Pala Empire - Knowledge

2443: 2390: 1096: 657: 1189: 6472: 1001: 1047: 1301: 6053: 1087:(fishermen). A chief named Divya (or Divvoka) killed him and occupied the Varendra region. The region remained under the control of his successors Rudak and Bhima. Surapala II escaped to Magadha and died after a short reign. He was succeeded by his brother Ramapala, who launched a major offensive against Divya's nephew Bhima. He was supported by his maternal uncle Mathana and cousin Sivarajadeva of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, as well as several feudatory chiefs of south Bihar and south-west Bengal. Ramapala conclusively defeated Bhima, killing him and his family in a cruel manner. 2458: 2470: 1289:

Gopala III suffered serious reverses at the hands of the Chandra king, and ruled only from a part of northern Bengal. The Pala empire disintegrated into smaller kingdoms during the reign of Vigrahapala II. Mahipala recovered parts of Bengal, Bihar and up to Varansi. His successors lost east and south Bengal again. The last strong Pala ruler, Ramapala, gained control of Bengal, Bihar, Assam and parts of Orissa. By the time of Madanapala's death, the Pala kingdom was confined to parts of central and east Bihar along with northern Bengal.

6440:. According to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force. The Arab merchant Sulaiman states that the Palas had an army bigger than those of the Balhara (possibly the Rashtrakutas) and the king of Jurz (possibly the Gurjara-Pratiharas). He also states that the Pala army employed 10,000–15,000 men for fuelling and washing clothes. He further claims that during the battles, the Pala king would lead 50,000 6059: 824: 2409: 45: 1257: 2352: 401: 2314: 2375: 413: 913:, who held sway over a considerably large territory encompassing Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, proven by his Mirzapur copperplate. What happened in Gopala II's rule, the son of Surapala I, is still unknown. After Gopala II, Dharmapala's line came to an end for reasons which are not known yet. Dharmapala's descendants, if any, were passed over as Dharmapala's younger brother, Vakapala's lineage assumed the throne. 1167:

southern Bengal for his liege. but after Kumarapala's death, Vaidyadeva practically created a separate kingdom. Kumarapala's son, Gopala IV ascended the throne as a child, and according to the Rajibpur copperplate inscription, his uncle Madanpala acted as his regent. Gopala IV either died in battle or was murdered by Madanapala. During Madanapala's rule, the Varmans in east Bengal declared independence, and the

389: 2332:. During this time, the style of sculpture changed from "Post-Gupta" to a distinctive style that was widely influential in other areas and later centuries. Deity figures became more rigid in posture, very often standing with straight legs close together, and figures were often heavily loaded with jewellery; they very often have multiple arms, a convention allowing them to hold many attributes and display 1976: 784:(people) of the region made him the king. Taranatha, writing nearly 800 years later, also writes that he was democratically elected by the people of Bengal. However, his account is in form of a legend, and is considered historically unreliable. The legend mentions that after a period of anarchy, the people elected several kings in succession, all of whom were consumed by the 1987: 2432:. It is a monastery with a 21-acre (8.5 ha) complex with 177 cells, numerous stupas, temples and a number of other ancillary buildings. The gigantic structures of other Viharas, including Vikramashila, Odantapuri, and Jagaddala are the other masterpieces of the Palas. These mammoth structures were mistaken by the forces of 2442: 9554:

Dharmapala dethroned Indraraja, king of Kanauj, and installed Chakrayudha ... Dharmapala therefore invaded Kanauj and placed his own nominee on the throne of Indrayudha, ... Dharmapala was obliged soon to meet other rivals in the persons of the Gurjara kings, Vatsaraja and Nagabhata II ... Dharmapala

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under his control, and forced the Varman king of east Bengal to accept his suzerainty. He also struggled with the Ganga king for control of present-day Orissa; the Gangas managed to annexe the region only after his death. Ramapala maintained friendly relations with the Chola king Kulottunga to secure

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frequently invaded Bengal from 1021 to 1023 CE to get Ganges water and in the process, succeeded to humble the rulers, acquiring considerable booty. The rulers of Bengal who were defeated by Rajendra Chola were Dharmapal, Ranasur and Govindachandra, who might have been feudatories under Mahipala

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Nāgabhaṭa-II defeated Cakrāyudha and occupied Kanauj ... battle between the king of Vaṅga and Nāgabhaṭa in which the latter emerged victorious ... may have been fought at Mudgagiri (Monghyr in Bihar). If so, it shows the utter humiliation of Dharmapāla and strengthens the suspicion that as a revenge

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Dharmapāla after defeating Indrāyudha and capturing Kanuaj made it over to Cakrāyudha, who was a vassal king of Kanuaj subordinate to Dharmapāla ... Dharmapāla was thus acknowledged paramount ruler of almost whole of North India as the Bhojas of Berar, Kīra (Kangra district), Gandhāra (West Punjab),

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Much larger numbers of smaller bronze groups of similar composition have survived than from previous periods. Probably the numbers produced were increasing. These were mostly made for domestic shrines of the well-off, and from monasteries. Gradually, Hindu figures come to outnumber Buddhist ones,

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Devapala built a temple dedicated to Shiva's consort, and Mahipala patronised a Shaivite monastery. A 1026 CE inscription recording renovations of Buddhist structures at Sarnath by Pala princes states that Mahipala I had them built "hundreds" of temples of Shiva, Chitraghanta, and other deities

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region. The Pala empire extended substantially under Dharmapala's rule. Apart from Bengal, he directly ruled the present-day Bihar. The kingdom of Kannauj (present-day Uttar Pradesh) was a Pala dependency at times, ruled by his nominee Chakrayudha. While installing his nominee on the Kannauj throne,

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Ramapala was the final strong Pala Emperor, although his son Kumarapala managed to keep most of his territories. After his death, a rebellion broke out in Kamarupa during his son Kumarapala's reign. The rebellion was crushed by Vaidyadeva, minister of Kumarapala. Vaidyadeva also won a naval war in

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His sons and grandson probably managed to keep the core area of the empire intact. However, the empire started disintegrating shortly after. Narayanapala lost control of Assam and Orissa. It was thought he also briefly lost control over Magadha and north Bengal, although it has now been debunked.

883:, who then intervened by invading northern India and defeating Nagabhata II. The Rashtrakuta records show that both Chakrayudha and Dharmapala recognised the Rashtrakuta suzerainty. In practice, Dharmapala gained control over North India after Govinda III left for the Deccan. He adopted the title 8911:

The Pala emperors held East India from the eighth to the twelfth century A. D. and were noted for their patronage of Mahāyāna Buddhism. At the same time they established other monasteries at Vikramaśīlā, Somapura, Odantapuri and Jagaddala, which might have created a division in the activities of

2072:'s land, the Palas acquired great reputation in the Buddhist world. Balaputradeva, the Sailendra king of Java, sent an ambassador to him, asking for a grant of five villages for the construction of a monastery at Nalanda. The request was granted by Devapala. He appointed the Brahmin Viradeva (of 1171:

renewed the conflict in Orissa. Madanapala captured Munger from the Gahadavalas, but was defeated by Vijayasena, who gained control of southern and eastern Bengal. Two rulers, named Govindapala and Palapala ruled over the Gaya district from around 1162 CE to 1200 CE, but there is no

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queen of an earlier king on the night following their election. Gopal, however managed to kill the queen and remained on the throne. The historical evidence indicates that Gopala was not elected directly by his citizens, but by a group of feudal chieftains. Such elections were quite common in

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The Pala period is considered one of the golden eras of Bengali history. The Palas brought stability and prosperity to Bengal after centuries of civil war between warring divisions. They advanced the achievements of previous Bengali civilisations and created outstanding works of arts and

2076:, present-day Jalalabad) as the head of the Nalanda monastery. The Buddhist poet Vajradatta (the author of Lokesvarashataka), was in his court. The Buddhist scholars from the Pala empire travelled from Bengal to other regions to propagate Buddhism. Atisha, for example, preached in 1241:). These kings accepted the installation of Chakrayudha on the Kannauj throne, while "bowing down respectfully with their diadems trembling". This indicates that his position as a sovereign was accepted by most rulers, although this was a loose arrangement unlike the empire of the 1196:

The borders of the Pala Empire kept fluctuating throughout its existence. Though the Palas conquered a vast region in North India at one time, they could not retain it for long due to constant hostility from the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Rashtrakutas and other less powerful kings.

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After gaining control of Varendra, Ramapala tried to revive the Pala empire with some success. He ruled from a new capital at Ramavati, which remained the Pala capital until the dynasty's end. He reduced taxation, promoted cultivation and constructed public utilities. He brought

2096:, and epigraphic evidence suggests that Mahipala I and Nayapala were initiated as Shaivites by their royal preceptors. Vigrahapala III's Amagachi inscription describes him as "devoted to Śiva worship", and this tradition continued under his successor Ramapala. Poet 664:

There is no clear evidence exists for their origin or early history of the Palas. Historians rely on indirect evidence to understand their reign, leading to controversies about their ancestry. According to the Khalimpur copper plate inscription, the first Pala king

6037:. Rajat Sanyal argues that if Govindapala and Palapala are indeed accepted as Pala kings, Bhimapala also should be, provided that he was chronologically close to Ramapala according to the wording of the text. However, both need more historical evidence. 1058:. During the reign of Nayapala's son Vigrahapala III, Karna once again invaded Bengal but was defeated. The conflict ended with a peace treaty, and Vigrahapala III married Karna's daughter Yauvanasri. Vigrahapala III was later defeated by the invading 1095: 2026:. Taranatha also credits him with establishing 50 religious institutions and patronising the Buddhist author Haribhadra. Devapala restored and enlarged the structures at Somapura Mahavihara, which also features several themes from the epics 1154:. After gaining control of Bodh Gaya he converted to Buddhism and took on the new name, Devaraksita. At this point, he made peace with the Palas by marrying the daughter of Mahana Pala (uncle of Ramapala). His dynasty became known as the 1026:

I of the Pala Dynasty. Rajendra Chola I also defeated Mahipala, and obtained from the Pala king "elephants of rare strength, women and treasure". Mahipala also gained control of north and south Bihar, probably aided by the invasions of

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Mahipala I recovered northern and eastern Bengal within three years of ascending the throne in 978 CE.H also recovered his capital, Gauda, which had been lost to he Kambojas. He also recovered the northern part of the present-day

2498:. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine. Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows: 1277:

Subjugation of Utkalas (Bhauma-Kara dynasty) naturally brought Devapala into geographical contact with the southern peninsula and it wasn't unnatural that hostilities developed between the contemporary Pala and Pandya

749:. According to K. N. Sahay, "we can claim Palas also as Kayasthas". But modern scholars believe Palas were staunch Buddhists, as their court became a stronghold and their copper plates emphasised Buddhist affiliation. 792:

Gopala's ascension in 750 CE was a significant political event as several independent chiefs recognised his political authority without any struggle, consolidating his power over the whole of Bengal including Gaur,

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who formed his own kingdom based out of Mithila. He also held back the aggressive design of the Gahadavala ruler Govindacharndra through a matrimonial alliance, by marrying off his cousin Kumaradevi to the king.

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Since Bengal did not have a good native breed of horses, the Palas imported their cavalry horses from the foreigners, including the Kambojas. They also had a navy, used for both mercantile and defence purposes.

2389: 909:, his next older son succeeded him. He possibly maintained his father's vast territories and carried out further campaigns against the Utkalas and the Hunas. He passed his empire intact to his younger brother 2014:. A few sources written much after Gopala's death mention him as a Buddhist, but it is not known if this is true. The subsequent Pala kings were definitely Buddhists. Dharmapala made the Buddhist philosopher 2340:

poses. Critics have found the style tending towards over-elaboration. The quality of the carving is generally very high, with crisp, precise detail. In east India, facial features tend to become sharp.

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mentions that the founder, Gopala was elected, and "definitely not of royal blood but probably of a line of brahmans which transformed itself into kshatriyas". Similarly, the 11th century Persian scholar

898:(present-day Northern Odisha) whose king fled from his capital city. The inscriptions of his successors also claim several other territorial conquests by him, but these are possibly exaggerated (see the 776:'s kingdom, the Bengal region was in a state of anarchy. There was no central authority, and there was constant struggle between petty chieftains. The contemporary writings describe this situation as 731:, such claims of belonging to the legendary Solar dynasty seems to be unreliable and appear to be an attempt to cover up the humble origins of the dynasty. The Pala dynasty has also been branded as 2049:

universities. Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history, reached its height under the patronage of the Palas. Noted Buddhist scholars from the Pala period include

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Pañcāla (Ramnagar area of U.P.), Kuru (eastern Punjab), Madra (Central Punjab), Avanti (Malwa), Yadus (Mathura or Dwarka or Siṁhapura in the Punjab), Matsya (a part of Rajputana) were his vassals.

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I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.

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Nayapala, the son of Mahipala I, defeated the Kalachuri king Karna (son of Ganggeyadeva) after a long struggle. The two later signed a peace treaty at the mediation of the Buddhist scholar

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A king named Gomindrapala finds mention in a manuscript, dated his fourth regnal year. R.C. Majumdar identifies him with Govindapala, while S.K. Saraswati suggests he is a later Pala king.

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In Devapala's own inscription and in the inscription referring to his reign, he is credited with the subjugation of the Gurjaras, Dravidas, Utkalas, Pragjyotisas, Hunas and the Kambhojas:

780:("fish justice" i.e. a situation where the big fish eat the small fish). Gopala ascended the throne as the first Pala king during these times. The Khalimpur copper plate suggests that the 2130:. Narayanapala also attended a sacrifice by his Brahmin minister. Nayapala's Siyan inscription suggests that he built several temples dedicated to Shiva and his various aspects (such as 6027:

According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.

992:). However, their origin is uncertain, and the most plausible view is that they originated from a Pala official who usurped a major part of the Pala kingdom along with its capital. 2336:. The typical form for temple images is a slab with a main figure, rather over half life-size, in very high relief, surrounded by smaller attendant figures, who might have freer 11188: 2321:

The Pala school of sculptural art is recognised as a distinct phase of the Indian art, and is noted for the artistic genius of the Bengal sculptors. It is influenced by the

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king Mahasivagupta Yayati of Orissa. Subsequently, a series of invasions considerably reduced the power of the Palas. The Varmans occupied eastern Bengal during his reign.

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lost Bengal after a few years of rule, and then ruled only Bihar. However, it has been debunked by his Bhagalpur inscription, in which he granted a Brahmin two villages in

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Domanadasa, ancestor of the great Vaidya Kulina Vamanadasa, married in the Kayastha Pala family. Pala was also a Kayastha surname and we can claim Palas also as Kayasthas.

8454: 1249:. The other rulers acknowledged the military and political supremacy of Dharmapala, but maintained their own territories. The poet Soddhala of Gujarat calls Dharmapala an 11630: 1034:

and surrounding area, as his brothers Sthirapala and Vasantapala undertook construction and repairs of several sacred structures at Varanasi. Later, the Kalachuri king

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defeated both Dharmapala and Vatsaraja. After Dhruva left for the Deccan region, Dharmapala built a mighty empire in the northern India. He defeated Indrayudha of

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first arrived in Bengal during this period as a result of flourishing mercantile and intellectual contacts with Middle-East. The Pala legacy is still reflected in

2065:, Bimalamitra, Dansheel, Dansree, Jinamitra, Jnanasrimitra, Manjughosh, Muktimitra, Padmanava, Sambhogabajra, Shantarakshit, Silabhadra, Sugatasree and Virachan. 3009: 2489: 2436:

as fortified castles and were demolished. The art of Bihar and Bengal during the Pala and Sena dynasties influenced the art of Nepal, Burma, Sri Lanka and Java.

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Dharmapala organised an imperial court. According to the Khalimpur copper plate issued by Dharmapala, this court was attended by the rulers of Bhoja (possibly

863:, and installed his own nominee Chakrayudha on the throne of Kannauj. Several other smaller states in North India also acknowledged his suzerainty, as far as 12008: 10566:

Though Bengal was never a good horse- breeding place, and the local horses ... import horses from Kamboja, an area reputed for the finest breed of horses ..

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Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030

10758: 8364: 1083:. Mahipala II imprisoned his brothers Ramapala and Surapala II, on the suspicion that they were conspiring against him. Soon afterwards, he faced a 12256: 11183: 10054: 10000: 9964: 8424: 8488: 8394: 656: 1188: 10955: 1687: 8404: 6030:

D.K. Ganguly mentions another ruler named Indradumnyapala, who is solely known from local tradition. There is no source of his existence yet.

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Dharmapala was succeeded by his son Devapala, who is regarded as the most powerful Pala Emperor. His expeditions resulted in the invasion of

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in the early ninth century, Pala empire was the dominant power in the northern Indian subcontinent, with its territory stretching across the

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No records are available about the exact boundaries of original kingdom established by Gopala, but it might have included almost all of the

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Pragjyotisa or Assam accepted the suzerainty of Devapala and it has been inferred that the king of Assam was either Pralambha or Harjara.

6437: 2150:. Despite this, it is unlikely that Nayapala had rejected Buddhist teachings, since Taranatha states that he had a Buddhist preceptor. 600:

tradition, which laid the basis of several eastern Indian languages in their rule. Palas built grand Buddhist temples and monasteries (

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as sovereign power in the 12th century and final expulsion of the Palas from Bengal by their hands marking the end of last major

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works were authored and translated during the Pala rule. Besides the Buddhist scholars mentioned in the Religion section above,

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History of Ancient India Vol 5 Political History and Administration (C. Ad 750-1300) (Regional Powers and Their Interactions)

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ruled for at least 32 years, and constructed several public utilities and lofty temples. Earlier it was thought that his son

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Narayanapala's Bhagalpur inscription suggests that he built several Shiva temples, and records his grant of a village to

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in Tibet, as well as in Southeast Asia. Pala control of North India was ultimately ephemeral, as they struggled with the

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ascetics, typically the ones associated with the Golagi-Math. Besides the images of the Buddhist deities, the images of

2038:. Mahipala I also ordered construction and repairs of several sacred structures at Saranath, Nalanda and Bodh Gaya. The 964:. During his reign, the Pala empire disintegrated into smaller kingdoms like Gauda, Radha, Anga and Vanga. Kantideva of 11167: 10661: 10527: 10412: 10304: 9820: 9753: 9730: 9006: 8754: 6691: 2015: 10672: 9120:"Contours of the Political Legitimation Strategy of the Rulers of Pala Dynasty in Bengal- Bihar (Ce 730 to Ce 1165)" 6680: 11236: 11148: 11143: 11023: 1073:

The successor and older son of Vighrahapala III by his wife Yauvanashri, Mahipala II's reign is well-documented by

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support against the common enemies: the Ganas and the Chalukyas. He kept the Senas in check but lost Mithila to a

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The Pala rule was monarchial. The king was the centre of all power. Pala kings would adopt imperial titles like

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is considered one of the first great Buddhist Mahaviras in recorded history. It reached its height under Palas.

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Majumdar points that Hunas were a principality in Uttarapatha (near Himalayas) and were subjugated by Devapala.

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and defeated Dharmapala in a pitched battle. Dharmapala was forced to surrender and to seek alliance with the

687:) of the Palas. The ethnic origins of the dynasty are unknown, although later records claim that Gopala was a 12003: 10279: 8299: 6275: 737: 2609:

NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.)

1176:. The descendants of the Palas, who claimed the status of Kshatriya, "almost imperceptibly merged" with the 12207: 12191: 12161: 10816: 10798: 10789: 10780: 10772: 6808: 6018: 2643: 1271:

Gurjaras mentioned were no doubt the Pratiharas and it is inferred that the Pratihara king was Mihir Bhoja.

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Shortly afterwards, the empire gradually started disintegrating. Vakapala's grandson and Jayapala's son,

558: 8863:, p. 102:Sanskrit continued to be the language under Sasanka, the Pala dynasty and the Sen dynasty. 6024:

AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.

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Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known

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concrete evidence about their relationship to the imperial Palas. The Pala dynasty was replaced by the

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quickly lost his dominant position and was forced to seek alliance with Govinda III against Nagabhata.

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The Pala kings patronized Hinduism too. They gave donations for learning and for educational purposes.

2042:("songs of Mahipala"), a set of folk songs about him, are still popular in the rural areas of Bengal. 12126: 12091: 11819: 11324: 11130: 10995: 10811: 10732: 8619: 8429: 8389: 8379: 7854: 7448: 6797: 6669: 6092: 6065: 5733: 2938: 1627: 1531: 1401: 742: 2408: 11384: 11268: 11010: 10920: 10820: 10793: 10461: 9653: 9604: 9570: 9518: 8502: 8314: 7228: 7068: 2515: 1994: 12166: 11829: 11802: 11720: 11345: 10203: 8419: 8384: 8219: 7999: 7548: 7100: 7029: 3506: 2576: 2506: 1577: 1155: 1059: 840: 510: 361: 178: 1038:

annexed Varanasi after defeating the ruler of Anga, which was probably Mahipala's son Nayapala.

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abdicated the throne after a brief rule, and became an ascetic. Vigrahapala's son and successor

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Vishnu with His Consorts, Lakshmi and Sarasvati, 11–12th century, Bihar or Bengal, Pala period

561:. The empire was considerably weakened with many areas engulfed and their heavy dependence on 12081: 11809: 11703: 10970: 10784: 10698: 10651: 10517: 10402: 10372: 10074: 10002:

Archaeological Investigation in Bogra District: From Early Historic to Early Mediaeval Period

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Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

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reflecting the terminal decline of Indian Buddhism, even in east India, its last stronghold.

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Vishnu Flanked by His Personified Attributes, early 9th century CE, Pala period, Bihar, India

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As noted earlier, the Palas built a number of monasteries and other sacred structures. The

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The Pālas were astute diplomats and military conquerors. Their army was noted for its vast

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The dravida king mentioned in the inscriptions was the Pandya King, Sri-Mara Sri-Vallabha.

1030:, which exhausted the strength of other rulers of North India. He may have also conquered 8: 12116: 12101: 12056: 12031: 11998: 11668: 11575: 11445: 11399: 11329: 11301: 11296: 11286: 11278: 11033: 10267: 8517: 8229: 7957: 7804: 7498: 7478: 6890: 6838: 6103: 2448: 2429: 2425: 2023: 1319: 989: 876: 818: 605: 435: 109: 2045:

The Palas developed the Buddhist centres of learnings, such as the Vikramashila and the

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The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.–cir. 1200 A.D.

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Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP

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NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)

2011: 1590: 1503: 1361: 981: 871:, who conquered Kannauj and drove away Chakrayudha. Nagabhata II then advanced up to 844: 709: 632: 530: 10034: 9419:

Ambastha Kayastha : The Evolution of a Family and Its Socio-cultural Dimensions

11993: 11872: 11782: 11777: 11762: 11698: 11678: 11555: 11424: 11389: 11363: 11258: 11253: 11245: 11216: 10960: 10895: 10338: 9422:. Commonwealth Publishers (Original from: the University of Michigan). p. 11. 8995:"The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period" 8990: 8900: 8567: 8439: 8374: 8344: 8329: 8284: 8269: 8254: 8224: 8119: 7814: 7598: 7508: 7387: 7377: 7330: 7259: 7238: 6828: 6818: 6657: 6592: 6425: 6350: 6200: 6083: 2433: 2296: 2240: 2198: 2186: 2178: 2097: 1998: 1693: 1555: 1177: 1103:

and scenes from the Buddha's life. Folios were probably from the Pala period under

1074: 1027: 1018: 1014: 785: 640: 621: 463: 78: 10076:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One

9626:

he might have surrendered to and welcomed Govinda III when he invaded North India.

12176: 12046: 11942: 11932: 11814: 11725: 11693: 11413: 11193: 10694: 10494:(1975–1976). "Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar's Chronology of the Pala Kings". 10294: 10242: 9890: 9856: 9810: 9476: 9417: 9390: 9300: 9273: 9153: 8925: 8744: 8593:

by the Arab merchant Suleiman (851 CE), who referred to the Pala kingdom as

7897: 7886: 7844: 7824: 7742: 7709: 7290: 7218: 7178: 7090: 7050: 7012: 6930: 6058: 5245: 2809: 2358: 1517: 1063: 973: 728: 458:

in late eighth century CE. The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and eastern

11902: 11867: 11837: 11740: 11515: 11429: 11335: 11316: 11208: 11198: 10980: 10885: 10428: 10036:

History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04, The Age Of Imperial Kanauj

9058: 9040: 9022: 8795: 8649: 8532: 8107: 8059: 7753: 7731: 7699: 7677: 7638: 7568: 7558: 7418: 7151: 6961: 6463: 6372: 6264: 4615: 2731: 2069: 1543: 1483: 1469: 1443: 1333: 1230: 1218: 1210: 953: 952:

in Northern Bengal, signalling his control over it. His son and the next king,

895: 802: 625: 525:. Dharmapala also exerted a strong cultural influence through Buddhist scholar 514: 306: 980:. The rulers of this dynasty also bore names ending in the suffix -pala (e.g. 12220: 12181: 12131: 12076: 12051: 11983: 11922: 11882: 11852: 11615: 11221: 11103: 11088: 10945: 10930: 10890: 10853: 10614: 10271: 9725:

Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books,

8029: 7969: 7794: 7188: 7141: 7121: 6995: 6978: 6940: 6920: 6855: 6639: 6629: 6619: 6562: 6433: 6413: 6308: 6211: 6178: 6169: 3763: 2417: 1604: 1242: 1238: 922: 823: 692: 502: 455: 319: 10252: 10162: 8876:

India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage

2366: 2362: 894:(present-day Assam) where the king submitted without giving a fight and the 752: 12086: 12036: 11912: 11787: 11098: 11058: 11018: 10940: 10870: 8614: 8610:(1608), contains a few traditional legends and hearsays about the Pala rule 8562: 8512: 8149: 8139: 8019: 8009: 7939: 7774: 7764: 7648: 7578: 7360: 7280: 6900: 6764: 6712: 6580: 6441: 6417: 6158: 5481: 3985: 3727: 2853: 2665: 2604: 2495: 2476: 2288: 2190: 2182: 2054: 2019: 1428: 1261: 1256: 1246: 1173: 1079: 1022: 930: 926: 906: 891: 868: 715: 680: 671: 617: 573: 546: 498: 333: 190: 9076:

Jutta Bolt; Robert Inklaar; Herman de Jong; Jan Luiten van Zanden (2018).

12186: 12156: 12146: 12136: 11892: 11887: 11857: 11745: 11713: 11688: 11658: 11595: 11520: 11043: 10802: 10749: 10678: 8169: 8129: 8089: 7350: 7340: 6445: 6147: 5953: 5463: 3745: 2960: 2831: 2617: 2414: 2329: 2158: 2034: 1118: 1035: 910: 880: 852: 534: 471: 214: 74: 10677:. Indian History. Vol. 1. Indian Research Institute. Archived from 9135: 9119: 9001:. Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 108–115. 933:

defeated the Palas. Encouraged by the Pala decline, the King Harjara of

12071: 12061: 11952: 11907: 11862: 11797: 11730: 11663: 11545: 11525: 11485: 11053: 11048: 10717: 8527: 8079: 7979: 7689: 4405: 2709: 2313: 2301: 2073: 1346: 945: 609: 593: 585: 542: 522: 501:

corps. Their navy performed both mercantile and defensive roles in the

487: 406: 202: 11735: 11590: 11565: 11560: 11505: 11490: 11068: 10935: 10858: 10700:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

9781: 9547: 8803: 8607: 8577: 8049: 6429: 6405: 6255: 6244: 5935: 4195: 3967: 2916: 2787: 2687: 2633: 2337: 2322: 2194: 2135: 2116: 1566: 1143: 1127: 941: 864: 773: 757: 724: 700: 688: 589: 491: 467: 119: 70: 9837: 9704: 8722:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (g). 545:

defended imperial bastions in Bengal and Bihar against South Indian

11968: 11937: 11917: 11897: 11842: 11792: 11683: 11610: 11580: 11530: 10965: 8399: 7310: 6775: 6552: 6542: 6286: 6189: 5499: 5035: 4825: 3071: 2872: 2759: 2170: 2157:

named Vateshvara-svami Sharma as his remuneration for reciting the

2139: 2131: 2093: 2028: 1413: 1234: 1206: 1142:

led a campaign against the Ramapala with his base of operations in

1139: 1114: 1104: 1100: 1031: 1005: 965: 957: 848: 794: 746: 720: 676: 577: 554: 550: 483: 479: 447: 141: 131: 127: 123: 105: 94: 86: 10344:

Exploring India's Sacred Art Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch

1055: 526: 11988: 11973: 11605: 11600: 11570: 11500: 11495: 11480: 11475: 10763: 10163:

P. N. Chopra; B. N. Puri; M. N. Das; A. C. Pradhan, eds. (2003).

8507: 7608: 6513: 6339: 6136: 2381: 2154: 2147: 2081: 2046: 1979: 1744: 1135: 860: 828: 798: 761: 613: 562: 538: 10005:. International Centre for Study of Bengal Art. pp. 50–52. 9838:"Rajibpur Copper Plate Inscriptions of Gopāla IV and Madanapāla" 2328:

The Pala style was inherited and continued to develop under the

11877: 11847: 11772: 11620: 11540: 11535: 11083: 11038: 9275:

Land and Society in Early South Asia: Eastern India 400-1250 AD

8543:

The main sources of information about the Pala empire include:

7408: 6444:. Sulaiman's accounts seem to be based on exaggerated reports; 6421: 6409: 6319: 6235: 6224: 6125: 6074: 2400: 2396: 2143: 2108: 2062: 2058: 2050: 1990: 1456: 1226: 1201: 872: 732: 666: 601: 597: 570: 475: 451: 439: 82: 60: 2177:

style of composition was developed during the Pala rule. Many

1771:

The Pala copperplates mention following administrative posts:

1146:. It has been speculated that he was aided in his campaign by 11110: 11028: 10835: 9686:, Journal of Ancient Indian History, University of Calcutta, 8799: 8604:

Dpal dus khyi 'khor lo'i chos bskor gyi byung khungs nyer mkh

6297: 2333: 2201:

are some of the other notable scholars from the Pala period.

2112: 2104: 2077: 1214: 934: 699:

states that the Palas were Kshatriyas, a claim reiterated by

636: 518: 459: 418: 394: 8699: 8697: 8695: 1050:

Bronze crowned Buddha, Bihar, Pala Empire, 10th–11th century

11708: 11673: 9698: 9696: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8069: 2100:

describes Ramapala's son Madanapala as a devotee of Shiva.

1674: 1253:("Lord of the North") for his suzerainty over North India. 1222: 976:. The Gauda state (West and North Bengal) was ruled by the 629: 10039:. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 50–51. 8768: 8766: 1975: 1718:

served as the Prime Ministers of the Palas for 100 years.

929:

proved to be a weak ruler. During his 54-year long reign,

10490: 10106:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 32, 146. 9966:

Ancient Bangladesh: A Study of the Archaeological Sources

1986: 1066:. Vigrahapala III also faced another invasion led by the 972:, and established a separate kingdom, later ruled by the 10460: 10144: 9815:. British Museum Research Publications. pp. 40–58. 9693: 9652: 9603: 9569: 9517: 8909:. Central Archeological Library, New Delhi. p. 44. 8672: 6400:

The highest military officer in the Pala empire was the

1692:

Main South Asian polities in 1000 CE, on the eve of the

541:

and were defeated. After a short-lived decline, Emperor

10536: 10132: 10120: 9933: 9858:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1

9392:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1

9355: 9353: 9351: 8842: 8763: 2292:(12th century) is an important source of Pala history. 1225:(possibly Mathura, Dwarka or Simhapura in the Punjab), 808: 430:(r. 750–1161 CE) was an imperial power during the 9762: 9365: 8854: 1107:, considered the last great ruler of the Pala dynasty. 553:

was the last strong Pala ruler, who gained control of

12009:

List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

10571: 10445: 10292: 10222: 10166:

A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)

9637:

Bhagalpur Charter of Narayanapala, year 17, verse 6,

9527:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 175–176. 9499: 8552:

Various epigraphs, coins, sculptures and architecture

968:(eastern and southern Bengal) also assumed the title 905:

His oldest son, Rajyapala predeceased him, and as so

867:. Soon, his expansion was checked by Vatsaraja's son 10183: 9895:. University of California Press. pp. 102–103. 9892:

The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760

9348: 8736: 2119:

were also constructed during the Pala dynasty rule.

10511: 10509: 10400: 10370: 10053:Others, Muzaffar H. Syed & (20 February 2022). 9909: 9812:

Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne

2216:by Bhatta Bhavadeva. The texts on medicine include 10296:Masterpieces of Indian bronzes and metal sculpture 9921: 9244: 9178: 9090: 2153:Madanapala's queen Chitramatika, gifted land to a 10244:The Social Life of Women in Early Medieval Bengal 10201: 9684:Pāla Kings in the Badal Praśasti — A Stock-Taking 9332: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 8821: 2173:scholars, some of whom were their officials. The 797:and Banga, also extending his rule over parts of 745:going by this tradition described these kings as 12218: 10506: 10450:. Asiatic Society of Pakistan. pp. 272–273. 10337: 10276:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh 10240: 9662:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 185. 9613:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 179. 9579:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 177. 9565: 9563: 9548:John Andrew Allan; Sir T. Wolseley Haig (1934). 9415: 9395:. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 265, 269. 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 8989: 8899: 2451:, a World Heritage Site, was built by Dharmapala 1993:was a Buddhist teacher who helped establish the 835:Gopala's empire was greatly expanded by his son 16:Early medieval empire in the Indian subcontinent 10633:The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subinent 10467:Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. 10347:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 208. 9475: 9117: 8879:. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 141. 8658:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 268, 172, 170. 450:). The empire was founded with the election of 10956:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 10621:, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), 10427: 9057: 9039: 9021: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 6408:soldiers from a number of kingdoms, including 6033:A king, Bhimapala also finds a mention in the 2317:Sculpture of Khasarpana Lokesvara from Nalanda 10733: 10247:. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. p. 65. 10056:History of Indian Nation : Ancient India 9646: 9560: 9471: 9469: 9199: 8482: 2622:Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I 2204:The notable Pala texts on philosophy include 760:mentions the rulers of Pala dynasty to be of 620:. The Pala empire enjoyed relations with the 10553: 10551: 10396: 10394: 10366: 10364: 10156: 10099: 8715: 8558:, a Sanskrit work by Abhinanda (9th century) 2018:his spiritual preceptor. He established the 1937:(Head of Buffalo farms) and many other like 1714:. Pala kings appointed Prime Ministers. The 1085:rebellion of vassal chiefs from the Kaibarta 885:Paramesvara Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja 669:was the son of a warrior named Vapyata. The 11626:List of cities in West Bengal by population 9969:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–75. 9962: 9882: 9305:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 411–414. 9251:. New Age International. pp. 277–287. 9158:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 199. 8633: 6448:mentions the number of elephants as 5,000. 1041: 995: 843:. Dharmapala was initially defeated by the 713:(both written in the 16th century CE). The 612:, and patronised the great universities of 10740: 10726: 10649: 10448:Dynastic history of Bengal, c. 750-1200 CE 10331: 10150: 10079:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. 9861:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 269. 9854: 9802: 9466: 9299:Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (15 September 2017). 9124:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 9118:Satish Kumar, Satish; Jha, Tushar (2017). 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8848: 8749:. University of Dacca, 1943. p. 172. 8489: 8475: 6404:(commander-in-chief). The Palas recruited 6388:The Pala Empire and contemporary polities 916: 569:. It finally led to the rise of resurgent 517:to include some parts northeastern India, 10635:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press. ( 10548: 10391: 10361: 10286: 10265: 9842:Pratna Samiksha: A Journal of Archaeology 9780: 9151: 9078:"Maddison Project Database, version 2018" 8866: 1742:s (Provinces). Bhuktis were divided into 1090: 719:also attests the fifteenth Pala emperor, 12014:Discrimination against Bengalis in India 10747: 10693: 10557: 10032: 9768: 9371: 9185:. New Age International. pp. 280–. 9097:. New Age International. pp. 280–. 9075: 8860: 8772: 8742: 8703: 2312: 1985: 1974: 1255: 1187: 1094: 1045: 999: 822: 655: 12257:12th-century disestablishments in India 10703:. Penguin Books India. pp. 39–49. 10515: 10069: 9741: 9248:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 9182:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 9094:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 9084: 8974: 8927:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 2308: 2286:Sandhyakar Nandi's semi-fictional epic 707:as well as Ghanaram Chakrabarty in his 50:The Pala Empire in the ninth century CE 12219: 10593: 10577: 10564:. University of Michigan. p. 24. 10519:Ancient India, History and Archaeology 10374:Ancient India, History and Archaeology 10228: 10195: 10189: 10052: 9998: 9939: 9915: 9848: 9808: 9745:Ancient India, History and Archaeology 9702: 9550:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 9505: 9445: 9359: 9298: 8950: 8930:. New Age International. p. 285. 8872: 6253: 6242: 6233: 6134: 6123: 6112: 6101: 6090: 6063: 2483: 1738:Pala Empire was divided into separate 1647: 1636: 1625: 1588: 1575: 1553: 1399: 789:contemporary societies of the region. 10721: 10653:The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture 10470:Abhinav Publications. pp. 253–. 10404:The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture 10048: 10046: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 9999:Rahman, Shah Sufi Mostafizur (2000). 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9888: 9835: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9271: 9147: 9145: 6370: 6317: 6306: 6295: 6262: 6222: 6209: 6198: 6187: 6176: 6167: 6156: 6145: 6081: 6072: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5951: 5949: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5731: 5729: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5497: 5495: 5479: 5477: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4239: 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3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3761: 3759: 3743: 3741: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 1564: 1501: 1490: 1481: 1373: 956:, had to bear the invasions from the 462:, which included the major cities of 89:(Dharampala), Mahipal in present-day 10670: 10542: 10319:Harle, 212-216; Craven, 170, 172-176 10208:. Abhinav Publications. p. 38. 10138: 10126: 9927: 9482:European Trade and Colonial Conquest 9388: 8951:Flåten, Lars Tore (4 October 2016). 8794:'s empire, which stretched from the 8773:Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). 6359: 6337: 6328: 6273: 1853:(Toll collector for river crossings) 1529: 1304: 809:Imperial expansion and consolidation 580:imperial power in the subcontinent. 438:, which originated in the region of 12252:8th-century establishments in India 10991:Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) 9719: 8999:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 8923: 8779:. Simon and Schuster. p. 144. 6348: 6284: 1138:, Vallabharāja, an adventurer from 815:Kannauj § The Kannauj Triangle 13: 12208:Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons 10043: 10019: 9983: 9945: 9552:. Macmillan Company. p. 143. 9377: 9319: 9142: 8606:(History of Buddhism in India) by 8580:(towards the end of the Pala rule) 1752:s (Districts). Smaller units were 1317: 14: 12273: 10496:Journal of Ancient Indian History 10435:. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162. 10407:. Brill Archive. pp. 32–39. 9065:. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162. 9047:. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162. 9029:. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162. 8873:Bajpai, Lopamudra Maitra (2020). 6017:Earlier historians believed that 2305:s composed during the Pala rule. 2134:), plus temples dedicated to the 2092:The Palas continued to patronise 1292: 1008:and later. Circa 988–1161 CE 11024:Darjeeling Himalayan hill region 10821:Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli) 10103:A Historical atlas of South Asia 10100:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 9703:Sanyal, Rajat (1 January 2014). 9446:Biruni, Muhammad (24 May 2012). 9302:ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK 8719:A Historical atlas of South Asia 8716:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 6470: 6057: 6051: 2468: 2463:Central shrine decor at Somapura 2456: 2441: 2407: 2388: 2373: 2350: 1871:(Head of land use division) and 1299: 1260:The Badal Pillar Inscription of 1161: 767: 691:or descended from the legendary 411: 399: 387: 366: 352: 338: 324: 299: 43: 10587: 10484: 10454: 10439: 10421: 10322: 10313: 10259: 10234: 10093: 10063: 9889:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). 9836:Furui, Ryosuke (January 2015). 9829: 9774: 9735: 9676: 9631: 9597: 9541: 9511: 9485:. Anthem Press. pp. 341–. 9439: 9409: 9292: 9278:. Routledge. pp. 173–174. 9265: 9172: 9111: 9069: 9051: 9033: 9015: 8944: 8917: 8893: 2428:in present-day Bangladesh is a 505:. At its zenith under emperors 11074:Protected areas of West Bengal 11054:Western plateau and high lands 10561:The Military History of Bengal 10446:Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967). 10293:Rustam Jehangir Mehta (1981). 10169:. Sterling. pp. 200–202. 9963:Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (1992). 9682:Bhattacharya, Suresh Chandra, 9452:. Cambridge University Press. 8815: 8709: 6724:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 3003: 1696:invasions of the subcontinent. 899: 1: 12004:Ethnic communities in Kolkata 10650:Huntington, Susan L. (1984). 10619:Indian Art: A Concise History 10516:Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1994). 10280:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 9742:Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1994). 8626: 7654: 7393: 7366: 7265: 7244: 7167: 7106: 7035: 7018: 7001: 6984: 6967: 6946: 6861: 6844: 6598: 6389: 5961: 5943: 5741: 5723: 5507: 5489: 5471: 5253: 5043: 4833: 4623: 4413: 4203: 3993: 3975: 3771: 3753: 3735: 3514: 3305: 3079: 2765: 2737: 2582: 2169:The Palas patronised several 2164: 1789:(possibly subordinate chiefs) 12192:Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay 12162:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury 11631:Cities and towns by district 11184:Parliamentary constituencies 11163:All India Trinamool Congress 10401:Susan L. Huntington (1984). 10371:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1994). 10299:. Taraporevala. p. 21. 9788:. Grove Press. p. 220. 8924:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 8576:, a Sanskrit compilation by 6809:Northern Black Polished Ware 1183: 805:, Gopala ruled till 770 CE. 705:History of Buddhism in India 7: 12262:Buddhist dynasties of India 12172:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 10916:Great Bengal famine of 1770 10674:The Early History of Bengal 10377:. Abhinav. pp. 33–41. 9659:Dynastic History of Magadha 9610:Dynastic History of Magadha 9576:Dynastic History of Magadha 9524:Dynastic History of Magadha 9245:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). 9179:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). 9091:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). 8405:Influence on Southeast Asia 6455: 6044: 2087: 2005: 1970: 1875:(Head of land measurements) 10: 12278: 11928:Santiniketan Leather Goods 11001:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 10986:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10951:Partition of Bengal (1905) 10671:Paul, Pramode Lal (1939). 10274:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). 10202:Krishna Chaitanya (1987). 9705:"The Pala-Sena and Others" 8822:Michael C. Howard (2012). 8538: 6787:Black and Red ware culture 3007: 2487: 2010:The Palas were patrons of 1965: 812: 651: 646: 18: 12205: 12127:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 12092:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 12022: 11961: 11828: 11820:Ghosts in Bengali culture 11639: 11464: 11398: 11354: 11315: 11277: 11244: 11230: 11207: 11168:Communist Party (Marxist) 11129: 11069:Sandakphu (Highest point) 11009: 10996:Bangladesh Liberation War 10844: 10830:Devil's tree (Saptaparni) 10812:White-throated kingfisher 10771: 10756: 10433:History of Ancient Bengal 10241:Shahanara Husain (1985). 9416:Keshari N. Sahay (2001). 9063:History of Ancient Bengal 9045:History of Ancient Bengal 9027:History of Ancient Bengal 8997:. In Shingo Einoo (ed.). 8957:. Routledge. p. 86. 8828:. McFarland. p. 72. 8743:Majamdar, Ramesh (1948). 6798:Painted Grey Ware culture 6670:Indus Valley Civilisation 5835: 5833: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5145: 5143: 4935: 4933: 4725: 4723: 4515: 4513: 4305: 4303: 4095: 4093: 3875: 3873: 3865: 3863: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3422: 3420: 3404: 3402: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3175: 2841: 2637: 2621: 2608: 1725:Darvapani (or Darbhapani) 1004:Coin of the Pala Empire, 937:assumed imperial titles. 382: 278: 268: 263: 259: 249: 239: 235: 225: 221: 208: 196: 184: 172: 159: 155: 147: 137: 115: 101: 97:(Ramapala and successors) 93:(Mahipala I),Ramavati in 66: 56: 42: 37: 30: 11173:Indian National Congress 10921:Indian Rebellion of 1857 10794:Banglar Mati Banglar Jol 10522:. Abhinav Publications. 10462:Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha 10033:Majumdar, R. C. (2009). 9748:. Abhinav Publications. 9654:Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha 9605:Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha 9571:Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha 9519:Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha 8776:A Brief History of India 8503:Middle kingdoms of India 7449:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 7429:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 7030:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 2103:The Palas supported the 1915:Agricultural posts like 1847:(Collector of penalties) 1042:Second period of decline 996:Revival under Mahipala I 735:in some sources such as 592:was written by Buddhist 12167:Michael Madhusudan Dutt 11803:Pather Panchali (novel) 11721:Prostitution in Kolkata 11189:Assembly constituencies 11154:Human Rights Commission 10328:Harle, 212; Craven, 176 9809:Balogh, Daniel (2021). 9333:Binod Bihari Satpathy. 9272:Furui, Ryosuke (2020). 9155:Essays on Ancient India 7549:Western Chalukya Empire 6692:Mature Harappan culture 2971:1162–1176 or 1158–1162 917:First period of decline 827:An illustration of the 362:Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya 12237:Former empires in Asia 11979:Economy of West Bengal 11751:Architecture of Bengal 11178:Bharatiya Janata Party 11116:Tiger Hill, Darjeeling 10637:Pelican History of Art 10600:Abhinav Publications. 10594:Bagchi, Jhunu (1993). 10266:Chowdhury, AM (2012). 8455:Science and technology 6839:Three Crowned Kingdoms 6681:Early Harappan culture 6496:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 2318: 2214:Karmanushthan Paddhati 2212:by Sridhar Bhatta and 2002: 1983: 1264: 1193: 1109: 1091:Revival under Ramapala 1051: 1009: 832: 683:) was the fatherland ( 661: 590:Proto-Bengali language 567:11th century rebellion 565:being exposed through 251:• Disestablished 21:Palas (disambiguation) 12082:Jagadish Chandra Bose 11704:Rabindra Nritya Natya 11079:Rivers of West Bengal 10971:Bengal famine of 1943 10785:Emblem of West Bengal 10558:Sensarma, P. (1977). 9690:, 2007-08, pp. 73-82. 9342:DDCE Utkal University 8746:The History of Bengal 8566:, a Sanskrit epic by 8358:Specialised histories 7629:Kalachuris of Kalyani 7619:Kalachuris of Tripuri 7301:Western Ganga Kingdom 7229:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 7179:Western Satrap Empire 7162:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 7152:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 6703:Late Harappan culture 6464:History of South Asia 3010:List of Pala emperors 2527:D. K. Ganguly (1994) 2490:List of Pala emperors 2316: 1989: 1978: 1931:(Head of sheep farms) 1919:(Head of dairy farms) 1259: 1191: 1098: 1049: 1003: 950:Pundrabardhanabhukti 826: 659: 432:post-classical period 102:Common languages 38:750 CE–770 CE–1161 CE 12112:Satyendranath Tagore 12107:Abanindranath Tagore 11149:Legislative Assembly 10492:Dineshchandra Sircar 10059:. K.K. Publications. 9640:The Indian Antiquary 9389:Wink, Andre (1991). 8523:Jagaddala Mahavihara 7876:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 7678:Late medieval period 7589:Eastern Ganga Empire 7321:Vishnukundina Empire 6385:class=notpageimage| 2512:AM Chowdhury (1967) 2309:Art and architecture 2295:A form of the proto- 2260:Chikitsa Sarsamgraha 1925:(Head of goat farms) 1803:Mahasandhi-vigrahika 1688:class=notpageimage| 1017:. During his reign, 978:Kamboja Pala dynasty 741:. A medieval writer 270:• 1000 estimate 91:Murshidabad district 19:For other uses, see 12117:Satyendranath Dutta 12102:Jnanadanandini Devi 12057:Subhas Chandra Bose 12032:Rabindranath Tagore 11999:Anglo-Indian people 11669:Arts of West Bengal 11400:Presidency division 11279:Jalpaiguri division 11034:North Bengal plains 10695:Sengupta, Nitish K. 10278:(Second ed.). 9855:Andre Wink (1991). 8574:Subhasita Ratnakosa 8518:Somapura Mahavihara 7958:Early modern period 7805:Vijayanagara Empire 7785:Chitradurga Kingdom 7479:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 6891:Shaishunaga dynasty 2484:List of Pala rulers 2449:Somapura Mahavihara 2430:World Heritage Site 2426:Somapura Mahavihara 2357:A basalt statue of 2299:can be seen in the 2268:by Gadadhara Vaidya 2237:Dravya Gunasangraha 2024:Somapura Mahavihara 1865:(Dealing documents) 819:Tripartite Struggle 738:Manjushri-Mulakalpa 606:Somapura Mahavihara 549:invasions. Emperor 537:for the control of 436:Indian subcontinent 241:• Established 12247:750 establishments 12197:Nihar Ranjan Gupta 12122:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 12097:Sarat Chandra Bose 12067:Bidhan Chandra Roy 11768:Bengali literature 11649:Bengal Renaissance 11356:Medinipur division 10926:Bengal Renaissance 10901:East India Company 10545:, p. 139–143. 10141:, p. 111–122. 10129:, p. 122–124. 9152:Raj Kumar (2003). 8912:Buddhist scholars. 8591:Silsiltut-Tauarikh 8435:Partition of India 8300:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 8248:Regional histories 8193:National histories 8080:Travancore Kingdom 8050:Thondaiman Kingdom 7920:Golkonda Sultanate 7529:Somavamshi Kingdom 7499:Rashtrakuta Empire 7439:Rashidun Caliphate 7361:Kabul Shahi Empire 7209:Nagas of Padmavati 7132:Indo-Greek Kingdom 7072:(230 BC – AD 1206) 6765:Vedic Civilisation 6713:Vedic Civilisation 6610:Ahar-Banas culture 2319: 2022:monastery and the 2003: 1984: 1805:(Foreign minister) 1748:s (Divisions) and 1265: 1194: 1152:Gahadavala dynasty 1110: 1052: 1010: 940:Naryanapala's son 833: 772:After the fall of 662: 584:architecture. The 531:Gurjara-Pratiharas 454:as the emperor of 416: 348:Karnats of Mithila 12242:Kingdoms of Bihar 12232:History of Bengal 12214: 12213: 12152:Dwarkanath Tagore 12142:Swami Vivekananda 12042:Kazi Nazrul Islam 11858:Bengal Patachitra 11843:Banglar Rosogolla 11654:Bengali calendars 11551:Jaynagar Majilpur 11460: 11459: 11452:South 24 Parganas 11435:North 24 Parganas 11380:Paschim Medinipur 11264:Paschim Bardhaman 11159:Political parties 11121:Siliguri Corridor 11094:Brahmaputra River 10976:Direct Action Day 10911:Bengal Presidency 10906:Battle of Plassey 10881:Cooch Behar State 10876:Mallabhum kingdom 10710:978-0-14-341678-4 10681:on 17 August 2016 10656:. Brill Archive. 10607:978-81-7017-301-4 10477:978-81-7017-059-4 10384:978-81-7017-304-5 10354:978-81-208-1208-6 10215:978-81-7017-209-3 10176:978-81-207-2503-4 10086:978-81-241-1064-5 10012:978-984-8140-01-7 9976:978-0-19-562879-1 9902:978-0-52020-507-9 9868:978-90-04-09509-0 9795:978-0-8021-3797-5 9669:978-81-7017-059-4 9620:978-81-7017-059-4 9586:978-81-7017-059-4 9534:978-81-7017-059-4 9492:978-1-84331-029-7 9459:978-1-108-04720-3 9429:978-8-1716-9660-4 9402:978-90-04-09509-0 9312:978-93-5260-673-3 9285:978-1-138-49843-3 9258:978-81-224-1198-0 9192:978-81-224-1198-0 9165:978-81-7141-682-0 9104:978-81-224-1198-0 8964:978-1-317-20871-6 8937:978-81-224-1198-0 8886:978-1-00-020581-7 8835:978-0-7864-9033-2 8808:Vindhya Mountains 8786:978-1-59477-794-3 8706:, pp. 39–49. 8665:978-81-208-0436-4 8499: 8498: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8098: 8097: 8000:Thanjavur Kingdom 7948: 7947: 7909:Bijapur Sultanate 7865:Deccan sultanates 7743:Tughlaq Sultanate 7690:Ghaznavid Dynasty 7668: 7667: 7539:Chaulukya Kingdom 7469:Mallabhum kingdom 7459:Umayyad Caliphate 7199:Bharshiva Dynasty 7095:(200 BC – AD 300) 7085:(230 BC – AD 220) 7081:Satavahana Empire 7059: 7058: 7055:(247 BC – AD 224) 6911:Macedonian Empire 6885:(450 BC – AD 489) 6873:Achaemenid Empire 6743: 6742: 6648: 6647: 6571: 6570: 6521: 6520: 6505:Madrasian culture 6332:ABBASID CALIPHATE 6011: 6010: 6007: 6006: 5965: 5947: 5745: 5727: 5511: 5493: 5475: 5257: 5047: 4837: 4627: 4417: 4207: 3997: 3979: 3775: 3757: 3739: 3518: 3309: 3083: 3001: 3000: 2276:Vyavohara Matrika 2221:Chikitsa Samgraha 2068:As the rulers of 2012:Mahayana Buddhism 1954:Dauhshashadhanika 1912:(Secret service). 1811:(Head Ambassador) 1734:Bhatta Guravmisra 1251:Uttarapathasvamin 1213:(Jaipur region), 1134:In the region of 839:and his grandson 633:Abbasid Caliphate 604:), including the 424: 423: 378: 377: 374: 373: 312: 311: 210:• 1139–1161 124:Mahayana Buddhism 12269: 11873:Dhaniakhali Sari 11783:Professor Shonku 11778:Lalmohan Ganguly 11763:Bengali language 11699:Rabindra Sangeet 11556:Jiaganj Azimganj 11325:Dakshin Dinajpur 11246:Burdwan division 11242: 11241: 11217:Matua Mahasangha 10961:Anushilan Samiti 10896:Nawabs of Bengal 10742: 10735: 10728: 10719: 10718: 10714: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10667: 10611: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10555: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10513: 10504: 10503: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10398: 10389: 10388: 10368: 10359: 10358: 10339:Stella Kramrisch 10335: 10329: 10326: 10320: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10050: 10041: 10040: 10030: 10017: 10016: 9996: 9981: 9980: 9960: 9943: 9942:, p. 39–40. 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9786:India: A History 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9739: 9733: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9700: 9691: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9650: 9644: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9567: 9558: 9557: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9473: 9464: 9463: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9386: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9346: 9345: 9339: 9330: 9317: 9316: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9242: 9197: 9196: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9019: 9013: 9012: 8991:Alexis Sanderson 8987: 8972: 8971: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8906:Guide To Nalanda 8901:Amalananda Ghosh 8897: 8891: 8890: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8770: 8761: 8760: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8670: 8669: 8646: 8568:Sandhyakar Nandi 8491: 8484: 8477: 8440:Pakistan studies 8280:Himachal Pradesh 8120:Portuguese India 8116: 8115: 8112: 8070:Sikh Confederacy 7966: 7965: 7962: 7815:Bengal Sultanate 7754:Sayyid Sultanate 7732:Khalji Sultanate 7721:Mamluk Sultanate 7686: 7685: 7682: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7599:Kakatiya Kingdom 7509:Paramara Kingdom 7402: 7398: 7395: 7371: 7368: 7311:Kamarupa Kingdom 7274: 7270: 7267: 7260:Kalabhras Empire 7253: 7249: 7246: 7172: 7169: 7156:(50 BC – AD 400) 7136:(180 BC – AD 10) 7115: 7111: 7108: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7023: 7020: 7006: 7003: 6989: 6986: 6972: 6969: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6866: 6863: 6849: 6846: 6829:Haryanka dynasty 6819:Pradyota dynasty 6761: 6760: 6757: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6603: 6600: 6593:Anarta tradition 6589: 6588: 6585: 6553:Mehrgarh culture 6543:Bhirrana culture 6539: 6538: 6535: 6534:(10,800–3300 BC) 6501: 6500: 6497: 6487: 6486: 6474: 6460: 6459: 6394: 6391: 6379: 6377: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6291: 6282: 6280: 6271: 6269: 6260: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6220: 6218: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6152: 6143: 6141: 6132: 6130: 6121: 6119: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6086: 6085:UYGHUR KHAGANATE 6079: 6077: 6070: 6068: 6061: 6055: 5963: 5959: 5945: 5941: 5743: 5739: 5725: 5721: 5509: 5505: 5491: 5487: 5473: 5469: 5255: 5251: 5045: 5041: 4835: 4831: 4625: 4621: 4415: 4411: 4205: 4201: 3995: 3991: 3977: 3973: 3773: 3769: 3755: 3751: 3737: 3733: 3516: 3512: 3307: 3303: 3081: 3077: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3013: 2770: 2767: 2742: 2739: 2587: 2584: 2501: 2500: 2472: 2460: 2445: 2434:Bakhtiyar Khalji 2411: 2392: 2377: 2354: 2297:Bengali language 2241:Chakrapani Datta 2233:Shabda Chandrika 2199:Chakrapani Datta 2187:Sandhyakar Nandi 2179:Buddhist Tantric 2098:Sandhyakar Nandi 1999:Tibetan Buddhism 1833:Chauroddharanika 1679: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1620: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1586: 1584: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1510: 1499: 1497: 1488: 1486: 1476: 1461: 1448: 1435: 1419: 1408: 1406: 1393: 1382: 1380: 1368: 1353: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1315: 1313: 1303: 1221:(Delhi region), 1075:Sandhyakar Nandi 1028:Mahmud of Ghazni 1019:Rajendra Chola I 1015:Burdwan division 902:section below). 641:Tibetan Buddhism 622:Srivijaya Empire 446:("protector" in 417: 415: 414: 405: 403: 402: 393: 391: 390: 370: 369: 356: 355: 342: 341: 328: 327: 316: 315: 303: 302: 296: 295: 280: 279: 198:• 988–1036 120:Tantric Buddhism 47: 28: 27: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12217: 12216: 12215: 12210: 12201: 12177:Sister Nivedita 12047:Anil Kumar Gain 12018: 11957: 11943:Sundarban Honey 11933:Shantipuri sari 11824: 11726:Pohela Boishakh 11635: 11467: 11456: 11394: 11385:Purba Medinipur 11350: 11311: 11273: 11269:Purba Bardhaman 11235: 11226: 11203: 11194:CID West Bengal 11139:Chief Ministers 11125: 11005: 10840: 10767: 10752: 10746: 10711: 10684: 10682: 10664: 10608: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10580:, pp. 2–3. 10576: 10572: 10556: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10530: 10514: 10507: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10459: 10455: 10444: 10440: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10399: 10392: 10385: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10314: 10307: 10291: 10287: 10264: 10260: 10239: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10200: 10196: 10188: 10184: 10177: 10161: 10157: 10151:Huntington 1984 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10071:Chandra, Satish 10068: 10064: 10051: 10044: 10031: 10020: 10013: 9997: 9984: 9977: 9961: 9946: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9903: 9887: 9883: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9853: 9849: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9740: 9736: 9724: 9720: 9701: 9694: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9651: 9647: 9636: 9632: 9621: 9602: 9598: 9587: 9568: 9561: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9477:Biplab Dasgupta 9474: 9467: 9460: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9387: 9378: 9370: 9366: 9358: 9349: 9337: 9331: 9320: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9286: 9270: 9266: 9259: 9243: 9200: 9193: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9150: 9143: 9116: 9112: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9074: 9070: 9056: 9052: 9038: 9034: 9020: 9016: 9009: 8988: 8975: 8965: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8871: 8867: 8859: 8855: 8849:Huntington 1984 8847: 8843: 8836: 8820: 8816: 8787: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8714: 8710: 8702: 8673: 8666: 8647: 8634: 8629: 8541: 8495: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8359: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8249: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8194: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8113: 8110: 8108:Colonial states 8100: 8099: 7990:Madurai Kingdom 7963: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7898:Bidar Sultanate 7887:Berar sultanate 7855:Ladakh Kingdom 7845:Gajapati Empire 7825:Garhwal Kingdom 7710:Delhi Sultanate 7683: 7680: 7670: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7639:Chutiya Kingdom 7609:Zamorin Kingdom 7400: 7396: 7388:Maukhari Empire 7378:Chalukya Empire 7369: 7331:Maitraka Empire 7272: 7268: 7251: 7247: 7239:Vakataka Empire 7219:Sasanian Empire 7170: 7113: 7109: 7091:Kuninda Kingdom 7074: 7071: 7069:Middle Kingdoms 7061: 7060: 7051:Parthian Empire 7042: 7038: 7021: 7004: 6987: 6970: 6953: 6949: 6864: 6847: 6758: 6755: 6745: 6744: 6663: 6660: 6650: 6649: 6601: 6586: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6563:Edakkal culture 6536: 6533: 6523: 6522: 6514:Soanian culture 6498: 6495: 6484: 6458: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6278:Paleo-Siberians 6276: 6274: 6272: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6047: 5958: 5957: 5940: 5939: 5738: 5737: 5720: 5719: 5504: 5503: 5486: 5485: 5468: 5467: 5250: 5249: 5246:Vigrahapala III 5040: 5039: 4830: 4829: 4620: 4619: 4410: 4409: 4200: 4199: 3990: 3989: 3972: 3971: 3768: 3767: 3750: 3749: 3732: 3731: 3511: 3510: 3302: 3301: 3076: 3075: 3012: 3006: 2810:Vigrahapala III 2768: 2740: 2585: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2420: 2412: 2403: 2399:avatar of Lord 2393: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2355: 2311: 2282:by Jimutavahana 2225:Ayurveda Dipika 2167: 2090: 2008: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1949:Shashtadhikruta 1935:Mahishadyakshya 1923:Chhagadhyakshya 1906:(Police forces) 1885:(Chief justice) 1879:Mahadandanayaka 1863:Jyesthakayastha 1857:Mahaksapatalika 1829:(Tax collector) 1712:Maharajadhiraja 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1295: 1217:(East Punjab), 1186: 1164: 1108: 1093: 1064:Vikramaditya VI 1044: 998: 974:Chandra dynasty 970:Maharajadhiraja 919: 821: 811: 801:. According to 770: 729:Nitish Sengupta 727:. According to 654: 649: 412: 410: 409: 400: 398: 397: 388: 386: 367: 353: 339: 325: 300: 271: 252: 242: 211: 199: 187: 186:• 854–908 175: 174:• 810–850 162: 161:• 750–770 52: 51: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12275: 12265: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11969:Bengali people 11965: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11903:Jaynagarer Moa 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11868:Darjeeling tea 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11848:Banglar Muslin 11845: 11840: 11838:Baluchari sari 11834: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11810:Bengali cinema 11807: 11806: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11765: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11756:Bengal temples 11748: 11743: 11741:Raksha Bandhan 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11645: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11516:Hugli-Chuchura 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11472: 11470: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11416: 11411: 11404: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11346:Uttar Dinajpur 11343: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11319: 11317:Malda division 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11283: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11250: 11248: 11239: 11228: 11227: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11213: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11201: 11199:Kolkata Police 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11015: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10981:Noakhali riots 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10886:Sher Shah Suri 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10850: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10832: 10823: 10814: 10805: 10796: 10787: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10745: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10709: 10691: 10668: 10662: 10647: 10631:Harle, J. C., 10629: 10615:Craven, Roy C. 10612: 10606: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10570: 10547: 10535: 10528: 10505: 10483: 10476: 10453: 10438: 10429:R. C. Majumdar 10420: 10413: 10390: 10383: 10360: 10353: 10330: 10321: 10312: 10305: 10285: 10272:Islam, Sirajul 10268:"Pala Dynasty" 10258: 10233: 10231:, p. 100. 10221: 10214: 10194: 10182: 10175: 10155: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10112: 10092: 10085: 10062: 10042: 10018: 10011: 9982: 9975: 9944: 9932: 9920: 9908: 9901: 9881: 9867: 9847: 9828: 9821: 9801: 9794: 9773: 9761: 9754: 9734: 9718: 9692: 9675: 9668: 9645: 9630: 9619: 9596: 9585: 9559: 9540: 9533: 9510: 9508:, p. 3,4. 9498: 9491: 9465: 9458: 9438: 9428: 9408: 9401: 9376: 9364: 9347: 9318: 9311: 9291: 9284: 9264: 9257: 9198: 9191: 9171: 9164: 9141: 9110: 9103: 9083: 9068: 9059:R. C. Majumdar 9050: 9041:R. C. Majumdar 9032: 9023:R. C. Majumdar 9014: 9007: 8973: 8963: 8943: 8936: 8916: 8892: 8885: 8865: 8853: 8841: 8834: 8814: 8796:Gulf of Bengal 8785: 8762: 8755: 8735: 8728: 8708: 8671: 8664: 8650:R. C. Majumdar 8631: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8622:(16th-century) 8611: 8601: 8587: 8586: 8585:Other accounts 8582: 8581: 8571: 8570:(12th century) 8559: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8533:Kurkihar hoard 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8114: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8060:Maratha Empire 8056: 8055: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8040:Sikkim Kingdom 8036: 8035: 8032: 8030:Marava Kingdom 8026: 8025: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7930:Keladi Kingdom 7926: 7925: 7922: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7835:Mysore Kingdom 7831: 7830: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765:Lodi Sultanate 7760: 7759: 7756: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7700:Ghurid Dynasty 7696: 7695: 7692: 7684: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7569:Hoysala Empire 7565: 7564: 7561: 7559:Lohara Kingdom 7555: 7554: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419:Tibetan Empire 7415: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291:Kadamba Empire 7287: 7286: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7075: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7015: 7013:Pallava Empire 7009: 7008: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6931:Seleucid India 6927: 6926: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6858: 6856:Maha Janapadas 6852: 6851: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6793: 6792: 6791:(1300–1000 BC) 6789: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6759: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6730: 6729: 6728:(2000–1600 BC) 6726: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6707:(1900–1300 BC) 6705: 6698: 6697: 6696:(2600–1900 BC) 6694: 6687: 6686: 6685:(3300–2600 BC) 6683: 6676: 6675: 6674:(3300–1300 BC) 6672: 6664: 6661:(3300–1300 BC) 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6634:(1600–1300 BC) 6632: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6614:(3000–1500 BC) 6612: 6606: 6605: 6595: 6587: 6584:(3500–1500 BC) 6579: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567:(5000–3000 BC) 6565: 6559: 6558: 6557:(7000–3300 BC) 6555: 6549: 6548: 6547:(7570–6200 BC) 6545: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6467: 6466: 6457: 6454: 6383: 6382: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5950: 5948: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5730: 5728: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5496: 5494: 5478: 5476: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4616:Vigrahapala II 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3982: 3980: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3760: 3758: 3742: 3740: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3008:Main article: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2734: 2732:Vigrahapala II 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2356: 2349: 2310: 2307: 2284: 2283: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2250:Vrikkhayurveda 2246:Shabda-Pradipa 2243: 2208:by Gaudapada, 2166: 2163: 2140:Mother Goddess 2089: 2086: 2070:Gautama Buddha 2007: 2004: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1876: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1845:Dashaparadhika 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1799:(Vassal kings) 1790: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1708:Paramvattaraka 1691: 1686: 1685: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1293:Administration 1291: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1185: 1182: 1169:Eastern Gangas 1163: 1160: 1148:Govindachandra 1099: 1092: 1089: 1043: 1040: 997: 994: 954:Vigrahapala II 918: 915: 810: 807: 803:R. C. Majumdar 769: 766: 697:Ballala-Carita 653: 650: 648: 645: 626:Tibetan Empire 515:Gangetic plain 422: 421: 384: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 364: 358: 357: 350: 344: 343: 336: 330: 329: 322: 313: 310: 309: 307:Khadga dynasty 304: 292: 291: 286: 276: 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 230:Post-classical 227: 226:Historical era 223: 222: 219: 218: 212: 209: 206: 205: 200: 197: 194: 193: 188: 185: 182: 181: 176: 173: 170: 169: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 117: 113: 112: 103: 99: 98: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12274: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12209: 12204: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12182:Mother Teresa 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12132:Rani Rashmoni 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12077:Nandalal Bose 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12052:Ritwik Ghatak 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11974:Bihari people 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11948:Tangail Saree 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11923:Nakshi kantha 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11883:Fazli (mango) 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11853:Bankura horse 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11463: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11222:Bangla Pokkho 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11209:Rights groups 11206: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11104:Hooghly River 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11089:Damodar River 11087: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10946:Sovabazar Raj 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10931:Bardhaman Raj 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10891:Mughal Empire 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10854:Gauda Kingdom 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10773:State symbols 10770: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10743: 10738: 10736: 10731: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10712: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10692: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10663:90-04-06856-2 10659: 10655: 10654: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10579: 10574: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10554: 10552: 10544: 10539: 10531: 10529:9788170173045 10525: 10521: 10520: 10512: 10510: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10479: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10449: 10442: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10416: 10414:90-04-06856-2 10410: 10406: 10405: 10397: 10395: 10386: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10367: 10365: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10325: 10316: 10308: 10306:9780865900479 10302: 10298: 10297: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10237: 10230: 10225: 10217: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10205:Arts of India 10198: 10192:, p. 19. 10191: 10186: 10178: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10159: 10153:, p. 39. 10152: 10147: 10140: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10096: 10088: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10058: 10057: 10049: 10047: 10038: 10037: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10014: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9978: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9941: 9936: 9930:, p. 38. 9929: 9924: 9917: 9912: 9904: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9885: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9851: 9844:. New Series. 9843: 9839: 9832: 9824: 9822:9780861592289 9818: 9814: 9813: 9805: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9771:, p. 45. 9770: 9769:Sengupta 2011 9765: 9757: 9755:9788170173045 9751: 9747: 9746: 9738: 9732: 9731:9789380607344 9728: 9722: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9671: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9649: 9642: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9622: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9536: 9530: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9461: 9455: 9451: 9450: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9412: 9404: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9374:, p. 40. 9373: 9372:Sengupta 2011 9368: 9362:, p. 37. 9361: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9295: 9287: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9268: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9194: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9148: 9146: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9114: 9106: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9087: 9079: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9010: 9008:9784903235080 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8947: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8896: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8869: 8862: 8861:Sengupta 2011 8857: 8851:, p. 56. 8850: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8769: 8767: 8758: 8756:9788176464062 8752: 8748: 8747: 8739: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8704:Sengupta 2011 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8667: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8655:Ancient India 8651: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8632: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8547:Pala accounts 8546: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8355: 8354: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8315:Uttar Pradesh 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8245: 8244: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8190: 8189: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7970:Mughal Empire 7968: 7967: 7959: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7796: 7795:Reddy Kingdom 7793: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7520: 7519:Yadava Empire 7517: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7409:Harsha Empire 7407: 7406: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189:Kushan Empire 7187: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7122:Shunga Empire 7120: 7119: 7104: 7102: 7101:Mitra Dynasty 7099: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7043: AD 500 7039: 250 BC 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7022: 250 AD 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7005: 300 BC 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6988: 300 BC 6982: 6980: 6979:Chera Kingdom 6977: 6976: 6971: 300 BC 6965: 6963: 6962:Pandya Empire 6960: 6959: 6954: 300 AD 6950: 300 BC 6944: 6942: 6941:Sangam period 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6921:Maurya Empire 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6848: 600 BC 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6802:(1200–600 BC) 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6780:(1500–600 BC) 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6769:(1500–500 BC) 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6756:(1500–200 BC) 6754: 6749: 6748: 6739:(1600–500 BC) 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6717:(2000–500 BC) 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6644:(1400–700 BC) 6643: 6641: 6640:Jorwe culture 6638: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6630:Malwa culture 6628: 6627: 6624:(1600–750 BC) 6623: 6621: 6620:Pandu culture 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442:war elephants 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6386: 6378: 6367: 6356: 6345: 6334: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6239: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6206: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6153: 6142: 6131: 6120: 6109: 6098: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6054: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5956: 5955: 5938: 5937: 5888: 5886: 5786: 5784: 5736: 5735: 5718: 5717: 5668: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5609: 5601: 5599: 5552: 5550: 5502: 5501: 5484: 5483: 5466: 5465: 5424: 5421: 5413: 5411: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5355: 5339: 5337: 5298: 5296: 5248: 5247: 5190: 5188: 5088: 5086: 5038: 5037: 4980: 4978: 4878: 4876: 4828: 4827: 4770: 4768: 4668: 4666: 4618: 4617: 4560: 4558: 4458: 4456: 4408: 4407: 4350: 4348: 4248: 4246: 4198: 4197: 4140: 4138: 4038: 4036: 3988: 3987: 3970: 3969: 3920: 3918: 3816: 3814: 3766: 3765: 3764:Vigrahapala I 3748: 3747: 3730: 3729: 3688: 3685: 3677: 3676: 3621: 3613: 3572: 3570: 3509: 3508: 3467: 3465: 3363: 3361: 3300: 3299: 3258: 3255: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3132: 3130: 3074: 3073: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3017:Pala dynasty 3016: 3015: 3011: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2949:1144–1161/62 2948: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2644:Vigrahapala I 2642: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2418:Rishabhanatha 2416: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2395:Sculpture of 2391: 2386: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2256:by Sureshwara 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210:Nyaya Kundali 2207: 2206:Agama Shastra 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2123:in Varanasi. 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2040:Mahipala geet 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1960: 1959:Nakadhyakshya 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929:Meshadyakshya 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889:Mahapratihara 1887: 1884: 1883:Dharmadhikara 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827:Sasthadhikrta 1825: 1823:(Chief guard) 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1716:Line of Garga 1713: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1667: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1621: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1585: 1583: 1572: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1511: 1509: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1462: 1460: 1449: 1447: 1436: 1434: 1421: 1418: 1407: 1405: 1395: 1392: 1381: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1354: 1352: 1339: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1314: 1312: 1302: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:Kangra Valley 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1162:Final decline 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1002: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:Vigrahapala I 914: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 851:. Later, the 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 825: 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 790: 787: 783: 779: 775: 768:Establishment 765: 763: 759: 754: 750: 748: 744: 740: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717: 712: 711: 710:Dharmamangala 706: 702: 698: 694: 693:Solar dynasty 690: 686: 682: 678: 675:attests that 674: 673: 668: 658: 644: 642: 638: 634: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 581: 579: 575: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:Atis Dipankar 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:Bay of Bengal 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 420: 408: 396: 385: 383:Today part of 381: 365: 363: 360: 359: 351: 349: 346: 345: 337: 335: 332: 331: 323: 321: 320:Chero dynasty 318: 317: 314: 308: 305: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 277: 273: 267: 262: 258: 254: 248: 245:750 CE–770 CE 244: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 207: 204: 201: 195: 192: 189: 183: 180: 177: 171: 167: 164: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 110:Proto-Bengali 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 46: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 12087:Meghnad Saha 12037:Satyajit Ray 11962:Demographics 11913:Manasa chali 11788:Tarini Khuro 11576:Krishnanagar 11099:Teesta River 11059:Ganges Delta 11019:Bengal Basin 10941:Jhargram Raj 10871:Sena dynasty 10865: 10762: 10699: 10683:. 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6895:(424–345 BC) 6877:(550–330 BC) 6833:(684–424 BC) 6823:(799–684 BC) 6813:(700–200 BC) 6735:Swat culture 6581:Chalcolithic 6493:Palaeolithic 6450: 6402:Mahasenapati 6401: 6399: 6321: 6310: 6299: 6288: 6277: 6266: 6226: 6213: 6202: 6191: 6180: 6114: 6035:Sabdapradipa 6034: 6012: 5952: 5934: 5732: 5714: 5498: 5482:Shurapala II 5480: 5462: 5244: 5034: 4824: 4614: 4404: 4194: 3986:Narayanapala 3984: 3966: 3762: 3744: 3728:Mahendrapala 3726: 3505: 3296: 3070: 2883:1078/9–1132 2854:Shurapala II 2842:1076–1078/9 2666:Narayanapala 2605:Mahendrapala 2496:calendar era 2493: 2477:Vikramashila 2423: 2343: 2327: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2289:Ramacharitam 2287: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262:by Vangasena 2259: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2191:Madhava-kara 2183:Jimutavahana 2174: 2168: 2152: 2125: 2121: 2102: 2091: 2067: 2055:Santaraksita 2044: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2020:Vikramashila 2009: 1997:lineages of 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1917:Gavadhakshya 1916: 1909: 1903: 1899:Dandapashika 1898: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1859:(Accountant) 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1835:(Police tax) 1832: 1826: 1820: 1815:Rajasthaniya 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704:Parameshwara 1703: 1701: 1676: 1663: 1651: 1640: 1629: 1606: 1592: 1579: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1519: 1505: 1494: 1471: 1458: 1445: 1430: 1416: 1403: 1390: 1387: 1377: 1363: 1348: 1335: 1321: 1308: 1287: 1266: 1262:Narayanapala 1250: 1199: 1195: 1174:Sena dynasty 1165: 1133: 1126:chief named 1111: 1080:Ramacharitam 1078: 1072: 1053: 1023:Chola Empire 1011: 986:Narayanapala 969: 949: 939: 931:Mihira Bhoja 927:Narayanapala 920: 907:Mahendrapala 904: 892:Pragjyotisha 889: 884: 869:Nagabhata II 834: 791: 781: 778:matsya nyaya 777: 771: 751: 736: 716:Ramacharitam 714: 708: 704: 696: 684: 681:North Bengal 672:Ramacharitam 670: 663: 618:Vikramashila 582: 535:Rashtrakutas 499:war elephant 496: 482:, Ramavati ( 443: 427: 425: 334:Sena dynasty 289:Succeeded by 288: 283: 191:Narayanapala 85:(Devapala), 25: 12227:Pala Empire 12187:Amartya Sen 12157:Sukumar Ray 12147:Sarada Devi 12137:Ramakrishna 11893:Gobindobhog 11888:Garad Saree 11830:GI products 11746:Ratha Yatra 11714:Dol Purnima 11689:Chhau dance 11596:Murshidabad 11521:Cooch Behar 11341:Murshidabad 11292:Cooch Behar 11044:Rarh region 10866:Pala Empire 10803:Fishing cat 10750:West Bengal 10578:Bagchi 1993 10229:Bagchi 1993 10190:Bagchi 1993 9940:Bagchi 1993 9916:Bagchi 1993 9874:3 September 9506:Bagchi 1993 9360:Bagchi 1993 8556:Ramacharita 8365:Agriculture 8335:South India 8310:Maharashtra 8260:Balochistan 8200:Afghanistan 8174:(1858–1947) 8170:British Raj 8164:(1757–1858) 8160:Company Raj 8154:(1759–1954) 8144:(1620–1869) 8134:(1605–1825) 8130:Dutch India 8124:(1510–1961) 8111:(1510–1961) 8094:(1799–1849) 8090:Sikh Empire 8084:(1729–1947) 8074:(1707–1799) 8064:(1674–1818) 8054:(1650–1948) 8044:(1642–1975) 8034:(1600–1750) 8024:(1576–1757) 8014:(1541–1804) 8004:(1532–1673) 7994:(1529–1736) 7984:(1540–1556) 7974:(1526–1858) 7961:(1526–1858) 7944:(1515–1947) 7934:(1499–1763) 7924:(1518–1687) 7913:(1492–1686) 7902:(1492–1619) 7891:(1490–1574) 7880:(1490–1636) 7869:(1490–1596) 7859:(1470–1842) 7849:(1434–1541) 7839:(1399–1947) 7829:(1358–1803) 7819:(1352–1576) 7809:(1336–1646) 7799:(1325–1448) 7789:(1300–1779) 7779:(1228–1826) 7769:(1451–1526) 7758:(1414–1451) 7747:(1320–1414) 7736:(1290–1320) 7725:(1206–1290) 7714:(1206–1526) 7704:(1170–1206) 7681:(1206–1526) 7662: 1300 7658: 1200 7643:(1187–1673) 7633:(1156–1184) 7613:(1102–1766) 7603:(1083–1323) 7593:(1078–1434) 7583:(1070–1230) 7579:Sena Empire 7573:(1040–1347) 7563:(1003–1320) 7489:Pala Empire 7351:Rai Kingdom 7193:(AD 60–240) 7126:(185–73 BC) 6882:Ror Dynasty 6602: 3950 6446:Ibn Khaldun 6436:, Odra and 6019:Vigrahapala 5954:Govindapala 5464:Mahipala II 3746:Shurapala I 3004:Family tree 2961:Govindapala 2832:Mahipala II 2769: 1036 2618:Shurapala I 2507:RC Majumdar 2361:flanked by 2330:Sena Empire 2254:Lohpaddhati 2159:Mahabharata 2136:Nine Durgas 2035:Mahabharata 1944:Vishayapati 1904:Dandashakti 1841:(Trade tax) 1797:Mahasamanta 1652:SOMAVAMSHIS 1630:BUNDELKHAND 1391:PALA EMPIRE 1036:Gangeyadeva 911:Shurapala I 881:Govinda III 877:Rashtrakuta 853:Rashtrakuta 594:Mahasiddhas 472:Pāṭaliputra 468:Vikramapura 428:Pāla Empire 284:Preceded by 215:Govindapala 75:Pataliputra 32:Pāla Empire 12221:Categories 12072:Jyoti Basu 12062:Jamini Roy 11953:Tulaipanji 11908:Madurkathi 11863:Chhau mask 11798:Kiriti Roy 11731:Durga Puja 11664:Chalchitra 11659:Patachitra 11546:Jalpaiguri 11526:Darjeeling 11486:Berhampore 11466:Cities and 11448:(declared) 11446:Sundarbans 11442:(declared) 11421:(declared) 11410:(declared) 11371:(declared) 11332:(declared) 11330:Berhampore 11302:Jalpaiguri 11297:Darjeeling 11287:Alipurduar 11131:Governance 11049:Sundarbans 10645:0300062176 10627:0500201463 10113:0226742210 8804:Jalandhara 8792:Dharmapala 8729:0226742210 8627:References 8620:Abu'l-Fazl 8528:Odantapuri 8445:Philosophy 8425:Metallurgy 8415:Literature 8340:Tamil Nadu 8205:Bangladesh 7980:Sur Empire 7694:(977–1186) 7660: – c. 7623:(675–1210) 7553:(973–1189) 7543:(942–1244) 7533:(882–1110) 7523:(850–1334) 7513:(800–1327) 7493:(750–1174) 7473:(694–1947) 7453:(650–1036) 7433:(624–1075) 7401: 700 7399: – c. 7397: 550 7370: 500 7315:(350–1100) 7305:(350–1000) 7273: 600 7271: – c. 7269: 250 7252: 500 7250: – c. 7248: 250 7171: 130 7146:(75–26 BC) 7112: – c. 7110: 150 7041: – c. 7007:– AD 1279) 6990:– AD 1102) 6973:– AD 1345) 6952: – c. 6865: 600 6850:– AD 1600) 6658:Bronze Age 6393: 800 6096:PRATIHARAS 5734:Madanapala 5716:Kumarapala 4406:Gopala III 3298:Dharmapala 2997:1165–1200 2994:1165–1199 2977:1161–1165 2974:1161–1165 2965:1158–1162 2955:1143–1161 2952:1143–1161 2946:1143–1162 2943:1144–1162 2939:Madanapala 2933:1128–1143 2930:1128–1143 2927:1136–1144 2924:1129–1143 2921:1140–1144 2911:1126–1128 2908:1126–1128 2905:1132–1136 2902:1124–1129 2899:1130–1140 2895:Kumarapala 2889:1072–1126 2886:1072–1126 2880:1082–1124 2877:1077–1130 2867:1071–1072 2864:1071–1072 2861:1080–1082 2858:1075–1077 2848:1070–1071 2845:1070–1071 2839:1075–1080 2836:1072–1075 2826:1043–1070 2823:1043–1070 2820:1050–1076 2817:1058–1075 2814:1054–1072 2804:1027–1043 2801:1027–1043 2798:1035–1050 2795:1043–1058 2792:1038–1053 2760:Mahipala I 2741: 986 2710:Gopala III 2586: 850 2555:Dharmapala 2524:(1975–76) 2367:Kārttikeya 2302:Charyapada 2280:Kalaviveka 2175:Gauda riti 2165:Literature 2128:Pashupatas 2074:Nagarahara 2016:Haribhadra 1731:Kedarmisra 1534:CHAHAMANAS 1404:NAGVANSHIS 1322:KARAKHANID 1309:South Asia 1237:and Kira ( 1156:Pithipatis 962:Kalachuris 946:Gopala III 865:Jalandhara 837:Dharmapala 813:See also: 753:André Wink 610:Odantapuri 586:Charyapada 543:Mahipala I 523:Bangladesh 507:Dharmapala 488:Tāmralipta 407:Bangladesh 274:17,000,000 264:Population 203:Mahipala I 138:Government 11994:Rajbanshi 11736:Bhai Dooj 11591:Midnapore 11566:Kharagpur 11561:Kalimpong 11511:Bishnupur 11506:Bardhaman 11491:Balurghat 11369:Bishnupur 11307:Kalimpong 11237:districts 11232:Divisions 11011:Geography 10936:Nadia Raj 10859:Shashanka 10748:State of 10543:Paul 1939 10502:: 209–10. 10139:Paul 1939 10127:Paul 1939 9928:Paul 1939 9782:John Keay 9688:Vol. XXIV 9130:: 49–58. 8802:and from 8608:Taranatha 8578:Vidyakara 8395:Education 8385:Dynasties 8305:Rajasthan 8290:Karnataka 8235:Sri Lanka 7503:(753–982) 7483:(736–916) 7463:(661–750) 7443:(632–661) 7423:(618–841) 7413:(606–647) 7382:(543–753) 7355:(489–632) 7345:(475–576) 7335:(475–767) 7325:(420–624) 7295:(345–525) 7285:(280–550) 7233:(230–360) 7223:(224–651) 7213:(210–340) 7203:(170–350) 7166:(AD 21 – 7024:– AD 800) 6776:Janapadas 6604:–1900 BC) 6531:Neolithic 6406:mercenary 6352:BYZANTINE 6343:KHAGANATE 6257:SRIVIJAYA 5964:1161-1165 5946:1128-1143 5936:Gopala IV 5744:1143-1161 5726:1126-1128 5510:1078-1126 5492:1076-1078 5474:1070-1076 5256:1043-1070 5046:1027-1043 4196:Rajyapala 3978:after 872 3968:Gopala II 2982:Palapala 2917:Gopala IV 2782:977–1027 2779:977–1027 2776:980–1035 2773:995–1043 2688:Rajyapala 2634:Gopala II 2522:DC Sircar 2475:Ruins of 2338:tribhanga 2323:Gupta art 2272:Dayabhaga 2229:Bhanumati 2195:Suresvara 2117:Sarasvati 1839:Shaulkaka 1821:Aggaraksa 1782:Rajanyaka 1766:Chaturaka 1728:Someshwar 1694:Ghaznavid 1595:CHALUKYAS 1582:CHALUKYAS 1349:GHAZNAVID 1184:Geography 1144:Bodh Gaya 1128:Nanyadeva 1068:Somavamsi 982:Rajyapala 958:Chandelas 942:Rajyapala 900:Geography 849:Vatsaraja 845:Pratihara 774:Shashanka 758:Al-Biruni 747:Kayasthas 743:Abul Fazl 725:Kshatriya 701:Taranatha 689:Kshatriya 685:Janakabhu 492:Jagaddala 116:Religion 71:Bikrampur 11938:Sitabhog 11918:Mihidana 11898:Himsagar 11793:Kakababu 11684:Gombhira 11611:Siliguri 11581:Kurseong 11531:Durgapur 11440:Ranaghat 11419:Ichamati 11408:Basirhat 11375:Jhargram 11144:Governor 10966:Jugantar 10697:(2011). 10685:28 March 10464:(1977). 10431:(1971). 10341:(1994). 10253:14166072 10073:(2004). 9784:(2000). 9656:(1977). 9607:(1977). 9573:(1977). 9521:(1977). 9479:(2005). 9136:26906068 9061:(1971). 9043:(1971). 9025:(1971). 8993:(2009). 8903:(1939). 8652:(1977). 8460:Timeline 8450:Religion 8430:Military 8420:Maritime 8410:Language 8400:Indology 8230:Pakistan 8220:Maldives 7918: – 7907: – 7896: – 7885: – 7874: – 7763: – 7752: – 7741: – 7730: – 7719: – 6867:–300 BC) 6807: – 6796: – 6785: – 6774: – 6753:Iron Age 6733: – 6722: – 6701: – 6690: – 6679: – 6456:See also 6438:Manahali 6289:Samoyeds 6192:Jurchens 6105:RASHTRA- 6094:GURJARA- 6045:Military 5500:Ramapala 5036:Nayapala 4836:977-1027 4826:Mahipala 3531:Jayapala 3507:Devapala 3322:Vakapala 3072:Gopala I 2873:Ramapala 2788:Nayapala 2754:976–977 2751:972–977 2748:967–980 2745:969–995 2726:959–976 2723:952–972 2720:952–967 2717:952–969 2714:940–957 2704:927–959 2701:917–952 2698:920–952 2695:920–952 2692:908–940 2682:873–927 2679:860–917 2676:865–920 2673:866–920 2670:854–908 2660:872–873 2654:860–865 2651:861–866 2648:850–853 2628:860–872 2625:850–858 2612:845–860 2599:806–845 2596:812–850 2593:820–860 2590:821–861 2577:Devapala 2571:774–806 2568:775–812 2565:783–820 2562:781–821 2559:770–810 2549:750–774 2546:750–775 2543:755–783 2540:756–781 2537:750–770 2533:Gopala I 2516:BP Sinha 2382:shankhas 2266:Sushrata 2171:Sanskrit 2155:brahmana 2132:Bhairava 2094:Shaivism 2088:Shaivism 2029:Ramayana 2006:Buddhism 1971:Religion 1869:Ksetrapa 1817:(Deputy) 1754:Khandala 1664:KALINGAS 1619:KADAMBAS 1520:HABBARID 1417:KAMARUPA 1235:Gandhara 1207:Vidarbha 1178:Kayastha 1140:Ratanpur 1115:Kamarupa 1105:Ramapala 1101:Maitreya 1060:Chalukya 1032:Varanasi 1006:Mahipala 990:Nayapala 966:Harikela 960:and the 879:emperor 841:Devapala 831:triangle 795:Varendra 782:prakriti 764:origin. 721:Ramapala 677:Varendra 628:and the 578:Buddhist 563:Samantas 555:Kamarupa 551:Ramapala 533:and the 511:Devapala 484:Varendra 480:Somapura 448:Sanskrit 179:Devapala 142:Monarchy 132:Shaivism 128:Hinduism 106:Sanskrit 95:Varendra 87:Somapura 11989:Adivasi 11694:Cuisine 11641:Culture 11606:Raiganj 11601:Purulia 11571:Kolkata 11501:Barasat 11496:Bankura 11481:Asansol 11476:Alipore 11425:Kolkata 11390:Purulia 11364:Bankura 11259:Hooghly 11254:Birbhum 11064:Climate 10846:History 10764:Kolkata 10759:Capital 8806:to the 8539:Sources 8508:Nalanda 8390:Economy 8375:Coinage 8295:Kashmir 8275:Gujarat 7372:– 1026) 6482:Outline 6430:Kanrata 6426:Mithila 6374:TIBETAN 6322:Shatuos 6311:Tanguts 6267:Kyrgyzs 6181:Khitans 6162:DYNASTY 4626:966-977 4416:959-966 4206:927-959 3996:873-927 3774:872-873 3756:860-872 3738:845-860 3517:806-845 3308:774-806 3082:750-774 2657:858–60 2518:(1977) 2509:(1971) 2380:Carved 2148:Lakshmi 2082:Sumatra 2047:Nalanda 1980:Nalanda 1966:Culture 1939:Vogpati 1894:Dandika 1873:Pramatr 1793:Samanta 1762:Avritti 1750:Mandala 1745:Vishaya 1593:EASTERN 1580:WESTERN 1546:TOMARAS 1522:EMIRATE 1495:GUJARAT 1485:GUHILAS 1378:KANNAUJ 1366:EMIRATE 1324:KHANATE 1311:1000 CE 1278:rulers. 1245:or the 1243:Mauryas 1180:caste. 1150:of the 1136:Magadha 1021:of the 861:Kannauj 829:Kannauj 799:Magadha 762:brahman 723:, as a 703:in his 652:Origins 647:History 614:Nalanda 602:Viharas 598:tantric 559:Kalinga 539:Kannauj 476:Monghyr 434:in the 255:1161 CE 168:(first) 148:Emperor 83:Monghyr 67:Capital 12024:People 11984:Gurkha 11878:Dhokra 11773:Feluda 11621:Tamluk 11541:Howrah 11536:Haldia 11414:Howrah 11039:Dooars 10834:Fish: 10817:Flower 10799:Animal 10790:Anthem 10781:Emblem 10707: 10660: 10643: 10625: 10604: 10526: 10474: 10411: 10381: 10351: 10303: 10251: 10212: 10173: 10110: 10083: 10009: 9973: 9899: 9865: 9819: 9792: 9752: 9729: 9666: 9617: 9583: 9531: 9489: 9456: 9426: 9399: 9309: 9282: 9255: 9189: 9162: 9134: 9101: 9005: 8961: 8934: 8883: 8832: 8783: 8753: 8726: 8662: 8325:Odisha 8320:Punjab 8265:Bengal 8210:Bhutan 6422:Kulika 6410:Malava 6376:EMPIRE 6365:YABGUS 6363:OGHUZ- 6354:EMPIRE 6341:KHAZAR 6300:Kimeks 6246:DVARA- 6237:CHENLA 6227:Tatars 6216:YABGHU 6214:KARLUK 6203:Tungus 6151:SHAHIS 6118:EMPIRE 6013:Note: 2401:Vishnu 2397:Varaha 2363:Gaṇeśa 2359:Lalita 2334:mudras 2146:, and 2144:Vishnu 2138:, the 2109:Vishnu 2063:Tilopa 2059:Saraha 2051:Atisha 1991:Atisha 1851:Tarika 1787:Ranaka 1740:Bhukti 1641:DAHALA 1607:CHOLAS 1568:SHILA- 1506:CHUDA- 1459:MARYUL 1446:KUMAON 1433:SHAHIS 1364:MULTAN 1351:EMPIRE 1336:KHOTAN 1247:Guptas 1231:Avanti 1227:Yavana 1211:Matsya 1202:Bengal 1124:Karnat 896:Utkala 873:Munger 857:Dhruva 847:ruler 817:, and 733:Shudra 695:. The 667:Gopala 624:, the 452:Gopāla 440:Bengal 404: 392: 217:(last) 166:Gopala 151: 61:Empire 57:Status 11815:Jatra 11679:Bhadu 11616:Siuri 11586:Malda 11468:towns 11430:Nadia 11336:Malda 11111:Khoai 11084:Ganga 11029:Terai 10836:Ilish 10270:. 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