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543:: the largest one (17,2 m), located to the West, was dedicated to the king and his suite. The two other apses, to the North and South, were smaller. Light entered through two rows of windows. The inside was probably decorated with paintings depicting heroes both from the Ancient times and contemporary. A wooden gallery girdled the building between the two rows of windows. From this gallery could be seen the
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117:
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1320:), then in the chapel (handing of the insignia of the Kingdom), finally in the palace (banquet). During the ceremony, Otto sat on Charlemagne's throne. Afterwards, and until the 16th century, all the German Emperors were crowned firstly in Aachen and then in Rome, which highlights the attachment to Charlemagne's political legacy. The
399:
The decision to build the palace was taken in the late 780s or the early 790s, before
Charlemagne held the title of emperor. Works began in 794 and went on for several years. Aachen quickly became the favourite residence of the sovereign. After 807, he almost did not leave it any more. In the absence
894:
enjoyed the exhalations from natural warm springs, and often practised swimming, in which he was such an adept that none could surpass him; and hence it was that he built his palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, and lived there constantly during his latter years until his death. He used not only to invite his
730:
Hence it was that he built the beautiful basilica at Aachen, which he adorned with gold and silver and lamps, and with rails and doors of solid brass. He had the columns and marbles for this structure brought from Rome and
Ravenna, for he could not find such as were suitable elsewhere. He provided
434:
The arrival of the court in Aachen and the construction work stimulated the activity in the city that experienced growth in the late 8th century and the early 9th century, as craftsmen, traders and shopkeepers had settled near the court. Some important ones lived in houses inside the city. The
254:
The site of Aachen was chosen by
Charlemagne after careful consideration in a key moment of his reign. Since his advent as King of the Franks, Charlemagne had led numerous military expeditions that had both filled his treasury and enlarged his realm, most notably towards the East. He conquered
415:). To the north of this square lay the council hall, to the south the Palatine Chapel. The architect drew a triangle toward the East to connect the thermae to the palace complex. The two best-known buildings are the council hall (today disappeared) and the Palatine Chapel, included into the
806:. The treasury gathered gifts brought by the kingdom's important people during the general assemblies or by foreign envoys. This made up an heterogeneous collection of objects ranging from precious books to weapons and clothing. The king would also buy items from merchants visiting Aachen.
949:
The palace also housed the literary activities of the Palace
Academy. This circle of scholars did not gather in a definite building: Charlemagne liked to listen to poems while he was swimming and eating. The Palace school provided education to the ruler's children and the "nourished ones"
524:
The dimensions of the hall (1,000 m) were suitable to the reception of several hundreds of people at the same time: although the building has been destroyed, it is known it was 47,42 metres long, 20,76 metres large and 21 metres high. The plan seems to be based upon the Roman
916:
The other buildings are not easy to identify because of the lack of detailed enough written accounts. Charlemagne's and his family's apartments seem to have been located in the north-eastern part of the palace complex; his room may have been on the second floor. Some of the
266:
lasted for about thirty years. Charlemagne ended the
Germanic custom of an itinerant court moving from place to place and established a permanent capital. As he was ageing, he decreased the frequency of military expeditions and, after 806, virtually did not leave Aachen.
1155:
The layout of the palatine complex perfectly implemented the alliance between two powers: the spiritual power was represented by the chapel in the South and the temporal power by the
Council Hall in the North. Both of these were linked by the gallery. Since
731:
it with a great number of sacred vessels of gold and silver and with such a quantity of clerical robes that not even the doorkeepers who fill the humblest office in the church were obliged to wear their everyday clothes when in the exercise of their duties.
1168:
held in Aachen. By establishing the seat of the power and the court in Aachen, Charlemagne knew he would be able to more easily supervise those close to him. The palace was the heart of the capital city, gathering dignitaries from all over the Empire.
312:
Besides, settling down in Aachen enabled
Charlemagne to control the operations in Saxony from a closer position. Charlemagne also considered other advantages of the place: surrounded with forest abounding in game, he intended to abandon himself to
1350:
The bronze eagle, that
Charlemagne had put on top of the palace in a flight attitude, has been turned back towards the East. The Germans had turned it towards the West to show that their cavalry could beat the French whenever they wanted
921:
of the palace must have lived in the western part, and some in the city. The
Emperor is said to have owned a library but its exact location is hard to assess. The palace also housed other areas dedicated to artistic creation: a
845:
in its middle was used as the main entrance. A room for legal hearing was located on the second floor. The king dispensed justice in this place, although affairs in which important people were involved were handled in the
1190:
It is difficult to know whether other
Carolingian palaces did imitate that of Aachen, as most of them have been destroyed. However, the constructions of Aachen were not the only ones undertaken under Charlemagne: 16
120:
Simplified plan: 1 = council hall; 2 = porch; 3 = treasury and archives; 4 = gallery; 5 = tribunal and garrison; 6 = metatorium; 7 = curia; 8 = secretarium; 9 = chapel; 10 = atrium; 11 = thermae
219:
carried out some restoration works, but it was at the time only one residence among others. The Frankish court was itinerant and the rulers moved according to the circumstances. Around 765,
773:
of the aisle, takes up this subject by representing the heavenly Jerusalem. Charlemagne's throne, located in the West of the second floor, was placed on the seventh step of a platform.
1160:, Charlemagne's father, Carolingian kings were sacred and received their power from God. Charlemagne himself wanted to influence religious matters through his reforms and the numerous
2290:
1136:. Whereas Byzantine emperors sat in the east to watch offices, Charlemagne sat in the west. Lastly, wooden buildings and half-timbering techniques were typical of Northern Europe.
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1316:(912–973) was crowned King of Germany in Aachen (936). The three-part ceremony took place in several locations within the palace: first in the courtyard (election by the
1199:
and 65 royal palaces were built between 768 and 814. The Palatine Chapel of Aachen seems to have been imitated by several other buildings of the same kind: The octagonal
400:
of sufficient documentation, it is impossible to know the number of workers employed, but the dimensions of the building make it probable that there were many of them.
407:, or 120 metres-side square. The square enclosed an area of 50 acres divided in four parts by a North-South axis (the stone gallery) and an East-West axis (the former
1414:
had considered for a time holding his Imperial Coronation in Aachen. The chapel was restored in 1884. In 1978 the cathedral, including the chapel, was listed as a
641:
895:
sons to his bath, but his nobles and friends, and now and then a troop of his retinue or body guard, so that a hundred or more persons sometimes bathed with him.
1047:
in ancient times were public buildings where the city's affairs were discussed. The chapel follows models from ancient Rome: grids exhibit antique decorations (
32:
1258:
were held in Aix in the early 9th century. Those of 817 and 836 took place in the buildings adjacent to the chapel. In 817, Louis the Pious had his elder son
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architecture by its large scale and the multiplicity of volumes. The vaulting of the chapel illustrates an original Carolingian expertise, especially in the
851:
1371:
had Charlemagne's tomb opened. According to two 11th-century chroniclers, he would have been found sitting on his throne, wearing his crown and holding his
1139:
Charlemagne's palace was thus more than a copy of Classical and Byzantine models: it was rather a synthesis of various influences, as a reflection of the
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The place was frequented everyday by crowds of people: courtiers, scholars, aristocrats, merchants but also beggars and poor people that came to ask for
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403:
The geometry of the plan chosen was very simple: Odo of Metz decided to keep the layout of the Roman roads and inscribe the square in 360 Carolingian
360:
Eginhard is Charlemagne's biographer; the name of the architect of the Palace of Aachen is known thanks to his work (14th/15th-century illumination)
1112:
where the chapel was decorated with mosaics and paintings. Although he may have travelled to Italy, it is unlikely that he visited Constantinople.
799:
1375:. However, Eginhard does not mention this in his biography of the Emperor. At the same time the veneration of Charlemagne began to attract
2361:
757:. The outer perimeter of the cupola measures exactly 144 Carolingian feet whereas that of the heavenly Jerusalem, ideal city drawn by
1395:
were scattered across the empire. The treasure of Aachen began to grow with numerous gifts from French and German kings and princes.
469:
in Latin) was used to house the speeches delivered by the Emperor once a year. This occasion gathered the highest officials in the
270:
Aachen's geographic location was a decisive factor in Charlemagne's choice: the site was situated in the Carolingian heartlands of
97:. Most of the Carolingian palace was built in the 790s but the works went on until Charlemagne's death in 814. The plans, drawn by
660:
made of white marble plates, in the West of the second floor, surrounded by his closer courtiers. Thus he had a view on the three
590:. It symbolized another aspect of Charlemagne's power, religious power. Legend has it that the building was consecrated in 805 by
17:
1124:
expressed his talent for Frankish architect and brought undeniably different elements. The palace is also distinguishable from
1863:
Source : Einhard: "The Life of Charlemagne", translated by Samuel Epes Turner (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880).
1581:
101:, were part of the program of renovation of the kingdom decided by the ruler. Today much of the palace is ruined, but the
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586:
The Palatine Chapel was located at the other side of the palace complex, at the South. A stone gallery linked it to the
551:
on the southern side of the hall gave access to the building. The southern apse cut through the middle of this entrance.
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was added to the east end of the chapel. The City Hall was built from 1267 on the site of the Council Hall. During the
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644:) open on the central space through semicircular arches supported by columns. The inner side takes the shape of an
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also adopts a centered plan but was built later (11th century). The influence of Aachen's chapel is also found in
238:. In the 790s, he decided to settle down in order to govern first his kingdom, then his empire, more efficiently.
878:, located in the Southeast, measured 50 acres and included several buildings near the sources of the Emperor and
1312:
Yet the memory of Charlemagne's Empire remained fresh and became a symbol of German power. In the 10th century,
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in the West. But the center piece was the chapel, covered with a 16,54 meters wide and 31 meters high octagonal
1250:, used the palace of Aachen without making it his exclusive residence. He used to stay there from winter until
1091:
489:. The general assembly was usually held in May. Participants discussed important political and legal affairs.
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had a palace erected over the remains of the old Roman building; he had the thermae restored and removed its
1368:
501:, summed up the decisions taken. In this building also took place official ceremonies and the reception of
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1281:(855–869) lived in the palace. When he died, the palace lost its political and cultural significance.
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The covered gallery was a hundred meters long. It linked the council hall to the chapel; a monumental
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1278:
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Histoire de l’architecture française, tome 1 : du Moyen Âge à la Renaissance, IV – XVI siècle
1070:. The cupola and mosaics of the chapel are Byzantine elements. The plan itself is inspired by the
813:
was liable for the archives. The chancellery employed several scribes and notaries who wrote down
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1105:
1094:. During religious offices, Charlemagne stood in the second floor gallery, as did the Emperor in
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was the officer liable for the rulers' treasury and wardrobe. Finance administration fell on the
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that remained in use from the 1st to the 4th century. The Roman city grew in connection with the
110:
102:
1269:
in 843, the Carolingian Empire was split into three kingdoms. Aachen was then incorporated into
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of the palace were located in a tower tied to the great hall, in the North of the complex. The
162:, the Romans chose the site of Aachen for its thermal springs and its forward position towards
139:
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2183:, tome 2, edition and translation by Robert Latouche, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1964, p. 89
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230:. As soon as he came to power in 768, Charlemagne spent time in Aachen as well as in other
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Although many references to Roman and Byzantine models are visible in Aachen's buildings,
8:
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was a group of buildings with residential, political, and religious purposes chosen by
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or the Emperor. In the 4th century, the city and the palace were destroyed during the
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led Charlemagne to build a magnificent palace. The fire that destroyed his palace in
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Several buildings used by the clerics of the chapel were arranged in the shape of a
290:. From then, Charlemagne left the administration of the Southern regions to his son
1266:
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765:. The mosaic of the cupola, hidden today behind a 19th-century restoration, showed
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431:, they have been destroyed. Lastly, the palace complex was surrounded with a wall.
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341:
212:, and Aachen Palace was abandoned until the advent of the Carolingian dynasty. The
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1436:
1343:
1247:
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1147:, the palace was a product of the assimilation of several cultures and legacies.
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San Vitale Basilica in Ravenna was one of the prototypes for the Palatine Chapel.
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673:
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332:"; in this context, he needed a capital and a palace worthy of the name. He left
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1963:, traduction et Ă©dition de Louis Halphen, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1994, p. 99
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states the existence of a bronze eagle, the exact location of which is unknown:
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for figures and numbers. The building was conceived as a representation of the
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Charlemagne wanted his chapel to be magnificently decorated, so he had massive
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in the area. The ageing emperor could also benefit from Aachen's hot springs.
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Félix Kreush, « La Chapelle palatine de Charlemagne à Aix », dans
1055:. The Emperor was buried in the Palatine Chapel within a 2nd-century marble
364:
Historians know almost nothing about the architect of the Palace of Aachen,
1769:, édité et traduit par Edmond Faral, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1964, p. 53
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On the palace organization, refer to the description by Rheims Archbishop
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was built in the 10th century following the plan of the palatine chapel.
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raid damaged the palace and the chapel. In 1000, the Holy Roman Emperor
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in Trier, Germany was probably used as a model for Aachen's Council Hall
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1406:, the French occupied Aachen and looted its treasure. Before choosing
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confirmed that coronations were to take place in the palatine chapel.
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stone. The columns, still visible today, were taken from buildings in
328:
The scholars of the Carolingian era presented Charlemagne as the "New
246:
1384:
1331:
1274:
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and in other German religious buildings (such as the Abbey church of
1063:. Scholars of Charlemagne's time nicknamed Aachen «the Second Rome».
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535:. The structure was made of brick, and the shape was that of a civil
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A porch surrounded with two stair towers, la forerunner of Westworks
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Charlemagne was buried in the chapel in 814. His son and successor,
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in the East, offices in the North and South, and a projecting part (
570:
459:
Located at the North of the Palace complex, the great Council Hall (
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1293:. It was split several times and finally fell under the control of
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and royal correspondence. Agents of the king's offices were mostly
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on the first floor, located under the cupola, is surrounded by an
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in the 6th century. Other experts point to similarities with the
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978:
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of Lorsch was made in one of Aachen's palace workshops around 810
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doors made in a foundry near Aachen. The walls were covered with
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states that there Charlemagne "spoke down from his golden seat."
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members of the Palace Academy and Charlemagne's advisors such as
314:
172:
87:
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but the Imperial family avoided capture. Relating these events,
1182:
1066:
Charlemagne wished to compete with another Emperor of his time:
376:. He is supposed to have been an educated cleric, familiar with
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1654:
Les sociétés en Europe (milieu du VI siècle – fin du IX siècle)
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The palace borrows several elements of Roman civilization. The
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Alain Erlande-Brandeburg, Anne-Bénédicte Erlande-Brandeburg,
1359:
Aachen's City Hall is located on the site of the Council Hall
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with the 24 elders of the Apocalypse. Other mosaics, on the
419:. The other buildings are hardly identified. Often built in
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505:. Describing the coronation of Louis, son of Charlemagne,
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in Latin), aristocrat sons that were to serve the king.
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in 772–780, but this area resisted and the war with the
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that could accommodate one hundred swimmers at a time:
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1710:
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that saw the writing of several precious manuscripts (
899:
109:
and a characteristic example of architecture from the
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has been preserved and is considered a masterpiece of
82:. The palace was located north of the current city of
2357:
Buildings and structures completed in the 8th century
648:
whereas the outer side develops into a sixteen-sided
1150:
625:. Eight massive pillars receive the thrust of large
473:
Empire, dignitaries and the hierarchy of the power:
250:
Statue of Charlemagne in front of Aachen's city hall
1707:
1238:
1026:
1383:placed the body of the Carolingian Emperor into a
547:that was held North of the Palace. A gallery with
352:Importance of the project entrusted to Odo of Metz
348:in 793 also encouraged him to follow such a plan.
308:and its capital, Aachen, in the early 9th century.
1933:A. Erlande-Brandeburg, A.-B. Erlande-Brandeburg,
1865:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html
1847:A. Erlande-Brandeburg, A.-B. Erlande-Brandeburg,
1687:A. Erlande-Brandeburg, A.-B. Erlande-Brandeburg,
1563:A. Erlande-Brandeburg, A.-B. Erlande-Brandeburg,
1524:A. Erlande-Brandeburg, A.-B. Erlande-Brandeburg,
1467:A. Erlande-Brandeburg, A.-B. Erlande-Brandeburg,
66:A possible reconstruction of Charlemagne's palace
2348:
1767:Poème sur Louis le Pieux et épîtres au roi Pépin
946:that was still operational in the 13th century.
850:. When the king was away, this task fell on the
656:located in the East and West. The king sat on a
129:
2255:, Paris, Ă©ditions citadelles et Mazenod, 1985,
1285:became a field of rivalry between the kings of
1059:decorated with a depiction of the abduction of
837:Location of the gallery within the Palace (red)
2306:Les Carolingiens. Une famille qui fit l’Europe
2168:Les Carolingiens. Une famille qui fit l’Europe
1780:Les Carolingiens. Une famille qui fit l’Europe
1673:A Carolingian foot corresponds to 0,333 metres
1602:Les Carolingiens. Une famille qui fit l’Europe
278:river, at a crossroads of land roads and on a
2060:, Paris, Librairie Générale française, 1998,
1683:
1681:
1679:
170:, was equipped with 50 acres (20 ha) of
2299:La Vie quotidienne dans l’Empire carolingien
2113:La vie quotidienne dans l’Empire carolingien
1754:La vie quotidienne dans l’Empire carolingien
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1722:La société du Haut Moyen Âge, VI – IX siècle
1513:La vie quotidienne dans l’Empire Carolingian
1463:
1461:
1104:was also likely inspired by the 8th-century
722:provides a description of the inside in his
455:Location of the hall within the Palace (red)
298:, which enabled him to reside in the North.
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
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854:. The building was also probably used as a
2281:Jean Hubert, Jean Porcher, W. F. Volbach,
2238:Histoire artistique de l’Occident médiéval
2032:Histoire artistique de l’Occident médiéval
1948:Histoire artistique de l’Occident médiéval
1859:
1857:
1836:Histoire artistique de l’Occident médiéval
1676:
1596:
1594:
1586:Histoire artistique de l’Occident médiéval
1177:
957:Outside of the palace complex were also a
751:, the Kingdom of God, as described in the
27:Residence of Charlemagne from ca. 790 -814
2392:Imperial palaces of the Holy Roman Empire
2079:Le grand atlas de l’architecture mondiale
1989:, tome 1 (V – XI siècle), Paris, Fayard,
1916:, tome 1 (V – XI siècle), Paris, Fayard,
1802:Le grand atlas de l’architecture mondiale
1735:
1458:
1211:seems to have been directly related. The
1490:
1474:
1354:
1330:(955–983) lived in Aachen with his wife
1303:
1262:in the presence of the Frankish people.
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1084:Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus
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274:, the cradle of his family, East of the
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61:
2240:, Paris, Colin, 3 Ă©dition, 1968, 1992,
2225:, 1999, Paris, Ă©ditions du Patrimoine,
1854:
1591:
1577:
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714:The walls and cupola were covered with
241:
188:. A palace was used to accommodate the
14:
2349:
1387:and interceded with the Pope for his
1207:, built in the early 9th century for
1022:Symbolic interpretation of the Palace
676:in the far end of the Western choir.
124:
1935:Histoire de l’architecture française
1849:Histoire de l’architecture française
1689:Histoire de l’architecture française
1570:
1565:Histoire de l’architecture française
1526:Histoire de l’architecture française
1469:Histoire de l’architecture française
1379:to the chapel. In the 12th century,
1172:
1002:. Internal affairs were the task of
2012:Lettre sur l’organisation du Palais
1959:existence is attested by Eginhard,
900:Other buildings for other functions
668:right in front of him, that of the
368:. His name appears in the works of
24:
2081:, Encyclopædia Universalis, 1982,
1804:, Encyclopædia Universalis, 1982,
776:
637:; here stood the Palace servants.
554:
25:
2403:
2362:Palaces in North Rhine-Westphalia
2320:
1186:Inside Ottmarsheim's dome, Alsace
1151:Imperial centralization and unity
1115:
995:(first half of the 9th century).
938:…), a goldsmith workshop and an
78:to be the center of power of the
2325:
2236:Gabrielle Démians D’Archimbaud,
1308:Modern view of Aachen Cathedral.
1239:Palace history after Charlemagne
1090:and the main throne room in the
1027:Roman legacy and Byzantine model
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2024:
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1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1906:
1885:
1869:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1794:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1694:
1667:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
672:on the first floor and that of
582:Interior of the Palatine Chapel
446:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1092:Great Palace of Constantinople
711:, with the Pope's permission.
574:Section of the Palatine Chapel
565:
443:owned houses near the palace.
13:
1:
2215:
2149:, Paris, Armand Colin, 1998,
2128:, Paris, Armand Colin, 1998,
1895:, Paris, Armand Colin, 1998,
1724:, Paris, Armand Colin, 2003,
870:Location of the thermae (red)
324:Model of the Palace of Aachen
130:The palace before Charlemagne
2342:Aachen cathedral in pictures
2181:Histoire de France (888–995)
1051:) and columns are topped by
973:in which lived the elephant
735:
390:' treatise on architecture,
372:(c. 775–840), Charlemagne's
148:Grandes Chroniques de France
138:The construction of Aachen,
7:
1425:
991:describes the place in his
942:workshop. There was also a
640:The two additional floors (
10:
2408:
2294:, n°30, 1978, pages 14–23.
2291:Les Dossiers d'archéologie
1398:Between 1355 and 1414, an
1068:Basileus of Constantinople
1043:follows a basilical plan.
861:
828:
558:
2377:Former palaces in Germany
2308:, Paris, Hachette, 1983,
2030:G. Démians d’Archimbaud,
1946:G. Démians d’Archimbaud,
1834:G. Démians d’Archimbaud,
1656:, Paris, Ellipses, 2002,
1652:Christian Bonnet (dir.),
1447:Palatine Chapel in Aachen
561:Palatine Chapel in Aachen
180:according to a classical
2367:Carolingian architecture
2285:, Paris, Gallimard, 1968
1985:Jean-Pierre Brunterc’h,
1912:Jean-Pierre Brunterc’h,
1452:
993:Poems on Louis the Pious
107:Carolingian architecture
2301:, Paris, Hachette, 1973
2270:, Paris, Fayard, 1999,
2253:Des barbares à l’an Mil
2100:Des barbares à l’an Mil
2058:L’art du Haut Moyen Âge
1882:at Wikisource (French).
1615:Des barbares à l’an Mil
1582:G. Démians d’Archimbaud
1334:. In the summer of 978
1178:Model for other palaces
1145:Carolingian Renaissance
969:, a hunting park and a
935:Godescalc Evangelistary
386:. He had probably read
340:. The rivalry with the
111:Carolingian Renaissance
18:Palace school of Aachen
2014:, Paris, Paléo, 2002,
1360:
1353:
1309:
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1072:Basilica of San Vitale
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95:North Rhine-Westphalia
67:
2334:at Wikimedia Commons
2147:L’Allemagne médiévale
2126:L’Allemagne médiévale
1987:Archives de la France
1914:Archives de la France
1893:L’Allemagne médiévale
1358:
1348:
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652:. The chapel had two
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186:Roman legionary camps
154:is in the foreground.
137:
119:
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2382:Landmarks in Germany
2283:L’empire carolingien
2056:Piotr Skubiszewski,
1381:Frederick Barbarossa
1254:. Several important
598:, Mother of Christ.
518:Constantine Basilica
242:The choice of Aachen
217:Mayors of the Palace
48:50.77556°N 6.08389°E
1961:Life of Charlemagne
1416:World Heritage Site
1408:Notre-Dame de Paris
1322:Golden Bull of 1356
1209:Theodulf of Orléans
1086:, Constantinople's
1053:Corinthian capitals
852:count of the Palace
745:Christian symbolism
724:Life of Charlemagne
594:, in honour of the
208:the capital of the
198:Barbarian invasions
184:similar to that of
166:. The site, called
44: /
1702:Les Carolingiens …
1442:Carolingian Empire
1361:
1310:
1299:Henry I the Fowler
1188:
1162:ecumenical council
1141:Carolingian Empire
1037:
929:Drogo Sacramentary
914:
872:
839:
749:heavenly Jerusalem
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584:
576:
522:
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326:
310:
306:Carolingian Empire
252:
156:
125:Historical context
122:
80:Carolingian Empire
68:
2387:History of Aachen
2330:Media related to
1567:, 1999, pp. 92–93
1404:French Revolution
1336:Lothair of France
1213:Collegiate church
1205:Germigny-des-Prés
1173:After Charlemagne
989:Ermoldus Nigellus
767:Christ in Majesty
296:King of Aquitaine
53:50.77556; 6.08389
16:(Redirected from
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2332:Palace of Aachen
2329:
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1465:
1340:a raid on Aachen
1267:Treaty of Verdun
802:, assisted by a
507:Ermold the Black
342:Byzantine Empire
210:Frankish Kingdom
150:, 15th century.
72:Palace of Aachen
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1891:Thérèse Robin,
1890:
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1437:Carolingian art
1428:
1344:Richer of Reims
1248:Louis the Pious
1241:
1180:
1175:
1158:Pepin the Short
1153:
1118:
1088:Chrysotriklinos
1029:
1024:
985:Harun al-Rashid
902:
876:thermal complex
864:
831:
825:of the chapel.
784:
779:
777:Other buildings
738:
683:Bronze portal (
568:
563:
557:
555:Palatine Chapel
449:
393:De Architectura
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221:Pepin the Short
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103:Palatine Chapel
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86:, today in the
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2322:
2321:External links
2319:
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2317:
2304:Pierre Riché,
2302:
2297:Pierre Riché,
2295:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2249:
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2214:
2212:
2211:
2209:, 1999, p. 691
2198:
2196:, 1999, p. 590
2185:
2172:
2170:, 1983, p. 247
2159:
2138:
2117:
2104:
2102:, 1985, p. 148
2091:
2070:
2049:
2047:, 1999, p. 592
2036:
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1999:
1978:
1976:, 1999, p. 513
1965:
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1939:
1937:, 1999, p. 105
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1905:
1884:
1868:
1853:
1851:, 1999, p. 127
1840:
1827:
1825:, 1999, p. 505
1814:
1793:
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1782:, 1983, p. 131
1771:
1758:
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1706:
1704:, 1983, p. 325
1693:
1691:, 1999, p. 103
1675:
1666:
1662:978-2729812317
1645:
1643:, 1999, p. 502
1632:
1630:, 1999, p. 288
1619:
1617:, 1985, p. 145
1606:
1604:, 1983, p. 326
1590:
1569:
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1554:, 1999, p. 287
1543:
1541:, 1999, p. 582
1530:
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1471:, 1999, p. 104
1456:
1454:
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1434:
1427:
1424:
1277:(840–855) and
1271:Middle Francia
1265:Following the
1240:
1237:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1152:
1149:
1132:topped with a
1117:
1116:Frankish style
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1096:Constantinople
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664:: that of the
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559:Main article:
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1609:
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1389:canonization
1362:
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1291:East Francia
1264:
1242:
1189:
1154:
1143:. Just like
1138:
1119:
1100:
1065:
1040:
1038:
997:
992:
956:
951:
948:
933:
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915:
910:Codex aureus
909:
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847:
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819:capitularies
808:
785:
761:, is of 144
752:
743:applied the
739:
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723:
713:
690:
684:
639:
610:
600:
592:Pope Leo III
587:
585:
526:
523:
491:Capitularies
466:
460:
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447:Council Hall
433:
402:
398:
391:
381:
378:liberal arts
363:
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168:Aquae Granni
167:
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147:
144:Jean Fouquet
140:illumination
71:
69:
29:
2372:Charlemagne
2339:(in French)
2268:Charlemagne
2207:Charlemagne
2205:J. Favier,
2194:Charlemagne
2192:J. Favier,
2045:Charlemagne
2043:J. Favier,
1974:Charlemagne
1972:J. Favier,
1880:Read online
1878:, XXI, 17.
1823:Charlemagne
1821:J. Favier,
1800:Collectif,
1641:Charlemagne
1639:J. Favier,
1628:Charlemagne
1626:J. Favier,
1552:Charlemagne
1550:J. Favier,
1539:Charlemagne
1537:J. Favier,
1485:Charlemagne
1483:J. Favier,
1301:(876–936).
1283:Lotharingia
1221:Ottmarsheim
1197:monasteries
1134:groin vault
1126:Merovingian
1122:Odo of Metz
1102:Odo of Metz
1080:Justinian I
1078:, built by
1057:sarcophagus
977:, given by
924:scriptorium
886:mentions a
741:Odo of Metz
674:Saint Peter
670:Virgin Mary
603:latin cross
596:Virgin Mary
566:Description
539:with three
499:chancellery
471:Carolingian
366:Odo of Metz
330:Constantine
152:Charlemagne
99:Odo of Metz
76:Charlemagne
51: /
2351:Categories
2216:References
2166:P. Riché,
2111:P. Riché,
1876:Apocalypse
1778:P. Riché,
1752:P. Riché,
1700:P. Riché,
1600:P. Riché,
1511:P. Riché,
1412:Napoleon I
1363:In 881, a
1279:Lothair II
1223:church in
1193:cathedrals
1130:ambulatory
1108:Palace of
1061:Proserpina
1016:chamberman
975:Abul-Abbas
848:aula regia
811:chancellor
796:chamberman
754:Apocalypse
701:polychrome
588:aula regia
495:amanuenses
462:aula regia
423:, made of
409:Roman road
374:biographer
36:50°46′32″N
2089:, p. 1888
1812:, p. 1888
1385:reliquary
1332:Theophanu
1275:Lothair I
1229:Compiègne
1045:Basilicas
1012:seneschal
971:menagerie
959:gynaeceum
823:clergymen
804:treasurer
736:Symbolism
613:) and an
503:embassies
441:Angilbert
417:Cathedral
413:decumanus
388:Vitruvius
383:quadrivia
280:tributary
272:Austrasia
236:Austrasia
182:grid plan
146:, in the
39:6°05′02″E
2179:Richer,
2068:, p. 287
1997:, p. 243
1924:, p. 244
1903:, p. 136
1732:, p. 120
1664:, p. 184
1426:See also
1377:pilgrims
1369:Otto III
1256:Councils
1049:acanthus
1006:such as
1004:officers
963:barracks
919:servants
884:Eginhard
880:Quirinus
856:garrison
815:diplomas
792:archives
788:treasury
720:Eginhard
685:WolfstĂĽr
642:tribunes
549:porticos
537:basilica
437:Eginhard
370:Eginhard
294:, named
214:Pippinid
194:province
190:governor
164:Germania
2157:, p. 40
2136:, p. 35
2115:, p. 59
2008:Hincmar
1756:, p. 58
1515:, p. 57
1373:sceptre
1328:Otto II
1295:Germany
1260:Lothair
1245:Emperor
1201:oratory
1106:Lombard
1076:Ravenna
1000:charity
979:Baghdad
967:hospice
952:nutriti
862:Thermae
829:Gallery
705:Ravenna
650:polygon
646:octagon
627:arcades
619:exedrae
611:Westbau
483:bishops
479:vassals
336:to the
315:hunting
282:of the
192:of the
178:thermae
173:thermae
2312:
2274:
2259:
2244:
2229:
2153:
2132:
2085:
2064:
2018:
1993:
1920:
1899:
1808:
1728:
1660:
1432:Aachen
1420:UNESCO
1393:relics
1391:; the
1365:Viking
1314:Otto I
1297:under
1252:Easter
1225:Alsace
1195:, 232
1166:synods
1014:, the
1008:butler
982:Caliph
771:vaults
763:cubits
759:angels
716:mosaic
697:marble
693:bronze
666:Savior
662:altars
658:throne
654:choirs
629:. The
623:cupola
615:atrium
545:market
487:abbots
475:counts
411:, the
264:Saxons
260:Saxony
232:villas
202:Clovis
88:German
84:Aachen
1453:Notes
1318:dukes
1233:Essen
1217:Liège
1110:Pavia
1010:, le
940:ivory
843:porch
635:aisle
617:with
607:curia
541:apses
533:Trier
429:brick
346:Worms
292:Louis
276:Meuse
257:pagan
228:idols
225:pagan
206:Paris
204:made
2310:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1400:apse
1338:led
1289:and
1287:West
1164:and
965:, a
944:mint
908:The
874:The
809:The
790:and
786:The
709:Rome
707:and
699:and
631:nave
605:: a
516:The
485:and
439:and
427:and
425:wood
405:feet
338:Pope
334:Rome
288:Wurm
91:Land
70:The
1418:by
1235:).
1215:of
1203:of
1074:in
531:of
465:or
284:Rur
234:in
158:In
142:by
2353::
2010:,
1856:^
1737:^
1709:^
1678:^
1593:^
1584:,
1572:^
1492:^
1476:^
1460:^
1422:.
1410:,
1273:.
1098:.
987:.
961:,
932:,
882:.
858:.
817:,
477:,
396:.
200:.
113:.
2316:.
2278:.
2263:.
2248:.
2233:.
1351:.
1018:.
950:(
687:)
20:)
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