138:
88:
70:
105:
56:
42:
33:
3184:
1427:
130:
3194:
2558:
214:. While the chroma and lightness of an object are its colorfulness and brightness judged in proportion to the same thing ("the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting"), the saturation of the light coming from that object is in effect the chroma of the object judged in proportion to its lightness. On a
698:
The saturation of a color is determined by a combination of light intensity and how much it is distributed across the spectrum of different wavelengths. The purest (most saturated) color is achieved by using just one wavelength at a high intensity, such as in laser light. If the intensity drops, then
36:
The red stripe exhibits higher brightness and colorfulness in the light than in the shadow, but is seen as having the same object color, including the same chroma, in both areas. Because the brightness increases proportionately to the colorfulness, the stripe also exhibits similar saturation in both
232:
The naïve definition of saturation does not specify its response function. In the CIE XYZ and RGB color spaces, the saturation is defined in terms of additive color mixing, and has the property of being proportional to any scaling centered at white or the white point illuminant. However, both color
45:
7.5PB and 10BG Munsell hue pages of RGB colors, showing lines of uniform saturation (chroma in proportion to lightness) in red. Lines of uniform saturation radiate from near the black point, while lines of uniform chroma are vertical. Also compared to the 10BG colors, the 7.5PB colors attain higher
1074:
The CIE has not formally recommended this equation since CIELAB has no chromaticity diagram, and this definition therefore lacks direct connection with older concepts of saturation. Nevertheless, this equation provides a reasonable predictor of saturation, and demonstrates that adjusting the
489:
The chroma in the CIE LCh(ab) and CIE LCh(uv) coordinates has the advantage of being more psychovisually linear, yet they are non-linear in terms of linear component color mixing. And therefore, chroma in CIE 1976 Lab and LUV color spaces is very much different from the traditional sense of
1655:
160:(CIE) they respectively describe three different aspects of chromatic intensity, but the terms are often used loosely and interchangeably in contexts where these aspects are not clearly distinguished. The precise meanings of the terms vary by what other functions they are dependent on.
209:
As colorfulness, chroma, and saturation are defined as attributes of perception, they can not be physically measured as such, but they can be quantified in relation to psychometric scales intended to be perceptually even—for example, the chroma scales of the
186:
is the "colorfulness of an area judged as a proportion of the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting". As a result, chroma is mostly only dependent on the spectral properties, and as such is seen to describe the
888:
167:
is the "attribute of a visual perception according to which the perceived color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic (Any color that is absent of white, grey, or black)". The colorfulness evoked by an object depends not only on its spectral
205:", which in effect is the perceived freedom from whitishness of the light coming from the area. An object with a given spectral reflectance exhibits approximately constant saturation for all levels of illumination, unless the brightness is very high.
1090:
But the following verbal definition of
Manfred Richter and the corresponding formula proposed by Eva Lübbe are in agreement with the human perception of saturation: Saturation is the proportion of pure chromatic color in the total color sensation.
1070:
506:
color appearance parameter might (depending on the color appearance model) be intertwined with e.g. the physical brightness of the illumination or the characteristics of the emitting/reflecting surface, which is more sensible psychovisually.
1468:
1201:
484:
2017:
1757:
is the point on the perimeter whose line segment to the white point contains the chromaticity of the stimulus. Different color spaces, such as CIELAB or CIELUV may be used, and will yield different results.
1433:
is the relative distance from the white point. Contours of constant purity can be found by shrinking the spectral locus about the white point. The points along the line segment have the same hue, with p
409:
1418:
a very dark color can be heavily saturated in HSL; whereas in the previous definitions—as well as in the HSV color space—colors approaching white all feature low saturation.
950:
338:
1755:
1705:
1348:
938:
741:
661:
1094:
1293:
413:
2095:
1231:
1258:
688:
282:
252:(lightness, chroma, hue) representation of the LAB and LUV color spaces, also denoted as CIE LCh(ab) or CIE LCh for short, and CIE LCh(uv). The transformation of
1397:
617:
574:
531:
1374:
594:
551:
2810:
1650:{\displaystyle p_{e}={\sqrt {\frac {\left(x-x_{n}\right)^{2}+\left(y-y_{n}\right)^{2}}{\left(x_{I}-x_{n}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{I}-y_{n}\right)^{2}}}}}
237:. It is also possible — and sometimes desirable — to define a saturation-like quantity that is linearized in term of the psychovisual perception.
1441:(position of the color on the horseshoe shape in the diagram) or (as at the saturated end of the line shown in the diagram) position on the
343:
1965:
2961:
157:
218:
hue page, lines of uniform saturation thus tend to radiate from near the black point, while lines of uniform chroma are vertical.
2951:
2815:
2180:
1318:
2074:
2011:
1952:
3027:
1951:
Moroney, Nathan; Fairchild, Mark D.; Hunt, Robert W.G.; Li, Changjun; Luo, M. Ronnier; Newman, Todd (November 12, 2002).
498:
Another, psychovisually even more accurate, but also more complex method to obtain or specify the saturation is to use a
2144:
2049:
1973:
2972:
1924:
1873:
3197:
3151:
1414:. However, in the HSL color space saturation exists independently of lightness. That is, both a very light color
287:
2967:
2956:
1710:
1660:
893:
3032:
1899:
1851:
1833:
1782:
17:
2835:
2495:
2269:
3037:
2624:
2173:
622:
2802:
2695:
2353:
3012:
2830:
2480:
2213:
1065:{\displaystyle s_{ab}={\frac {C_{ab}^{*}}{L^{*}}}={\frac {\sqrt {{a^{*}}^{2}+{b^{*}}^{2}}}{L^{*}}}}
3064:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
96:
saturation increased 50%; changing HSL saturation also affects the perceived lightness of a color
1263:
3022:
499:
2136:
2041:
883:{\displaystyle s_{uv}={\frac {C_{uv}^{*}}{L^{*}}}=13{\sqrt {(u'-u'_{n})^{2}+(v'-v'_{n})^{2}}}}
156:
are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity. As defined formally by the
2946:
2701:
2245:
2166:
2420:
1206:
2919:
2602:
2590:
1814:
1462:
1236:
666:
255:
215:
211:
8:
2734:
2634:
2566:
2100:
1961:
1458:
712:
177:
1379:
599:
556:
513:
3049:
2455:
2363:
2257:
2003:
1359:
579:
536:
241:
172:
but also on the strength of the illumination, and increases with the latter unless the
1950:
1352:
This definition is inspired by experimental work done with the intention of remedying
1196:{\displaystyle S_{ab}={\frac {C_{ab}^{*}}{\sqrt {{C_{ab}^{*}}^{2}+{L^{*}}^{2}}}}100\%}
3159:
3112:
2709:
2524:
2463:
2415:
2348:
2343:
2321:
2250:
2140:
2125:
2070:
2045:
2034:
2007:
1969:
700:
87:
69:
3107:
3102:
3082:
3077:
2840:
2607:
2485:
2435:
2430:
2402:
2368:
2358:
2228:
2105:
479:{\displaystyle h_{ab}=\operatorname {atan2} \left({b^{\star }},{a^{\star }}\right)}
234:
1979:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3087:
2989:
2825:
2772:
2662:
2595:
2410:
2326:
2304:
2090:
Juan, Lu-Yin G.; Luo, Ming R. (June 2002). Robert Chung; Allan
Rodrigues (eds.).
1997:
1442:
699:
as a result the saturation drops. To desaturate a color of given intensity in a
249:
2067:
Colours in the Mind - Colour
Systems in Reality- A formula for colour saturation
2032:
Hunt, Robert
William Gainer (1993). Leslie D. Stroebel, Richard D. Zakia (ed.).
3218:
3187:
3132:
3117:
3097:
3092:
2875:
2689:
2684:
2512:
2490:
2425:
2297:
2262:
2235:
1438:
104:
55:
41:
137:
32:
3212:
3072:
2657:
2543:
2468:
2445:
2385:
2309:
2292:
2198:
1399:
thus the CIECAM02 definition bears some similarity to the CIELUV definition.
227:
2907:
2863:
2669:
2652:
2644:
2585:
2577:
2440:
2284:
3044:
2902:
2679:
2674:
2538:
2507:
2473:
2378:
2274:
2240:
2132:
1454:
1453:(purity for short) of a stimulus is the difference from the illuminant's
1411:
1408:
169:
93:
1916:
1865:
3054:
2897:
2725:
2629:
2617:
2373:
2336:
2331:
2314:
704:
202:
173:
2109:
2914:
2887:
2882:
2391:
1353:
940:
is the chromaticity of the white point, and chroma is defined below.
119:
1426:
3169:
2892:
2500:
1437:
increasing from 0 to 1 between the white point and position on the
1304:
2557:
1895:
129:
2941:
2223:
1847:
1829:
1774:
1457:
to the furthest point on the chromaticity diagram with the same
3164:
2767:
2757:
2158:
944:
727:
133:
Saturation scale (0% at left, corresponding to black and white)
76:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2747:
2218:
2189:
201:
is the "colorfulness of an area judged in proportion to its
2782:
2762:
2742:
2612:
2529:
708:
233:
spaces are non-linear in terms of psychovisually perceived
2858:
2752:
2517:
2122:
248:
is the radial component of the cylindrical coordinate
1713:
1663:
1471:
1382:
1362:
1321:
1266:
1239:
1209:
1097:
953:
896:
744:
669:
625:
602:
582:
559:
539:
516:
416:
346:
290:
258:
2096:
9th
Congress of the International Colour Association
1407:Saturation is also one of three coordinates in the
553:in addition to a naively evaluated color magnitude
141:
Examples of saturation. Original image at top left.
2124:
2033:
1749:
1699:
1649:
1391:
1368:
1342:
1287:
1252:
1225:
1195:
1064:
932:
882:
682:
655:
611:
588:
568:
545:
525:
478:
404:{\displaystyle C_{ab}^{*}={\sqrt {a^{*2}+b^{*2}}}}
403:
332:
276:
2811:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3210:
2089:
2123:Stroebel, Leslie D.; Zakia, Richard D. (1993).
2174:
493:
61:Original image, with relatively muted colors
2092:Magnitude estimation for scaling saturation
1954:IS&T/SID Tenth Color Imaging Conference
1707:is the chromaticity of the white point and
1307:, saturation equals the square root of the
3193:
2181:
2167:
1966:Society for Imaging Science and Technology
1946:
1944:
1942:
533:for example, is computed from a lightness
333:{\displaystyle \left(C_{ab},h_{ab}\right)}
1999:Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System
1808:
718:Various correlates of saturation follow.
2962:International Commission on Illumination
1750:{\displaystyle \left(x_{I},y_{I}\right)}
1700:{\displaystyle \left(x_{n},y_{n}\right)}
1425:
1343:{\displaystyle s={\sqrt {\frac {M}{Q}}}}
933:{\displaystyle \left(u_{n},v_{n}\right)}
158:International Commission on Illumination
136:
128:
40:
31:
1995:
1960:. The CIECAM02 Color Appearance Model.
1939:
690:is dependent on the viewing condition.
27:Perceived intensity of a specific color
14:
3211:
2952:Color Association of the United States
2020:from the original on January 17, 2017.
596:parameter exists alongside the chroma
2162:
2127:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
2064:
2036:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
2104:. Vol. 4421. pp. 575–578.
2031:
1911:
1909:
1902:from the original on April 10, 2017.
1854:from the original on April 10, 2017.
1836:from the original on April 10, 2017.
1804:
1802:
1800:
1421:
721:
46:saturation as well as higher chroma.
1927:from the original on March 30, 2017
1876:from the original on March 30, 2017
1785:from the original on August 6, 2017
195:such an object color appears to be.
24:
2816:Blue–green distinction in language
1190:
1087:fixed does affect the saturation.
1075:lightness in CIELAB while holding
191:. It is how different from a grey
25:
3230:
1906:
1797:
486:and analogously for CIE LCh(uv).
242:CIE 1976 LAB and LUV color spaces
110:CIELAB lightness preserved, with
3192:
3183:
3182:
2973:International Colour Association
2556:
2188:
656:{\displaystyle M=CF_{B}^{0.25},}
103:
86:
68:
54:
2116:
2083:
2058:
2025:
2968:International Color Consortium
2957:International Colour Authority
1989:
1888:
1858:
1840:
1822:
1767:
1402:
1376:is proportional to the chroma
869:
841:
829:
801:
271:
259:
13:
1:
3033:List of Crayola crayon colors
1761:
730:, saturation is equal to the
707:), one can add white, black,
693:
1295:is the chroma of the color.
576:In addition, a colorfulness
7:
2836:Traditional colors of Japan
2613:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2496:Multi-primary color display
2270:Spectral power distribution
1298:
10:
3235:
1917:"The Dimensions of Colour"
1866:"The Dimensions of Colour"
1288:{\displaystyle C_{ab}^{*}}
494:In color appearance models
225:
3178:
3150:
3063:
2988:
2981:
2932:
2851:
2801:
2733:
2724:
2696:Color realism (art style)
2643:
2576:
2565:
2554:
2454:
2401:
2354:Evolution of color vision
2283:
2206:
2197:
502:like CIECAM02. Here, the
221:
3013:List of colors (compact)
2831:Color in Chinese culture
2481:Digital image processing
2214:Electromagnetic spectrum
1809:Fairchild, Mark (2013).
3018:List of colors by shade
2040:. Focal Press. p.
1996:Schanda, János (2007).
1811:Color Appearance Models
3023:List of color palettes
1921:www.huevaluechroma.com
1870:www.huevaluechroma.com
1775:"colourfulness | eilv"
1751:
1701:
1651:
1446:
1393:
1370:
1344:
1289:
1254:
1227:
1226:{\displaystyle S_{ab}}
1197:
1066:
934:
884:
684:
657:
613:
590:
570:
547:
527:
500:color appearance model
480:
405:
334:
278:
142:
134:
118:* stripped, to make a
79:) chroma increased 50%
47:
38:
2947:Color Marketing Group
2702:On Vision and Colours
2635:Tinctures in heraldry
2246:Structural coloration
1815:John Wiley & Sons
1752:
1702:
1652:
1429:
1394:
1371:
1356:'s poor performance.
1345:
1290:
1255:
1253:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
1228:
1198:
1067:
935:
885:
685:
683:{\displaystyle F_{L}}
658:
614:
591:
571:
548:
528:
481:
406:
335:
279:
277:{\displaystyle (a,b)}
193:of the same lightness
140:
132:
44:
35:
3028:List of color spaces
2920:Tint, shade and tone
2803:Cultural differences
2618:Polychromatic colors
2603:Complementary colors
2591:Monochromatic colors
1711:
1661:
1469:
1463:CIE 1931 color space
1380:
1360:
1319:
1264:
1237:
1207:
1095:
951:
894:
742:
667:
623:
600:
580:
557:
537:
514:
510:The CIECAM02 chroma
414:
344:
288:
256:
3008:List of colors: N–Z
3003:List of colors: G–M
2998:List of colors: A–F
2101:Proceedings of SPIE
2065:Lübbe, Eva (2010).
1985:on October 2, 2011.
1962:Scottsdale, Arizona
1896:"CIE e-ILV 17-1136"
1459:dominant wavelength
1284:
1260:the lightness and
1233:is the saturation,
1154:
1133:
989:
867:
827:
780:
649:
364:
244:, the unnormalized
3055:List of web colors
3050:List of RAL colors
2456:Color reproduction
2421:Lüscher color test
2258:Color of chemicals
2151:excitation purity.
2004:Wiley Interscience
1848:"CIE e-ILV 17-831"
1830:"CIE e-ILV 17-139"
1747:
1697:
1647:
1447:
1392:{\displaystyle C,}
1389:
1366:
1340:
1285:
1267:
1250:
1223:
1193:
1137:
1116:
1062:
972:
947:this would yield:
930:
880:
855:
815:
763:
734:normalized by the
680:
653:
635:
612:{\displaystyle C.}
609:
586:
569:{\displaystyle t.}
566:
543:
526:{\displaystyle C,}
523:
476:
401:
347:
330:
274:
143:
135:
48:
39:
3206:
3205:
3146:
3145:
2928:
2927:
2720:
2719:
2710:Theory of Colours
2552:
2551:
2464:Color photography
2416:Color preferences
2359:Impossible colors
2349:Color vision test
2344:Color temperature
2322:Color calibration
2251:Animal coloration
2110:10.1117/12.464511
2076:978-3-7881-4057-1
2013:978-0-470-04904-4
1645:
1644:
1451:excitation purity
1431:Excitation purity
1422:Excitation purity
1369:{\displaystyle M}
1338:
1337:
1185:
1184:
1060:
1049:
1000:
878:
791:
722:CIELUV and CIELAB
619:It is defined as
589:{\displaystyle M}
546:{\displaystyle J}
399:
235:color differences
16:(Redirected from
3226:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3185:
2986:
2985:
2852:Color dimensions
2841:Human skin color
2731:
2730:
2608:Analogous colors
2574:
2573:
2560:
2486:Color management
2403:Color psychology
2369:Opponent process
2285:Color perception
2204:
2203:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2021:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1978:. Archived from
1959:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1771:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1086:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:
988:
983:
971:
966:
965:
939:
937:
936:
931:
929:
925:
924:
923:
911:
910:
889:
887:
886:
881:
879:
877:
876:
863:
851:
837:
836:
823:
811:
800:
792:
790:
789:
779:
774:
762:
757:
756:
703:system (such as
689:
687:
686:
681:
679:
678:
662:
660:
659:
654:
648:
643:
618:
616:
615:
610:
595:
593:
592:
587:
575:
573:
572:
567:
552:
550:
549:
544:
532:
530:
529:
524:
485:
483:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:
469:
468:
455:
454:
453:
429:
428:
410:
408:
407:
402:
400:
398:
397:
382:
381:
369:
363:
358:
339:
337:
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:
323:
308:
307:
283:
281:
280:
275:
107:
90:
72:
58:
21:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3174:
3142:
3059:
2977:
2934:
2924:
2847:
2826:Blue in culture
2797:
2716:
2663:Secondary color
2639:
2596:black-and-white
2568:
2561:
2548:
2450:
2436:National colors
2431:Political color
2411:Color symbolism
2397:
2327:Color constancy
2305:Color blindness
2279:
2236:Spectral colors
2193:
2187:
2157:
2147:
2131:(3E ed.).
2121:
2117:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2030:
2026:
2014:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1957:
1949:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1807:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1443:line of purples
1436:
1424:
1405:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:divided by the
1301:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
994:
990:
984:
976:
970:
958:
954:
952:
949:
948:
943:By analogy, in
919:
915:
906:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
891:
872:
868:
859:
844:
832:
828:
819:
804:
799:
785:
781:
775:
767:
761:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
724:
711:, or the hue's
696:
674:
670:
668:
665:
664:
644:
639:
624:
621:
620:
601:
598:
597:
581:
578:
577:
558:
555:
554:
538:
535:
534:
515:
512:
511:
496:
464:
460:
459:
449:
445:
444:
443:
439:
421:
417:
415:
412:
411:
390:
386:
374:
370:
368:
359:
351:
345:
342:
341:
316:
312:
300:
296:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
257:
254:
253:
230:
224:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
108:
99:
98:
97:
91:
82:
81:
80:
73:
64:
63:
62:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:Color history
2820:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:(Schopenhauer)
2698:
2693:
2690:Color analysis
2687:
2685:Color triangle
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2491:Color printing
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Kruithof curve
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:Sonochromatism
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2115:
2082:
2075:
2057:
2050:
2024:
2012:
1988:
1974:
1938:
1905:
1887:
1857:
1839:
1821:
1796:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1439:spectral locus
1434:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1385:
1365:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1300:
1297:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1247:
1243:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1004:
997:
993:
987:
982:
979:
975:
969:
964:
961:
957:
928:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
900:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
788:
784:
778:
773:
770:
766:
760:
755:
752:
748:
723:
720:
695:
692:
677:
673:
652:
647:
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
608:
605:
585:
565:
562:
542:
522:
519:
495:
492:
490:"saturation".
474:
467:
463:
458:
452:
448:
442:
438:
435:
432:
427:
424:
420:
396:
393:
389:
385:
380:
377:
373:
367:
362:
357:
354:
350:
328:
322:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
294:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
223:
220:
212:Munsell system
207:
206:
196:
181:
176:is very high (
109:
102:
101:
100:
92:
85:
84:
83:
74:
67:
66:
65:
60:
53:
52:
51:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3231:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:organizations
2931:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:Pastel colors
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Primary color
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Light-on-dark
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2545:
2544:Color mapping
2542:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Color balance
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2446:Chromotherapy
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:Tetrachromacy
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Achromatopsia
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:Chromesthesia
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:Color physics
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Color science
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2146:0-240-51417-3
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2051:0-240-51417-3
2047:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1981:
1977:
1975:0-89208-241-0
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1400:
1386:
1383:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1245:
1241:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1002:
995:
991:
985:
980:
977:
973:
967:
962:
959:
955:
946:
941:
926:
920:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
873:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
838:
833:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:
796:
793:
786:
782:
776:
771:
768:
764:
758:
753:
750:
746:
737:
733:
729:
719:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
691:
675:
671:
650:
645:
640:
636:
632:
629:
626:
606:
603:
583:
563:
560:
540:
520:
517:
508:
505:
501:
491:
487:
472:
465:
461:
456:
450:
446:
440:
436:
433:
430:
425:
422:
418:
394:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
371:
365:
360:
355:
352:
348:
340:is given by:
326:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
292:
268:
265:
262:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
229:
228:Psychophysics
219:
217:
213:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
185:
182:
179:
175:
171:
166:
163:
162:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
131:
121:
117:
113:
106:
95:
89:
78:
71:
57:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2908:Fluorescence
2871:Colorfulness
2870:
2864:Dichromatism
2708:
2700:
2670:Chromaticity
2653:Color mixing
2645:Color theory
2578:Color scheme
2441:Chromophobia
2390:
2150:
2126:
2118:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2035:
2027:
1998:
1991:
1980:the original
1953:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1842:
1824:
1810:
1789:December 20,
1787:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1461:; using the
1450:
1448:
1430:
1412:color spaces
1406:
1351:
1312:
1309:colorfulness
1308:
1302:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1073:
942:
735:
731:
725:
717:
697:
509:
503:
497:
488:
245:
239:
231:
208:
198:
192:
189:object color
188:
183:
165:Colorfulness
164:
153:
149:
146:Colorfulness
145:
144:
115:
111:
29:
18:Pale (color)
3045:Color chart
2903:Iridescence
2735:Basic terms
2726:Color terms
2680:Color wheel
2675:Color solid
2539:Color space
2525:subtractive
2508:Color model
2379:Unique hues
2275:Colorimetry
2241:Chromophore
2133:Focal Press
1455:white point
1409:HSL and HSV
1403:HSL and HSV
701:subtractive
178:Hunt effect
170:reflectance
3065:Shades of:
2898:Brightness
2630:Web colors
2586:Color tool
2569:philosophy
2474:Color cast
2374:Afterimage
2364:Metamerism
2337:Color code
2332:Color task
2315:Dichromacy
2135:. p.
2022:, page 88.
1819:, page 87.
1762:References
1313:brightness
713:complement
705:watercolor
694:Saturation
226:See also:
203:brightness
199:Saturation
174:brightness
154:saturation
2915:Grayscale
2888:Lightness
2883:Luminance
2692:(fashion)
2392:The dress
1931:April 10,
1880:April 10,
1620:−
1577:−
1535:−
1499:−
1354:CIECAM97s
1281:∗
1246:∗
1191:%
1173:∗
1151:∗
1130:∗
1056:∗
1038:∗
1016:∗
996:∗
986:∗
853:−
813:−
787:∗
777:∗
736:lightness
466:⋆
451:⋆
437:
392:∗
376:∗
361:∗
120:grayscale
3213:Category
3188:Category
3170:Lighting
2893:Darkness
2713:(Goethe)
2513:additive
2501:Quattron
2018:Archived
1925:Archived
1900:Archived
1874:Archived
1852:Archived
1834:Archived
1783:Archived
1305:CIECAM02
1299:CIECAM02
865:′
849:′
825:′
809:′
3152:Related
3113:Magenta
3038:history
2942:Pantone
2229:Visible
2224:Rainbow
250:CIE LCh
240:In the
216:Munsell
75:L*C*h (
3165:Qualia
3160:Vision
3108:Purple
3103:Violet
3083:Yellow
3078:Orange
2773:Orange
2768:Purple
2758:Yellow
2192:topics
2143:
2073:
2048:
2010:
1972:
1964:: The
1657:where
1203:where
945:CIELAB
890:where
732:chroma
728:CIELUV
663:where
504:chroma
246:chroma
222:Chroma
184:Chroma
150:chroma
114:* and
77:CIELAB
37:areas.
3219:Color
3198:Index
3138:Black
3128:White
3123:Brown
3088:Green
2990:Lists
2982:Names
2964:(CIE)
2933:Color
2793:Brown
2788:White
2778:Black
2748:Green
2567:Color
2263:Water
2219:Light
2190:Color
1983:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
434:atan2
122:image
3133:Gray
3118:Pink
3098:Blue
3093:Cyan
2783:Gray
2763:Pink
2743:Blue
2530:CMYK
2141:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2069:. .
2046:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1933:2017
1882:2017
1791:2017
1779:eilv
1449:The
709:gray
646:0.25
152:and
3073:Red
2859:Hue
2753:Red
2518:RGB
2137:121
2106:doi
2042:124
1416:and
1303:In
1188:100
1081:*,
726:In
284:to
94:HSL
3215::
2149:.
2139:.
2098:.
2094:.
2044:.
2016:.
2006:.
2002:.
1968:.
1941:^
1923:.
1919:.
1908:^
1898:.
1872:.
1868:.
1850:.
1832:.
1813:.
1799:^
1781:.
1777:.
1465::
1315::
1085:*)
797:13
738::
715:.
180:).
148:,
2182:e
2175:t
2168:v
2112:.
2108::
2079:.
2054:.
1935:.
1884:.
1817:.
1793:.
1744:)
1738:I
1734:y
1730:,
1725:I
1721:x
1716:(
1694:)
1688:n
1684:y
1680:,
1675:n
1671:x
1666:(
1639:2
1634:)
1628:n
1624:y
1615:I
1611:y
1606:(
1601:+
1596:2
1591:)
1585:n
1581:x
1572:I
1568:x
1563:(
1554:2
1549:)
1543:n
1539:y
1532:y
1528:(
1523:+
1518:2
1513:)
1507:n
1503:x
1496:x
1492:(
1483:=
1478:e
1474:p
1445:.
1435:e
1387:,
1384:C
1364:M
1335:Q
1332:M
1326:=
1323:s
1276:b
1273:a
1269:C
1242:L
1219:b
1216:a
1212:S
1180:2
1169:L
1163:+
1158:2
1146:b
1143:a
1139:C
1125:b
1122:a
1118:C
1112:=
1107:b
1104:a
1100:S
1083:b
1079:a
1077:(
1052:L
1045:2
1034:b
1028:+
1023:2
1012:a
1003:=
992:L
981:b
978:a
974:C
968:=
963:b
960:a
956:s
927:)
921:n
917:v
913:,
908:n
904:u
899:(
874:2
870:)
861:n
857:v
846:v
842:(
839:+
834:2
830:)
821:n
817:u
806:u
802:(
794:=
783:L
772:v
769:u
765:C
759:=
754:v
751:u
747:s
676:L
672:F
651:,
641:B
637:F
633:C
630:=
627:M
607:.
604:C
584:M
564:.
561:t
541:J
521:,
518:C
473:)
462:a
457:,
447:b
441:(
431:=
426:b
423:a
419:h
395:2
388:b
384:+
379:2
372:a
366:=
356:b
353:a
349:C
327:)
321:b
318:a
314:h
310:,
305:b
302:a
298:C
293:(
272:)
269:b
266:,
263:a
260:(
116:b
112:a
20:)
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