Pakistan Movement - Knowledge

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was driving a wedge between the ulama of the JUS and the Khudai Khidmatgars, irrespective of the commitments of mutual support between the JUH and Congress leaderships. In trying to highlight the separateness and vulnerability of Muslims in a religiously diverse public space, the directives of the NWFP ulama began to veer away from simple religious injunctions to take on a communalist tone. The ulama highlighted 'threats' posed by Hindus to Muslims in the province. Accusations of improper behaviour and molestation of Muslim women were levelled against 'Hindu shopkeepers' in Nowshera. Sermons given by two JUS-connected maulvis in Nowshera declared the Hindus the 'enemies' of Islam and Muslims. Posters were distributed in the city warning Muslims not to buy or consume food prepared and sold by Hindus in the bazaars. In 1936, a Hindu girl was abducted by a Muslim in Bannu and then married to him. The government demanded the girl's return, But popular Muslim opinion, supported by a resolution passed by the Jamiyatul Ulama Bannu, demanded that she stay, stating that she had come of her free will, had converted to Islam, and was now lawfully married and had to remain with her husband. Government efforts to retrieve the girl led to accusations of the government being anti-Muslim and of encouraging apostasy, and so stirred up strong anti-Hindu sentiment across the majority Muslim NWFP. ... Involvement of the Deobandi

1991:(in northern Balochistan), to determine the will of the people which resulted in a victory for the Muslim League.The province's Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality, agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947; however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote. According to Rafi Sheikh, the then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency." Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan". This has brought into question whether a vote took place in the princely Kalat state, the consensus of which remains disputed. 1790: 853: 2916:

common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literature. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different ethics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.

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Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women who also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.

1840:, collaborated in exploiting the predominantly Muslim peasantry of the British Indian province of Sind. In Sind’s first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics, informed by religious and cultural issues. Due to British policies, much land in Sind was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades. In Sind, "the dispute over the Sukkur Manzilgah had been fabricated by provincial Leaguers to unsettle Allah Bakhsh Soomro's ministry which was dependent on support from the Congress and the Hindu Independent Party." The Sind Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for what they said was an abandoned mosque to be given to the Muslim League. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims. 8575: 841: 1614:. The Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise that the Muslim League represented Indian Muslims. The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson for India's Muslims. However, the British did not desire India to be partitioned and in one last effort to avoid it they arranged the Cabinet Mission plan. In 1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan recommended a decentralised but united India, this was accepted by the Muslim League but rejected by the Congress, thus, leading the way for the Partition of India. 1008: 2486: 937: 1580:

the divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by the British, who practiced 'divide-and-rule' politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the British, who used them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan freedom movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims.

8593: 2161:. Thanwi was one of the chief proponent of this Movement. He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah, he dismissed the criticism that most Muslim League members were not practising Muslims. Thanwi was of the view that the Muslim League should be supported and also be advised at the same time to become religiously observant. Thanwi's disciples Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Zafar Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan. 1861: 49: 2178: 8584: 8299: 1754:

and meant their plans to deploy servicemen to work in canal colonies were not yet ready. The Muslim League took advantage of this weakness and followed Congress's example of providing work to servicemen within its organisation. The Muslim League's ability to offer an alternative to the Unionist government, namely the promise of Pakistan as an answer to the economic dislocation suffered by Punjabi villagers, was identified as a key issue for the election.

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registered voters out of which 289,244 (99.02%) votes were cast in favor of Pakistan while only 2874 (0.98%) were cast in favor of India. According to an estimate the total turnout for the referendum was only 15% less than the total turnout in the 1946 elections. At the same time a large number of Khudai Khidmatgar supporters boycotted the referendum and intimidation against Hindu and Sikh voters by supporters of the Pakistan Movement was also reported.

1000: 543: 1698: 1940: 8323: 589: 2008: 8311: 1556:, the Muslim League secured and won 434 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 87.5% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. The Congress which was led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being 2419:. Turner was responsible for the economic, financial planning of the country after independence. Turner was one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and handling of the administrative units. Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law Secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government. 3348: 3293: 7866: 1498:

contributions. The Muslim League leaders' British education, training, and philosophical ideas helped bring the British government and the Muslim League closer to each other. Jinnah himself supported the British in World War II when the Congress failed to collaborate. The British government made a pledge to the Muslims in 1940 that it would not

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Ahmed Khan converted the existing cultural and religious entity among Indian Muslims into a separatist political force, throwing a Western cloak of nationalism over the Islamic concept of culture. The distinct sense of value, culture and tradition among Indian Muslims originated from the nature of Islamization of the Indian populace during the

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Muslim rulers of Sindh) left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance. Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.

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However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'. ...

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Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s, an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of

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in 1947, the British held a referendum in the NWFP to allow voters to choose between joining Pakistan or India. The referendum was held on 2 July 1947 while polling began on 6 July 1947 and the referendum results were made public on 20 July 1947. According to the official results, there were 572,798

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who had proselytised in the region since the eleventh century. By the twentieth century, most Punjabi Muslims offered allegiance to a Pir as their religious guide, thus providing them considerable political influence. The Unionists had successfully cultivated the support of Pirs to achieve success in

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begins with a glorious precolonial state-empire when the Muslims of South Asia were politically united and culturally, civilizationally, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a common vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However,

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Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution. Under Jinnah's leadership its membership

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Acknowledging the services of these ulema, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani was honoured to raise the flag of Pakistan in Karachi and Zafar Ahamd Usmani in Dhaka. Once, the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was asked whether there was any Islamic cleric who authenticated the division of India on religious bases.

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recruits during the war, constituting 800,000 men, and representing a significant part of the electorate. By 1946, less than 20 per cent of those servicemen returning home had found employment. This in part was exacerbated by the speedy end to the war in Asia, which caught the Unionists by surprise,

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The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning the majority of Muslim votes and reserved Muslim seats in the Central and provincial assemblies, performing exceptionally well in Muslim minority provinces such as UP and Bihar, relative to the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and NWFP. The

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to India to determine its constitutional status and to address the Hindu-Muslim differences. The delegation proposed a plan that three groups in India be formed. One would consist of the Muslim majority Northwest zone, another would consist of the Hindu majority center and the third the Eastern zone

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Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs, and literature... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes... To yoke together two such

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Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold

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On the eve of the elections, the political landscape in the Punjab was finely poised, and the Muslim League offered a credible alternative to the Unionist Party. The transformation itself had been rapid, as most landlords and pirs had not switched allegiance until after 1944. The breakdown of talks

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Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar

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The stance of the central JUH was pro-Congress, and accordingly the JUS supported the Congressite Khudai Khidmatgars through to the elections of 1937. However the secular stance of Ghaffar Khan, leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, disparaging the role of religion in government and social leadership,

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The pro-India Congress, which drew support from Hindus and some Muslims, sensing that geographic and demographic compulsions would not allow the province’s inclusion into the newly Independent India, began to encourage separatist elements in Balochistan, and other Muslim majority provinces such as

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was under the rule of a Chief Commissioner and did not have the same status as other provinces of British India. The Muslim League in the period 1927-1947 strived under Jinnah to introduce reforms in Baluchistan to bring it on par with other provinces of British India. Apart from the pro-partition

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became a symbol of the Muslim League at rallies, and pledges to vote were made on it. Students, a key component of the Muslim League's activists, were trained to appeal to the electorate on communal lines, and at the peak of student activity during the Christmas holidays of 1945, 250 students from

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Class conflict was coloured in a religious shade, as the Muslims were generally agriculturists and soldiers, while Hindus were increasingly seen as successful financiers and businessmen. Therefore, according to the historian Spear, "an industrialised India meant a Hindu India" to the Muslims. Syed

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The senior alim conceded that the ML leaders still had some work to do before they could be seen as conscientious and observant Muslims,,, He instead emphasised the virtues of patient and quiet counseling...At the same time though, Thanawi dismissed criticisms of ML leaders as being non-observant

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That, too, had begun life as a cosy club of upper-class Indians, seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims. However, under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and

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The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation. It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7-8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939, more so, after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March

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I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the

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clergy. In its election campaign in 1946 the Muslim League drew upon the support of Islamic scholars and Sufis with the rallying cry of 'Islam in danger'. The majority of Barelvis supported the creation of Pakistan and Barelvi ulama issued fatwas in support of the Muslim League. In contrast, most

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Kalat finally acceded to Pakistan on 27 March 1948 after the help of All India Radio and a period of negotiations and bureaucracy. The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision in July 1948. Princes Agha

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The Congress Party rejected the separation of the provinces but agreed to the formation of an interim government. The plan stated that whichever party will agree to the whole of the plan will be allowed to form the interim government which would be established after the General elections in 1946.

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By 1947 the majority of NWFP ulama supported the Muslim League idea of Pakistan. Because of the now long-standing relations between JUS ulama and the Muslim League, and the strong communalist tone in the NWFP, the move away from the pro-Congress and anti-Pakistan party line of the central JUH to

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The university that founded in the town of Aligarh ... not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite ... Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a

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became more and more obvious during the Congress rule (1937-1939) in India. In 1946 it was seen that Muslim majorities in the North-west and North-east India had agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's policies, which were also the result of leaders such as Jinnah leaving the

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It is documented by Pakistani historians that Suhrawardy wanted Bengal to be an independent state that would neither join Pakistan or India but would remain unpartitioned. Despite the heavy criticism from the Muslim League, Jinnah realised the validity of Suhrawardy's argument and gave his tacit

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instead of Pakistan. The secular Pashtun leadership was also of the view that if joining India was not an option then they should espouse the cause of an independent ethnic Pashtun state rather than Pakistan. The secular stance of Abdul Ghaffar Khan had driven a wedge between the Jamiyatul Ulama

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The Muslim League’s rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sind was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families. Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sind, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats, the

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triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah. Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G.M. Syed (who admired both Hindu and

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It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a

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by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government. Ironically, despite all his good contributions, Mandal was badly ignored in the emerging political scenario. He returned to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then-Prime Minister of Pakistan. He mentioned incidents related to

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For the Muslim League to claim to represent the Muslim vote, they would need to win over the majority of the seats held by the Unionists. Following the death of Sir Sikander in 1942, and bidding to overcome their dismal showing in the elections of 1937, the Muslim League intensified campaigning

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At Independence there was a Congress-led ministry in the North West Frontier...The Congress-supported government of the North West Frontier led by the secular Pashtun leaders, the Khan brothers, wanted to join India and not Pakistan. If joining India was not an option, then the secular Pashtun

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from their intercommunal tribal loyalties. In response, the Unionists attempted to counter the growing religious appeal of the Muslim League by introducing religious symbolism into their own campaign, but with no student activists to rely upon and dwindling support amongst the landlords, their

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languages were completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time, the English language had become not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language.

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The Indian Congress and Muslim League responded differently over the World War II issue. The Indian Congress refused to support the British unless the whole Indian subcontinent was granted independence. The Muslim League, on the other hand, supported Britain both politically and via human

2902: – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan – for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation. 2165:

Jinnah replied that there was Arshraf Ali Thanwi, and his support to the cause of Muslim League was enough. The Barelvis had no representation in the constitutent assemblies of Pakistan, whereas the Deobandis had their representatives even in the first Constitutent Assembly.

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At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in

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of Jinnah secured most of the Muslim vote in both elections. Jinnah interpreted the results as the entire Muslim nation's demand for partition and a separate state of Pakistan. Congress was forced to recognise the Muslim League as the sole representative of the Muslims.

3522: 3499: 646:, was instrumental in establishing a base for the Pakistan Movement, and later providing the newly formed country with its ruling elite. Soon thereafter, the All-India Muslim League was formed, which perhaps marked the beginning of the Pakistan Movement. 4420:

His standing with the British remained high, however, for even though they no more agreed with the idea of a separate Muslim state than the Congress did, government officials appreciated the simplicity of a single negotiating voice for all of India's

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Reasons for the pirs switching allegiance varied. For the Gilani Pirs of Multan the overriding factor was local longstanding factional rivalries, whilst for many others a shrine's size and relationship with the government dictated its allegiance.

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constituencies. Appealing to biradari ties enabled the Muslim League to accelerate support amongst landlords, and in turn use the landlords's client-patron economic relationship with their tenants to guarantee votes for the forthcoming election.

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Muslim league captured 429 of the total 492 seats reserved for Muslims. Thus, the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite where the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan; a plebiscite which the Muslim League won.

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positions to which they had elected. The Muslim League celebrated the end of the Congress-led British Indian government, with Jinnah famously declaring it "a day of deliverance and thanksgiving". In a secret memorandum to the British

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and spreading fear of a supposed "Hindu threat" in a future united India. Muslim League activists were advised to join in communal prayers when visiting villages, and gain permission to hold meetings after the Friday prayers. The

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In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940–7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in

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Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim refused to lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on the army until 1950. Though the Princes fought a lone battle without support from the rest of Baluchistan.

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Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly

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Jinnah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians who lived in Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India. The most notable and influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement was

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The success of the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906. It was founded in

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nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.

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By this scheme, the British hoped they could at once preserve the united India desired by the Congress, and by themselves, and at the same time, through the groups, secure the essence of Jinnah's demand for a

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For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind ) was

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During this growth spurt, the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass-based party that gave itself a new constitution, a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational

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History of Pakistan, p. 58-59. Author Prof. Muhammed Khalilullah (Ex-Principal Federal Govt. Urdu College, Karachi; Former Dean Law Faculty, University of Karachi), published by Urdu Academy Sindh, Karachi.

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The Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the world. Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's constitution. Arguments presented by

1762:, and Jinnah in late 1944 had meant many Muslims were now forced to choose between the two parties at the forthcoming election. A further blow for the Unionists came with death of its leading statesman Sir 1667:. The Unionists had built a formidable power base in the Punjabi countryside through policies of patronage allowing them to retain the loyalty of landlords and pirs who exerted significant local influence. 1923:. Such controversies stirred up anti-Hindu sentiments amongst the province's Muslim population. By 1947 the majority of the JUS ulama in the province began supporting the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan. 3927:

This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.

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opposed the partition of India and creation of Pakistan, a minority of Christians dissented from this position and played a pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan. The notable Christians included

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Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.

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support to the idea of an Independent Bengal. Nevertheless, the Indian National Congress decided for partition of Bengal in 1947, which was additionally ratified in the subsequent years.

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and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslims. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal

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belt. Mandal represented the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one of the founding fathers of Pakistan. After independence, Mandal was given ministries of

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Following the Congress's effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with them, the Muslim League went on to support the

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In the successive periods of the tragedy of East-Pakistan, the country continued to rebuild and reconstruct itself constitutionally and embarked on its path to be transformed into

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gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India. Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.

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Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards. They also joined in processions, strikes, and riots.

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Hayat, Syed Umar and Himayatullah Yaqubi. “Creation of Pakistan and the Political Orientation of Bengali Muslims: 1940-47.” Pakistan Perspectives 23, no. 1 (2018), 41–58

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Believing that Islam was a universal religion, the Deobandi advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation.

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party in favour of the Muslim League, Congress had won in seven of the eleven provinces in 1937 but the Muslim League failed to achieve majority in any province.

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still continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan. Jinnah's estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.

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the 1937 elections, and the Muslim League now attempted to replicate their method of doing so. To do so, the Muslim League created the Masheikh Committee, used

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were invited to campaign in the province along with 1550 members of the Punjab Muslim Student's Federation. A key achievement of these efforts came in enticing

6275:. According to him, qaum connotes a territorial multi-religious entity, while millat refers to the cultural, social and religious unity of Muslims exclusively. 5376: 3123:

Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory'

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had become a main source of the Pakistan Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth. To many Pakistanis, Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern

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was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite. It was the dissemination of western thought by

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in 1906. The Pakistan Movement was highly popular in the Muslim population of Bengal. Many of the Muslim League's notable statesmen and activists hailed from

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failed, as did talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944. When World War II ended, the Muslim League's push for the Pakistan Movement and Gandhi's efforts for

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in public political activity and in the negotiation of a Muslim identity in the NWFP appeared in no way to rely upon a wider consensus of Indian Deobandis.

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The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory. The founding story of the Pakistan Movement is not only covered in school and university

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Roy, Asim. “The High Politics of India’s Partition: The Revisionist Perspective - The High Politics of India’s Partition: The Revisionist Perspective.”

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The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan and a mighty success for the League, which won 90 per cent of the Muslim seats.

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The idea of Pakistan received overwhelming support from Muslim minority provinces of British India, specially the Muslim cultural heartland of U.P. The

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This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the rural agriculturalists of Bengal as well as the support of the landowners of

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History of Pakistan and its background, p. 338. Author Syed Asghar Ali Shah Jafri, published by Evernew Book Palace, Circular road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

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Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996".

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Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996".

2533:-like leader; whilst many other founding fathers of the nation-state also occupy extremely respected places in the hearts of the people of Pakistan. 7541:, and Ayesha Jalal. "Modern South Asia : History, Culture, Political Economy". Fourth edition. London ;: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2018 9281: 8383: 2599: 6715: 6637: 1560:'s statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan." 680:

used literature, poetry and speech as a powerful tool for political awareness. Iqbal is called the spiritual father of this movement. The role of

1781:, which made many minority Hindus and Sikhs migrate to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western Punjab and across Pakistan. 7928: 1964: 1948: 1342: 7601:

Hossain, Ashfaque. “The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum.” Modern Asian studies 47, no. 1 (2013), 250–287

3547:

Moore, Robin J. "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a), pp. 422–446

7813: 6924: 3755: 2442:

led to the partition of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily Christian and animistic.

774: 573: 3712: 3669: 7578:

Gilmartin, David. 'Partition, Pakistan and South Asian History: In Search of a Narrative', Journal of Asian Studies 57, 4 (1998), 1068-1095

7087: 1872: 1663:. The Punjab had a slight Muslim majority, and local politics had been dominated by the secular Unionist Party and its longtime leader Sir 3152: 8361: 7850: 7565:

Dhulipala, Venkat. "Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India", Cambridge 2015,

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History of Pakistan Movement (1857–1947), p. 237-238, Author Prof. M. Azam Chaudhary, published by Abdullah Brothers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore

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but also in innumerable monuments. Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks, literature, and novels as well. Thus, the

6465: 6370: 4027: 7781: 3420: 3316:"Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations" 8912: 8691: 8564: 8284: 8116: 2408: 1422:

of India. The proposal further contemplated the independence of Muslim majority provinces after ten years of Indian Independence. An

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towards their cause. Pirs dominated the religious landscape, and were individuals who claimed to inherit religious authority from

9549: 9534: 7431: 7297: 4507: 4299: 1472: 1304:

grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook. The Muslim League's earliest base was the

608: 1433:

Jinnah decided to agree to the plan. The British still invited the Congress to form a government with the Muslim League and the

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Jalal, Ayesha. The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,, 2014.

4740:

Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.

9544: 8262: 8081: 7744: 7708: 7671: 7618: 7570: 7546: 7328: 7272: 7244: 7189: 7081: 7020: 6934: 6858: 6833: 6779: 6565: 6541: 6477: 6382: 6341: 5934: 5904: 5876: 5836: 5797: 5758: 5631: 5583: 5505: 5446: 5409: 5123: 5084: 5045: 5006: 4967: 4925: 4886: 4847: 4808: 4764: 4725: 4688: 4559: 4444: 4401: 4359: 4264: 4225: 4195: 4144: 4102: 4058: 4021: 3795: 3749: 3706: 3663: 3401: 3235: 3208: 3183: 3146: 3115: 1919:, a town where anti-Hindu sermons were delivered by mullas. Tensions also rose in 1936 over the abduction of a Hindu girl in 1639:, Muslims placed more emphasis on the Punjabi identity they shared with Hindus and Sikhs, rather than on their religion. The 1166: 925:

annual session which is commonly regarded as sowing the seeds for the creation of a separate state, later known as Pakistan.

7113: 5511: 5415: 4892: 3950: 1852:

Muslim League’s cultivation of support from the pirs and saiyids of Sind in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province.

9524: 9253: 9220: 8923: 8632: 8315: 5683: 2076: 1484: 1357: 914: 1308:. From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes. 9539: 8126: 2926: 7494: 7345: 5323: 3252: 9554: 8252: 8136: 8041: 2450: 2325:

in the 1960s. Economic grievances, unbalanced financial payments, provincialism and ethnic nationalism led to a bloody

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However, a few highly influential Deobandi clerics did support the creation of Pakistan. Such Deobandi ulama included

1773:

was home to a minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. In 1947, the

8642: 8011: 7806: 7676:

Rashid, Harun-or-. "The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1906–1947", Dhaka 1987

7631: 7593: 7560: 6691: 6432: 6298: 6248: 6198: 6156: 6114: 6071: 6028: 5474: 5370: 5192: 4517: 4493: 4309: 3897: 3639: 3596: 3532: 3493: 2241: 1774: 1745:

A separate strategy of the Muslim League was to exploit the economic slump suffered in the Punjab as a result of the

1725:

Despite the Muslim League's aim to foster a united Muslim loyalty, it also recognised the need to better exploit the

1655:, had the mass support of the Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs of the Punjab; its leaders included Muslim Punjabis, such as 1305: 1289: 1247: 1132: 1122: 1112: 1105: 1098: 1088: 1081: 1060: 1053: 1042: 1035: 953: 664:, but eventually it also sought to establish a new nation-state that protected the political interests of Muslims of 566: 5360: 4336:"Pakistan, New Nation in an Old Land", Jean and Franc Shor, The National Geographic Magazine, Nov. 1952, pp. 637-678 8494: 6963: 2213: 1818: 1652: 1361: 1011:

Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, (left) who organised the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (centre), Sir Syed's son

347: 7679:

Rashid, Harun-or-. "Inside Bengal Politics 1936–1947: Unpublished Correspondence of Partition Leaders", Dhaka 2003

2318: 9509: 8620: 8479: 8354: 8101: 8046: 7936: 3178:. Translated with a new introduction by Agha Shahid (Rev. ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 3018: 2725: 2494: 2439: 2130: 1338: 7455: 905:

Very few Muslim families had their children sent to English universities. On the other hand, the effects of the

9103: 8652: 8121: 8091: 5660: 2653: 2396: 2349: 2330: 2237: 1572: 1491: 7036: 2124:) opposed the creation of Pakistan and the two-nation theory. Husain Ahmad Madani and the Deobandis advocated 9231: 9214: 9108: 8726: 8499: 8242: 7956: 7713:

Talbot, Ian (1994), "Planning for Pakistan: The Planning Committee of the All-India Muslim League, 1943–46",

7205: 2829: 2412: 2400: 1549: 1418: 1377: 649:

Many of the top leadership of the movement were educated in Great Britain, with many of them educated at the

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History of Pakistan. p. 232 to 234. by Muhammed Ali Chiragh, published by Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore.

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support for the Pakistan Movement came in the form of the New Medina construct, which was formulated by the

1718:

ceremonies and shrines for meetings and rallies and encouraged fatwas urging support for the Muslim League.

1353:, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. 1320:

marked the beginning of the Pakistan movement. At the 27th annual Muslim League session in 1940 at Lahore's

623:. It was connected to the perceived need for self-determination for Muslims under British rule at the time. 9343: 9300: 9260: 9001: 8559: 8549: 8504: 8303: 8146: 8036: 8001: 7961: 7799: 3444:

Stephen Evans (2002). "Macaulay's minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India".

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in world politics and the general unrest in India, Wavell called for general elections to be held in 1945.

1527: 1346: 1145: 661: 559: 7737:

Freedom's Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India

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unless its constitution was first approved by the Indian Muslims, a promise it did not subsequently keep.

9418: 9390: 9368: 9062: 8529: 8071: 7523:

Adnan, Abdullah. “Pakistan: Creation and Genesis.” The Muslim world (Hartford) 96, no. 2 (2006), 201–217.

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throughout rural and urban Punjab. A major thrust of the Muslim's League's campaign was the promotion of

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At the all-India level, the demand for Pakistan pitted the League against the Congress and the British.

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in 1944. Jinnah negotiated as the representative of the Muslims. Gandhi rejected and insisted that the

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At Lahore the Muslim League formally committed itself to create an independent Muslim state, including

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Group) played a significant role in the Pakistan Movement. Acknowledging the services of these ulema,

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Bengal, which was favoured by the Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half.

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interest and participation in the creation of Pakistan by the NWFP Deobandis was not a dramatic one.

3253:"The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924)" 8881: 8876: 8786: 8554: 8404: 8131: 8096: 7986: 7981: 7966: 7071: 2978: 2973: 2605: 2569: 2553: 2392: 2365: 1672: 1391: 989: 888: 522: 374: 332: 20: 6533:

Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India

6424:

Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India

3698:

Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India

2485: 1007: 9514: 9184: 9092: 8961: 8610: 8539: 8186: 8166: 8061: 7996: 3365: 3297: 3056: 3008: 2775: 2765: 2593: 2150: 2016: 1980: 1972: 1887: 1880: 1864: 1640: 1494:, which allowed them to actively go against the Congress with the argument of "Islam in Danger". 1438: 1410: 941: 754:(present-day Bangladesh) and India are among the primary achievements of the Pakistan Movement. 632: 3315: 2463:

he "designated Pakistan as a model country to be emulated by Muslim revolutionaries worldwide."

2404:

social injustice and a biased attitude towards non-Muslim minorities in his resignation letter.

781:

led to numerous changes to the introduction and teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and

9333: 9204: 9139: 9072: 8801: 8627: 8219: 8161: 8021: 8016: 7991: 7941: 7918: 7888: 7653: 7626:. "The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan", Cambridge 1985, 7575:

Gilmartin, David. "Empire and Islam : Punjab and the Making of Pakistan". London: Tauris, 1988.

6686:(2nd ed.). Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. p. 25. 3136: 2671: 2416: 1726: 1636: 463: 393: 320: 7529:. "Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity : the Search for Saladin", London ;: Routledge, 1997. 6798: 6555: 6531: 6422: 6331: 6288: 6146: 6061: 6018: 5924: 5826: 5113: 5074: 5035: 4915: 4837: 4798: 4434: 4391: 4347: 4215: 4134: 3739: 1631:

Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.

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After the independence in 1947, violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan, as

2125: 1553: 1454: 1015:(right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj. 689: 379: 352: 280: 122: 113: 8583: 4187: 4180: 4011: 3591:

Pakistan was inevitable p. 51-52, Author Syed Hassan Riaz, published by University Karachi.

3394:

Muslims Against Partition: Revisiting the Legacy of Allah Bakhsh and Other Patriotic Muslims

9134: 8901: 8856: 8806: 8679: 8647: 8615: 8464: 8272: 8257: 8171: 8141: 8076: 7778: 7610: 7476: 4953: 4750: 4674: 4545: 2988: 2953: 2817: 2743: 2623: 2498: 2476: 2384: 2369: 2322: 2154: 2121: 2036: 2028: 1031: 717: 697: 685: 337: 302: 141: 3352: 3301: 2446: 1540:

In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as

1522:

that Great Britain should "divide and then Quit". Negotiations between Gandhi and Viceroy

8: 9267: 9179: 9052: 9006: 8956: 8836: 8761: 8741: 8721: 8391: 8379: 8181: 7822: 7656:. Muslim Struggle for Freedom Bengal from Plassey to Pakistan, A.D. 1757-1947, Dacca 1960 6981: 5623: 4664:

W. W. J. "The Indian Elections – 1946." The World Today, vol. 2, no. 4, 1946, pp. 167–175

3858:

Talbot, Ian (1993). "The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggled for Pakistan".

3485:

Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the modern world

3051: 2998: 2938: 2933: 2907: 2889: 2793: 2641: 2575: 2546:

1850 Urdu becomes the official language in all of the west Pakistan provinces, excluding

2459: 2373: 2088: 2087:

of Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Jinnah, the

1904: 1523: 1515: 1460: 1383: 1268: 949: 906: 831: 654: 624: 509: 429: 342: 134: 59: 39: 7182:

Religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world: critical social and political issues

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Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II

2789:

1939 Resignation of congress ministries and non-congress power players got golden chance

1956:, "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics", such as the 1817:

promoted communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims, winning 22 out of 33 seats in the

1518:

against the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the Muslim League advised Prime Minister

9189: 9149: 9129: 9057: 9032: 9011: 8991: 8966: 8866: 8826: 8534: 8509: 8399: 8247: 8111: 7659: 7402: 5789:

The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Balochi, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements

5554: 5300: 5292: 5249: 5241: 4647: 4639: 4007: 3574: 3461: 3370: 3267: 3103: 2958: 2283: 2259: 2225: 2158: 2040: 2024: 1912: 1895: 1734: 1409:

In 1945 and 1946 general and provincial elections were held in India respectively. The

790: 736: 709: 468: 325: 94: 7289: 2286:

is often referred to as 'the first Pakistani'. Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the

2250:'s (1817–1898) philosophical ideas played a direct role in the Pakistan Movement. His 9348: 9318: 9174: 9124: 8896: 8886: 8831: 8796: 8791: 8766: 8710: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8459: 8439: 8213: 8026: 7855: 7740: 7704: 7667: 7627: 7614: 7589: 7566: 7556: 7542: 7380: 7324: 7268: 7240: 7185: 7077: 7016: 6930: 6886: 6854: 6829: 6775: 6687: 6664: 6561: 6537: 6473: 6428: 6378: 6337: 6294: 6244: 6194: 6152: 6133:

During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.

6110: 6067: 6024: 5930: 5900: 5872: 5832: 5793: 5754: 5627: 5579: 5546: 5501: 5470: 5442: 5405: 5366: 5304: 5253: 5188: 5119: 5080: 5041: 5002: 4963: 4921: 4882: 4843: 4804: 4760: 4721: 4684: 4651: 4555: 4513: 4489: 4440: 4397: 4355: 4305: 4260: 4221: 4191: 4140: 4098: 4054: 4017: 3984: 3940: 3918: 3893: 3791: 3745: 3702: 3659: 3635: 3592: 3578: 3528: 3489: 3465: 3397: 3337: 3231: 3204: 3179: 3142: 3111: 3076: 3003: 2948: 2839: 2713: 2665: 2287: 2251: 2146: 1953: 1908: 1844: 1814: 1705:

To further their religious appeal, the Muslim League also launched efforts to entice

1530:

intensified the pressure on Prime Minister Churchill. Given the rise of American and

1519: 1503: 1317: 985: 945: 884: 778: 693: 628: 596: 479: 458: 450: 420: 310: 151: 30: 4256:

South Asia and Africa After Independence: Post-colonialism in Historical Perspective

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conference intending to appeal to all Muslim Gujjars, and reversed its expulsion of

974:

after a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy

9446: 9328: 9308: 9239: 9169: 9154: 8976: 8971: 8811: 8781: 8751: 8731: 8657: 8544: 8444: 8419: 7898: 7158: 6920: 6602: 5284: 5233: 4631: 4175: 3945: 3867: 3836: 3566: 3453: 3327: 2993: 2968: 2823: 2771: 2689: 2587: 2510: 2472: 2314: 2298: 2291: 2279: 1746: 1585: 1564: 1557: 1442: 1350: 1272: 1160: 1149: 1049: 872: 815: 802: 798: 701: 639: 592: 517: 434: 406: 401: 247: 232: 7664:

Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity

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in East Pakistan in the early 1970s, which eventually resulted with East Pakistan

9358: 9288: 9209: 9113: 8936: 8816: 8700: 7785: 7752: 7462: 5495: 5399: 4876: 4485: 4051:

Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924

3427: 3225: 3038: 2526: 2247: 2072: 1984: 1710: 1611: 898: 811: 794: 786: 677: 643: 547: 366: 220: 181: 176: 171: 166: 7772: 7646:

Jalal, Ayesha. “Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue.”

5691: 5620:

The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977

3827:

Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946".

948:. The woman wearing the black cloak is Muhatarma Amjadi Banu Begum, the wife of 9313: 9119: 9021: 8946: 8906: 8861: 8776: 8736: 8716: 8514: 8232: 8006: 7971: 7951: 7913: 7532: 7495:"Presidential address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Muslim League Lahore, 1940" 5649:"Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal" 3976: 3570: 3134: 3023: 2943: 2808: 2731: 2084: 1968: 1798: 1778: 1656: 1499: 1387: 1285: 1219: 918: 782: 673: 242: 215: 210: 193: 186: 99: 6606: 5994:] (in Urdu). Lahore: Majlis-e-Istaqbaliya Jamiat Ulma-e-Islam Conference. 5288: 5237: 4800:

Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850

4635: 3871: 3840: 3457: 1983:) that became a part of Pakistan. The instrument of referendum was applied in 1860: 952:, a prominent Muslim League leader. Begum was a leading representative of the 9498: 9404: 9338: 9323: 9274: 9016: 8986: 8981: 8871: 8841: 8771: 8746: 8424: 8267: 8237: 8224: 8086: 7976: 7908: 7893: 7883: 7874: 5550: 5334: 3341: 3275: 3271: 3033: 2480: 2388: 2337: 2080: 1988: 1927: 1794: 1729:

network and appeal to primordial tribal loyalties. In 1946 it held a special

1395: 1373: 1279: 1261: 1254: 1156: 917:; many ascended to the influential posts in the British government. In 1930, 913:

population more educated and enabled them to gain lucrative positions at the

876: 807: 751: 747: 198: 7724:

Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in Punjab, 1937–1946".

7384: 7346:"Thomas Jefferson and Mohammed Ali Jinnah: Dreams from two founding fathers" 6593:

Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in Punjab, 1937–1946".

3988: 9376: 9353: 9082: 9067: 8951: 8941: 8931: 8705: 8469: 8449: 8434: 8066: 7844: 7623: 7142: 6916: 5892: 5864: 2963: 2875: 2853: 2833: 2683: 2635: 2502: 2271: 1876: 1706: 1531: 1468: 1021: 1012: 993: 259: 48: 5144: 3922: 3332: 2505:

in Pakistan. To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.

2047:, many among whom later became Prime ministers of Pakistan. Following the 9432: 8519: 8207: 8031: 7749:

Talbot, Ian and Gurharpal Singh. "The partition of India", Cambridge 2009

7538: 7526: 5920: 5897:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan

5869:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan

5212:

leaders espoused the cause of Pashtunistan: an ethnic state for Pashtuns.

4839:

Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics

4835: 4130: 3781: 2659: 2629: 2428: 2267: 2020: 1770: 1750: 1627: 1226: 1212: 1074: 1025: 975: 768: 6967: 5558: 5534: 5296: 5245: 3557:

John R. McLane (July 1965). "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905".

3524:

Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings

2177: 9097: 9037: 8821: 8664: 7903: 7604:

Ikram, S. M. "Makers of Pakistan and Modern Muslim India", Lahore, 1970

7109: 6890: 6668: 4348:"Muslim League Appeals to the Voters of Punjab for Support of Pakistan" 2435: 2263: 2044: 1939: 1824: 1763: 1686: 1660: 1394:

alone represented all of India, including Muslims. Gandhi proposed the

1321: 999: 237: 89: 19:"Establishment of Pakistan" redirects here. For the military term, see 7791: 7588:

Hayat, Sikandar. "Aspects of the Pakistan movement", Islamabad, 1998,

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Our Pakistan: Presidential Address at Punjab Jamiatul Ulama Conference

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Sargana, Turab-ul-Hassan; Ahmed, Khalil; Rizvi, Shahid Hassan (2015).

2457:

who would use this ideology to attack Bosniaks later on, while in his

2317:

languages created divergence in the country's political ideology. The

9460: 9087: 8672: 6063:

The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State

2522: 1697: 922: 740: 611:

in the first half of the 20th century that aimed for the creation of

8339: 7639:

Jalal, Ayesha. “Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining.”

7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 6772:

Good governance reforms agenda in Pakistan : current challenges

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Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (2015).

5747:

D. Long, Roger; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (2015).

5648: 3890:

Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan

1475:

followed suit and announced that India too was at war with Germany.

720:

and gave their support to the movement for an independent Pakistan.

9474: 8637: 8578:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

8409: 7613:. "The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience", Oxford 2015, 7481: 6512: 4432: 4165: 3421:"Minute by the Hon'ble T. B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835" 2799: 2116: 2056: 1903:

Sarhad (JUS) and the otherwise pro-Congress (and pro-Indian unity)

1891: 1403: 820: 732: 724: 612: 588: 3135:

Magocsi, Paul R; Ontario Multicultural History Society of (1999).

8414: 7054: 6190:

Indian Muslims and Citizenship: Spaces for Jihād in Everyday Life

3815:

the numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties.

2453:, began to embrace the "Pakistan model" in the 1960s, alienating 2216:, from where it derived a substantial portion of its leadership. 2112: 2052: 743: 705: 616: 7865: 6020:

State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security

5750:

State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security

5037:

Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises

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that initiated the emergence of Pakistan Movement. According to

2051:, violence erupted in the region, which was mainly contained to 2007: 6793: 6791: 5718:"Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat" 5401:

The Dust of Empire: The Race for Mastery in the Asian Heartland

4998:

Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan

3488:. University of Leeds, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 136. 2096: 1802: 1730: 1690: 1233: 1191: 1177: 1170: 1139: 971: 728: 7755:. Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. 6287:

Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016).

4836:

Amritjit Singh; Nalini Iyer; Rahul K. Gairola (15 June 2016).

2804:

1942 India Movement and non congress players further got space

7607:

Islam, Sirajul. "History of Bangladesh 1701-1971", Dhaka 1992

7076:. Karachi, Sindh Province: Oxford University Press, Karachi. 6885:. University of Michigan: Renaissance Bookshop. p. 173. 5926:

Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin

5571: 4917:

Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan

4136:

Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin

3439: 3437: 3435: 3351:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

3347: 3292: 2547: 2530: 2514:

is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors. The

2454: 2168: 2128:, according to which Muslims and Hindus were one nation (cf. 2108: 2092: 1920: 1899: 1738: 1677: 1607: 1334: 1296: 1240: 1205: 1198: 1184: 1067: 967: 910: 713: 684:

in strengthening this movement divided into two groups. One (

681: 16:

Nationalist movement for the creation of Pakistan (1940–1947)

7321:

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6915: 6788: 6624: 6622: 6620: 5482:

Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.

4217:

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893: 8107:

Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal

7555:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 2002, 6765: 6763: 2310: 826: 716:.A group of Ulama, led by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, formed the 7553:

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7015:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 107–108. 3432: 3141:. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 1028. 2761:

1937 Strong anti congress governments in Punjab and Bengal

2489:

The Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, Pakistan glances at night.

1883:

had considerable support for the cause of a united India.

1324:

where about 100,000 people gathered to hear Jinnah speak:

956:'s Muslim women during the years of the Pakistan Movement. 7535:. "Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan", London: J. Murray, 1954. 7164:

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amendment (2010) transformed the country into becoming a

1963:

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1715: 627:, a barrister and politician led this movement after the 7703:

Talbot, Ian. "Pakistan: A Modern History", London 2009,

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3110:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 4. 1890:-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular 7760:

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Muslims as a case of the pot calling the kettle black.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3302:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2290:

to have started when the first Muslim put foot in the

1402:

and the formula in favor of the immediate creation of

7198: 6867: 6221:, meaning a nation, hence a territorial concept, and 3787:

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3446:

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Routledge. p. 26. 6060:Cesari, Jocelyne (2014). 5825:Salahuddin Ahmed (2004). 5753:. Routledge. p. 82. 5289:10.1017/S1356186307007778 5238:10.1017/S1356186307007778 4636:10.1017/S0026749X00012178 3872:10.1080/03086539308582893 3841:10.1080/14662048208447395 3458:10.1080/01434630208666469 2984:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 2696:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 2648:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2378:Protestantism in Pakistan 2276:Aligarh Muslim University 2234:Bangladesh Liberation War 2033:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 2002: 1760:Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana 1643:, which prevailed in the 1622: 1211:Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed ( 1129:Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan 944:Governing Council at the 881:Aligarh Muslim University 651:Aligarh Muslim University 9276:Pakistan: A Hard Country 9269:The Myth of Independence 8882:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 8877:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan 8596:State emblem of Pakistan 8555:Constitution of Pakistan 8405:Indian Rebellion of 1857 8132:Quaid-e-Azam Law College 8097:Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road 7987:Jinnah Convention Centre 7982:Jinnah College for Women 7967:Jinnah Antarctic Station 7650:19, no. 1 (1985), 29–53. 7643:27, no. 1 (1995), 73–89. 6826:Pakistan: A Hard Country 6682:Sikandar Hayat (1998) . 6634:Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML 5469:. Taylor & Francis. 4995:I. Malik (3 June 1999). 4716:Salamat, Zarina (1997). 4512:. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. 4304:. ABC-CLIO. p. 70. 3652:H. Rizvi (15 May 2000). 2979:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 2974:Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar 2813:1944 Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 2780:1938 Jinah Sikandar pact 2366:Christianity in Pakistan 2029:Sir Abdul Halim Ghuznavi 1898:, who preferred joining 1875:. Here the Congress and 1784: 1480:British India government 1392:Indian National Congress 1382:Talks were held between 1138:Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah ( 889:University of the Punjab 818:, and nearly all of the 750:(present-day Pakistan), 739:and the creation of two 688:Group) was convinced by 653:. Many graduates of the 21:Establishment (Pakistan) 9185:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi 9093:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi 8962:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi 8892:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan 8827:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan 8505:Indian Independence Act 8480:Round Table Conferences 8384:timeline: 1947–present) 8187:Quaid-i-Azam University 8167:Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park 8062:Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot 7997:Jinnah Hospital, Lahore 7654:Khan, Muin-ud-din Ahmad 7497:. Columbia University. 7461:5 February 2007 at the 7263:Siddiqui, S.A. (2012). 6849:Chitkara, M.G. (1996). 6824:Lieven, Anatol (2011). 5398:Meyer, Karl E. (2008). 5156:Encyclopædia Britannica 4484:4 February 2021 at the 3913:Haq, Mushir U. (1970). 3426:24 October 2021 at the 3392:Islam, Shamsul (2015). 3224:Malik, Rashida (2003). 3029:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan 3009:Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba 2751:Government of India Act 2746:/ Now or Never Pamphlet 2726:Round Table Conferences 2702:Majilis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam 2521:Historian of Pakistan, 2151:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi 2120:Deobandi ulama (led by 2017:All India Muslim League 1437:assigned the Office of 758:History of the movement 633:All-India Muslim League 435:TV Dramas & serials 9510:1940s in British India 9205:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan 9140:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh 9073:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum 9063:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir 8802:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman 8648:Philosophical Congress 8597: 8588: 8579: 8273:Governor General House 8162:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 8022:Jinnah Memorial Mosque 8017:Jinnah Medical College 7992:Jinnah Hospital, Kabul 7942:Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi 7919:Quaid-e-Azam Residency 7484:, published 28 January 6986:The News International 5181:Pande, Aparna (2011). 2918: 2904: 2886: 2678:Delhi Muslim proposals 2490: 2417:Alvin Robert Cornelius 2012: 1944: 1868: 1829: 1806: 1702: 1632: 1595: 1544:(‘Great Leader’). The 1331: 1016: 1004: 957: 902: 600: 9116:(Pir of Manki Sharif) 9078:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim 9043:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas 9038:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed 9027:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem 8997:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot 8757:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V 8595: 8586: 8577: 8525:Objectives Resolution 8465:Now or Never pamphlet 8192:Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam 8052:Jinnah Sports Stadium 7947:Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore 7773:The Pakistan Movement 7611:Jaffrelot, Christophe 7294:Express Tribune, Mulk 6237:Sikka, Sonia (2015). 6103:John, Wilson (2009). 5969:Yegar, Moshe (1972). 5465:Ranjan, Amit (2018). 4954:Jaffrelot, Christophe 4751:Jaffrelot, Christophe 4675:Jaffrelot, Christophe 4546:Jaffrelot, Christophe 4176:Cohen, Stephen Philip 3333:10.57144/hi.v45i3.326 3072:Pakistani nationalism 2913: 2895: 2881: 2850:Quit Kashmir campaign 2732:Communal Award (1932) 2564:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi 2488: 2356:in the subcontinent. 2344:amendment (1997) and 2224:Further information: 2126:composite nationalism 2115:and a section of the 2010: 1942: 1863: 1827: 1792: 1700: 1630: 1577: 1554:British Indian Empire 1548:held in 1945 for the 1455:India in World War II 1326: 1246:Maulana H. M. Malik ( 1232:Maulvi Abdul Raheem ( 1041:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk ( 1010: 1003:Aga Khan III in 1936. 1002: 939: 896: 690:Composite nationalism 591: 123:Languages of Pakistan 9135:Lady Abdullah Haroon 8902:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 8857:Jogendra Nath Mandal 8807:Choudhary Rahmat Ali 8258:Quaid-i-Azam Academy 8172:Quaid-e-Azam Stadium 8142:Quaid-e-Azam Library 8077:Jinnah-class frigate 7784:20 June 2017 at the 7715:Modern Asian Studies 7684:Modern Asian studies 7648:Modern Asian studies 7375:Enver, E.H. (1990). 7210:Tribune Express 2013 7073:The founding fathers 6742:cybercity-online.net 6464:Naeem, Fuad (2009), 6369:Naeem, Fuad (2009), 5684:"The princely India" 5624:Taylor & Francis 5152:"Abdul Ghaffar Khan" 4624:Modern Asian Studies 4182:The Idea of Pakistan 2989:Jogendra Nath Mandal 2954:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 2863:Creation of Pakistan 2818:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 2786:1939-45 World War II 2744:Pakistan Declaration 2714:Allama Iqbal Address 2624:Silk Letter Movement 2606:Minto–Morley Reforms 2527:Islamic universalism 2499:Fourteenth of August 2477:Tomb of Allama Iqbal 2385:Jogendra Nath Mandal 2370:Hinduism in Pakistan 2333:Bangladesh in 1971. 2155:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 2122:Hussain Ahmed Madani 2037:Jogendra Nath Mandal 2011:Map of United Bengal 1911:, who also espoused 1867:with Gandhi in 1946. 1590:The Idea of Pakistan 1569:The Idea of Pakistan 1550:Constituent Assembly 1239:Syed Allahdad Shah ( 1197:Syed Muhammed Imam ( 1066:Maulvi Sharifuddin ( 1032:Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk 1013:Justice Syed Mahmood 915:Indian Civil Service 718:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 698:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 595:, where the bill of 496:World Heritage Sites 9180:Fatima Sughra Begum 9053:Sardar Ibrahim Khan 9007:Sikandar Hayat Khan 8957:Adamjee Haji Dawood 8837:Ghulam Bhik Nairang 8762:Mian Muhammad Shafi 8742:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 8727:Maulana Shaukat Ali 8722:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 8643:Renaissance Society 8633:Student Federations 8430:Partition of Bengal 8380:History of Pakistan 8182:Quaid-e-Azam Trophy 7823:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 7660:Raja, Masood Ashraf 7437:on 16 February 2008 7350:The Washington Post 7319:Nasr, Vali (2001). 7112:(9 February 2011). 6738:"Pakistan Movement" 5722:The Express Tribune 5694:on 25 December 2015 4008:Mukerjee, Madhusree 3769:separatist in tone. 3104:Burki, Shahid Javed 3057:Madani–Iqbal debate 3052:History of Pakistan 2999:Ghulam Bhik Nairang 2939:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2934:Choudhry Rahmat Ali 2908:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2890:Choudhry Rahmat Ali 2830:The Cabinet Mission 2794:Pakistan Resolution 2766:Madani–Iqbal debate 2642:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 2582:Partition of Bengal 2576:Partition of Punjab 2554:War of Independence 2460:Islamic Declaration 2374:Sikhism in Pakistan 2089:founder of Pakistan 2049:partition of Bengal 1894:leaders, including 1877:Pashtun nationalist 1665:Sikandar Hayat Khan 1563:American historian 1528:Indian independence 1516:Quit India Movement 1492:British war efforts 1461:Neville Chamberlain 1384:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1269:Mian Muhammad Shafi 950:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 907:Bengali Renaissance 832:financial endowment 779:educational reforms 729:social difficulties 725:political obstacles 657:soon also joined. 655:University of Dhaka 644:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 625:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 619:-majority areas of 548:Pakistan portal 423:and performing arts 254:Overseas and fusion 40:Culture of Pakistan 9190:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon 9150:Naseer Ahmad Malhi 9130:Jahanara Shahnawaz 9058:Fida Mohammad Khan 9033:Ghulam Rasool Mehr 9012:Shaukat Hayat Khan 8992:Mian Iftikharuddin 8967:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 8867:Khawaja Nazimuddin 8713:(Nawab Salimullah) 8598: 8589: 8580: 8535:Pakistani monarchy 8510:Partition of India 8400:East India Company 8248:Quaid-i-Azam House 8112:Quaid-e-Azam House 7851:11th August Speech 7758:Ziring, Lawrence. 7689:Sayeed, Khalid B. 7405:on 13 January 2008 7212:. 14 August 2013. 6748:on 1 February 2016 6091:counterproductive. 5688:The News on Sunday 4393:A History of India 3371:GlobalSecurity.org 2959:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 2870:Notable quotations 2783:1938 Pirpur Report 2700:1929 Formation of 2672:Hindu–Muslim riots 2640:1919 Formation of 2616:1913 Formation of 2598:1909 Formation of 2560:Thamratut-Tarbiyat 2558:1878 Formation of 2525:, argues that the 2491: 2319:military take over 2284:Muhammad bin Qasim 2260:integrating factor 2226:Partition of India 2188:. You can help by 2159:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 2079:their region into 2041:Khawaja Nazimuddin 2025:Khabeeruddin Ahmed 2013: 1945: 1913:Hindu-Muslim unity 1909:Khudai Khidmatgars 1896:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 1881:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 1869: 1830: 1807: 1779:supermajority rule 1735:Jahanara Shahnawaz 1703: 1701:Pir Meher Ali Shah 1633: 1510:The end of the war 1424:interim government 1157:Muhammed Shah Deen 1104:Abdul Salam Khan ( 1017: 1005: 958: 903: 867:Renaissance vision 737:partition of India 710:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 635:on 23 March 1940. 609:political movement 601: 95:List of Pakistanis 9520:1940s in Pakistan 9505:Pakistan Movement 9492: 9491: 9484: 9470: 9456: 9442: 9428: 9414: 9400: 9386: 9349:Deena Public Hall 9319:Pakistan Monument 9175:Sharif al Mujahid 9125:Hafeez Jalandhari 8897:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 8887:Qazi Mohammad Isa 8832:Jafar Khan Jamali 8797:Abdur Rab Nishtar 8792:Abdul Qayyum Khan 8767:Mian Abdul Rashid 8711:Khwaja Salimullah 8490:Direct Action Day 8485:Lahore Resolution 8475:Two nation theory 8460:Allahabad Address 8440:Khilafat Movement 8410:Deobandi Movement 8371:Pakistan Movement 8337: 8336: 8027:Jinnah Naval Base 7877:and personal life 7856:Two nation theory 7831:Pakistan Movement 7745:978-0-19-577657-7 7709:978-1-85065-989-1 7672:978-0-19-547811-2 7619:978-0-19-061330-3 7581:Hasan, Mushirul. 7571:978-1-316-25838-5 7551:Chatterji, Joya. 7547:978-1-138-24368-2 7399:"Allama Mashraqi" 7330:978-0-19-803296-0 7274:978-969-526-022-7 7246:978-1-85109-801-9 7191:978-0-7391-0760-7 7083:978-0-19-906171-6 7022:978-0-8386-1021-3 6936:978-0-203-45766-5 6860:978-81-7024-767-8 6835:978-1-61039-023-1 6781:978-1-60021-418-9 6567:978-1-317-23595-8 6542:978-1-316-25838-5 6479:978-0-19-530513-5 6384:978-0-19-530513-5 6343:978-0-521-09783-3 5936:978-1-134-75022-1 5906:978-0-521-45850-4 5878:978-0-521-45850-4 5838:978-81-7648-469-5 5799:978-0-415-68614-3 5760:978-1-317-44820-4 5633:978-1-351-02068-8 5585:978-1-349-20942-2 5507:978-0-313-34697-2 5448:978-0-19-579634-6 5411:978-0-7867-2481-9 5340:on 10 August 2013 5125:978-0-521-40530-0 5086:978-0-521-40530-0 5047:978-0-7619-9683-5 5008:978-0-230-37539-0 4969:978-0-19-061330-3 4927:978-93-86057-62-4 4888:978-0-19-577461-0 4849:978-1-4985-3105-4 4810:978-1-134-59937-0 4766:978-0-19-061330-3 4727:978-969-407-230-2 4690:978-0-19-061330-3 4561:978-0-19-061330-3 4446:978-0-521-63974-3 4403:978-1-4443-2351-1 4361:978-1-4008-3138-8 4266:978-0-230-35698-6 4227:978-1-78074-210-6 4197:978-0-8157-1502-3 4146:978-1-134-75022-1 4104:978-1-85109-801-9 4060:978-90-04-11371-8 4023:978-0-465-02481-0 3797:978-0-300-23364-3 3751:978-1-74353-456-4 3708:978-1-316-25838-5 3665:978-0-230-59904-8 3403:978-81-7221-067-0 3320:Hamdard Islamicus 3281:on 4 January 2022 3237:978-969-35-1371-4 3210:978-0-19-515468-9 3185:978-0-87023-975-5 3148:978-0-8020-2938-6 3117:978-0-8133-3621-3 3077:Pakistan Zindabad 3004:Khwaja Nazimuddin 2949:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 2840:Direct Action Day 2774:of Bengal joined 2666:Khilafat Movement 2467:Memory and legacy 2447:Alija Izetbegović 2413:Sir Victor Turner 2323:industrialisation 2288:Pakistan movement 2252:Two-Nation Theory 2206: 2205: 2147:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 2031:, Anwar-ul Azim, 1954:Qazi Muhammad Isa 1905:Jamiat Ulema Hind 1845:Bombay Presidency 1815:Sind United Party 1546:general elections 1520:Winston Churchill 1504:Independent India 1318:Lahore Resolution 1312:Lahore Resolution 1080:Syed Abdul Rauf ( 885:Two-nation theory 860:conquest of Sindh 692:. But the other ( 629:Lahore Resolution 605:Pakistan Movement 597:Lahore Resolution 584: 583: 265:Pakistani Chinese 68:Pakistan Movement 9562: 9530:1947 in Pakistan 9478: 9464: 9450: 9436: 9422: 9408: 9394: 9380: 9344:National Library 9329:Ziarat Residency 9309:Minar-e-Pakistan 9241:Idea of Pakistan 9170:Habib Rahimtoola 9155:Ahmed Saeed Nagi 8977:Malik Barkat Ali 8972:Ahmed Ali Lahori 8812:A. K. Fazlul Huq 8782:Bahadur Yar Jung 8752:Liaquat Ali Khan 8732:Hakim Ajmal Khan 8587:Flag of Pakistan 8565:Protestant Islam 8560:British heritage 8550:National symbols 8545:Kashmir conflict 8445:Shuddhi movement 8420:Aligarh Movement 8415:Barelvi Movement 8364: 8357: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8325: 8324: 8313: 8312: 8301: 8300: 7868: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7793: 7792: 7753:Wolpert, Stanley 7696:Singh, Jaswant. 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7491: 7485: 7472: 7466: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7436: 7430:. Archived from 7429: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7401:. Archived from 7395: 7389: 7388: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7260: 7251: 7250: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7177: 7168: 7159:Vjekoslav Perica 7156: 7150: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7067: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6982:"Forgotten hero" 6978: 6972: 6971: 6970:on 18 June 2013. 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6921:Gyanesh Kudaisya 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6876: 6865: 6864: 6851:Nuclear Pakistan 6846: 6840: 6839: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6744:. Archived from 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6659:Sarojini Naidu. 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6626: 6615: 6614: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6551: 6545: 6528: 6522: 6519:Long et al. 2015 6516: 6510: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6264: 6262: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6214: 6212: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5971:Muslims of Burma 5966: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5690:. Archived from 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5615: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4794: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4619: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4503: 4497: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4185: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4088: 4065: 4064: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4004: 3993: 3992: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3946:The Friday Times 3941:"The dissenters" 3936: 3930: 3929: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3649: 3643: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3441: 3430: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3345: 3335: 3311: 3305: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3274:. Archived from 3257: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3100: 2994:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2969:Liaquat Ali Khan 2824:Simla Conference 2772:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2690:Simon Commission 2588:Simla Deputation 2516:Minar-e-Pakistan 2511:Minar-e-Pakistan 2473:Minar-e-Pakistan 2299:Liaquat Ali Khan 2292:Gateway of Islam 2280:Pakistan Studies 2214:United Provinces 2201: 2198: 2180: 2173: 2073:Rohingya Muslims 2067:Rohingya Muslims 1747:Second World War 1593: 1565:Stephen P. Cohen 1558:Lord Mountbatten 1435:Viceroy of India 1351:A. K. Fazlul Huq 1306:United Provinces 1050:Hakim Ajmal Khan 988:promulgated the 873:Aligarh Movement 855: 843: 702:flag of Pakistan 640:Aligarh Movement 593:Minar-e-Pakistan 576: 569: 562: 546: 545: 544: 51: 42: 26: 25: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9378:Youm-e-Pakistan 9363: 9359:Jinnah Terminal 9295: 9226: 9210:Abdullah Ropari 9114:Amin ul-Hasanat 8937:Abdullah Haroon 8918: 8817:Jamaat Ali Shah 8701:Syed Ahmad Khan 8686: 8599: 8590: 8581: 8569: 8500:Cabinet Mission 8386: 8373: 8368: 8338: 8333: 8289: 8196: 7923: 7869: 7860: 7825: 7820: 7786:Wayback Machine 7769: 7533:Bolitho, Hector 7520: 7518:Further reading 7515: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7473: 7469: 7463:Wayback Machine 7454: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7357: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7317: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7178: 7171: 7157: 7153: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7068: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6937: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6877: 6868: 6861: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6768: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6680: 6676: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6628: 6627: 6618: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6568: 6552: 6548: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6498: 6489: 6487: 6480: 6462: 6458: 6444: 6442: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6402: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6260: 6258: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6210: 6208: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6168: 6166: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6083: 6081: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6040: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5982: 5978: 5967: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5937: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5839: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5800: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 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4289: 4276: 4274: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4173: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4147: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4089: 4068: 4061: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4024: 4005: 3996: 3977:Bolitho, Hector 3974: 3970: 3956: 3954: 3937: 3933: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3886: 3882: 3856: 3852: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3805: 3798: 3779: 3775: 3761: 3759: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3693: 3689: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3590: 3586: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3496: 3480: 3473: 3442: 3433: 3428:Wayback Machine 3418: 3411: 3404: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3312: 3308: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3118: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3048: 3043: 3039:Abdullah Haroon 2929: 2923: 2872: 2867: 2539: 2483: 2471:Main articles: 2469: 2431: 2425: 2380: 2364:Main articles: 2362: 2248:Syed Ahmad Khan 2244: 2222: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2186:needs expansion 2171: 2105: 2077:annex and merge 2069: 2005: 1969:princely states 1937: 1858: 1787: 1775:Punjab Assembly 1766:in early 1945. 1625: 1620: 1600: 1594: 1584: 1512: 1473:Lord Linlithgow 1457: 1451: 1380: 1372:Main articles: 1370: 1314: 963: 899:Syed Ahmad Khan 891: 871:Main articles: 869: 862: 856: 847: 844: 812:Islamic studies 771: 765: 760: 580: 542: 540: 533: 532: 528:National anthem 513: 512: 501: 500: 491: 490: 474: 473: 454: 453: 442: 441: 425: 424: 412: 411: 397: 396: 385: 384: 370: 369: 358: 357: 306: 305: 294: 293: 289:Public holidays 284: 283: 272: 271: 270: 269: 155: 154: 129: 128: 117: 116: 105: 104: 85: 84: 73: 72: 63: 62: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9568: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9515:1940s in India 9512: 9507: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9476:Youm-e-Viladat 9472: 9458: 9444: 9430: 9416: 9402: 9388: 9373: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9314:Bab-e-Pakistan 9311: 9305: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9120:Syed Wajid Ali 9117: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9024: 9022:Ziauddin Ahmad 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8947:Mahmoud Haroon 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8907:Zafar Ali Khan 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8862:K. H. Khurshid 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8777:Mohsin-ul-Mulk 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8737:Muhammad Iqbal 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8717:Syed Ameer Ali 8714: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8662: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8515:Radcliffe Line 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8367: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8319: 8307: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8233:Cinnah Caddesi 8230: 8222: 8217: 8210: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8007:Jinnah Mansion 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7972:Jinnah Barrage 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7952:Cinnah Caddesi 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7889:Shireen Jinnah 7886: 7880: 7878: 7871: 7870: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7776: 7768: 7767:External links 7765: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7735:Talbot, Ian. 7733: 7722: 7711: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7657: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7634: 7621: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7586: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7563: 7549: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7486: 7467: 7448: 7416: 7390: 7367: 7336: 7329: 7311: 7290:"Being Jinnah" 7280: 7273: 7265:Social Studies 7252: 7245: 7227: 7197: 7190: 7169: 7151: 7135: 7101: 7082: 7053: 7041:Pakistan Daily 7028: 7021: 7003: 6973: 6954: 6935: 6908: 6866: 6859: 6841: 6834: 6816: 6787: 6780: 6759: 6729: 6699: 6692: 6674: 6651: 6616: 6585: 6566: 6546: 6523: 6521:, p. 167. 6511: 6496: 6478: 6456: 6433: 6413: 6396: 6383: 6361: 6342: 6330:Hardy (1972). 6322: 6299: 6279: 6249: 6229: 6199: 6179: 6157: 6137: 6115: 6095: 6072: 6052: 6029: 6009: 5976: 5954: 5935: 5921:Akbar S. Ahmed 5912: 5905: 5884: 5877: 5856: 5837: 5817: 5798: 5778: 5759: 5739: 5705: 5674: 5639: 5632: 5603: 5584: 5564: 5525: 5506: 5486: 5475: 5457: 5447: 5429: 5410: 5390: 5371: 5351: 5314: 5267: 5216: 5193: 5173: 5143: 5124: 5104: 5085: 5065: 5046: 5026: 5007: 4987: 4968: 4945: 4926: 4906: 4887: 4867: 4848: 4828: 4809: 4784: 4765: 4742: 4733: 4726: 4708: 4689: 4666: 4657: 4579: 4560: 4537: 4518: 4498: 4468: 4445: 4425: 4402: 4382: 4360: 4338: 4329: 4310: 4287: 4265: 4245: 4226: 4203: 4196: 4164: 4145: 4131:Akbar S. Ahmed 4122: 4103: 4066: 4059: 4041: 4022: 3994: 3968: 3931: 3905: 3898: 3880: 3866:(2): 307–333. 3850: 3819: 3796: 3773: 3750: 3730: 3707: 3687: 3664: 3644: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3584: 3565:(3): 221–237. 3549: 3540: 3533: 3513: 3494: 3471: 3452:(4): 260–281. 3431: 3409: 3402: 3384: 3357: 3306: 3243: 3236: 3216: 3209: 3191: 3184: 3166: 3147: 3127: 3116: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3024:Zafar Ali Khan 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2944:Muhammad Iqbal 2941: 2936: 2930: 2925:Main article: 2922: 2919: 2912: 2911: 2894: 2893: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2809:Cripps Mission 2805: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755:1937 Elections 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2600:Jamiatul Ansar 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2468: 2465: 2427:Main article: 2424: 2421: 2361: 2358: 2327:armed struggle 2221: 2218: 2204: 2203: 2183: 2181: 2170: 2167: 2104: 2101: 2068: 2065: 2004: 2001: 1936: 1933: 1857: 1854: 1786: 1783: 1771:Western Punjab 1657:Fazl-i-Hussain 1641:Unionist Party 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1599: 1598:1946 elections 1596: 1582: 1511: 1508: 1500:transfer power 1485:Prime Minister 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1439:Prime minister 1388:Mahatma Gandhi 1369: 1366: 1313: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1286:Syed Nabiullah 1283: 1276: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1164: 1153: 1143: 1136: 1126: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1046: 1039: 1029: 962: 959: 946:Lahore session 919:Muhammad Iqbal 868: 865: 864: 863: 857: 850: 848: 845: 838: 767:Main article: 764: 761: 759: 756: 631:was passed by 582: 581: 579: 578: 571: 564: 556: 553: 552: 551: 550: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 520: 514: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 492: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 455: 449: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 426: 419: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 398: 392: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 371: 365: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 307: 301: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 285: 279: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 267: 262: 256: 255: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 229: 228: 224: 223: 218: 213: 207: 206: 202: 201: 196: 191: 190: 189: 184: 174: 169: 163: 162: 158: 157: 156: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 138: 137: 131: 130: 127: 126: 118: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 100:Pakistani name 97: 92: 86: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 64: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9567: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9485: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9463: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9449: 9448:Youm-e-Tasees 9445: 9443: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9407: 9406:Youm-e-Takbir 9403: 9401: 9398: 9393: 9392:Youm-e-Dastur 9389: 9387: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9339:Wazir Mansion 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9324:Mazar-e-Quaid 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:Niaz Ali Khan 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9017:Muhammad Asad 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Yusuf Khattak 8985: 8983: 8982:Aslam Khattak 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Mahmud Husain 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842:Hasrat Mohani 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8747:Fatima Jinnah 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8621:Bengal Branch 8619: 8617: 8616:Punjab Branch 8614: 8613: 8612: 8611:Muslim League 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604:Organisations 8602: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8425:Urdu movement 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8358: 8353: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8330: 8329: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8238:Mazar-e-Quaid 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8221: 8220:Bagh-e-Jinnah 8218: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087:Mazar-e-Quaid 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7977:Jinnah Bridge 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909:Wazir Mansion 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:Maryam Jinnah 7897: 7895: 7894:Emibai Jinnah 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7884:Fatima Jinnah 7882: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7632:0-521-45850-1 7629: 7625: 7624:Jalal, Ayesha 7622: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594:969-415-053-1 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7562: 7561:0-521-52328-1 7558: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7452: 7433: 7426: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7257: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6962:Sophia Ajaz. 6958: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6695: 6693:969-415-053-1 6689: 6685: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6639: 6636:. June 2003. 6635: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6550: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6509:, p. 92. 6508: 6503: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6440: 6436: 6434:9781316258385 6430: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6400: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6326: 6319: 6306: 6302: 6300:9781349949663 6296: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6256: 6252: 6250:9781317370994 6246: 6242: 6241: 6233: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6206: 6202: 6200:9781317508755 6196: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6176: 6164: 6160: 6158:9781843311492 6154: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6116:9788131725047 6112: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6092: 6079: 6075: 6073:9781107513297 6069: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6049: 6036: 6032: 6030:9781317448204 6026: 6022: 6021: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5972: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893:Jalal, Ayesha 5888: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5865:Jalal, Ayesha 5860: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5710: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5476:9780429750526 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5372:9780275978785 5368: 5364: 5363: 5355: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5200: 5196: 5194:9781136818943 5190: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4519:9781851098019 4515: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4495: 4494:9781851098019 4491: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4429: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4311:9781851098019 4307: 4303: 4302: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3899:9781108621236 3895: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3691: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3640:969-35-0413-5 3637: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3597:969-404-003-5 3594: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3536: 3534:9788126903146 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3495:9780700710607 3491: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3419:For text see 3416: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3034:Fatima Jinnah 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2917: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776:Muslim League 2773: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2503:national days 2500: 2496: 2487: 2482: 2481:Mazar-e-Quaid 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407:Although the 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389:Urdu-speaking 2386: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2354:nuclear power 2351: 2350:parliamentary 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338:republicanism 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305:in 1947. The 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210:Muslim League 2200: 2197:November 2023 2191: 2187: 2184:This section 2182: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103:Role of Ulama 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083:. Before the 2082: 2081:East-Pakistan 2078: 2074: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793:Sindh is the 1791: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1591: 1587: 1586:Stephen Cohen 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463:declared the 1462: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1411:Muslim League 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1374:C. R. formula 1365: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267:Khan Bahadur 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155:Khan Bahadur 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048:Maulvi Hafiz 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 977: 973: 969: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Muslim League 938: 934: 932: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 900: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877:Urdu movement 874: 861: 854: 849: 842: 837: 836: 835: 833: 829: 828: 824:s lost their 823: 822: 817: 816:British Crown 813: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:Lord Macaulay 770: 755: 753: 752:East Pakistan 749: 748:West Pakistan 745: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:British India 663: 658: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621:British India 618: 614: 610: 606: 598: 594: 590: 586: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 557: 555: 554: 549: 539: 538: 537: 536: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 511: 505: 504: 497: 494: 493: 485: 484: 481: 478: 477: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 452: 446: 445: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 395: 389: 388: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 368: 362: 361: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 312: 309: 308: 304: 298: 297: 290: 287: 286: 282: 276: 275: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 253: 252: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 197: 195: 192: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 153: 147: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 132: 125: 124: 120: 119: 115: 109: 108: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 83: 77: 76: 69: 66: 65: 61: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 32: 28: 27: 22: 9480: 9475: 9466: 9462:Youm-e-Iqbal 9461: 9452: 9447: 9438: 9434:Youm-e-Difah 9433: 9424: 9420:Youm-e-Azadi 9419: 9410: 9405: 9396: 9391: 9382: 9377: 9354:Bab-e-Khyber 9334:Iqbal's Tom' 9301:Architecture 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9219: 9145:Fatima Begum 9083:Z. A. Suleri 9068:M. M. Sharif 8952:Altaf Husain 8942:Yusuf Haroon 8932:Hamid Nizami 8911: 8706:Aga Khan III 8680: 8673: 8666: 8658: 8540:Republic Day 8530:Independence 8470:World War II 8450:Nehru Report 8435:Lucknow Pact 8370: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8277: 8225: 8212: 8067:Jinnah Tower 7845:Lucknow Pact 7843: 7830: 7759: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7721:(4): 875–889 7718: 7714: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7663: 7647: 7640: 7582: 7552: 7539:Bose, Sugata 7527:Ahmed, Akbar 7503:. Retrieved 7489: 7475: 7470: 7451: 7439:. Retrieved 7432:the original 7419: 7407:. Retrieved 7403:the original 7393: 7376: 7370: 7358:. Retrieved 7349: 7339: 7320: 7314: 7302:. Retrieved 7293: 7283: 7264: 7236: 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7209: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7154: 7146: 7143:Faisal Devji 7138: 7126:. Retrieved 7118:The Guardian 7117: 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7072: 7044:. Retrieved 7040: 7031: 7012: 7006: 6994:. Retrieved 6985: 6976: 6968:the original 6957: 6945:. Retrieved 6925: 6917:Tai Yong Tan 6911: 6899:. Retrieved 6881: 6850: 6844: 6825: 6819: 6807:. Retrieved 6771: 6750:. Retrieved 6746:the original 6741: 6732: 6720:. Retrieved 6711: 6702: 6683: 6677: 6660: 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6633: 6610: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6576:. Retrieved 6556: 6549: 6532: 6526: 6514: 6488:, retrieved 6469: 6459: 6450: 6443:. Retrieved 6423: 6416: 6406: 6399: 6388:, retrieved 6374: 6364: 6352:. Retrieved 6332: 6325: 6318:influential. 6316: 6309:. Retrieved 6289: 6282: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6259:. Retrieved 6239: 6232: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6209:. Retrieved 6189: 6182: 6174: 6167:. Retrieved 6147: 6140: 6132: 6125:. Retrieved 6105: 6098: 6089: 6082:. Retrieved 6062: 6055: 6046: 6039:. Retrieved 6019: 6012: 6000:. Retrieved 5991: 5986: 5979: 5970: 5945:. Retrieved 5925: 5915: 5896: 5887: 5868: 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5827: 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5788: 5781: 5769:. Retrieved 5749: 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5721: 5696:. Retrieved 5692:the original 5687: 5677: 5665:. Retrieved 5656: 5652: 5642: 5619: 5594:. Retrieved 5574: 5567: 5542: 5538: 5528: 5516:. Retrieved 5496: 5489: 5480: 5466: 5460: 5452: 5438: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5400: 5393: 5381:. Retrieved 5361: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5335:the original 5330: 5317: 5308: 5283:(1): 57–58. 5280: 5276: 5270: 5260: 5257: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5210: 5203:. Retrieved 5183: 5176: 5166:24 September 5164:. Retrieved 5155: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5114: 5107: 5095:. Retrieved 5075: 5068: 5056:. Retrieved 5036: 5029: 5017:. Retrieved 4997: 4990: 4980:16 September 4978:. Retrieved 4958: 4948: 4936:. Retrieved 4916: 4909: 4897:. Retrieved 4877: 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4838: 4831: 4819:. Retrieved 4799: 4777:16 September 4775:. Retrieved 4755: 4745: 4736: 4717: 4711: 4701:16 September 4699:. Retrieved 4679: 4669: 4660: 4630:(1): 65–91. 4627: 4623: 4572:16 September 4570:. Retrieved 4550: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4508: 4501: 4477: 4471: 4462: 4457:23 September 4455:. Retrieved 4435: 4428: 4419: 4412:. Retrieved 4392: 4385: 4377: 4372:23 September 4370:. 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Retrieved 3137: 3130: 3121: 3107: 3098: 3081: 2964:Aga Khan III 2914: 2899: 2896: 2882: 2876:Allama Iqbal 2854:Azad Kashmir 2834:united India 2684:Nehru Report 2636:Lucknow Pact 2520: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2458: 2444: 2432: 2406: 2381: 2335: 2296: 2282:curriculum, 2272:Thomas Paine 2257: 2245: 2207: 2194: 2190:adding to it 2185: 2163: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2106: 2085:independence 2070: 2061: 2023:, including 2014: 1997: 1993: 1962: 1946: 1925: 1885: 1870: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1808: 1799:burial place 1768: 1756: 1744: 1724: 1720: 1704: 1669: 1634: 1605: 1601: 1589: 1578: 1568: 1562: 1542:Quaid-e-Azam 1541: 1539: 1513: 1496: 1489: 1477: 1467:of war with 1465:commencement 1458: 1449:World War II 1432: 1428: 1416: 1408: 1381: 1355: 1332: 1327: 1315: 1302: 1022:Aga Khan III 994:Aga Khan III 983: 964: 927: 904: 825: 819: 806:Traditional 772: 722: 659: 648: 637: 604: 602: 585: 523:Coat of arms 375:Architecture 333:Christianity 121: 67: 9481:25 December 9439:6 September 8674:Nawa-i-Waqt 8653:Print media 8520:Durand Line 8208:Caucus Case 8032:Jinnah Park 7914:South Court 7110:Mazrui, Ali 6947:18 November 6901:18 November 6712:Daily Times 6601:(1): 5–24. 6507:Akhtar 2022 5667:24 February 5545:: 928–957. 5500:. 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