Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

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neighbour and primary strategic competitor, helping drive Pakistan's conventional warfare capability and nuclear weapons development: The two countries share an 1800-mile border and have suffered a violent history—four wars in less than seven decades. The past three decades have seen India's economy eclipse that of Pakistan's, allowing the former to outpace the latter in defence expenditure at a decreasing share of GDP. In comparison to population, "India is more powerful than Pakistan by almost every metric of military, economic, and political power—and the gap continues to grow," a

2300:. Despite these efforts, it is claimed Khan Research Laboratories suffered setbacks until PAEC provided technical assistance. Although, A.Q. Khan disputes it and counter claims that PAEC is merely trying to take credit for KRL's success and that PAEC hindered progress at KRL after the two programs had been separated by Bhutto in 1976. In any case, KRL achieved modest enrichment of Uranium by 1978 and was ready to detonate an HEU uranium bomb by 1984. In contrast PAEC was unable to enrich any Uranium or produce weapons grade fissile material until 1998. 992: 2095:

2005 where both nations would alert the other on ballistic missile tests. In June 2004, the two countries signed an agreement to set up and maintain a hotline to warn each other of any accident that could be mistaken for a nuclear attack. These were deemed essential risk reduction measures in view of the seemingly unending state of misgiving and tension between the two countries, and the extremely short response time available to them to any perceived attack. None of these agreements limits the nuclear weapons programs of either country in any way.

2878:, however, argues that Pakistan's asymmetric escalation posture, or the rapid first use of nuclear weapons against conventional attacks to deter their outbreak, increases instability in South Asia. Narang supports his arguments by noting to the fact that since India's assured retaliation nuclear posture has not deterred these provocations, Pakistan's passive nuclear posture has neutralised India's conventional options for now; limited retaliation would be militarily futile, and more significant conventional retaliation is simply off the table." 2369:: "No one in the world has used the centrifuge method to produce weapon grade material.... his was not going to work, he is simply wasting time." Despite A.Q. Khan having difficulty getting his peers to listen to him, he aggressively continued his research and the program was made feasible in the shortest time possible. His efforts won him praise from Pakistan's politicians and military science circles, and he was now debuted as the "father of the uranium" bomb. On 28 May 1998, it was the KRL's HEU that ultimately created the 3014:, including the deployment and employment of strategic forces, and would advise the prime minister on nuclear use. The committee includes key senior cabinet ministers as well as the respective military chiefs of staff. The ECC reviews presentations on strategic threat perceptions, monitors the progress of weapons development, and decides on responses to emerging threats. It also establishes guidelines for effective command-and-control practices to safeguard against the accidental or unauthorised use of nuclear weapons. 11299: 1766:'s contribution to the nuclear energy programme is also fundamental to the development of atomic energy for civilian purposes as he, with efforts led by Salam, established PINSTECH, that subsequently developed into Pakistan's premier nuclear research institution. In addition to sending hundreds of young Pakistanis abroad for training, he laid the foundations of the Muslim world's first nuclear power reactor KANUPP, which was inaugurated by Munir Ahmad Khan in 1972. Scientists and engineers under Khan developed the 2552: 548: 3167:, multiple attacks on sensitive installations over the previous 2 years and rising tensions. According to former US intelligence official Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, US concerns are justified because militants have struck at several Pakistani military facilities and bases since 2007. According to this report, the United States does not know the locations of all Pakistani nuclear sites and has been denied access to most of them. However, during a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, the 1887:(BTWC) in 1974. Since then Pakistan has been a vocal and staunch supporter for the success of the BTWC. During the various BTWC Review Conferences, Pakistan's representatives have urged more robust participation from state signatories, invited new states to join the treaty, and, as part of the non-aligned group of countries, have made the case for guarantees for states' rights to engage in peaceful exchanges of biological and toxin materials for purposes of scientific research. 50: 3197:

that it could be acquired in Pakistan," However the U.S. intelligence official said there is no indication that terrorists have gotten anything from Pakistan, and added there is confidence right now in Pakistan's security apparatus. The Pakistanis store their nuclear stockpile in a way that makes it difficult to put the pieces together; that is, components are located in different places. The official said Pakistan has put the appropriate safeguards in place.

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ethical research; the DCC exercises technical, financial and administrative control over all strategic organisations, including national laboratories and scientific research and development organisations associated with the development and modernisation of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems. Functioning through the SPD, the DCC oversees the systematic progress of weapon systems to fulfil the force goals set by the committee.

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yields can be determined, including calculations based on blast size, blast brightness, seismographic data, and the strength of the shock wave. The Pakistan Government authorities puts up the yield range from 20-~40kt (as noted by Carey Sublette of the Nuclear Weapon Archives in her report. The explosion measured 5.54 degrees on the Richter magnitude scale, the PAEC provided the data as public domain in the KNET sources.

9909: 11416: 2304: 2635:. It is reported that the yields from these tests were 12 kt, 30 to 36 kt and four low-yield (below 1 kt) tests. From these tests Pakistan can be estimated to have developed operational warheads of 20 to 25 kt and 150 kt in the shape of low weight compact designs and may have 300–500 kt large-size warheads. The low-yield weapons are probably in nuclear bombs carried on 4211: 2794:

nuclear power plant. The Soviet and French civilian nuclear power plant was on its way during the 1990s. However, Bob Oakley, the US Ambassador to Pakistan, expressed US displeasure at the recent agreement made between France and Pakistan for the sale of a nuclear power plant. After the US concerns the civilian-nuclear technology agreements were cancelled by France and Soviet Union.

2000:-boosted weapons. Only a few grams of tritium can result in an increase of the explosive yield by 300% to 400%." Citing new satellite images of the facility, the Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) said the imagery suggests construction of the second Khushab reactor is "likely finished and that the roof beams are being placed on top of the third 1212:, was a Pool-type, light-water, 27–30 kWe, training reactor that went critical in 1989 under Munir Ahmad Khan. The PARR-II reactor was built and provided by PAEC under the IAEA safeguards as IAEA had funded this mega project. The PARR-I reactor was, under the agreement signed by PAEC and ANL, provided by the US Government in 1965, and scientists from PAEC and 978:, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined. Pakistan thus became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons, although according to a letter sent by A.Q. Khan to General Zia, the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb using highly enriched uranium as fissile material produced at KRL had already been achieved by KRL in 1984. 1785:, Major General Feroz Hassan Khan wrote that Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud visits to Pakistan's atomic facility were not a proof of the agreement between the two countries. However, Feroz Hassan acknowledged in his own words, that "Saudi Arabia provided generous financial support to Pakistan that enabled the nuclear program to continue.". 1432:. In addition to the psychological setback for Pakistan, it had failed to gather any significant material support or assistance from its key allies, the United States and the People's Republic of China. Pakistan seemed to be isolated internationally, and in great danger; it felt that it could rely on no one but itself. Prime Minister 2543:. There is controversy regarding environmental damage caused by the test, which dismissed by Balochistan media which worked with the government as misinformation, since the test were carried out hundred meters underground of Ras Koh hill and the explosions were not damaging any environment of the any areas in Pakistan or India. 897:. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972. Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated the nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build an atomic bomb in three years for national survival. 3876:

Approximating and calculating the exact, accurate and precise yields are difficult to calculate. Even under very controlled conditions, precise yields can be very hard to determine, and for less controlled conditions the margins of error can be quite large. There are number of different ways that the

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is the deputy chairman of the Development Control Committee (DCC), the body responsible for weapons development and oversight which includes the nation's military and scientific, but not its political, leadership. Through DCC, the senior civilian scientists maintains a tight control of scientific and

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It was confirmed that Pakistan has built Soviet-style road-mobile missiles, state-of-the-art air defences around strategic sites, and other concealment measures. In 1998, Pakistan had 'at least six secret locations' and since then it is believed Pakistan may have many more such secret sites. In 2008,

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The actual size of Pakistan's nuclear stockpile is hard for experts to gauge owing to the extreme secrecy which surrounds the program in Pakistan. However, in 2007, retired Pakistan Army's Brigadier-General Feroz Khan, previously second in command at the Strategic Arms Division of Pakistans' Military

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told leading Pakistani politicians that the Pakistani Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was completely incapable of meeting a deadline of December of that year for producing enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon. Shortly thereafter, he was placed in charge of a new organization independent of the PAEC

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became aware of advancing Indian nuclear program towards making the bombs. Therefore, In October 1965, Munir Khan, director at the Nuclear Power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), met with Bhutto on an emergency basis in Vienna, revealing the facts about the Indian

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during the 1980s. The Pakistani Atomic Energy Commission reported that the five nuclear tests conducted on May 28 generated a seismic signal of 5.0 on the Richter scale, with a total yield of up to 40 KT (equivalent TNT). Dr. A.Q. Khan claimed that one device was a boosted fission device and that the

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It proposed a nuclear weapons-free zone in South Asia; a joint renunciation of acquisition or manufacture of nuclear weapons; mutual inspection of nuclear facilities; adherence to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on nuclear facilities; a bilateral

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stated that "The F-16s were considered to be the first planes that are nuclear-capable in the Pakistan arsenal and the French Mirage III was upgraded as well to carry a new air launch cruise missile. But the United States made its case. What Pakistan does once they get the planes is inevitably up to

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said "Pakistan has a professional and dedicated security force that fully understands the importance of nuclear security." Pakistan had earlier rejected claims in US media that the Obama administration was worried about the safety of Pakistan's nuclear weapons, saying the country has a professional

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written by Jeffrey Goldberg highlighting concerns about the safety of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, the Pakistani Government announced that it would train an additional 8,000 people to protect the country's nuclear arsenal. At the same time, the Pakistani Government also denounced the article.

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program and nuclear security program is the strongest program in the world and there is no such capability in any other country for radical elements to steal or possess nuclear weapons. This claim is strongly disputed by foreign experts, citing the precedent of previous attacks of Pakistani military

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author of 'Peddling Peril' has also expressed concerns that Pakistan's stockpile may not be secure despite assurances by both the Pakistani and US governments. He stated Pakistan "has had many leaks from its program of classified information and sensitive nuclear equipment, and so you have to worry

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capability. Pakistan has been dealing with efforts to develop new weapons and at the same time, have a strategy for surviving a nuclear war. Pakistan has built hard and deeply buried storage and launch facilities to retain a second strike capability in a nuclear war. In January 2000, two years past

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In late 2006, the Institute for Science and International Security released intelligence reports and imagery showing the construction of a new plutonium reactor at the Khushab nuclear site. The reactor is deemed to be large enough to produce enough plutonium to facilitate the creation of as many as

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However, India and Pakistan reached three bilateral agreements on nuclear issues. In 1989, they agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. Since then they have been regularly exchanging lists of nuclear facilities on 1 January of each year. Another bilateral agreement was signed in March

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As of 2014, Pakistan has been reportedly developing smaller, tactical nuclear weapons for use on the battlefield. This is consistent with earlier statements from a meeting of the National Command Authority (which directs nuclear policy and development) saying Pakistan is developing "a full-spectrum

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The PAEC in 1970 began work on a pilot-scale plant at Dera Ghazi Khan for the concentration of uranium ores. The plant had a capacity of 10,000 pounds a day. In 1989, Munir Ahmad Khan signed a nuclear cooperation deal and, since 2000, Pakistan has been developing a two-unit nuclear power plant

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According to Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, a former investigator with the CIA and the US Department of Energy there is "a greater possibility of a nuclear meltdown in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. The region has more violent extremists than any other, the country is unstable, and its arsenal of

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of such a programme, Munir Ahmad Khan estimated the cost of nuclear technology at that time. Because things were less expensive, the then costs were not more than US$ 150 million. After hearing the proposal President Ayub Khan swiftly denied the proposal, saying that Pakistan was too poor to spend

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in London. Munir Khan pointed out to the President that Pakistan must acquire the necessary facilities that would give the country a nuclear weapon capability, which was available free of safeguards and at an affordable cost, and there were no restrictions on nuclear technology, that it was freely

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worth $ 350,000. Before 1971, Pakistan's nuclear development was peaceful but an effective deterrent against India, as Benazir Bhutto maintained in 1995. Pakistan's nuclear energy programme was established and started in 1956 following the establishment of PAEC. Pakistan became a participant in US

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announced it would start work on the construction of a nuclear submarine to better meet the Indian Navy's nuclear threat. According to the Navy, the nuclear submarine is an ambitious project, and will be designed and built indigenously. However, the Navy stressed that "the project completion and

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Historically, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been repeatedly charged with allegedly transferring missile and related materials to Pakistan. Despite China strongly dismissing the charges and accusations, the United States alleged China to have played a major role in the establishment of

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them," he said. The report also stated that Pakistan is obliged under the terms of its contract to ask the US for permission before the fighters are converted. To date, the US has given only two countries (Pakistan and Israel) implicit permission to modify their F-16s to carry nuclear warheads.

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and the four services chiefs, all of whom who reserves the right to order the deployment and the operational use of the nuclear weapons. The final and executive political decisions on nuclear arsenals deployments, operational use, and nuclear weapons politics are made during the sessions of the

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deal went into cold storage and the agreement could not be implemented due to financial constraints and the Pakistani government's apathy. Also in February 1990, Soviet Ambassador to Pakistan, V.P. Yakunin, said that the Soviet regime was considering a request from Pakistan for the supply of a

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carried the story with the insight that this would be Pakistan's third plutonium reactor, signalling a shift to dual-stream development, with Plutonium-based devices supplementing the nation's existing HEU stream to atomic warheads. On 30 May 1998, Pakistan proved its plutonium capability in a

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at Joharabad. In April 1998, Pakistan announced that the nuclear reactor was operational. The Khushab reactor project was initiated in 1986 by Munir Khan, who informed the world that the reactor was totally indigenous, i.e. that it was designed and built by Pakistani scientists and engineers.

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The theory of "N-deterrence" has been frequently being interpreted by the various government-in-time of effect of Pakistan. Although the nuclear deterrence theory was officially adopted in 1998 as part of Pakistan's defence theory, on the other hand, the theory has had been interpreted by the

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carried out deadly attacks on Indian soil, only to be met with a relatively subdued response from India. A military spokesperson stated that "Pakistan's threat of nuclear first-use deterred India from seriously considering conventional military strikes." India is Pakistan's primary geographic

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was transferred to Pakistan by China. China has consistently maintained that it has not sold any weapon parts or components to Pakistan or anyone else. In August 2001, it was reported that US officials confronted China numerous times over this issue and pointed out "rather bluntly" to Chinese

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Since 2004 the US government has reportedly been concerned about the safety of Pakistani nuclear facilities and weapons. Press reports have suggested that the United States has contingency plans to send in special forces to help "secure the Pakistani nuclear arsenal". In 2007, Lisa Curtis of

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report cited above, "Pakistan remains steadfast in its refusal to sign the NPT, stating that it would do so only after India joined the Treaty. Pakistan has responded to the report by stating that the United States itself has not ratified the CTBT. Consequently, not all of Pakistan's nuclear

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report, China has supplied Pakistan with nuclear materials and has provided critical technical assistance in the construction of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development facilities, in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, of which China is a signatory. In 2001 visit to India, the

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Pakistanis are "security conscious" because of the 1971 trauma and the three wars with India. Pakistan's programme was peaceful but was "a deterrent to India" because New Delhi had detonated a nuclear device. Pakistan, thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and

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estimated a stockpile of approximately 50 weapons. By contrast, in 2000, US military and intelligence sources estimated that Pakistan's nuclear arsenal may be as large as 100 warheads. In 2018, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that the arsenal was about 120-130 warheads.

2615:(NRDC) estimated that Pakistan had built 24–48 HEU-based nuclear warheads with HEU reserves for 30–52 additional warheads. In 2003, the US Navy Center for Contemporary Conflict estimated that Pakistan possessed between 35 and 95 nuclear warheads, with a median of 60. In 2003, the 3693:

pushed forward a proposal to build its own nuclear submarine as a direct response to the Indian nuclear submarine program. Many military experts believe that Pakistan has the capability of building a nuclear submarine and is ready to build such a fleet. In February 2012, the

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In April 2011, IAEA's deputy director general Denis Flory declared Pakistan's nuclear programme safe and secure. According to the IAEA, Pakistan is currently contributing more than $ 1.16 million in IAEA's Nuclear Security Fund, making Pakistan the 10th largest contributor.

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facilities are under IAEA safeguards. Pakistani officials have stated that signature of the CTBT is in Pakistan's best interest, but that Pakistan will do so only after developing a domestic consensus on the issue, and have disavowed any connection with India's decision."

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titled 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues' noted that even though Pakistan had taken several steps to enhance Nuclear security in recent years 'Instability in Pakistan has called the extent and durability of these reforms into question.'

3112:(PAL) technology, a sophisticated "weapon release" program which initiates use via specific checks and balances, possibly because it feared the secret implanting of "dead switches". But Pakistan is since believed to have developed and implemented its own version of 1095:

publicly stated that "Pakistan does not have a policy towards the atom bombs". Following the announcement, on 11 August 1955, the United States and Pakistan reached an understanding concerning the peaceful and industrial use of nuclear energy which also included a

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in early 2010 states that the United States is training an elite unit to recover Pakistani nuclear weapons or materials should they be seized by militants, possibly from within the Pakistani nuclear security organisation. This was done in the context of growing

2723:, Abdul Qadeer Khan maintained to the fact that, "due to its sensitivity, no country allows another country to use their tests site to explode the devices," although the UK conducted such tests in Australia and the United States. His statement was also traced by 2681:

the United States admitted that it did not know where all of Pakistan's nuclear sites are located. Pakistani defence officials have continued to rebuff and deflect American requests for more details about the location and security of the country's nuclear sites.

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The first thing that was to be undertaken was the search for uranium. This continued for about three years from 1960 to 1963. Uranium deposits were discovered and the first-ever national award was given to the PAEC. Mining of uranium began in the same year. Dr.

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From the end of 2001 the United States has provided material assistance to aid Pakistan in guarding its nuclear material, warheads and laboratories. The cost of the program has been almost $ 100 million. Specifically the United States has provided helicopters,

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In 1986, it was reported that both countries have signed a mutual treaty of peaceful use of civil nuclear technology agreement in which China would supply Pakistan a civil-purpose nuclear power plant. A grand ceremony was held in Beijing where Pakistan's

3238:." While dismissing all the concerns on the safety of country's nuclear arsenal, General Majid maintains to the fact: "We are shouldering our responsibility with utmost vigilance and confidence. We have put in place a very robust regime that includes " 2689:

In 2010, Russian foreign ministry official Yuriy Korolev stated that there are somewhere between 120,000 and 130,000 people directly involved in Pakistan's nuclear and missile programs, a figure considered extremely large for a developing country.

2819:" doctrine, indicating that it would strike India with nuclear weapons even if India did not use such weapons first. Pakistan's asymmetric nuclear posture has significant influence on India's decision and ability to retaliate, as shown in 3133:, concluded that "preventing Pakistan's nuclear weapons and technology from falling into the hands of terrorists should be a top priority for the US." However Pakistan's government has ridiculed claims that the weapons are not secure. 2855:

government since in 1972. The relative weakness in defensive warfare is highlighted in Pakistan's nuclear posture, which Pakistan considers its primary deterrent from Indian conventional offensives or nuclear attack. Nuclear theorist

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on 15 April 1960. As for its Biological warfare capability, Pakistan is not widely suspected of either producing biological weapons or having an offensive biological programme. However, the country is reported to have well developed

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Nuclear Engineering Division of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) and Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors, Nuclear Engineering Division at Argonne National Laboratory (U.S. Department of

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that longtime assumptions, that "India had an edge in the South Asian strategic balance of power, were questionable at best. Don't assume that Pakistan's nuclear capability is inferior to the Indians", General Zinni quoted to NBC.

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to the Government, Abdus Salam, head of the IAEA delegation. Abdus Salam began lobbying for commercial nuclear power plants, and tirelessly advocated for nuclear power in Pakistan. In 1965, Salam's efforts finally paid off, and a

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Declassified documents from 1982, released in 2012 under the US Freedom of Information Act, said that US intelligence detected that Pakistan was seeking suspicious procurements from Belgium, Finland, Japan, Sweden and Turkey.

6022: 7813: 5972: 4440: 1113:. Although proposals to develop nuclear weapons were made in the 1960s by several officials and senior scientists, Pakistan followed a strict non-nuclear weapon policy from 1956 until 1971, as PAEC under its chairman 6997: 8083: 3503:. According to Jeffrey Lewis, director of the East Asia Non-proliferation Program at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, citing a Pakistani news article, Pakistan is developing its own equivalent to the 8137: 7909: 1355:

to receive technical training. Later Mubarak's team advised the government not to acquire the whole reprocessing plant, only key parts important to building the weapons, while the plant would be built indigenously.

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of Pakistan, on the development and deployment of nuclear weapons; it is also responsible for war-time command and control. In 2001, Pakistan further consolidated its nuclear weapons infrastructure by placing the

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Under the National Command Authority, its secretariat, Strategic Plans Division (SPD), is responsible for the physical protection and to ensure security of all aspects of country's nuclear arsenals and maintains

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reactor can produce up to 8 to 10 kg of plutonium per year with increase in the production by the development of newer facilities, sufficient for at least one nuclear weapon. The reactor could also produce

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technology to Pakistan for use in their nuclear weapons program. Former Pakistan Army brigadier Feroz Hassan Khan alleged that in 1982 India worked with Israel to plan an attack similar to the previous year's

1247:, it was inaugurated by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as president, and began its operations in November 1972. Currently, Pakistan Government is planning to build another 400MWe commercial nuclear power plant, known as 3148:

said "Our major concern is not having an Islamic militant steal an entire weapon but rather the chance someone working in facilities could gradually smuggle enough material out to eventually make a weapon."

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that started in 1967 prompted Pakistan's clandestine development of nuclear weapons. Although Pakistan began the development of nuclear weapons in 1972, Pakistan responded to India's 1974 nuclear test (see

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Since the early 1980s, Pakistan's nuclear proliferation activities have not been without controversy. However, since the arrest of Abdul Qadeer Khan, the government has taken concrete steps to ensure that

9018: 7441: 3923: 4182: 5729: 2871:... With its relatively smaller conventional force, and lacking adequate technical means, especially in early warning and surveillance, Pakistan relies on a more proactive nuclear defensive policy." 1996:) on 30 May 1998, at Kharan was quite a successful test of a sophisticated, compact, but "powerful plutonium bomb" designed to be carried by aircraft, vessels, and missiles. These are believed to be 6441: 7850:

The NCA determines the state of readiness which has to be maintained at all times...and lays down in great detail the policy of how the various components will be placed, protected and safeguarded

3561:, are capable of carrying nuclear weapons. With a third squadron being raised, this would bring the total number of dedicated nuclear capable aircraft to a total of 75. The PAF also possesses the 8475: 4594: 2939:, in a report published on 23 July 2012, said that in addition to expanding its nuclear arsenal, Pakistan could broaden the circumstances under which it would be willing to use nuclear weapons. 2743: 2365:

but in detailing also." Many of Khan's fellow theorists were unsure about the feasibility of the enriched uranium on time despite Khan's strong advocacy. One scientist recalled his memories in

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Pakistan does not wish to enter into a nuclear arms race, but will continue to maintain the policy of credible minimum deterrence, Pakistan's Air Force chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman has said

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after the atomic tests, US intelligence officials stated that previous intelligence estimates "overstated the capabilities of India's homegrown arsenal and understate those of Pakistan". The

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was a defeat for Pakistan, which led to it losing roughly 56,000 square miles (150,000 km) of territory as well as losing more than half its population to the newly independent state of

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as the ranking engineer on the program. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General

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in Trombay. At this meeting Munir Khan concluded: "a (nuclear) India would further undermine and threaten Pakistan's security, and for her survival, Pakistan needed a nuclear deterrent...".

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were conducted by the TPG led by Salam until 1974 when he left Pakistan in protest, though he kept close contact with TPG. No such endeavours of the kind had taken place in the country and

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led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear

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According to more recent reports, it has been alleged that North Korea had been secretly supplying Pakistan with ballistic missile technology in exchange for nuclear weapons technology.

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that it will give up its nuclear weapons only when other nuclear armed states do so, and when disarmament is universal and verifiable. It rejects any unilateral disarmament on its part.

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which has been reported to have been modified. However no such tests have been carried out yet. On 29 March 2018, Pakistan reported that the missile had again been successfully tested.

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and strongly maintained on the ground that "his country was not giving any nuclear arms to Pakistan nor transferring related-technology to it." Talking to a media correspondents and

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On 9 January 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the Babur III missile from an underwater mobile platform. The Babur-III has a range of 450 km and can be used as a

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titled 'Securing the Bomb 2010', found that Pakistan's stockpile "faces a greater threat from Islamic extremists seeking nuclear weapons than any other nuclear stockpile on earth".

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Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 112. Print.

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and made it responsible for countering and battling naval-based weapons of mass destruction. It is believed by most experts that Pakistan is developing a sea-based variant of the

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officials and strategists have consistently emphasised that nuclear deterrence is intended by maintaining a balance to safeguard its sovereignty and ensure peace in the region.

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and nuclear detection equipment. In addition, the US has funded the creation of a nuclear security training center, fencing, intrusion detectors, and identification systems.

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as the chairman of NCA. The NCA consists of the Employment Control Committee (ECC) and the Development Control Committee (DCC), both now chaired by the Prime Minister. The

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trials would take anywhere from between 5 to 8 years to build the nuclear submarine after which Pakistan would join the list of countries that has a nuclear submarine."

2757:, Li Peng frankly quoted: "We do not help Pakistan in its atomic bomb projects. Pakistan is a friendly country with whom we have good economic and political relations." 9471: 8871: 5620: 8758: 17: 7375: 6740: 10007: 6183: 4310: 3329: 9087: 7040: 1408:', on 28 May 1998, the visible effect of the nuclear weapons test on a "bone dry" granite mountain as chain reaction builts in. All five nuclear devices, known as 9321: 8298: 7702: 7514: 7324: 7100: 6948: 6655: 5758: 2785:

of France visited Pakistan and announced that France had agreed to supply a 900 MWe commercial nuclear power plant to Pakistan. However, after the Prime Minister

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Pakistan's atomic bomb development infrastructure. There are also unofficial reports in Western media that the nuclear weapon technology and the weapon-grade

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The Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project contains a collection of primary source documents on Pakistani nuclear development.

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Resources obtained from Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb," Long Road to Chagai, (Islamabad: 1999, Print Wise Publication), p. 22

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officials that the evidences from intelligence sources was "powerful." But they had been rebuffed by the Chinese, who have retorted by referring to the US

2523: 1237:. The construction began in 1966 as PAEC its general contractor as GE Canada provided nuclear materials and financial assistance. Its project director was 1193: 7416: 6437: 6153: 4742: 11390: 11083: 9839: 7752:" by India. Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in the way we have seen recently.... If (Pakistan) had capability 3178: 2833: 2264:, the Dutch firm where he had worked as a senior scientist. Later that year, the government separated the program from PAEC and moved the program to the 8467: 4566: 11362: 11260: 11093: 9365: 8647: 3743: 2133: 680: 7588: 11223: 7548: 4003: 2288:

that were marked as "common items." This ring was also illicitly used decades later, in the late 1980s and 90s to provide technology to Libya (under

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Pakistan has over the years proposed a number of bilateral or regional non-proliferation steps and confidence building measures to India, including:

5671: 2268:(ERL), with A.Q. Khan as its senior scientist. To acquire the necessary equipment and material for this program, Khan developed a procurement ring. 5452: 5426: 9817: 7184: 7070: 6972: 11441: 11285: 6237: 4100: 3654:

With a stockpile of plutonium, Pakistan would be able to produce a variety of miniature nuclear warheads which would allow it to nuclear-tip the

2244:, did most of the calculations as a member of the uranium division at PAEC, which undertook research on several methods of enrichment, including 752: 8842: 7959: 5237:

Mubarakmand, Samar (former Technical member and former director of Fast-Neutron Physics Group) (2004). "Pakistan became nuclear state in 1983".

11446: 11265: 11218: 11177: 10223: 9652: 7669: 5400: 4792: 4516: 4070: 3966: 2517: 1347:

plant capable of extracting 360 grams (13 oz) of weapons-grade plutonium annually. PAEC selected a team five senior scientists, including

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has reported that Pakistan is increasing its capacity to produce plutonium at its Khushab nuclear facility. The sixth nuclear test (codename:

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with a commitment to having the device ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, which consisted of over twenty laboratories and projects under

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was first publicly reported to be considering deployment of nuclear weapons on submarines in February 2001. Later in 2003 it was stated by

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tasked with producing plutonium for nuclear weapons. At that point, Pakistan had not yet completed the less difficult step of subcritical,

1479: 747: 476: 384: 379: 8273: 8186: 6714: 6407: 6377: 4538: 4133: 3484:, said to be capable of carrying a nuclear warhead designed to evade missile-defense systems. These land-based missiles are controlled by 1581:. The program turned to the more technically difficult implosion-type weapon design, contrary to the relatively simple 'gun-type' weapon. 1208:, which was upgraded to 10 MWe by Nuclear Engineering Division under Munir Ahmad Khan in 1990. A second Atomic Research Reactor, known as 11198: 9647: 8587: 8058: 7262: 6856: 4616: 3242:

mechanisms" and processes to secure our strategic assets, and have provided maximum transparency on our practices. We have reassured the

3064: 3050:(NSC). According to the officials of Pakistan's military science circles, it is the high-profile civic-military committee consisting the 2968: 736: 404: 389: 349: 339: 334: 8698: 7338: 6591: 5876: 5814:"Mishra, Sitakanta - Pakistan's Nuclear Threshold: Not as Low as Perceived - Sowiport / IndraStra Global (2017), 6, 4 p. ISSN 2381-3652" 4637: 2867:. There are geographic gaps and corridors similar to those that existed in Europe ... that are vulnerable to exploitation by mechanized 11119: 10032: 9465: 7784: 6798: 5650: 5129: 4767: 4708: 4415: 2616: 2486: 1541:(CNC) and basic computing facilities were non-existent at that time (though later acquired). For this purpose, the calculations on the 757: 434: 8112: 8020: 7209: 5556: 3246:

on this issue over and over again and our track record since the time our atomic bomb programme was made overt has been unblemished."

3093:

During this period Pakistan also began to develop a modern export control regulatory regime with US assistance. It supplements the US

2114:, Pakistan laid out its nuclear disarmament policy and what it sees as the proper goals and requirements for meaningful negotiations: 11146: 8617: 6684: 6625: 3629: 3290: 1140:

Bhutto in 1969. Pakistan began development of nuclear devices under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's leadership with a commitment to having the

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air-launched cruise missile which has a range of 350 km and can carry a nuclear warhead with a yield of between 10kt and 35kt.

8394: 7092: 5817: 3774: 3713: 3485: 3284: 3223: 3094: 3018: 1209: 958: 359: 259: 8813: 8346: 6325: 5582: 1803:

engineering firms were targeted in bomb attacks and several others received threatening phone calls, allegedly carried out by the

1374:, began producing electricity in 2000, and 'CHASNUPP-II', began its operation in fall of 2011. In 2011, the board of governors of 1280:

aggressively began the advocating the option of "nuclear weapons programmes" but such attempts were dismissed by Finance minister

1205: 1011:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

843:, joined the program at the behest of the Bhutto administration by the end of 1974. Producing fissile material was pivotal to the 10167: 9832: 8921: 8676: 6827: 6208: 6044: 2994:

and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission under the control of one Nuclear Defense Complex. In November 2009, Pakistan President

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gave approval of Sino-Pak Nuclear Deal, allowing Pakistan legally to build the 300-MW 'CHASNUPP-III' and 'CHASNUPP-VI' reactors.

900:

At the meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the

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has ceded nuclear assets and a degree of nuclear launch code authority to lower-level officers to ensure weapon usability in a "

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Pakistan's motive for pursuing a nuclear weapons development program is never to allow another invasion of Pakistan. President

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departing, Munir Ahmad eventually led the TPG and assisted in the calculations. Two types of weapon design were analyzed: the

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for it in 1980. However, senior scientists and officials strongly dismissed the US disclosure, and in 1998 interview given to

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According to a US congressional report, Pakistan has addressed issues of survivability in a possible nuclear conflict through

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Chakma, Bhumitra, pg 42, The Politics of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia, Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington, VT, USA, 2011

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wrote that Pakistan's expanding nuclear capability is "no longer driven solely by its oft-cited fears of India" but by the "

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The government institutional organisation authorised to make critical decisions about Pakistan's nuclear posturing is the

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Various Pakistani industries contributed in 82% of the reactor's construction. The Project-Director for this project was

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capability. It has been speculated that the missile is ultimately designed to be incorporated with (Under construction)

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Coordination between each site was overseen by the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) under Dr. Zaman Sheikh (a

10216: 9825: 9423: 9349: 9307: 9256: 9232: 9188: 9156: 7953: 7503: 7320: 5502: 5348: 4282: 3168: 2860: 2715:

The former US officials have also disclosed that China had allegedly transferred technology to Pakistan and conducting

2505: 2253: 1375: 1289: 905: 8369: 7644: 7126: 5481: 11172: 10487: 10094: 9662: 7820: 6918: 6894: 6175: 6118: 6054: 5966: 5903: 5343:(Pakistan History; Arms Control; Nuclear Weapons & Warfare History) (first ed.). Stanford Security Studies. 5159: 4510:

The India-Pakistan War of 1965. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State

3802: 3355: 2612: 2608: 2265: 1949: 1483: 1261: 1088: 1026: 820: 373: 111: 10495: 8981: 3337: 2643:

and fitted to Pakistan's short-range ballistic missiles, while the higher-yield warheads are probably fitted to the

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Pakistan is not known to have an offensive chemical weapons programme, and in 1993 Pakistan signed and ratified the

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for Pakistan within the late 1970s, and under his leadership PAEC had carried out a cold test of nuclear devices at

11313: 10895: 9893: 9847: 2734: 1894:(CWC), and has committed itself to refrain from developing, manufacturing, stockpiling, or using chemical weapons. 1300:

Understanding the sensitivity of the issue, Bhutto arranged a meeting with President Ayub Khan 11 December 1965 at

161: 9373: 8414: 11451: 5993: 4734: 3617: 3035: 3022: 2956: 1441: 1226: 974:, also in Balochistan, on 30 May 1998. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and 929: 309: 8532: 7732: 11151: 10267: 10180: 8510: 8377: 7761: 7420: 6145: 3504: 3473: 3333: 3201: 3031: 2952: 2936: 2104: 1538: 1445: 1058: 10231: 1643:

tests in 1998. Enormous production was undertaken by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission for feasibility of

1310:

that much money and that, if Pakistan ever needed the atomic bomb, it could somehow acquire it off the shelf.

1305:

available, and that India was moving forward in deploying it, as Munir Khan maintained. When asked about the

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Universal, non-discriminatory and legally binding negative security assurances to non-nuclear weapon states;

11394: 11248: 11135: 11088: 11035: 10239: 9886: 9082: 7573: 3733: 3718: 3374: 3007: 3003: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2572: 2029: 1836:

to avoid early radar detection before attacking the Pakistani uranium enrichment centrifuge complex in the

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in 1947, India and Pakistan have been in conflict over several issues, including the disputed territory of

851: 10707: 7539: 3999: 3549:, believed to be the preferred vehicle for delivery of nuclear weapons. These units are major part of the 3105:, which deployed radiation monitors and imaging equipment monitored by a Pakistani central alarm station. 847:'s success and thus to Pakistan obtaining the capability to detonate a nuclear weapon by the end of 1984. 11243: 10948: 10072: 10012: 9869: 9749: 9667: 8247: 6760: 5675: 3901: 3887: 3708: 3411: 3389: 2773: 2249: 1941: 1891: 1369: 1265: 1242: 1213: 1124:

In 1961, the PAEC set up a Mineral Center at Lahore and a similar multidisciplinary Center was set up in

762: 460: 9393: 7062: 5510: 5456: 5430: 3588:, which may theoretically be armed with a nuclear warhead. It was reported to have been test-fired by a 3222:

Pakistan consistently maintains that it has tightened the security over the several years. In 2010, the

2607:

Estimates of Pakistan's stockpile of nuclear warheads vary. The most recent analysis, published in the

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A joint Indo-Pakistan declaration renouncing the acquisition or manufacture of nuclear weapons, in 1978.

1662:

by the Court of Amsterdam for stealing centrifuge blueprints, though the conviction was overturned on a

850:

The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of

11406: 11210: 10247: 10002: 9642: 9510: 7753: 6229: 5175: 4668:

Nuclear Weapon Archives, Reuters and Los Angeles Times news reports were used in preparing this article

3059: 3043: 2991: 2982: 2754: 2411: 2219: 2140: 1961: 1844:. Israel F-16 aircraft were also allegedly twice spotted in Pakistani air space in the days before the 1825: 1597: 1542: 1391: 1257: 1163: 1078: 1005: 813: 722: 567: 178: 9540:

Project 706/726 Pakistani Nuclear Weapons Project (Complete History, Including Yield and Missile Data)

8244: 4108: 11420: 11004: 10999: 10117: 9848: 9808: 9564: 8834: 7938: 3723: 3613: 3235: 2916:

in 1987 that, "If your forces cross our borders by an inch, we are going to annihilate your cities."

2318: 2190: 2111: 2053: 2004:". A third and a fourth reactor and ancillary buildings are observed to be under construction at the 1522: 1502:

would also join the TPG, then led by Salam who had done ground-breaking work for TPG. Among them was

1425: 1387: 1344: 1253:; the PAEC completed its feasibility studies in 2009. However, the work has been on hold since 2009. 1066: 894: 866:(secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General 30: 7834:. Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 May 1994, Pg. 23; in NTI Nuclear and Missile Database. p. 47. 5444: 4802: 4512: 4078: 3974: 2772:. Therefore, in 1989, Pakistan reached agreement with China for the supply of the 300-MW commercial 2317:

The uranium program proved to be a difficult, challenging and most enduring approach to scale up to

1952:

to apply safeguards to new nuclear power plants to be built in the country with Chinese assistance.

11275: 11182: 10140: 10058: 9298: 8206: 7246: 6976: 5266: 4923: 4468: 3318: 3116:

and US military officials have stated they believe Pakistan's nuclear arsenals to be well secured.

2972: 2964: 2920: 2720: 2627:

Pakistan's first nuclear tests were made in May 1998, when six warheads were tested under codename

2567: 2129: 2018: 1898: 1734: 1578: 1329: 1318: 1234: 1092: 1054: 1000: 925: 774: 587: 7828: 6082: 4345: 2591: 1920:. This initiative was taken a year after both countries had publicly tested nuclear weapons. (See 966:

other four were sub-kiloton nuclear devices. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at the sandy

11255: 10185: 9978: 9789: 9784: 9460: 9408: 8565: 8217: 7870: 6438:"Holding Khan Accountable, An ISIS Statement Accompanying Release of Libya: A Major Sale at Last" 3496: 3322: 3214: 3126: 2406: 2395: 2215: 2175: 2164: 2005: 2001: 1752: 1714: 1644: 1593: 1574: 1499: 1417: 1110: 975: 828: 616: 582: 8270: 8207:

U.S. Policy and Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Containing Threats and Encouraging Regional Security

8183: 6706: 4048: 1463:, could also be done by scientists in Pakistan, for their own people." Siddiqui was a Pakistani 928:

in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the

49: 11280: 10872: 10839: 10816: 10805: 10778: 10617: 10609: 10589: 10477: 10429: 10190: 8735: 7293: 7256: 6763:, Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2010. 6415: 6385: 4545: 4141: 3943:

Weissman, Steve R. and Herbert Krosney, The Islamic Bomb. New York: Times Book). 1981: page 45.

3644: 3633: 3477: 3250: 3164: 3113: 3109: 3046:. The comprehensive nuclear force planning is integrated with conventional war planning at the 2374: 2370: 2157: 1706: 1636: 1413: 948: 855: 9278: 8042: 7402: 7250: 7161: 6806: 3592:

fighter and, according to one Western official, is believed to be capable of penetrating some

2782: 1181:, Munir Ahmad Khan. At a Vienna meeting on December, Khan informed Bhutto about the status of 11383: 10847: 10390: 9759: 9739: 7342: 6046:

Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes ... – Dinshaw Mistry

5868: 4641: 3728: 3055: 2986: 2898: 2882: 2513: 2460: 2182: 2168: 1937: 1763: 1748: 1675: 1667: 1621: 1503: 1464: 1285: 1155: 1141: 1114: 1097: 879: 656: 641: 577: 455: 8104: 8012: 7780: 5642: 5125: 4763: 4692: 4406: 2260:

officially joined this program in 1976, bringing with him centrifuge designs he mastered at

9794: 9693: 9557: 9242: 6852: 6538: 5149: 4612: 3558: 3554: 2765: 2576: 2269: 2181:

Revitalise the UN disarmament machinery to address international security, disarmament and

1906: 1718: 1698: 1617: 1554: 1550: 1526: 1449: 1102: 875: 831:

Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing

604: 592: 216: 7205: 6911:"Impact of US wargames on Pakistan N-arms 'negative' -DAWN – Top Stories; 3 December 2007" 6676: 6617: 3481: 3131:

United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade

2893:(PAF), has retrospectively contended that "theory of defense is not view to enter into a " 2889:" scenario, making credible its deterrence doctrine. On further military perspective, the 2361:

problem in centrifuge was simply stated, but extremely difficult to evaluate, not only in

2174:

Tackle the growth in armed forces and the accumulation and sophistication of conventional

2040:

is convinced that the United States has also become a dangerous adversary, which seeks to

8: 11190: 10650: 9764: 9688: 9683: 9476: 9218: 9119: 8922:"Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile' - The Express Tribune" 5924: 3916:"Test launch of Pakistan's 'Shaheen-III' surface-to-surface ballistic missile successful" 3852: 3589: 3087: 3051: 2909: 2902: 2790: 2705: 2640: 2150:

Non-discriminatory rules ensuring every state's right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy;

2119: 1967:

claimed that Pakistan's nuclear security is the strongest in the world. According to Dr.

1837: 1738: 1685: 1628: 1627:

The TPG succeeded in the earlier implosion-type weapon design in 1977–78, with the first

1495: 1452:, which Germany was forced to sign in 1919. There, Bhutto vowed never to allow a repeat. 1433: 1314: 1277: 1217: 1167: 883: 816: 646: 8390: 7511:

Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Policy Brief

6542: 5813: 1940:

is not repeated and have assured the IAEA about the transparency of Pakistan's upcoming

1848:

were carried out. Pakistan was so alarmed by the sighting that their then ambassador to

10986: 10937: 10341: 10146: 9779: 9222: 8805: 8343: 8282: 8194: 7636: 7390: 7230: 7149: 6973:"Pakistan's Nukes – Al-Qaeda's Next Strategic Surprise? – Defense Update News Analysis" 6318: 5531: 4663: 4586: 4434: 4432: 3663: 3569: 3520: 3383: 3182: 2890: 2849: 2362: 1911: 1880: 1767: 1756: 1663: 1605: 1546: 1456: 1365: 1159: 1118: 1046: 991: 6831: 6773: 6204: 6018: 4244: 3826: 1856:

to seek reassurance from the international community that an attack was not imminent.

10923: 10885: 10684: 10670: 10642: 10514: 10462: 10439: 10285: 10258: 10080: 10053: 9754: 9729: 9703: 9604: 9520: 9515: 9303: 9252: 9228: 9184: 9152: 8797: 8437: 8048: 7949: 7287: 6890: 6114: 6050: 5962: 5897: 5704: 5455:. NTI Research on Countries with Chemical facilities and capabilities. Archived from 5364: 5344: 5287: 5155: 4698: 4278: 4271: 3766: 3686: 3531:

which can also be used to deliver nuclear warheads. The PAF has two dedicated units (

3145: 3068: 2999: 2856: 2724: 2644: 2498: 2482: 2390: 2257: 2245: 2078:

Mutual inspections by India and Pakistan of each other's nuclear facilities, in 1979.

2049: 2037: 2033: 1989: 1968: 1960:

In May 1999, during the anniversary of Pakistan's first nuclear weapons test, former

1659: 1585: 1534: 1491: 1460: 1333: 1197: 917: 859: 836: 651: 636: 631: 626: 562: 8160: 8134:"International Institute for Strategic Studies Pakistan's nuclear oversight reforms" 6289: 4445:

Nuclear Engineering Division of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

4429: 2901:" in the region, it cannot remain oblivious to the developments in South Asia." The 2405:

PAEC continued its research on plutonium and built the 40–50 MW (megawatt, thermal)

2280:

and Bonn Germany. The army engineer and ex-technical liaison officer, Major-General

1569:

could do it without CNC machines in the 1940s, why can't we do the same now.". With

11233: 11009: 10361: 10295: 9724: 9528: 9494: 9472:

Annotated bibliography on Pakistan's nuclear weapons from the Alsos Digital Library

9246: 8230:

Leigh, David (30 November 2010). "WikiLeaks cables expose Pakistan nuclear fears".

7748:

The State of akistan's motivation for atomic weapons arose from a need to prevent "

7640: 7628: 6882: 6546: 5907: 5002:, pp. 51–89, "Professor Abdus Salam and Pakistan's Fission Weapons Programme") 4578: 3160: 3039: 3011: 2995: 2828: 2700: 2648: 2611:

in 2010, estimates that Pakistan has 70–90 nuclear warheads. In 2001, the US-based

2494: 2459:, although this is unnecessary for the purposes of nuclear weapons, because modern 2346: 2326: 2237: 2045: 1794: 1710: 1558: 1487: 1405: 1301: 1178: 1158:

also sent a large number of scientists to pursue doctorate degrees in the field of

936: 832: 824: 201: 8320: 7806:"Pakistan swelling nuclear arsenal to counter India, says US Congressional report" 6570: 6259: 6110:

India-Pakistan Nuclear Rivalry: Perceptions, Misperceptions, and Mutual Deterrence

5215: 1879:

facilities and laboratories, devoted entirely to the medical research and applied

10758: 10632: 10555: 9708: 9698: 9599: 9506: 9178: 9146: 8892: 8421: 8373: 8350: 8327: 8302: 8277: 8251: 8213: 8190: 8167: 6124: 5334: 5332: 4919: 4797: 4788: 4212:"Multan Conference January 1972: The Birth of Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program" 3597: 3528: 3174:

denied that the United States had plans to take over Pakistan's nuclear weapons.

3171: 2709: 2624:

told a Pakistani newspaper that Pakistan had "about 80 to 120 genuine warheads."

2551: 2338: 2289: 2156:

A need to address the issue of missiles, including development and deployment of

2144: 1917: 1871: 1813: 1106: 1084: 962: 944: 572: 206: 11298: 9345: 7948:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, (FH Khan). pp. 210–390. 5194:"Lankan Muslims in Dubai supplied N-materials to Pak: A Q Khan - Indian Express" 4177: 4175: 1688:

of a working nuclear device. This is also called a cold test, and was codenamed

11104: 11077:= Includes all ship-to-ship, ship-to-sub, sub-to-ship and sub-to-sub torpedoes 10966: 10918: 10903: 10600: 10467: 10421: 10412: 10346: 9477:

The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project

9381: 9011:"Pakistan tests its indigenously built Submarine Launched Cruise Missile Babur" 7584: 6886: 6019:"Pakistan Prime Minister Urges India To Accept Bilateral Nuclear Test Ban Pact" 3798: 3761: 3759: 3621: 3577: 3553:, a command responsible for nuclear response. The PAF also operates a fleet of 3500: 3193: 2786: 2750: 2636: 2522:, a reprocessing plant, which was completed by 1981 by PAEC and is next to the 2358: 2334: 2333:

and Pakistan experimented with HEU as an implosion design as contrary to other

2281: 2241: 2227: 2211: 2028:

about US attacks on its strategic assets." Noting recent changes in Pakistan's

1972: 1730: 1722: 1702: 1679: 1652: 1601: 1515: 1324: 957:

by Pakistan, the underground iron-steel tunnel having been long-constructed by

871: 844: 809: 661: 609: 539: 394: 211: 9544: 7632: 5329: 3580:(ALCM) with a range of 350 km has been developed by Pakistan, designated 1565:. About the lack of CNC facilities, Munir Ahmad Khan famously marked: "If the 11430: 11049: 9614: 9594: 9524: 9293: 7757: 5365:"Israel's Mossad bombed German, Swiss firms to stop Pakistani nukes - report" 5150:

Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento, National Security News Service (2007).

4172: 3695: 3690: 3640: 3609: 3585: 3546: 3489: 2868: 2669: 2660: 2342: 1876: 1833: 1648: 1566: 1530: 1230: 1129: 967: 940: 901: 890: 9457:

Pakistan's nuclear conflict with India- background and the current situation

9412: 7670:"Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy" 5060: 3756: 3368: 2272:

were imported from the United Kingdom by two liaison officers posted to the

1616:(KRL) was set-up and engaged in clandestine efforts to obtain the necessary 1604:

were already studied by PAEC in 1967 but yielded few results. Khan advanced

11370: 10768: 10560: 10550: 10532: 9774: 9744: 9609: 9317: 9050: 8952:"Pakistan Tests New Sub-Launched Nuclear-Capable Cruise Missile. What Now?" 8366: 8307: 7613: 7466: 5840:"Pakistan Is Working To Create Tactical Nuclear Weapons – Business Insider" 5477: 5252: 5250: 5248: 4404: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 3524: 2913: 2894: 2875: 2845: 2816: 2414:. According to public statements made by the US Government officials, this 2399: 2350: 2322: 2041: 1964: 1902: 1901:(NPT) and is not bound by any of its provisions. In 1999, Prime Ministers 1771: 1632: 1609: 1589: 1562: 1348: 921: 840: 9532: 9498: 8502: 6910: 5911: 5383:"When Pakistan feared Israel, India would attack its nuclear weapon sites" 3144:. In February 2009 cable from Islamabad, former US Ambassador to Pakistan 1135: 11355: 11014: 10994: 10735: 10627: 10275: 9769: 9734: 9580: 9489: 9251:(1st paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 8468:"Pakistan Announces Move to Increase Nuclear Security – Jeffrey Goldberg" 4638:"IAEA gave legal justification to Pakistan to build nuclear power plants" 3799:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program" 3679: 3593: 3227: 2415: 2293: 2285: 2232: 2021: 1800: 1570: 1511: 1507: 1475: 1395: 1238: 1189: 1151: 1040: 913: 153: 8344:"Official: Terrorists seek nuclear material, but lack ability to use it" 7932: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7321:"US Report: China gifted nuclear bomb and Pakistan stole the technology" 5245: 4590: 4484:

CENTO nation help sought by Pakistan. Chicago Tribune. 7 September 1965

4373: 2303: 1747:. Between 1983 and 1990, PAEC carried out 24 more cold tests of various 1490:, informing them about the program what was to be equivalent of the US " 935:

Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (

10730: 10725: 10717: 10697: 10527: 10369: 10280: 10048: 9266: 8728:"Missile Defense, the Space Relationship, and the Twenty-First Century" 8296:

Pakistan nuclear weapons at risk of theft by terrorists, US study warns

6592:"Key Issues: Nuclear Energy: Issues: IAEA: World Plutonium Inventories" 5958:

Military Capacity and the Risk of War: China, India, Pakistan, and Iran

5557:"Nuclear Security in Pakistan: Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Terrorism" 4728: 4726: 3667: 3662:

anti-ship missiles as well as being able to develop nuclear torpedoes,

3476:

with ranges up to 2750 km. Pakistan also possesses nuclear-tipped

3239: 3098: 2886: 2341:

at that time, and HEU fissile material was only known to the world for

2284:

discreetly oversaw KRL operations in the 1970s including procuring the

1921: 1853: 1852:, Ahmed Kamal, held an emergency meeting with the UN Secretary-General 1684:

On 11 March 1983, PAEC, led by Munir Ahmad Khan, carried out its first

1429: 1352: 1241:, a nuclear engineer, and its construction completed in 1972. Known as 867: 863: 7365: 7177:"Pakistani nuclear scientist's accounts tell of Chinese proliferation" 6998:"World | Pakistan enhances second strike N-capability: US report" 6551: 6526: 6319:"A Pakistani Perspective on Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation" 5997: 5265:. Lahore, Punjab: Samar Mubarakmand's witness accounts. Archived from 4273:

India, Pakistan, and the bomb debating nuclear stability in South Asia

3557:

fighters, of which 18 were delivered in 2012 and confirmed by General

1478:

directed a secretly coded memo to Pakistani scientists working at the

1336:

in South Asia. On many different occasions, India rejected the offer.

1216:

had led the construction. Canada built Pakistan's first civil-purpose

1144:

of device ready by 1976–77 to avert further foreign threat from India.

889:

Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of

10660: 10374: 10313: 10290: 8751:"F-16 fighters sold by US to Pakistan are nuclear-enabled: Scientist" 8256: 8080:"Nuclear Security Cooperation Between the United States and Pakistan" 8044:

Defusing Armageddon: Inside NEST, America's Secret Nuclear Bomb Squad

7923: 7467:"Weapons of Mass Destruction: Trade Between North Korea and Pakistan" 7283: 5643:"U.S. Now Believes Pakistan to use Khushab Plutonium in Bomb Program" 5401:"Israelis dismiss claims of plans to blow up Pakistani nuclear sites" 4582: 3154: 3141: 2632: 2540: 2527: 2490: 2440: 2330: 2125:

Eliminate the discrimination in the current non-proliferation regime;

2013: 1993: 1929: 1781:

In his semi-official works of the Pakistani nuclear program history,

1557:, assisted by other members of Mathematics Division– the division of 971: 932:, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus. 93: 8699:"Boosting air defence: F-16s replace Americans at Jacobabad airbase" 7504:"Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: Implications for South Asian Stability" 4723: 3545:) operating 27 aircraft in each squadron (78 aircraft total) of the 3499:

for use on the battlefield with ranges up to 60 km such as the

3307: 2744:

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

1400: 1364:. Both these reactors are of 300 MW capacity and are being built at 1121:

technology for the purposes of an active nuclear weapons programme.

10976: 10622: 10565: 10398: 10336: 10234: 9853: 9115: 8835:"Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'" 7288:"Interview of Dr. Samar Mubarak – Head of Pakistan Missile Program" 4346:"Origins and Early history of Pakistan's cover nuclear development" 3581: 3562: 2864: 2729: 2628: 2378: 2309: 2025: 1925: 1845: 1808: 1743: 1690: 1640: 1409: 1201: 953: 801: 105: 81: 69: 41: 11034: 8779: 7292:

Hamid Mir, director of the Political Intelligence Directorate of "

3480:

with ranges up to 700 km. In April 2012, Pakistan launched a

2727:

who acknowledged that cold tests were carried out, under codename

812:. Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in January 1972 under 11059: 10750: 10542: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 4237: 3472:

As of 2011, Pakistan possesses a wide variety of nuclear-capable

3140:

revealed US and British worries over a potential threat posed by

3102: 2746: 2600: 2584: 2560: 2509: 2497:

that would be easier to deliver to any place in the range of the

2420: 2207: 2081:

Simultaneous adherence to the NPT by India and Pakistan, in 1979.

1997: 6525:

Wood, Houston; Glaser, Alexander; Kemp, Scott (September 2008).

2189:

Pakistan has repeatedly stressed at international fora like the

186: 11054: 10913: 10862: 10763: 10740: 10665: 10570: 10500: 10472: 10457: 10351: 9908: 9619: 9046:"Pakistani Navy to Develop Nuclear-Powered Submarines: Reports" 8367:"Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues" 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4205: 4203: 3010:

serves as a deputy chairmen of the ECC, the body which defines

2768:

signed on behalf of Pakistan in the presence of Munir Khan and

2349:

were non-existent. Commenting on the difficulty, mathematician

2277: 2261: 2223: 1849: 1841: 1804: 1726: 1671: 1455:

At the Multan meeting on 20 January 1972, Bhutto stated, "What

1171: 909: 9549: 7361: 7359: 7026: 7024: 7022: 6467: 5108:

Munir Ahmad Khan, "How Pakistan made its nuclear fuel cycle",

4400: 4398: 2516:. The plutonium electromagnetic separation takes place at the 1737:

was built by TPG in 1977 and the DTD eventually conducted the

10961: 10956: 10857: 10852: 10791: 10786: 10655: 10575: 10452: 10447: 10318: 7538:

Aguilar, Francisco; Bell, Randy; Black, Natalie (July 2011).

7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 5613:"Just How Secure Are India and Pakistan's Nuclear Materials?" 3659: 3655: 3636:, which is a nuclear-capable ground-launched cruise missile. 3527:" in the 1980s and 1990s, a method of launching weapons from 2163:

Strengthen existing international instruments to prevent the

1600:

at the PAEC– a moved that irked Khan. Preliminary studies on

1204:

research reactor, commissioned in 1965 and consisting of the

1125: 547: 29:

For Pakistan's use of nuclear power in civilian purpose, see

8864:"Pakistan test-fires first submarine cruise missile Babur-3" 6830:. United States Department of the Navy. 2003. Archived from 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 4567:"The Nuclear Subcontinent: Bringing Stability to South Asia" 4530: 4328: 4200: 2859:

Feroz Hassan Khan adds: "The Pakistani situation is akin to

2493:

production capacity has allowed Pakistan to develop lighter

1459:, a Pakistani, contributed for the United States during the 1343:(UKAEA) signed a formal agreement to supply Pakistan with a 10971: 10908: 10880: 10829: 10824: 10702: 10692: 10522: 10328: 9461:

Defense Export Promotion Organization – Ministry of Defense

9078:"India Joins Nuclear Submarine Community; Pakistan Alarmed" 7356: 7019: 5925:"Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia" 4613:"NUCLEAR AND MISSILE PROLIFERATION (Senate – May 16, 1989)" 4395: 4210:

Ahmad, Mansoor; Shabbir, Usman; Khan, Syed Ahmad H (2006).

4183:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme" 3424: 3243: 2530:, which is not subject to IAEA inspections and safeguards. 2297: 2230:

in 1974, Munir Khan launched the uranium program, codename

1945: 1821: 1817: 1175: 1132:. With these two centres, the basic research work started. 8618:"Pakistan has developed smartest nuclear tactical devices" 7937:

Khan, Feroz Hassan; Feroze Hassan Khan (7 November 2012).

7366:

Jawed Naqvi, New Delhi correspondents. (31 January 2001).

7107: 4405:

Pervez, S.; M. Latif, I.H. Bokhari and S.Bakhtyar (2004).

4000:"Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality" 3443: 1268:(CENTO) assistance, but came under arms supply embargo in 8893:"Pakistan 'launches first cruise missile from submarine'" 8562:"Design Characteristics of Pakistan's Ballistic Missiles" 8354: 8331: 8245:

Elite US troops ready to combat Pakistani nuclear hijacks

8171: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7241: 7239: 7063:"Strife in Pakistan Raises U.S. Doubts Over Nuclear Arms" 6176:"Pakistan, India exchange lists of nuclear installations" 5751:"Pakistan 'expanding nuclear arsenal to deter US attack'" 5411: 4912: 4475:. London, United Kingdom: Imperial College Press. pp. 42. 3508: 3369:

National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM)

3119: 2673: 2107:

as it continues to produce fissile material for weapons.

2084:

A bilateral or regional nuclear test-ban treaty, in 1987.

2060:

deterrence capability to deter all forms of aggression."

8503:"World must accept Pakistan as nuclear power: Gen Majid" 8011:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (18 November 2007).

7255:

Kamran Khan, director of the News Intelligence Unit of "

6853:"Pakistan's Nuclear Arsenal Underestimated, Reports Say" 4600:

nuclear test ban; and a missile-free zone in South Asia.

4447:. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology. 4355:. New York, United States: New York: Croom Helm, 1987). 4296: 4294: 3628:" they would be. In 2004, Pakistan Navy established the 8812:. NTI: Research: Submarine Proliferation by countries. 8496: 8494: 8492: 8415:

IAEA declared Pakistan's Nuke programme safe and secure

7497: 7495: 7493: 7093:"Cables reveal doubts about Pakistani nuclear security" 6567:"Uranium Institute News Briefing 00.25 14–22 June 2000" 6491:, pp. 148–160, "7: Mastery of Uranium enrichment") 4655: 4343: 4303:"N-deterrent vital to security, says PM Benazir Bhutto" 3507:

with a miniaturised warhead that may be similar to the

2539:

scientific experiment and sixth nuclear test: codename

2329:

is even more difficult and challenging than extracting

1976:

facilities and the nation's high level of instability.

1592:, joined the program and pushed for the feasibility of 8105:"U.S. Secretly Aids Pakistan in Guarding Nuclear Arms" 8034: 8013:"U.S. Secretly Aids Pakistan in Guarding Nuclear Arms" 7973: 7936: 7442:"AFP: Reagan era envoy found Pakistan 'lied' on nukes" 7236: 6967: 6965: 6527:"The gas centrifuge and nuclear weapons proliferation" 5697:"'Pakistan building third nuclear reactor at Khushab'" 1670:

ring was established by Khan through Dubai to smuggle

839:, a metallurgist working on centrifuge enrichment for 11404: 8588:"Pakistan Says It Test-Fires Nuclear-Capable Missile" 8271:"Gates Sees Fallout From Troubled Ties With Pakistan" 7175:

Smith, R. Jeffrey; Warrick, Joby (13 November 2009).

6728: 4291: 2998:

announced that he will be replaced by Prime Minister

10028:

Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB)

9638:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

8489: 7703:"Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence" 7490: 7033:"Pakistan has edge over India in Nuclear Capability" 4471:(2007). Salam + 50: proceedings of the conference, § 4344:

Kapur, Ashok; U.N. Media release (8 December 1953).

2737:

under the guidance of the PAEC. According to a 2001

2712:

build-up which Beijing says is directed against it.

2524:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

2508:

program alongside the enrichment program, under Dr.

2353:; who worked with A.Q. Khan, was quoted in the book 2337:. Little and rudimentary knowledge was available of 1624:

for its developing uranium enrichment capabilities.

1200:

near Islamabad. The principal facility there was a 5

1194:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

9346:"Building Confidence in nuclear safety in Pakistan" 9270: 8982:"The Risks of Pakistan's Sea-Based Nuclear Weapons" 8533:"Pakistan understands importance of N-security: US" 7339:"Report No. 2001/10: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation" 6962: 6083:"Pakistan Nuclear Program Chronology – 1965 – 1979" 5152:

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise

3179:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

2834:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

1694:. There were 24 more cold tests from 1983 to 1994. 1083:On 8 December 1953, Pakistan media welcomed the US 819:, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the 9227:. Berkeley, CA, US: Oxford University Press, USA. 8772: 8748: 8438:"IAEA terms Pakistan's programme, safe and secure" 8156: 8154: 8004: 7735:. Newsweek; The Tribune; The NTI; various others. 7124: 6707:"U.S. Group Says Pakistan Is Building New Reactor" 6371: 6369: 6146:"Pakistan and India resume conventional CBM talks" 5812:Sozialwissenschaften, GESIS Leibniz Institut für. 5583:"The World Must Secure Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons" 5241:. Karachi: Jang Group of Newspapers. pp. 1–2. 4270: 3902:"Nuclear Notebook: Pakistan nuclear weapons, 2023" 3888:"Nuclear Notebook: Pakistan nuclear weapons, 2023" 3744:Pakistani missile research and development program 2118:A commitment by all states to complete verifiable 1948:Board of Governors approved an agreement with the 1612:in the Netherlands. Under Khan's supervision, the 939:), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the 8806:"Pakistan's Naval capabilities: Submarine system" 8673:"First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF" 5338: 5230: 4513:"Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian" 3773:. FAS (Pakistan Nuclear Weapons – A Chronology). 3439:Directorate of Science & Engineering Services 3405: 2052:of Pakistan's nuclear arsenals and its status as 1807:. All of the companies were suspected of selling 1482:(ICTP) in Italy to report to the Chairman of the 1381: 1288:. Pakistani scientists and engineers' working at 11428: 11134: 9148:Eating Grass: The making of Pakistan atomic bomb 7661: 7537: 6205:"India, Pakistan Sign Missile Notification Pact" 5811: 4209: 4022: 4020: 1729:, and triggering mechanisms that are crucial in 1404:Conducted in response of India's nuclear test, ' 10033:Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture NIFA 9505: 9183:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise Publications. 8914: 8151: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7614:"Challenges to Nuclear Stability in South Asia" 6366: 5837: 4662:Sublette, Carey; et al. (2 January 2002). 4127: 4125: 3576:It has also been reported that an air-launched 3297: 3219:Training will be completed no later than 2013. 2693: 2075:South Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, in 1978. 1788: 1260:, which was the second of four openly declared 11290:Navy Research and Development Institute (NRDI) 9653:Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University 9482: 8810:Research: Submarine Proliferation by countries 8675:. Associated Press of Pakistan. Archived from 7946:Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb 7863:"Pakistani PM takes charge of nuclear weapons" 7827:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives (5 May 1994). 7417:"Research Library: Country Profiles: Pakistan" 7341:. Csis-scrs.gc.ca. 15 May 2008. Archived from 6739:. Voice of Balochistan. Voice of Balochistan. 6524: 5554: 5341:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 4849:, p. 23, "A Manhattan Project Scientist") 4544:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 4536: 3993: 3991: 3380:Project Management Organization (PMO), Khanpur 3034:for this purpose. The SPD functions under the 2942: 2749:rejected all the accusations against China to 1979: 1916:agreeing to a bilateral moratorium on further 1783:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 1596:(HEU) fissile material and collaborated under 1270:United Nations Security Council Resolution 211 1220:. The Ayub Khan Military Government made then- 1087:initiatives, followed by the establishment of 1069:as part of its defence and energy strategies. 11120: 10217: 9833: 9565: 9545:Laser isotope separation research by Pakistan 9039: 9037: 9035: 8804:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives (June 2011). 8585: 8286:, 23 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 7906:"The Nuclear control and Command in Pakistan" 6761:Global nuclear weapons inventories, 1945–2010 6260:"Pakistan's Nuclear Buildup Vexes FMCT Talks" 5996:. Acronym.org.uk. 14 May 1998. Archived from 5664: 5478:"Pakistan gets IAEA approval for new N-plant" 4438: 4407:"Performance of PARR-I reactor with LEU fuel" 4034: 4032: 4017: 3960: 3958: 3257: 1824:air superiority aircraft would take off from 1776:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1674:nuclear technology to KRL after founding the 1444:meeting, Bhutto drew comparisons between the 782: 517: 11346:International Defence Exhibition and Seminar 11314:List of private defence companies (Pakistan) 10089:National Electric Power Regulatory Authority 9106: 9104: 8321:Could terrorists get hold of a nuclear bomb? 7884: 7733:"I saved my country from nuclear blackmail'" 7700: 7174: 6106: 5777: 5775: 4732: 4686: 4684: 4560: 4558: 4268: 4122: 3395:Maritime Technologies Complex (MTC), Karachi 3272: 1883:. In 1972, Pakistan signed and ratified the 1480:International Centre for Theoretical Physics 1467:who, in the early 1940s, worked on both the 1072: 11391:Military equipment manufactured in Pakistan 11084:Military equipment manufactured in Pakistan 9998:Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology 9648:Defence Science and Technology Organization 9151:. Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies. 8530: 8010: 7229:China tested N-weapons for Pak: US insider 6908: 6704: 6518: 5757:. New York. 7 December 2012. Archived from 5580: 5429:. NTI Research on Countries. Archived from 5288:"When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai" 5256: 4391:. NTI Pakistan Overview (1950s activities). 3988: 3495:Pakistan is also believed to be developing 3399:Defense Science and Technology Organization 3336:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2969:Defence Committee of the Cabinet (Pakistan) 2654: 1778:(IISS), on Pakistan's atomic bomb program. 1713:in 1974 and was tasked with development of 11127: 11113: 10224: 10210: 9840: 9826: 9572: 9558: 9112:"Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine" 9032: 7323:. TheWorldReporter.com. 18 November 2009. 7127:"US senators accuse China of selling arms" 6559: 6405: 6375: 5640: 4098: 4068: 4038: 4029: 3964: 3955: 3212:In response to a November 2011 article in 2617:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2487:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1166:. In December 1965, then-foreign minister 1091:(PAEC) in 1956. In 1953, Foreign minister 789: 775: 546: 524: 510: 185: 18:Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program 11168:Global Industrial & Defence Solutions 9302:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. 9101: 8040: 7090: 6734: 6569:. Uranium Institute. 2000. Archived from 6550: 5781: 5772: 4681: 4555: 4487:"Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers" 4387:NTI. "1950s Nuclear Policy of Pakistan". 3767:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons – A Chronology" 3620:, that there were no plans for deploying 3356:Learn how and when to remove this message 3081:Pakistan–United States military relations 3074: 2912:allegedly told the Indian Prime Minister 2789:was dismissed in August 1990, the French 2595:Truck-mounted Missiles on display at the 2132:nuclear weapon states with those who are 2063: 1816:on Iraq's nuclear reactor, where Israeli 1647:but parallel efforts were mounted toward 1639:designs that were eventually used in the 1561:at PAEC under Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui and 1027:Learn how and when to remove this message 11234:Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works 9413:"Reducing Nuclear Dangers in South Asia" 8696: 6021:. Apnewsarchive.com. 24 September 1987. 5216:"On the trail of the black market bombs" 5120: 5118: 4918: 4661: 4353:Atom for Peace: Eisenhowever's UN Speech 3997: 3850: 3793: 3791: 3425:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) 3254:and robust system to monitor its nukes. 3230:exhorted to the world delegation at the 3095:National Nuclear Security Administration 2733:, in a test site which was built by the 2590: 2566: 2550: 2302: 2128:Normalize the relationship of the three 2087:A South Asia Zero-Missile Zone, in 1994. 1399: 1368:of Punjab province. The first of these, 1317:military in comparison to India and the 1134: 9485:"Pakistan's nuclear father, master spy" 9451:by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins 9145:Khan, Feroze Hassan (7 November 2012). 8749:Padma Rao Sundarji (19 November 2016). 8615: 7903: 6645: 6615: 5899:Pakistan Nuclear Weapons - A Chronology 5257:Mubarakmand, Samar (30 November 1998). 5168: 5154:. Steerforth Press, 2007. p. 165. 5053: 4787: 4733:Langewiesche, William (November 2005). 4690: 4301:Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali (20 April 1995). 4300: 4277:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4269:Ganguly, Šumit; Kapur, S. Paul (2010). 3771:Federation of American Scientists (FAS) 3444:Ministry of Industries & Production 2839: 2534:"40 to 50 nuclear weapons a year." The 2373:which led the successful detonation of 1885:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 1755:in 1987 that could be delivered by all 1549:were performed by Dr. Tufail Naseem, a 1339:In 1969, after a long negotiation, the 1109:program. PAEC's first chairman was Dr. 920:capability. Following India's surprise 14: 11442:Weapons of mass destruction by country 11429: 10152:World Association of Nuclear Operators 9924:Multan Heavy Water Production Facility 9511:"The Man Who Designed Pakistan's Bomb" 9407: 9364:Rais, Rasul Baksh (25 November 2008). 9343: 9292: 9265: 9217: 9176: 9043: 8465: 7541:An Introduction To Pakistan's Military 7501: 7060: 7030: 6828:"US Navy Strategic Insights. Feb 2003" 6461: 6360: 6348: 6287: 6042: 5954: 5784:"Dealing with Pakistan's brinkmanship" 5311: 5035: 5011: 4999: 4975: 4951: 4906: 4894: 4882: 4846: 4834: 4166: 3455:Pakistan Steel Mills Limited, Karachi. 3120:Security concerns of the United States 2210:infrastructure is based on the use of 2103:Pakistan has blocked negotiation of a 1866:Minimum Credible Deterrence (Pakistan) 1341:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 11447:Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan 11330:Defence Export Promotion Organization 11108: 10205: 10101:Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority 9936:Radioactive Waste Management Facility 9929:Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility 9821: 9553: 9466:Pakistani & Indian Missile Forces 9316: 9241: 9075: 8466:Lustig, Robert H. (7 November 2011). 8229: 7984: 7571: 7125:Our Correspondents (17 August 2001). 6938: 6257: 6080: 5838:Pierre Bienaimé (26 September 2014). 5672:"The dangers of India – Pakistan war" 5610: 5115: 4694:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military 4564: 3851:Sublette, Carey (10 September 2001). 3821: 3819: 3788: 3739:National Command Authority (Pakistan) 3714:Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests 3234:that, "World must accept Pakistan as 2949:National Command Authority (Pakistan) 2555:Pakistani Missiles on display at the 2377:in a scientific experiment codenamed 2345:usage; its military applications for 2098: 1518:who were the cornerstone of the TPG. 9363: 9344:Luongo, Kenneth N. (December 2007). 9144: 8697:Gishkori, Zahid (19 February 2012). 8161:Are Pakistan's nuclear weapons safe? 7730: 7611: 7572:Abidi, Zawar Haider (14 June 2012). 7245: 7091:Rodriguez, Alex (29 November 2010). 6975:. Defense-update.com. Archived from 6939:Ricks, Thomas E. (2 December 2007). 6648:"Pakistan Expanding Nuclear Program" 6512: 6500: 6488: 6435: 6288:Krepon, Michael (15 February 2012). 5581:Rahmatullah, Nabil (20 April 2017). 5555:Mowatt-Larssen, Rolf (1 July 2009). 5323: 5143: 5112:, (Islamabad) 7 and 9 February 1998. 5096: 5084: 5047: 5023: 4987: 4963: 4870: 4858: 4822: 4670:. Nuclear weapon archives. p. 1 4565:Ahmad, Shamshad (July–August 1999). 4154: 4131: 3673: 3436:Directorate of Technical Procurement 3430:Directorate of Technical Development 3334:adding citations to reliable sources 3301: 3138:United States diplomatic cables leak 3136:Diplomatic reports published in the 3129:, while giving testimony before the 3042:(JS HQ) and reports directly to the 2961:National Security Council (Pakistan) 2398:, and would not do so until 1983 in 2256:techniques, as well as centrifuges. 1351:Dr. Ahsan Mubarak, who were sent to 1229:signed a deal to provide the 137MWe 1192:was the establishment of PINSTECH – 985: 959:provincial martial law administrator 10123:Nuclear power programme in Pakistan 9875:Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex 8803: 8650:. Arms Control Wonk. Archived from 8616:Abbassi, Ansar (30 November 2011). 7939:"Towards the Operational Deterrent" 7826: 7778: 7667: 7282: 6941:"Calculating the Risks in Pakistan" 6774:"Federation of American Scientists" 6230:"India, Pakistan to Set Up Hotline" 6173: 6043:Mistry, Dinshaw (1 December 2011). 5503:"Leading News Resource of Pakistan" 5453:"Pakistan: Chemical Weapons Review" 4537:Volha Charnysh (3 September 2009). 4441:"Research Reactor Details – PARR-2" 3462: 3452:Heavy Mechanical Complex Ltd. (HMC) 3449:State Engineering Corporation (SEC) 3265:Development Control Committee (DCC) 2979:Pakistan National Command Authority 2929:United States Department of Defense 1608:from the expertise he had from the 1328:) with a number of proposals for a 1065:explain its motivation to become a 24: 9380: 9210: 9118:. 10 February 2012. Archived from 9044:Ansari, Usman (11 February 2012). 8782:. Power Politics. 13 August 2005. 7869:. 29 November 2009. Archived from 7781:"The Nuclear Danger in South Asia" 7731:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (17 May 2011). 7368:"No Nuclear arms for Pakistan: Li" 7251:"Interview with Abdul Qadeer Khan" 6618:"Pakistan nuclear report disputed" 6616:Jillani, Shahzeb (7 August 2006). 6049:. University of Washington Press. 4309:. Dawn Media Group. pp. 3–6. 4132:Khan, A. Quadeer (4 August 2014). 3816: 3433:Directorate of Technical Equipment 3268:Employment Control Committee (ECC) 3108:Pakistan turned down the offer of 2506:electromagnetic isotope separation 2254:molecular laser isotope separation 2139:Address new issues like access to 2091:India rejected all six proposals. 1946:International Atomic Energy Agency 1635:. The program evolved towards the 1376:International Atomic Energy Agency 906:International Atomic Energy Agency 862:(secretary general, defence), and 25: 11463: 11173:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 10095:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 9663:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 9442: 8979: 8949: 8780:"Pakistan Unveils Cruise Missile" 8734:. 14 October 2009. Archived from 8645: 7701:Staff report (28 February 2006). 6677:"Pakistan 'building new reactor'" 5904:Federation of American Scientists 5873:Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) 5480:. Payvand.com. 22 November 2006. 5451:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives. 5425:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives. 4930:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Newsweek. 4766:. India's First Bomb: 1967–1974. 4640:. Jang News. 2011. Archived from 4597:from the original on 2012-09-29. 4539:"Pakistan's Nuclear Bomb Program" 4439:PAEC and IAEA (3 December 2008). 3803:Federation of American Scientists 2613:Natural Resources Defense Council 2609:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2266:Engineering Research Laboratories 2196: 1950:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1484:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1448:that ended the 1971 war, and the 1262:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 1089:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 854:and PAEC. The Board consisted of 821:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 11414: 11297: 11228:Telephone Industries of Pakistan 10233: 9907: 9894:Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor 9852: 9069: 9003: 8973: 8943: 8885: 8856: 8827: 8742: 8720: 8690: 8665: 8639: 8609: 8579: 8554: 8531:Anwar Iqbal (6 September 2013). 8524: 8500: 8459: 8430: 8408: 8383: 8360: 8337: 8314: 8289: 8263: 8238: 8223: 8200: 8184:Obama’s Worst Pakistan Nightmare 8177: 8126: 8097: 8072: 7855: 7816:from the original on 2012-08-10. 7798: 7772: 7724: 7694: 7605: 7574:"Threat Reduction in South Asia" 7565: 7531: 7459: 7434: 7409: 7331: 7327:from the original on 2012-03-13. 7313: 7276: 7223: 7198: 7168: 7103:from the original on 2012-05-18. 7084: 7054: 7031:Haider, Moin (10 January 2000). 6990: 6932: 6902: 6870: 6845: 6820: 6799:"Center for Defense Information" 6791: 6766: 6754: 6698: 6669: 6639: 6609: 6584: 6506: 6494: 6455: 6429: 6399: 6354: 6342: 6311: 6281: 6251: 6222: 6197: 6167: 6138: 6100: 6074: 5611:Panda, Ankit (21 January 2016). 5226:from the original on 2011-11-09. 5182:from the original on 2010-11-10. 4071:"An indomitable man (Part - II)" 3306: 3065:Defence Committee of the Cabinet 1751:and shifted its focused towards 1053:. The uneasy relationships with 990: 895:1971's Bangladesh Liberation War 493: 492: 48: 11195:Project Management Organization 9579: 9468:(Tarmuk missile mentioned here) 9429:from the original on 2012-06-06 9396:from the original on 2023-02-07 9352:from the original on 2013-11-03 9281:from the original on 2012-11-18 9197:from the original on 2023-02-07 9165:from the original on 2023-01-16 9090:from the original on 2013-10-03 9021:from the original on 2018-03-30 8992:from the original on 2017-12-28 8962:from the original on 2017-12-01 8932:from the original on 2019-04-22 8903:from the original on 2019-06-17 8874:from the original on 2019-03-27 8845:from the original on 2019-01-19 8816:from the original on 2011-11-11 8786:from the original on 2011-07-27 8761:from the original on 2017-09-09 8709:from the original on 2014-01-03 8648:"Pakistan's Nuclear Artillery?" 8628:from the original on 2012-01-02 8598:from the original on 2012-04-26 8586:Salman Masood (25 April 2012). 8543:from the original on 2014-01-03 8513:from the original on 2013-01-21 8478:from the original on 2014-01-03 8448:from the original on 2012-01-12 8397:from the original on 2016-04-25 8140:from the original on 2010-08-24 8115:from the original on 2016-04-13 8086:from the original on 2016-10-19 8061:from the original on 2023-02-07 8023:from the original on 2018-03-13 7993:from the original on 2012-06-28 7962:from the original on 2023-02-07 7912:from the original on 2013-03-07 7841:from the original on 2012-09-28 7787:from the original on 2012-09-16 7766:Professor Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan 7739:from the original on 2011-09-18 7680:from the original on 2014-01-03 7650:from the original on 2012-06-06 7594:from the original on 2021-09-14 7554:from the original on 2012-08-25 7520:from the original on 2012-07-06 7479:from the original on 2015-09-24 7378:from the original on 2011-06-13 7302:from the original on 2011-07-19 7265:from the original on 2011-05-05 7212:from the original on 2015-03-20 7206:"China, Pakistan, and the Bomb" 7137:from the original on 2011-06-13 7073:from the original on 2011-07-21 7061:Sanger, David E. (4 May 2009). 7043:from the original on 2009-10-15 6951:from the original on 2013-10-25 6921:from the original on 2010-10-31 6909:Anwar Iqbal (3 December 2007). 6859:from the original on 2013-03-10 6780:from the original on 2013-11-11 6743:from the original on 2022-01-28 6717:from the original on 2015-06-05 6687:from the original on 2016-01-08 6658:from the original on 2014-08-10 6628:from the original on 2016-01-08 6598:from the original on 2014-08-05 6444:from the original on 2012-06-09 6331:from the original on 2012-06-11 6300:from the original on 2012-10-25 6270:from the original on 2013-01-05 6240:from the original on 2015-09-09 6211:from the original on 2014-01-03 6186:from the original on 2023-02-07 6156:from the original on 2013-01-01 6089:from the original on 2014-01-03 6063:from the original on 2023-02-07 6036: 6025:from the original on 2014-01-04 6011: 5986: 5975:from the original on 2023-02-07 5948: 5937:from the original on 2012-03-30 5917: 5890: 5879:from the original on 2021-08-24 5861: 5850:from the original on 2016-05-09 5831: 5820:from the original on 2017-12-03 5805: 5794:from the original on 2013-01-09 5743: 5732:from the original on 2014-01-03 5718: 5703:. 25 April 2009. Archived from 5689: 5653:from the original on 2011-06-05 5634: 5623:from the original on 2018-11-04 5604: 5593:from the original on 2018-11-04 5574: 5563:from the original on 2018-11-04 5548: 5524: 5513:from the original on 2023-02-07 5495: 5484:from the original on 2011-07-27 5470: 5450: 5424: 5393: 5375: 5357: 5317: 5305: 5294:from the original on 2012-04-01 5280: 5208: 5186: 5132:from the original on 2009-04-22 5102: 5090: 5078: 5067:from the original on 2010-08-29 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4945: 4934:from the original on 2015-08-15 4924:"The Man who Designed the Bomb" 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4801:. pp. 7–13. Archived from 4781: 4770:from the original on 2013-01-02 4764:"India's First Bomb: 1967–1974" 4756: 4745:from the original on 2011-08-24 4711:from the original on 2023-02-07 4630: 4619:from the original on 2010-08-30 4605: 4519:from the original on 2015-07-08 4504: 4493:from the original on 2015-09-09 4478: 4462: 4451:from the original on 2012-03-10 4418:from the original on 2017-02-18 4414:. Argonne National Laboratory. 4386: 4362:from the original on 2013-09-30 4313:from the original on 2012-06-09 4262: 4251:from the original on 2007-02-20 4226:from the original on 2022-03-19 4160: 4148: 4092: 4062: 4006:from the original on 2013-11-06 3946: 3926:from the original on 2016-03-04 3859:from the original on 2013-01-01 3833:from the original on 2010-10-23 3777:from the original on 2012-04-27 3523:is believed to have practiced " 3474:medium range ballistic missiles 3189:nuclear weapons is expanding." 3036:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 3023:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 2957:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 2571:A truck-mounted launch system ( 1897:Pakistan is not a party to the 1442:United Nations Security Council 930:United Nations Security Council 77:First thermonuclear weapon test 11147:Ministry of Defence Production 10873:Short Range Point Defence SAMs 10840:Medium Range Area Defence SAMs 10023:Institute of Power Engineering 10008:Centre for High Energy Physics 9076:Ghosh, Palash (4 April 2012). 8378:Congressional Research Service 7985:Abrar, Saeed (18 April 2012). 7581:South Asia Fellowships Project 7502:Narang, Vipin (January 2010). 6646:Warrick, Joby (24 July 2006). 6406:A. Q. Khan (20 October 2014). 6376:A. Q. Khan (13 October 2014). 6152:. Pakistan. 27 December 2011. 4222:(1). Islamabad, Pakistan: 16. 4069:A. Q. Khan (26 January 2015). 3998:Chaudhry, MA (10 June 2006) . 3965:A. Q. Khan (19 January 2015). 3937: 3908: 3894: 3880: 3870: 3844: 3630:Naval Strategic Forces Command 3458:Pakistan Machine Tools Factory 3406:Ministry of Defense Production 3291:Naval Strategic Forces Command 3202:Congressional Research Service 2953:Strategic Plans Division Force 2937:Congressional Research Service 2897:", but to follow a policy of " 2504:PAEC also created a separated 2105:Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty 1955: 1539:computerized numerical control 1382:Development of nuclear weapons 858:(secretary general, finance), 13: 1: 11266:Precision Engineering Complex 11239:Pakistan Aeronautical Complex 11187:Maritime Technologies Complex 11036:Transporter erector launchers 10018:Centre for Earthquake Studies 9944:Facilities under construction 9882:Karachi Nuclear Power Complex 9870:Chashma Nuclear Power Complex 9658:Pakistan Institute of Physics 9348:. Arms Control Associations. 9271:"CTBT: Security Perspectives" 8047:. W. W. Norton. p. 209. 6107:Zulfqar Khan (January 2005). 5782:The Hindu (7 December 2012). 5427:"Pakistan: Biological Review" 5176:"Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb" 4577:(July/August 1999): 123–125. 3749: 3486:Army Strategic Forces Command 3418:Pakistan Aeronautical Complex 3285:Army Strategic Forces Command 2925:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 2874:American political scientist 2815:Pakistan refuses to adopt a " 2666:United States Central Command 2307:The televised screen-shot of 2236:under the aegis of the PAEC. 2165:militarisation of outer space 2110:In a recent statement at the 1820:fighters bombers escorted by 1709:. The DTD was established by 1521:Tedious mathematical work on 1295:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 912:, Austria. In December 1972, 11437:Defence industry of Pakistan 11395:List of missiles of Pakistan 11351:Pakistan and Nuclear weapons 11249:POF Metallurgical Laboratory 11136:Defence industry of Pakistan 10817:Long Range Area Defence SAMs 9887:Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex 9083:International Business Times 6881:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 6737:"The Chagai Radiation Myths" 6705:Jane Perlez (23 June 2007). 6408:"Unsung heroes (Part - XVI)" 6207:. Arms Control Association. 6113:. Islamabad: Asia Printers. 5674:. 1913 Intel. Archived from 4216:Pakistan Military Consortium 3734:Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan 3719:List of missiles of Pakistan 3375:National Development Complex 3298:Weapons development agencies 2919:Pakistan has not signed the 2811:Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan 2781:In February 1990, President 2694:Alleged foreign co-operation 2684: 2546: 2384: 1789:Alleged Israeli interference 1614:Kahuta Research Laboratories 904:and Reactor Division of the 7: 10013:National Centre for Physics 9750:Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui 9668:National Centre for Physics 9420:The Nonproliferation Review 9177:Rehman, Shahid-ur- (1999). 7612:Khan, Feroz (Spring 2003). 6378:"Unsung heroes (Part - XV)" 6258:Crail, Peter (March 2011). 5961:. Oxford University Press. 5641:Mark Hibbs (17 July 1998). 4099:A. Q. Khan (11 July 2011). 4041:"A historic day (Part - I)" 3855:. Nuclear Weapon Archives. 3709:Weapons of mass destruction 3702: 3551:Air Force Strategic Command 3412:Pakistan Ordnance Factories 3390:National Centre for Physics 3279:Air Force Strategic Command 3232:National Defence University 2943:Nuclear Command and Control 2804: 2651:series ballistic missiles. 2274:High Commission of Pakistan 2167:, including development of 2141:weapons of mass destruction 2011:In an opinion published in 1980:Modernisation and expansion 1942:Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 1892:Chemical Weapons Convention 1830:Indian administered Kashmir 1741:on 11 March 1983, codename 1471:and the Manhattan Project. 1266:Central Treaty Organization 1117:made no efforts to acquire 951:. This operation was named 179:Weapons of mass destruction 10: 11468: 11211:Khan Research Laboratories 11089:Pakistani Defence industry 10003:Khan Research Laboratories 9933:Gadwal Enrichment Facility 9905: 9643:Khan Research Laboratories 7756:, we would not have lost 7668:ANI, ANI (22 March 2011). 7372:Dawn Archives January 2001 7298:. Geo Television Network. 7037:Dawn Archives January 2000 7004:. Pakistan. Archived from 6887:10.1057/9781137487728.0007 6879:Royal Court: International 5869:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 5339:Feroz Hassan Khan (2012). 5061:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 4245:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 4039:A. Q. Khan (26 May 2014). 3827:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 3649:Agosta 90B class submarine 3259:National Command Authority 3078: 2992:Khan Research Laboratories 2946: 2843: 2808: 2412:Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood 2220:Khan Research Laboratories 2201: 1962:Prime Minister of Pakistan 1863: 1826:Udhampur Air Force Station 1792: 1543:high-performance computing 1392:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 1385: 1258:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1164:nuclear reactor technology 1079:Nuclear energy in Pakistan 1076: 1038: 981: 57:Nuclear program start date 28: 11379: 11338: 11322: 11306: 11295: 11160: 11142: 11072: 11027: 10985: 10947: 10936: 10894: 10871: 10838: 10815: 10804: 10777: 10749: 10716: 10683: 10641: 10608: 10599: 10588: 10541: 10513: 10486: 10438: 10420: 10411: 10389: 10360: 10327: 10304: 10266: 10257: 10246: 10176: 10160: 10133: 10118:Energy policy of Pakistan 10110: 10079: 10067: 10041: 9990: 9943: 9916: 9862: 9849:Nuclear power in Pakistan 9809:Nuclear power in Pakistan 9803: 9717: 9676: 9628: 9587: 7989:. The Nations, Pakistan. 7633:10.1080/10736700308436917 7131:Dawn archives 2001 August 5726:"ISIS Online Jan 15 2011" 5198:archive.indianexpress.com 4691:Haqqani, Hussain (2005). 3724:Nuclear power in Pakistan 3614:Admiral Shahid Karimullah 3273:Strategic combat commands 3249:On 7 September 2013, the 3048:National Security Council 2927:(CTBT). According to the 2191:Conference on Disarmament 2112:Conference on Disarmament 1859: 1523:fast neutron calculations 1426:Bangladesh Liberation War 1388:Bangladesh liberation war 1360:with an agreement signed 1345:nuclear fuel reprocessing 1073:Initial non-weapon policy 160: 148: 137: 126: 118: 100: 88: 76: 65:First nuclear weapon test 64: 56: 47: 40: 31:Nuclear power in Pakistan 11183:National Defence Complex 10987:Within Visual Range AAMs 10949:Beyond Visual Range AAMs 10141:Pakistan Nuclear Society 9299:Pakistan: A Hard Country 9224:The Myth of Independence 8276:28 February 2017 at the 8189:19 February 2017 at the 7829:"Bare All and Be Damned" 7261:. Jang Media Group, Co. 6134:– via Ipripak.org. 5955:Arnett, Eric H. (1997). 4473:Abdus Salam and Pakistan 3521:Pakistan Air Force (PAF) 3497:tactical nuclear weapons 2973:Threat Matrix (database) 2965:Strategic Plans Division 2921:Non-Proliferation Treaty 2655:Second strike capability 2226:. Responding to India's 2019:Indian Foreign Secretary 1944:. In November 2006, The 1899:Non-Proliferation Treaty 1870:Pakistan acceded to the 1651:after India's test, the 1579:implosion nuclear weapon 1330:nuclear-weapon-free zone 1319:Indian nuclear programme 1188:The next landmark under 1093:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 870:appointed Major General 11256:Heavy Industries Taxila 9785:Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi 9483:Robert Windrem (2013). 8349:9 November 2012 at the 8218:The Heritage Foundation 8212:3 February 2010 at the 7760:of our country after a 7621:Nonproliferation Review 6290:"Pakistan and the FMCT" 5532:"Security Verification" 4664:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan" 4101:"Defenders of Pakistan" 4013:– via Owl's Tree. 3467: 3244:international community 3192:Nuclear weapons expert 3169:US Secretary of Defense 3127:The Heritage Foundation 2755:Indian parliamentarians 2481:directly. According to 2439:if it were loaded with 2407:Khushab Reactor Complex 2375:boosted fission devices 2216:highly enriched uranium 1645:weapons grade plutonium 1594:highly enriched uranium 1575:Gun-type fission weapon 1500:Quaid-e-Azam University 1469:British nuclear program 1446:Instrument of Surrender 1438:India's nuclear program 1418:highly enriched uranium 1276:(later Prime minister) 1235:Paradise Point, Karachi 1183:India's nuclear program 999:Some of this section's 976:Khushab Nuclear Complex 11452:Explosives engineering 9326:The News International 8622:The News International 8442:The News International 8372:30 August 2017 at the 8041:Richelson, J. (2009). 7294:The News International 7257:The News International 6412:The News International 6382:The News International 6174:APP (1 January 2011). 6085:. Globalsecurity.org. 5875:. GlobalSecurity.org. 5701:The New Indian Express 5559:. Arms Control Today. 5536:The News International 5290:. Defencejournal.com. 5239:The News International 5128:. globalsecurity.org. 4138:The News International 4105:The News International 4075:The News International 4045:The News International 3971:The News International 3853:"1998 Year of Testing" 3645:Hangor-class submarine 3624:on submarines but if " 3603: 3514: 3505:Davy Crockett launcher 3251:US Department of State 3165:Pakistani Armed Forces 3152:A report published by 3110:Permissive Action Link 3075:US security assistance 2770:Chinese Prime Minister 2604: 2599:defence exhibition in 2588: 2583:defence exhibition in 2564: 2559:defence exhibition in 2461:nuclear weapon designs 2371:nuclear chain reaction 2314: 2158:Anti-ballistic missile 2064:Arms control proposals 1832:and then fly low over 1805:Israeli secret service 1749:nuclear weapon designs 1637:boosted fission weapon 1474:In December 1972, Dr. 1421: 1293:nuclear programme and 1146: 11384:Pakistan Armed Forces 10848:Albatros NG (CAMM-ER) 10391:Anti-submarine weapon 9991:National laboratories 9760:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi 9015:The Financial Express 8564:. NTI. Archived from 8420:30 April 2011 at the 8326:13 April 2010 at the 8301:25 March 2017 at the 8166:27 April 2009 at the 7419:. NTI. Archived from 5649:. Boston University. 4697:. United Book Press. 4307:Dawn Newspapers, 1995 4002:. Posted by A. Gill. 3729:Pakistan Armed Forces 3478:Babur cruise missiles 3224:Chairman Joint Chiefs 3097:Megaports program at 2899:peaceful co-existence 2883:Pakistan Armed Forces 2739:Department of Defense 2594: 2577:Babur cruise missiles 2570: 2554: 2514:theoretical physicist 2325:. Producing HEU as a 2306: 1938:Nuclear proliferation 1764:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 1668:nuclear proliferation 1660:convicted in absentia 1649:weapons-grade uranium 1631:conducted in 1983 by 1622:electronic components 1465:theoretical physicist 1403: 1286:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 1264:, Pakistan solicited 1156:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 1138: 1115:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 149:Maximum missile range 10240:Missiles of Pakistan 9795:Ghulam Dastagir Alam 9694:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 9366:"Debating first use" 9322:"Nuclear compulsion" 9248:The idea of Pakistan 8269:Elisabeth Bumiller, 8111:. 18 November 2007. 6594:. Nuclearfiles.org. 5222:. 12 February 2004. 4928:newsweekpakistan.com 4922:(13 November 2013). 3967:"An indomitable man" 3618:Chief of Naval Staff 3559:Ashfaq Parvez Kayani 3330:improve this section 3200:A 2010 study by the 3088:night-vision goggles 2840:Theory of deterrence 2270:Electronic materials 2002:Khushab reactor hall 1909:of India signed the 1907:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1618:materials technology 1555:Cambridge University 1553:in mathematics from 1450:Treaty of Versailles 1436:was "obsessed" with 876:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 671:Nuclear-armed states 11191:Air Weapons Complex 11152:Ministry of Defence 9765:Muneer Ahmad Rashid 9689:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 9684:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 9449:Why He Went Nuclear 9320:(6 November 2012). 9180:Long Road to Chagai 8841:. 10 January 2017. 8703:The Express Tribune 8507:Dawn Archives, 2010 7779:Hashimi, Shafik H. 7181:The Washington Post 6945:The Washington Post 6652:The Washington Post 6543:2008PhT....61i..40W 6515:, pp. 139–172) 6234:The Washington Post 5728:. Isis-online.org. 5099:, pp. 281–282) 5087:, pp. 184–183) 5050:, pp. 141–142) 5026:, pp. 177–176) 4966:, pp. 180–181) 4861:, pp. 177–178) 4793:"Who has the Bomb?" 4735:"The Wrath of Khan" 4720:, Chapter 3, p. 87. 4157:, pp. 174–178) 3668:nuclear naval mines 3664:nuclear depth bombs 2910:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 2903:Pakistan Government 2881:The strategists in 2863:'s position in the 2791:nuclear power plant 2783:François Mitterrand 2668:commander, General 2641:Dassault Mirage III 2120:nuclear disarmament 2050:forcible possession 1984:A Washington-based 1707:mechanical engineer 1686:subcritical testing 1598:Bashiruddin Mahmood 1434:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1315:conventional weapon 1278:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1218:nuclear power plant 1168:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 970:under the codename 886:'s administration. 884:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 817:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 11421:Nuclear technology 11215:People Steel Mills 10685:Anti-Tank Missiles 10515:Anti-Tank Missiles 10488:Submarine-launched 10259:Ballistic Missiles 10248:Surface-to-Surface 10181:Electricity sector 10168:Nuclear Technology 10147:CANDU Owners Group 9790:Władysław Turowicz 9780:Noor Muhammad Butt 8928:. 9 January 2017. 8899:. 9 January 2017. 8870:. 9 January 2017. 8592:The New York Times 8501:Khan, Iftikhar A. 8380:, 23 February 2010 8283:The New York Times 8250:2023-02-07 at the 8195:The New York Times 8109:The New York Times 8017:The New York Times 7810:The Times Of India 7762:disgraceful defeat 7401:has generic name ( 7231:The Times of India 7160:has generic name ( 7067:The New York Times 6735:Imaan Zia (2019). 6711:The New York Times 6264:Arms Control Today 5790:. Chennai, India. 3805:. 11 December 2002 3570:Hans M. Kristensen 3384:Air Weapon Complex 3183:Harvard University 3040:Joint Headquarters 2891:Pakistan Air Force 2850:Nuclear deterrence 2735:Corps of Engineers 2605: 2589: 2579:on display at the 2565: 2499:ballistic missiles 2363:order of magnitude 2315: 2099:Disarmament policy 2032:, Saran said "the 1912:Lahore Declaration 1881:healthcare science 1846:1998 nuclear tests 1814:surprise airstrike 1768:nuclear capability 1759:fighter aircraft. 1757:Pakistan Air Force 1664:legal technicality 1658:In 1983, Khan was 1606:uranium enrichment 1602:gaseous centrifuge 1547:numerical analysis 1457:Raziuddin Siddiqui 1422: 1416:devices that used 1313:Pakistan's weaker 1160:nuclear technology 1147: 1119:nuclear fuel cycle 1047:Partition of India 101:Largest yield test 11402: 11401: 11102: 11101: 11068: 11067: 11023: 11022: 11015:Matra R.550 Magic 10932: 10931: 10896:Man Portable SAMs 10800: 10799: 10679: 10678: 10651:CM-400AKG Wrecker 10584: 10583: 10509: 10508: 10407: 10406: 10329:Battlefield Range 10199: 10198: 9815: 9814: 9755:Samar Mubarakmand 9730:Abdul Qadeer Khan 9704:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 9605:Kala Chitta Range 9516:Newsweek Pakistan 9455:Nuclear Files.org 9269:(27 March 2000). 9243:Cohen, Stephen P. 9221:(15 April 1969). 9017:. 30 March 2018. 8732:missilethreat.com 8393:. 25 April 2011. 8260:, 17 January 2010 8197:, 11 January 2009 8174:, 23 January 2008 8054:978-0-393-06515-2 7812:. 9 August 2012. 7783:. Pakistan Link. 7767: 7750:nuclear blackmail 7587:. pp. 6–15. 7097:Los Angeles Times 6552:10.1063/1.2982121 6464:, pp. 75–79) 6436:Albright, David. 6363:, pp. 74–76) 6351:, pp. 72–73) 5371:. 3 January 2022. 5326:, pp. 50–70) 5314:, pp. 19–22) 5259:"Science Odyssey" 5038:, pp. 72–80) 5014:, pp. 53–55) 4978:, pp. 44–45) 4954:, pp. 42–43) 4909:, pp. 41–42) 4897:, pp. 39–40) 4885:, pp. 38–39) 4837:, pp. 21–23) 4704:978-0-87003-214-1 4169:, pp. 16–17) 3687:nuclear submarine 3674:Nuclear submarine 3568:A 2016 report by 3482:Hatf-4 Shaheen-1A 3386:(AWC), Hasanabdal 3366: 3365: 3358: 3146:Anne W. Patterson 3052:Cabinet ministers 3008:Economic Minister 3000:Yusuf Raza Gilani 2857:Brigadier-General 2778:nuclear reactor. 2725:Samar Mubarakmand 2710:Taiwan's military 2391:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2319:industrial levels 2258:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2246:gaseous diffusion 2034:Pakistan Military 1990:Boston University 1969:Abdul Qadeer Khan 1877:bio-technological 1699:chemical engineer 1586:Abdul Qadeer Khan 1535:quantum mechanics 1492:Manhattan Project 1461:Manhattan Project 1334:nuclear arms race 1098:pool-type reactor 1061:, and the former 1051:Jammu and Kashmir 1037: 1036: 1029: 860:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 837:Abdul Qadeer Khan 829:reactor physicist 799: 798: 563:Nuclear explosion 534: 533: 173: 172: 144: 138:Current stockpile 133: 89:Last nuclear test 16:(Redirected from 11459: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11410: 11301: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11106: 11105: 11032: 11031: 11010:AIM-9 Sidewinder 10945: 10944: 10813: 10812: 10703:Barq-I / Barq-II 10606: 10605: 10597: 10596: 10418: 10417: 10362:Rocket Artillery 10264: 10263: 10255: 10254: 10238: 10237: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10203: 10202: 10068:Fuel extractions 9981: 9969: 9957: 9911: 9857: 9856: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9819: 9818: 9725:Munir Ahmad Khan 9574: 9567: 9560: 9551: 9550: 9536: 9502: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9428: 9417: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9377: 9372:. Archived from 9360: 9358: 9357: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9328:. Archived from 9313: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9262: 9238: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9054:. Archived from 9041: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8646:Lewis, Jeffrey. 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8498: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8434: 8428: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8387: 8381: 8364: 8358: 8341: 8335: 8318: 8312: 8293: 8287: 8267: 8261: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8227: 8221: 8204: 8198: 8181: 8175: 8158: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8082:. 24 June 2009. 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7982: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7943: 7934: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7901: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7745: 7744: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7709:. Archived from 7698: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7618: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7593: 7578: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7546: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7508: 7499: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7444:. Archived from 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7243: 7234: 7233:6 September 2008 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7183:. Archived from 7172: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7122: 7105: 7104: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7028: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6805:. Archived from 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6683:. 24 July 2006. 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6414:. Archived from 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6384:. Archived from 6373: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6236:. 21 June 2004. 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6123:. Archived from 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5844:Business Insider 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5422: 5409: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5336: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5254: 5243: 5242: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5200:. Archived from 5190: 5184: 5183: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4920:Hoodbhoy, Pervez 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4789:Stengel, Richard 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4730: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4583:10.2307/20049374 4562: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4482: 4476: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4350: 4341: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4276: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4185:. Archived from 4179: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4140:. Archived from 4129: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4107:. Archived from 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4077:. Archived from 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4047:. Archived from 4036: 4027: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3973:. Archived from 3962: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3922:. 9 March 2015. 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3763: 3685:, India's first 3463:Delivery systems 3401:(DESTO), Chattar 3392:(NCP), Islamabad 3377:(NDC), Islamabad 3361: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3310: 3302: 3161:Anti-Americanism 3012:nuclear strategy 3004:Foreign minister 2996:Asif Ali Zardari 2829:non-state actors 2763:Foreign Minister 2701:enriched uranium 2526:(PINSTECH) near 2519:New Laboratories 2495:nuclear warheads 2480: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2427: 2327:fissile material 2238:Physical chemist 2176:tactical weapons 2145:non-state actors 2030:nuclear doctrine 1905:of Pakistan and 1795:Operation Kahuta 1753:tactical designs 1735:implosion design 1723:explosive lenses 1711:Munir Ahmad Khan 1559:pure mathematics 1488:Munir Ahmad Khan 1406:Operation Shakti 1302:Dorchester Hotel 1274:Foreign minister 1179:nuclear engineer 1145: 1032: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1012: 994: 986: 937:Operation Shakti 833:fissile material 825:Munir Ahmad Khan 791: 784: 777: 728: 622:Target selection 550: 536: 535: 526: 519: 512: 496: 495: 477:List of treaties 189: 175: 174: 142: 131: 52: 38: 37: 21: 11467: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11415: 11413: 11405: 11403: 11398: 11375: 11334: 11318: 11302: 11293: 11156: 11138: 11133: 11103: 11098: 11064: 11038: 11019: 10981: 10940: 10928: 10890: 10867: 10834: 10808: 10796: 10773: 10745: 10712: 10675: 10637: 10633:AGM-65 Maverick 10601:Cruise Missiles 10592: 10580: 10537: 10505: 10482: 10434: 10413:Cruise Missiles 10403: 10385: 10356: 10323: 10300: 10250: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10200: 10195: 10172: 10156: 10129: 10106: 10075: 10073:Fuel extraction 10063: 10037: 9986: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9939: 9912: 9903: 9858: 9851: 9846: 9816: 9811: 9799: 9713: 9709:Mubashir Hassan 9699:Rahimuddin Khan 9672: 9630: 9624: 9600:Chagai District 9583: 9578: 9509:(28 May 2020). 9507:Pervez Hoodbhoy 9445: 9440: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9415: 9399: 9397: 9386:"Tipping point" 9355: 9353: 9335: 9333: 9310: 9284: 9282: 9259: 9235: 9213: 9211:Further reading 9208: 9200: 9198: 9191: 9168: 9166: 9159: 9135: 9134: 9125: 9123: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9093: 9091: 9074: 9070: 9061: 9059: 9042: 9033: 9024: 9022: 9009: 9008: 9004: 8995: 8993: 8978: 8974: 8965: 8963: 8948: 8944: 8935: 8933: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8906: 8904: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8877: 8875: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8848: 8846: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8789: 8787: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8764: 8762: 8747: 8743: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8712: 8710: 8695: 8691: 8682: 8680: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8657: 8655: 8644: 8640: 8631: 8629: 8614: 8610: 8601: 8599: 8584: 8580: 8571: 8569: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8546: 8544: 8529: 8525: 8516: 8514: 8499: 8490: 8481: 8479: 8464: 8460: 8451: 8449: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8422:Wayback Machine 8413: 8409: 8400: 8398: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8374:Wayback Machine 8365: 8361: 8357:, 13 April 2010 8351:Wayback Machine 8342: 8338: 8334:, 12 April 2010 8328:Wayback Machine 8319: 8315: 8311:, 12 April 2010 8303:Wayback Machine 8294: 8290: 8278:Wayback Machine 8268: 8264: 8252:Wayback Machine 8243: 8239: 8228: 8224: 8214:Wayback Machine 8205: 8201: 8191:Wayback Machine 8182: 8178: 8168:Wayback Machine 8159: 8152: 8143: 8141: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8118: 8116: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8089: 8087: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8064: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8026: 8024: 8009: 8005: 7996: 7994: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7963: 7956: 7941: 7935: 7924: 7915: 7913: 7902: 7885: 7876: 7874: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7790: 7788: 7777: 7773: 7742: 7740: 7729: 7725: 7716: 7714: 7699: 7695: 7683: 7681: 7674:The Yahoo News! 7666: 7662: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7566: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7506: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7451: 7449: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7426: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7398: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7364: 7357: 7348: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7305: 7303: 7281: 7277: 7268: 7266: 7249:(30 May 1998). 7244: 7237: 7228: 7224: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7190: 7188: 7173: 7169: 7157: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7123: 7108: 7089: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7059: 7055: 7046: 7044: 7029: 7020: 7011: 7009: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6933: 6924: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6877:"Royal Court", 6876: 6875: 6871: 6862: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6837: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6810: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6733: 6729: 6720: 6718: 6703: 6699: 6690: 6688: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6661: 6659: 6644: 6640: 6631: 6629: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6445: 6434: 6430: 6421: 6419: 6404: 6400: 6391: 6389: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6282: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6252: 6243: 6241: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6157: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6079: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6003: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5978: 5976: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5906:, 3 June 1998, 5896: 5895: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5851: 5836: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5810: 5806: 5797: 5795: 5788:The Hindu, 2012 5780: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5708: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5566: 5564: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5509:. 29 May 2009. 5501: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5434: 5423: 5412: 5405:The Irish Times 5399: 5398: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5270: 5255: 5246: 5235: 5231: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4937: 4935: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4791:(3 June 1985). 4786: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4689: 4682: 4673: 4671: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4571:Foreign Affairs 4563: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4430: 4421: 4419: 4403: 4396: 4385: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4329: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4134:"Unsung heroes" 4130: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4009: 4007: 3996: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3927: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3705: 3678:In response to 3676: 3622:nuclear weapons 3606: 3598:missile defence 3529:fighter-bombers 3517: 3470: 3465: 3446: 3427: 3408: 3371: 3362: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3327: 3311: 3300: 3275: 3262: 3172:Robert M. Gates 3122: 3083: 3077: 3032:dedicated force 2975: 2947:Main articles: 2945: 2852: 2844:Main articles: 2842: 2836:report claims. 2813: 2807: 2696: 2687: 2657: 2637:fighter-bombers 2575:) armed with 4 2549: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2387: 2339:gas centrifuges 2313:on 28 May 1998. 2290:Muammar Gaddafi 2212:gas centrifuges 2204: 2199: 2101: 2066: 1988:think tank of 1982: 1958: 1918:nuclear testing 1872:Geneva Protocol 1868: 1862: 1799:In 1981, three 1797: 1791: 1414:boosted fission 1398: 1386:Main articles: 1384: 1282:Muhammad Shoaib 1222:science advisor 1190:Dr. Abdus Salam 1139: 1107:Atoms for Peace 1085:Atoms for Peace 1081: 1075: 1043: 1033: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1010: 995: 984: 963:Rahimuddin Khan 945:Chagai district 810:nuclear weapons 795: 746: 726: 716: 685: 540:Nuclear weapons 530: 143:(2024 estimate) 132:(2024 estimate) 109: 60:20 January 1972 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11465: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11424: 11423: 11400: 11399: 11387: 11386: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11348: 11342: 11340: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11221: 11216: 11213: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11193: 11188: 11185: 11175: 11170: 11164: 11162: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11132: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11109: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11046: 11044: 11029: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10991: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10967:AIM-120 AMRAAM 10964: 10959: 10953: 10951: 10942: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10919:FIM-92 Stinger 10916: 10911: 10906: 10900: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10877: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10844: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10821: 10819: 10810: 10806:Surface-to-Air 10802: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10779:Anti-Radiation 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10755: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10689: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10673: 10671:AGM-84 Harpoon 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10614: 10612: 10603: 10594: 10590:Air-to-Surface 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10547: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10519: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10492: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10463:AGM-84 Harpoon 10460: 10455: 10450: 10444: 10442: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10333: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10310: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10272: 10270: 10261: 10252: 10244: 10243: 10229: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10206: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10085: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10059:Paradise Point 10056: 10051: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9845: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9678: 9677:Administrators 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9584: 9577: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9503: 9480: 9474: 9469: 9463: 9458: 9452: 9444: 9443:External links 9441: 9439: 9438: 9405: 9382:Saleem, Farukh 9378: 9376:on 2013-06-20. 9361: 9341: 9314: 9309:978-1610390231 9308: 9294:Lieven, Anatol 9290: 9263: 9258:978-0815715023 9257: 9239: 9234:978-0192151674 9233: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9190:978-9698500009 9189: 9174: 9158:978-0804776011 9157: 9141: 9133: 9132: 9100: 9068: 9031: 9002: 8980:Panda, Ankit. 8972: 8950:Panda, Ankit. 8942: 8926:Tribune.com.pk 8913: 8884: 8855: 8826: 8796: 8771: 8741: 8738:on 2009-10-14. 8719: 8689: 8664: 8638: 8608: 8578: 8553: 8523: 8488: 8458: 8429: 8407: 8391:"Tehran Times" 8382: 8359: 8336: 8313: 8288: 8262: 8237: 8222: 8199: 8176: 8150: 8125: 8096: 8071: 8053: 8033: 8003: 7987:"No diversion" 7972: 7955:978-0804776011 7954: 7922: 7883: 7854: 7819: 7797: 7771: 7723: 7693: 7660: 7604: 7585:Stimson Center 7564: 7530: 7489: 7458: 7433: 7408: 7355: 7330: 7312: 7286:(3 May 2004). 7275: 7235: 7222: 7197: 7167: 7106: 7083: 7053: 7018: 6989: 6961: 6931: 6901: 6895: 6869: 6844: 6819: 6790: 6765: 6753: 6727: 6697: 6668: 6638: 6608: 6583: 6558: 6517: 6505: 6503:, p. 177) 6493: 6466: 6454: 6428: 6398: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6310: 6280: 6250: 6221: 6196: 6166: 6137: 6119: 6099: 6073: 6055: 6035: 6010: 5994:"Introduction" 5985: 5967: 5947: 5916: 5889: 5860: 5830: 5804: 5771: 5742: 5717: 5688: 5663: 5633: 5603: 5587:New York Times 5573: 5547: 5523: 5494: 5469: 5443: 5410: 5407:. 3 June 1998. 5392: 5389:. 28 May 2021. 5374: 5369:Jerusalem Post 5356: 5350:978-0804776011 5349: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5279: 5244: 5229: 5207: 5204:on 2012-01-13. 5185: 5167: 5160: 5142: 5114: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4990:, p. 180) 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4873:, p. 178) 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 404) 4815: 4780: 4755: 4722: 4703: 4680: 4654: 4629: 4604: 4554: 4551:on 2012-04-25. 4529: 4503: 4477: 4461: 4428: 4394: 4372: 4327: 4290: 4284:978-0231512824 4283: 4261: 4236: 4199: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4144:on 2014-08-04. 4121: 4091: 4061: 4028: 4016: 3987: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3907: 3893: 3879: 3869: 3843: 3815: 3787: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3675: 3672: 3634:Hatf VII Babur 3605: 3602: 3578:cruise missile 3535:Black Panthers 3516: 3513: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3314: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3194:David Albright 3121: 3118: 3079:Main article: 3076: 3073: 3060:Prime minister 3044:Prime Minister 2983:Prime minister 2944: 2941: 2841: 2838: 2806: 2803: 2787:Benazir Bhutto 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2656: 2653: 2548: 2545: 2536:New York Times 2476: 2468: 2453: 2445: 2433: 2425: 2386: 2383: 2359:hydrodynamical 2335:nuclear states 2323:military-grade 2282:Syed Ali Nawab 2242:Khalil Qureshi 2203: 2200: 2198: 2197:Infrastructure 2195: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2137: 2126: 2123: 2100: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2065: 2062: 2038:civilian elite 1981: 1978: 1973:nuclear safety 1957: 1954: 1864:Main article: 1861: 1858: 1793:Main article: 1790: 1787: 1731:atomic weapons 1703:Hafeez Qureshi 1680:gas centrifuge 1653:Smiling Buddha 1516:Faheem Hussain 1383: 1380: 1325:Smiling Buddha 1128:, in the then 1077:Main article: 1074: 1071: 1035: 1034: 1001:listed sources 998: 996: 989: 983: 980: 926:Smiling Buddha 845:Kahuta Project 814:Prime Minister 797: 796: 794: 793: 786: 779: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 740: 739: 734: 729: 720: 710: 709: 704: 699: 697:United Kingdom 694: 689: 674: 673: 667: 666: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 613: 612: 607: 602: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 557: 556: 552: 551: 543: 542: 532: 531: 529: 528: 521: 514: 506: 503: 502: 501: 500: 487: 486: 485: 484: 481:treaty parties 471: 470: 466: 465: 464: 463: 458: 453: 445: 444: 440: 439: 438: 437: 432: 427: 425:United Kingdom 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 229: 228: 222: 221: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 196: 195: 191: 190: 182: 181: 171: 170: 165: 158: 157: 150: 146: 145: 139: 135: 134: 128: 127:Peak stockpile 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 102: 98: 97: 90: 86: 85: 78: 74: 73: 66: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11464: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11422: 11412: 11411: 11408: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11125: 11123: 11118: 11116: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11071: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050:TA580/TAS5380 11048: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10693:Baktar-Shikan 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10523:Baktar-Shikan 10521: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10227: 10222: 10220: 10215: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134:Organizations 10132: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111:Public policy 10109: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9898:Research-only 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9850: 9843: 9838: 9836: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9810: 9807: 9802: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615:Kharan Desert 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:Ras Koh Hills 9593: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9568: 9563: 9561: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9410: 9409:Sattar, Abdul 9406: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9332:on 2013-10-30 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9318:Lodhi, Maliha 9315: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9291: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9175: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9122:on 2013-04-18 9121: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9072: 9058:on 2013-08-13 9057: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9006: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8679:on 2015-12-22 8678: 8674: 8668: 8654:on 2012-01-29 8653: 8649: 8642: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8612: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8568:on 2012-06-29 8567: 8563: 8557: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8411: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8266: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8220:, 6 July 2007 8219: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8203: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7942:(google book) 7940: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7904:IISS Report. 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7873:on 2017-04-26 7872: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7713:on 2007-07-12 7712: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7550: 7547:. p. 8. 7543: 7542: 7534: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7475: 7468: 7462: 7448:on 2012-06-28 7447: 7443: 7437: 7423:on 2010-11-08 7422: 7418: 7412: 7404: 7392: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7360: 7345:on 2012-03-12 7344: 7340: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7264: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7187:on 2013-10-23 7186: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7151: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7008:on 2009-07-21 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6979:on 2010-12-05 6978: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6896:9781137487728 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6834:on 2006-10-06 6833: 6829: 6823: 6809:on 2006-10-25 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6573:on 2006-09-23 6572: 6568: 6562: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6531:Physics Today 6528: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6418:on 2015-06-27 6417: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6388:on 2015-06-27 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6327: 6320: 6314: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6127:on 2012-06-04 6126: 6122: 6120:969-8721-10-X 6116: 6112: 6111: 6103: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6056:9780295802527 6052: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6000:on 2013-05-08 5999: 5995: 5989: 5974: 5970: 5968:9780198292814 5964: 5960: 5959: 5951: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5761:on 2013-05-10 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5707:on 2014-01-04 5706: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5678:on 2011-07-07 5677: 5673: 5667: 5652: 5648: 5647:Nuclear Watch 5644: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5459:on 2011-05-07 5458: 5454: 5447: 5433:on 2011-05-07 5432: 5428: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5269:on 2015-06-26 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5161:9781586421373 5157: 5153: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4805:on 2011-05-19 4804: 4800: 4799: 4798:Time magazine 4794: 4790: 4784: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4644:on 2016-03-03 4643: 4639: 4633: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4469:Duff, Michael 4465: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4265: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4189:on 2012-03-14 4188: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4111:on 2015-07-01 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4081:on 2015-07-26 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4051:on 2014-08-10 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3977:on 2015-07-25 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3949: 3940: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3691:Pakistan Navy 3688: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641:second-strike 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:Pakistan Navy 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:JF-17 Thunder 3544: 3543: 3542:Black Spiders 3537: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3490:Pakistan Army 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3360: 3357: 3349: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3315:This section 3313: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236:nuclear power 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923:(NPT) or the 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2869:Indian forces 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717:putative test 2713: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670:Anthony Zinni 2667: 2662: 2661:second strike 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:J. Cirincione 2462: 2458: 2438: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389:In July 1976 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:nuclear power 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218:(HEU) at the 2217: 2213: 2209: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2183:proliferation 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2054:nuclear power 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Nuclear Watch 1977: 1974: 1971:, Pakistan's 1970: 1966: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:the Himalayas 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:hydrodynamics 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:theoreticians 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1332:to prevent a 1331: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1284:and chairman 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:CANDU reactor 1228: 1227:Canadian firm 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174:where he met 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1130:East Pakistan 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1067:nuclear power 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1031: 1028: 1020: 1017:November 2011 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 987: 979: 977: 973: 969: 968:Kharan Desert 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 941:Ras Koh Hills 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902:nuclear power 898: 896: 892: 891:East Pakistan 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815: 811: 808:that possess 807: 803: 792: 787: 785: 780: 778: 773: 772: 770: 769: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 724: 721: 719: 715: 712: 711: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 687:United States 684: 682: 678: 677: 676: 675: 672: 669: 668: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 642:Proliferation 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 554: 553: 549: 545: 544: 541: 538: 537: 527: 522: 520: 515: 513: 508: 507: 505: 504: 499: 491: 490: 489: 488: 482: 478: 475: 474: 473: 472: 468: 467: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 447: 446: 443:Proliferation 442: 441: 436: 433: 431: 430:United States 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 375: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 231: 230: 227: 224: 223: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 193: 192: 188: 184: 183: 180: 177: 176: 169: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 141:170 warheads 140: 136: 130:170 warheads 129: 125: 122:6 detonations 121: 117: 113: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92:30 May 1998 ( 91: 87: 83: 80:28 May 1998 ( 79: 75: 71: 68:28 May 1998 ( 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 46: 43: 39: 36: 32: 27: 19: 11388: 11371:Project ROSE 11363: 11350: 11094:Hatf Program 11078: 11074: 11040: 11028:Transporters 10468:Zarb (C-602) 10268:Medium Range 10042:Reservations 9863:Power plants 9805: 9775:Asghar Qadir 9745:Ishfaq Ahmad 9631:institutions 9610:Kirana Hills 9514: 9488: 9431:. Retrieved 9419: 9398:. Retrieved 9389: 9374:the original 9369: 9354:. Retrieved 9334:. Retrieved 9330:the original 9325: 9297: 9283:. Retrieved 9277:. Pakistan. 9274: 9247: 9223: 9199:. Retrieved 9179: 9167:. Retrieved 9147: 9138:Bibliography 9137: 9136: 9124:. Retrieved 9120:the original 9092:. Retrieved 9081: 9071: 9060:. Retrieved 9056:the original 9051:Defense News 9049: 9023:. Retrieved 9014: 9005: 8994:. Retrieved 8986:The Diplomat 8985: 8975: 8964:. Retrieved 8956:The Diplomat 8955: 8945: 8934:. Retrieved 8925: 8916: 8905:. Retrieved 8896: 8887: 8876:. Retrieved 8867: 8858: 8847:. Retrieved 8838: 8829: 8818:. Retrieved 8809: 8799: 8788:. Retrieved 8774: 8763:. Retrieved 8754: 8744: 8736:the original 8731: 8722: 8711:. Retrieved 8702: 8692: 8681:. Retrieved 8677:the original 8667: 8656:. Retrieved 8652:the original 8641: 8630:. Retrieved 8621: 8611: 8600:. Retrieved 8591: 8581: 8570:. Retrieved 8566:the original 8556: 8545:. Retrieved 8539:. Pakistan. 8536: 8526: 8515:. Retrieved 8506: 8480:. Retrieved 8472:The Atlantic 8471: 8461: 8450:. Retrieved 8441: 8432: 8426:Tehran Times 8425: 8410: 8399:. Retrieved 8385: 8362: 8339: 8316: 8308:The Guardian 8306: 8291: 8281: 8265: 8255: 8240: 8232:The Guardian 8231: 8225: 8202: 8179: 8142:. Retrieved 8136:. Iiss.org. 8128: 8117:. Retrieved 8108: 8099: 8088:. Retrieved 8074: 8063:. Retrieved 8043: 8036: 8025:. Retrieved 8016: 8006: 7995:. Retrieved 7964:. Retrieved 7945: 7914:. Retrieved 7875:. Retrieved 7871:the original 7866: 7857: 7849: 7843:. Retrieved 7822: 7809: 7800: 7789:. Retrieved 7774: 7749: 7747: 7741:. Retrieved 7726: 7715:. Retrieved 7711:the original 7706: 7696: 7688: 7682:. Retrieved 7673: 7663: 7652:. Retrieved 7624: 7620: 7607: 7596:. Retrieved 7580: 7567: 7556:. Retrieved 7540: 7533: 7522:. Retrieved 7510: 7481:. Retrieved 7461: 7450:. Retrieved 7446:the original 7436: 7425:. Retrieved 7421:the original 7411: 7380:. Retrieved 7371: 7347:. Retrieved 7343:the original 7333: 7315: 7304:. Retrieved 7291: 7278: 7267:. Retrieved 7254: 7247:Khan, Kamran 7225: 7214:. Retrieved 7200: 7189:. Retrieved 7185:the original 7180: 7170: 7139:. Retrieved 7130: 7096: 7086: 7075:. Retrieved 7066: 7056: 7045:. Retrieved 7036: 7010:. Retrieved 7006:the original 7001: 6992: 6981:. Retrieved 6977:the original 6953:. Retrieved 6944: 6934: 6923:. Retrieved 6917:. Pakistan. 6914: 6904: 6878: 6872: 6861:. Retrieved 6847: 6836:. Retrieved 6832:the original 6822: 6811:. Retrieved 6807:the original 6802: 6793: 6782:. Retrieved 6768: 6756: 6745:. Retrieved 6730: 6719:. Retrieved 6710: 6700: 6689:. Retrieved 6680: 6671: 6660:. Retrieved 6651: 6641: 6630:. Retrieved 6621: 6611: 6600:. Retrieved 6586: 6575:. Retrieved 6571:the original 6561: 6537:(9): 40–45. 6534: 6530: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6462:Rehman (1999 6457: 6446:. Retrieved 6431: 6420:. Retrieved 6416:the original 6411: 6401: 6390:. Retrieved 6386:the original 6381: 6361:Rehman (1999 6356: 6349:Rehman (1999 6344: 6333:. Retrieved 6313: 6302:. Retrieved 6293: 6283: 6272:. Retrieved 6263: 6253: 6242:. Retrieved 6233: 6224: 6213:. Retrieved 6199: 6188:. Retrieved 6179: 6169: 6158:. Retrieved 6149: 6140: 6129:. Retrieved 6125:the original 6109: 6102: 6091:. Retrieved 6076: 6065:. Retrieved 6045: 6038: 6027:. Retrieved 6013: 6002:. Retrieved 5998:the original 5988: 5977:. Retrieved 5957: 5950: 5939:. Retrieved 5919: 5898: 5892: 5881:. Retrieved 5872: 5863: 5852:. Retrieved 5843: 5833: 5822:. Retrieved 5807: 5796:. Retrieved 5787: 5763:. Retrieved 5759:the original 5754: 5745: 5734:. Retrieved 5720: 5709:. Retrieved 5705:the original 5700: 5691: 5680:. Retrieved 5676:the original 5666: 5655:. Retrieved 5646: 5636: 5625:. Retrieved 5617:The Diplomat 5616: 5606: 5595:. Retrieved 5586: 5576: 5565:. Retrieved 5550: 5539:. Retrieved 5535: 5526: 5515:. Retrieved 5506: 5497: 5486:. Retrieved 5472: 5461:. Retrieved 5457:the original 5446: 5435:. Retrieved 5431:the original 5404: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5340: 5319: 5312:Rehman (1999 5307: 5296:. Retrieved 5282: 5271:. Retrieved 5267:the original 5262: 5238: 5232: 5219: 5210: 5202:the original 5197: 5188: 5178:. CBS News. 5170: 5151: 5145: 5134:. Retrieved 5109: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5069:. Retrieved 5055: 5043: 5036:Rehman (1999 5031: 5019: 5012:Rehman (1999 5007: 5000:Rehman (1999 4995: 4983: 4976:Rehman (1999 4971: 4959: 4952:Rehman (1999 4947: 4936:. Retrieved 4927: 4914: 4907:Rehman (1999 4902: 4895:Rehman (1999 4890: 4883:Rehman (1999 4878: 4866: 4854: 4847:Rehman (1999 4842: 4835:Rehman (1999 4830: 4818: 4807:. Retrieved 4803:the original 4796: 4783: 4772:. Retrieved 4758: 4747:. Retrieved 4739:The Atlantic 4738: 4713:. Retrieved 4693: 4672:. Retrieved 4667: 4657: 4646:. Retrieved 4642:the original 4632: 4621:. Retrieved 4607: 4598: 4574: 4570: 4546:the original 4532: 4521:. Retrieved 4506: 4495:. Retrieved 4480: 4472: 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4444: 4420:. 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