:Commodity plastics
5085:Rotational molding
5055:Fiberglass molding
5015:Injection moulding
4997:Filler (materials)
4946:Corrugated plastic
4898:Tritan copolyester
4853:Polypropylene (PP)
4803:Polycarbonate (PC)
4626:Polymer fume fever
4387:US Vinyl Institute
4001:The USGBC document
3961:. Washington, DC:
3647:"Lead replacement"
3538:4 May 2013 at the
3007:Liquid stabilisers
2917:Carl Hanser Verlag
2188:Titow, W. (1984).
2182:General references
2130:Polyvinyl fluoride
2037:
1780:
1689:
1687:Black PVC trousers
1657:commercial signage
1651:) or printed in a
1620:
1561:
1480:
1127:
1040:Extremely Flexible
904:Flexural stiffness
873:
817:Shin-Etsu Chemical
623:phonograph records
572:Polyvinyl chloride
482:
471:Infobox references
396:
216:Polyvinyl+Chloride
39:
5604:
5603:
5582:Plastic recycling
5548:Plastic pollution
5534:
5533:
5468:Plastic pollution
5248:Health issues of
5206:
5205:
5102:Plastics industry
5020:Plastic extrusion
4873:Polyurethane (PU)
4863:Polysulfone (PES)
4818:Polyethylene (PE)
4793:Polybutylene (PB)
4708:
4707:
4642:Plastic pollution
4422:Health issues of
4053:10.1021/es9506364
3972:978-0-9724632-0-1
3925:(11): 2039–2054.
3896:10.1021/es0109904
3825:978-0-7918-1222-8
3686:. 30 April 2016.
3583:(14): 1393–1397.
2926:978-3-446-40801-2
2824:978-3-446-40801-2
2697:978-0-8493-7039-7
2623: : 308–322.
2552:978-0-85334-249-6
2392:978-1-56990-379-7
2201:978-0-85334-249-6
2110:Plastic recycling
2071:COVID-19 pandemic
2014:Kaiser Permanente
1824:Health and safety
1577:insulated glazing
1517:hydrogen chloride
1506:electrical cables
1428:
1427:
1305:Flexural strength
1130:Metal stabilizers
1097:Dibutyl phthalate
1074:
1073:
1060:soft plastic bait
900:
721:
720:
707:(VCM), as shown.
686:dibutyl phthalate
638:Dimethylformamide
569:
568:
479:Chemical compound
477:
476:
349:slightly soluble
225:CompTox Dashboard
16:(Redirected from
5664:
5622:Nonwoven fabrics
5473:Rubber pollution
5323:Organophosphates
5242:
5235:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5098:
5097:
5070:Filament winding
5045:Transfer molding
4972:Polymer additive
4916:
4910:
4858:Polystyrene (PS)
4735:
4728:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4647:Rubber pollution
4497:Organophosphates
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4338:
4332:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4291:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4210:
4204:
4195:
4189:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4039:(5): 1637–1644.
4027:
4021:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3975:. Archived from
3960:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3882:(6): 1320–1324.
3871:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3828:. Archived from
3817:
3806:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3751:
3745:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3589:10.1289/ehp.7187
3568:
3562:
3549:
3543:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3329:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2984:. Plasticisers.
2978:
2972:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2860:. Plasticisers.
2854:
2845:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2641:(6): 1263–1278.
2630:
2624:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2501:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2300:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2220:
2210:Inline citations
2205:
2093:
2091:Chemistry portal
2088:
2087:
2086:
1788:contrabass flute
1669:wrap advertising
1575:when installing
1454:Thermal and fire
1447:
1444:
1400:
1387:Not recommended
1292:
1261:
1246:
1185:
1184:
1168:calcium stearate
1146:Heat stabilizers
914:Tensile strength
898:
889:Specific gravity
876:
872:
842:flame retardants
834:heat stabilizers
717:
710:
574:(alternatively:
485:
481:
416:
409:
402:
387:
264:Chemical formula
249:
248:
233:
231:
218:
201:
184:
173:
146:
118:
93:Polychloroethene
67:
58:
49:
42:
38:
21:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5652:1872 in Germany
5647:1872 in science
5607:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5591:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5499:
5456:
5413:
5375:
5342:
5311:
5257:
5246:
5212:
5202:
5151:
5089:
5075:Solvent bonding
5065:Plastic welding
5007:
5001:
4960:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4813:Polyester (PEs)
4750:
4744:
4739:
4709:
4704:
4673:
4630:
4587:
4549:
4516:
4485:
4431:
4420:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4329:Wayback Machine
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4196:
4192:
4186:Wayback Machine
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4135:Wayback Machine
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4104:Wayback Machine
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4073:Wayback Machine
4064:
4060:
4028:
4024:
4019:Wayback Machine
4008:Wayback Machine
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3915:
3911:
3872:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3835:on 7 April 2016
3832:
3826:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3797:Wayback Machine
3787:
3783:
3752:
3748:
3742:Wayback Machine
3732:
3725:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3569:
3565:
3559:Wayback Machine
3550:
3546:
3540:Wayback Machine
3531:
3527:
3490:
3486:
3473:. Vol. 1.
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3430:. Lexco Cable.
3426:
3425:
3421:
3376:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3330:
3326:
3309:
3305:
3282:
3278:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3107:
3103:, p. 1194.
3099:
3092:
3084:
3073:
3069:, p. 1191.
3065:
3058:
3054:, p. 1186.
3050:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2969:Wayback Machine
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:. p. 495.
2909:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2776:Karlen, Kaley.
2774:
2770:
2758:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2675:Wayback Machine
2666:
2658:
2654:
2631:
2627:
2613:Wayback Machine
2603:
2599:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2502:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2377:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2258:Commonchemistry
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2066:
2029:
1999:
1967:
1922:
1916:
1904:
1896:hemangiosarcoma
1879:
1873:
1855:
1831:
1826:
1810:
1804:
1802:Chlorinated PVC
1768:
1751:
1731:
1718:
1702:water-resistant
1695:
1681:
1625:
1589:weatherboarding
1537:
1498:
1496:Electric cables
1485:
1472:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1274:Young's modulus
1176:
1148:
1132:
1085:
1079:
1058:Fishing lures (
897:
868:common plastics
864:
858:
829:
809:
785:syndiotacticity
781:stereochemistry
761:
694:
654:
590:; abbreviated:
480:
473:
468:
454:
431:
421:
420:
419:
418:
411:
404:
397:
393:
385:
359:
345:tetrahydrofuran
318:
280:
276:
272:
266:
252:
234:
227:
204:
165:
149:
121:
108:
94:
86:
71:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5657:Food packaging
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5637:Vinyl polymers
5634:
5632:Thermoplastics
5629:
5624:
5619:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5366:Vinyl chloride
5363:
5360:Polycarbonates
5352:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5173:Packaging film
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5156:Specific goods
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5080:Vacuum forming
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4951:Polymeric foam
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Polyimide (PI)
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Polyamide (PA)
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4540:Vinyl chloride
4537:
4534:Polycarbonates
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4433:
4432:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4366:
4365:External links
4363:
4360:
4359:
4333:
4314:
4278:
4248:
4235:
4205:
4190:
4171:
4139:
4120:
4118:. vinylplus.eu
4108:
4089:
4077:
4058:
4022:
3993:
3971:
3944:
3909:
3866:
3857:|journal=
3824:
3801:
3781:
3746:
3723:
3696:
3668:
3638:
3624:
3612:
3563:
3544:
3525:
3504:(1): 179–194.
3484:
3457:
3455:. natetrue.com
3445:
3419:
3363:
3351:
3324:
3303:
3292:(4): 181–189.
3276:
3271:, p. 717
3261:
3204:
3170:
3158:
3147:on 9 July 2015
3123:
3105:
3090:
3088:, p. 857.
3071:
3056:
3041:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2973:
2954:
2932:
2925:
2900:
2875:
2846:
2830:
2823:
2805:
2768:
2752:
2736:
2703:
2696:
2678:
2652:
2625:
2597:
2570:
2551:
2542:PVC technology
2531:
2525:978-3527306732
2524:
2483:
2450:
2436:
2410:
2391:
2368:
2336:
2275:
2245:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2191:PVC Technology
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Chloropolymers
2096:
2095:
2094:
2078:
2075:
2065:
2064:Sustainability
2062:
2056:, the biocide
2041:medical gloves
2028:
2025:
1998:
1995:
1966:
1963:
1926:landfill fires
1918:Main article:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1894:also known as
1877:Vinyl chloride
1875:Main article:
1872:
1869:
1854:
1851:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1806:Main article:
1803:
1800:
1767:
1764:
1750:
1747:
1730:
1729:Food packaging
1727:
1717:
1714:
1691:Main article:
1680:
1677:
1665:racing stripes
1624:
1621:
1557:half-timbering
1536:
1533:
1525:fire retardant
1497:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1460:heat stability
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1239:Yield strength
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1175:
1172:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1128:
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
977:Vinyl flooring
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
951:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
911:
901:
899:(type A, 15 s)
895:Shore hardness
892:
886:
879:
860:Main article:
857:
854:
838:UV stabilizers
828:
825:
808:
805:
760:
759:Microstructure
757:
719:
718:
702:vinyl chloride
698:polymerization
693:
690:
662:vinyl chloride
653:
650:
567:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
551:
550:
544:
533:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
497:
493:
492:
489:
478:
475:
474:
469:
465:standard state
462:
459:
458:
455:
449:
446:
445:
436:
435:
432:
426:
423:
422:
412:
405:
398:
383:
382:
381:
380:
378:
369:
368:
364:
363:
360:
354:
351:
350:
347:
337:
336:
333:
323:
322:
319:
314:
311:
310:
307:
301:
300:
297:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:
250:
237:
235:
223:
220:
219:
212:
206:
205:
203:
202:
194:
192:
186:
185:
175:
167:
166:
164:
163:
159:
157:
151:
150:
148:
147:
139:
137:
131:
130:
127:
126:Abbreviations
123:
122:
120:
119:
111:
109:
104:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5669:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5553:Garbage patch
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5419:Health issues
5416:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Shopping bags
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:(Agriculture)
5147:
5146:Plasticulture
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Geosynthetics
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:Thermoforming
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Thermoplastic
4929:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4593:Health issues
4590:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4218:Business Wire
4215:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3850:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2749:0-07-138476-6
2746:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:PVC fetishism
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Polypropylene
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2019:In 1998, the
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1960:
1959:plastic waste
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1906:PVC produces
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:B.F. Goodrich
1878:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:blister packs
1736:
1726:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1529:health hazard
1526:
1522:
1521:free radicals
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1197:Flexible PVC
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:thermoplastic
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:autocatalytic
1153:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:phthalic acid
1084:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:Very Flexible
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
902:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
880:
878:
877:
871:
869:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
824:
822:
818:
814:
804:
803:(1.18 g/cm).
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
734:
730:
726:
716:
712:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Eugen Baumann
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
608:polypropylene
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
537:Specific heat
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:Melting point
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
486:
472:
466:
460:
456:
453:(Permissible)
452:
448:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
417:
410:
403:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
348:
346:
342:
339:
338:
334:
332:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
313:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
268:
265:
261:
260:
255:
247:
243:
242:DTXSID5025940
239:
238:
236:
226:
222:
221:
217:
213:
211:
208:
207:
200:
196:
195:
193:
191:
188:
187:
183:
179:
176:
174:
172:ECHA InfoCard
169:
168:
161:
160:
158:
156:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
138:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
89:
83:
79:
74:
66:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
5369:
5263:Plasticizers
5211:Environment
5163:Blister pack
5116:Construction
5025:Blow molding
4877:
4543:
4437:Plasticizers
4350:. Retrieved
4336:
4317:
4305:. Retrieved
4298:the original
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4217:
4208:
4193:
4174:
4164:22 September
4162:. Retrieved
4142:
4123:
4111:
4092:
4080:
4061:
4036:
4032:
4025:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3977:the original
3954:
3947:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3837:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3811:
3804:
3784:
3762:(1): 29–36.
3759:
3755:
3749:
3712:(3): 150–1.
3709:
3705:
3699:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3627:
3615:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3547:
3528:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3470:
3460:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3422:
3389:
3383:
3361:. pvcmed.org
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3327:
3311:
3306:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3227:(4): 12–17.
3224:
3220:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3186:
3173:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3142:the original
3133:
3126:
3117:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2976:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2935:
2912:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2833:
2814:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2784:
2771:
2755:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2718:
2687:
2681:
2655:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2600:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2541:
2534:
2505:
2474:. Retrieved
2465:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2413:
2403:24 September
2401:. Retrieved
2382:PVC Handbook
2381:
2359:. Retrieved
2339:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2190:
2150:PVC clothing
2125:Polymer clay
2115:Polyethylene
2067:
2038:
2035:Vinyl gloves
2018:
2011:
2000:
1997:Restrictions
1980:
1976:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1905:
1892:angiosarcoma
1880:
1862:
1856:
1840:
1832:
1829:Plasticizers
1811:
1781:
1776:vinyl record
1752:
1732:
1719:
1696:
1693:PVC clothing
1649:vinyl cutter
1643:-controlled
1634:
1626:
1565:vinyl siding
1562:
1535:Construction
1514:
1499:
1486:
1470:Applications
1465:
1457:
1253:1,450–3,600
1250:4,500–8,700
1177:
1160:heavy metals
1149:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1109:
1086:
1064:polymer clay
981:stretch wrap
891:(20 °C)
865:
862:Plasticizers
856:Plasticizers
830:
810:
797:polyethylene
793:polyethylene
762:
755:feedstock.
742:
722:
695:
670:Fritz Klatte
655:
631:
619:plasticizers
615:construction
612:
604:polyethylene
591:
587:
583:
575:
571:
570:
540:
531:17.95 MJ/kg
440:
373:
99:Identifiers
91:Other names
36:
5617:Dielectrics
5504:Regulations
5356:Bisphenol A
5040:Calendering
4982:Plasticizer
4922:Mechanical
4678:Regulations
4530:Bisphenol A
4352:19 February
4307:17 November
3919:Chemosphere
3151:28 February
2992:19 February
2868:19 February
2586:: 612–622.
2462:"About PVC"
2291:: 233–242.
2155:PVC decking
2054:bisphenol A
1886:plant near
1792:thongophone
1753:PVC may be
1743:cling wraps
1661:vinyl wraps
1659:products,
1545:Tudorbethan
1393:Resistivity
1365:mm/(mm °C)
1164:fatty acids
1152:loss of HCl
1111:minimizing
1103:(DINP) and
1095:(DEHP) and
674:Waldo Semon
496:Notch test
286:Appearance
257:Properties
178:100.120.191
144:CHEBI:53243
5611:Categories
5432:Carcinogen
5397:Organotins
5267:Phthalates
5213:and health
5060:Pultrusion
5050:Laminating
5008:processing
4606:Carcinogen
4571:Organotins
4441:Phthalates
4373:(archived)
4228:28 January
3839:31 October
3661:5 December
3392:(3): R43.
3332:Ellis, R.
3320:0131145584
3286:Fire Mater
3269:Titow 1984
3197:5 February
3101:Titow 1984
3086:Titow 1984
3067:Titow 1984
3052:Titow 1984
3019:Vinyl 2010
2661:US 1929453
2429:11 October
2177:References
2145:PVC Bendit
1902:Combustion
1836:outgassing
1766:Other uses
1722:single-use
1716:Healthcare
1698:PVC fabric
1609:downspouts
1549:downspouts
1543:"A modern
1504:sheath on
1502:insulating
1268:10.0–24.8
1233:0.14–0.17
1230:0.14–0.28
1194:Rigid PVC
1174:Properties
1140:Vinyl 2010
1077:Phthalates
955:Semi-rigid
949:rigid pipe
885:by weight)
866:Among the
738:exothermic
692:Production
682:plasticize
580:colloquial
341:Solubility
335:insoluble
327:Solubility
321:insoluble
155:ChemSpider
106:CAS Number
82:IUPAC name
5461:Pollution
5427:Teratogen
5358:(BPA, in
5006:Plastics
4977:Colorants
4965:Additives
4749:Chemical
4635:Pollution
4601:Teratogen
4532:(BPA, in
4271:25 August
3986:6 October
3859:ignored (
3849:cite book
3684:VinylPlus
3438:25 August
3406:1750-3841
3189:: 56–61.
2893:7 January
2798:26 August
2563:6 October
2298:1403.4760
1865:VinylPlus
1796:flip-flop
1759:wire rope
1749:Wire rope
1735:packaging
1593:cast iron
1510:extrusion
1362:(linear)
1213:1.1–1.35
1210:1.3–1.45
1188:Property
1178:PVC is a
1113:hemolysis
1083:Phthalate
1068:plastisol
827:Additives
807:Producers
688:by 1933.
652:Discovery
588:polyvinyl
557:0.04–0.4
548:kJ/(kg·K)
309:1.4 g/cm
299:odorless
116:9002-86-2
5627:Plastics
5442:Diabetes
5348:Monomers
5328:Adipates
5250:plastics
5104:segments
5094:Products
4742:Plastics
4616:Diabetes
4522:Monomers
4502:Adipates
4424:plastics
4346:Archived
4325:Archived
4265:Archived
4261:chej.org
4222:Archived
4201:Archived
4182:Archived
4155:Archived
4131:Archived
4100:Archived
4069:Archived
4015:Archived
4004:Archived
3904:11944687
3793:Archived
3738:Archived
3688:Archived
3655:Archived
3607:15471731
3555:Archived
3536:Archived
3520:20070188
3432:Archived
3414:17995809
3338:Archived
3254:30 March
3245:Archived
3191:Archived
3036:Archived
2986:Archived
2965:Archived
2888:Ceresana
2862:Archived
2789:Archived
2723:Archived
2671:Archived
2609:Archived
2557:Archived
2476:17 March
2470:Archived
2423:Archived
2397:Archived
2352:Archived
2331:11545416
2323:24705364
2262:Archived
2232:Archived
2077:See also
2007:B. Braun
1983:Vinyloop
1818:UV light
1755:extruded
1737:films,
1679:Clothing
1673:stickers
1641:computer
1637:adhesive
1601:drainage
1597:plumbing
1307:(yield)
1281:490,000
1166:such as
988:Flexible
846:biocides
789:chlorine
773:chloride
769:monomers
765:polymers
745:ethylene
676:and the
565:40 MV/m
374:NFPA 704
367:Hazards
358:(χ)
5570:Dioxins
5490:Dioxins
5447:Obesity
5188:Cutlery
5178:Bottles
4664:Dioxins
4621:Obesity
4041:Bibcode
3927:Bibcode
3884:Bibcode
3764:Bibcode
3718:4856325
3598:1247566
3229:Bibcode
2947:23 July
2729:24 July
2361:23 July
2303:Bibcode
2268:12 July
2260:. CAS.
2238:12 July
2049:nitrile
1914:Dioxins
1706:jackets
1645:plotter
1605:gutters
1569:Ireland
1384:65–100
1377:Vicat B
1313:10,500
1203:Density
1049:< 10
749:naphtha
705:monomer
700:of the
634:ketones
602:(after
600:plastic
596:polymer
491:20–40%
331:ethanol
305:Density
281:
5287:(BBzP)
5256:(PHCs)
5168:Chairs
5136:Nurdle
4461:(BBzP)
4430:(PHCs)
4294:Ansell
3969:
3902:
3822:
3716:
3605:
3595:
3518:
3412:
3404:
3344:3 June
3318:
3221:Opflow
2923:
2821:
2747:
2694:
2667:
2549:
2522:
2389:
2329:
2321:
2198:
1989:. The
1710:aprons
1708:, and
1585:siding
1583:, and
1581:fascia
1553:fascia
1424:10–10
1421:10–10
1408:10–10
1340:9,500
1265:31–60
944:<15
753:ethane
627:canvas
199:C19508
76:Names
5541:Waste
5387:PBDEs
5298:(DOP)
4924:types
4751:types
4561:PBDEs
4472:(DOP)
4301:(PDF)
4290:(PDF)
4158:(PDF)
4151:(PDF)
3980:(PDF)
3959:(PDF)
3833:(PDF)
3816:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3680:(PDF)
3248:(PDF)
3217:(PDF)
3183:(PDF)
3145:(PDF)
3138:(PDF)
2792:(PDF)
2781:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2327:S2CID
2293:arXiv
2228:CHEBI
2045:latex
1647:(see
1573:sills
1489:pipes
1483:Pipes
1431:Notes
1368:5×10
1223:W/(m·
1207:g/cm
1070:inks
927:Rigid
916:(Mpa)
821:Japan
813:China
584:vinyl
441:NIOSH
430:(TLV)
135:ChEBI
5402:PFCs
5392:PCBs
5368:(in
5332:DEHA
5307:DINP
5302:DIDP
5296:DEHP
5291:DIHP
5275:DIBP
5252:and
5183:Bags
4576:PFCs
4566:PCBs
4542:(in
4506:DEHA
4481:DINP
4476:DIDP
4470:DEHP
4465:DIHP
4449:DIBP
4426:and
4354:2022
4309:2015
4273:2017
4230:2016
4166:2019
3988:2011
3967:ISBN
3900:PMID
3861:help
3841:2009
3820:ISBN
3714:PMID
3663:2018
3603:PMID
3516:PMID
3440:2017
3410:PMID
3402:ISSN
3346:2020
3316:ISBN
3256:2010
3199:2019
3153:2009
2994:2022
2949:2021
2921:ISBN
2895:2023
2870:2022
2819:ISBN
2800:2015
2745:ISBN
2731:2018
2692:ISBN
2565:2011
2547:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2478:2024
2431:2022
2405:2016
2387:ISBN
2363:2021
2319:PMID
2270:2012
2240:2012
2196:ISBN
1942:LEED
1858:Lead
1853:Lead
1607:and
1599:and
1595:for
1458:The
1348:MPa
1337:psi
1321:MPa
1310:psi
1296:3.4
1278:psi
1046:1.02
1020:1.17
994:1.22
961:1.26
883:DINP
763:The
668:and
646:DMAc
644:and
606:and
546:0.9
499:2–5
295:Odor
210:MeSH
190:KEGG
162:none
129:PVC
5370:PVC
5337:DOA
5285:BBP
5280:DBP
4544:PVC
4511:DOA
4459:BBP
4454:DBP
4049:doi
3935:doi
3892:doi
3772:doi
3593:PMC
3585:doi
3581:112
3506:doi
3475:doi
3394:doi
3294:doi
3237:doi
2839:doi
2761:doi
2643:doi
2621:163
2588:doi
2512:doi
2311:doi
2289:242
2285:JMR
2047:or
1961:."
1908:HCl
1741:,
1700:is
1663:or
1587:or
1405:10
1381:°C
1351:66
1324:72
1291:GPa
1260:MPa
1245:psi
1062:),
1032:400
1026:3.4
1006:295
973:225
938:900
933:1.4
908:Mpa
819:of
751:or
642:THF
598:of
592:PVC
586:or
503:/m
451:PEL
343:in
329:in
277:Cl)
230:EPA
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