1471:
than Th: Pa has a residence time ~100–200 years while Th has one ~20–40 years. In today's
Atlantic Ocean and current overturning circulation, Th transport to the Southern Ocean is minimal due to its short residence time, and Pa transport is high. This results in relatively low Pa / Th ratios found by McManus et al. in a core at 33N 57W, and a depth of 4.5 km. When the overturning circulation shuts down (as hypothesized) during glacial periods, the Pa / Th ratio becomes elevated due to the lack of removal of Pa to the Southern Ocean. McManus et al. also note a small raise in the Pa / Th ratio during the
1583:
1394:
core-scanning methods. These methods have enabled research similar to that conducted with ice core records in
Antarctica. These records can inform on the relative abundance of organisms present at a given time using paleoproductivity methods such as measuring the total diatom abundance. Records can also inform on historic weather patterns and ocean circulation such as Deschamps et al. described with their research into sediment records from the Chukchi-Alaskan and Canadian Beaufort Margins.
1559:
1571:
32:
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1455:(fraction of deep-sea sediment between 10 and 63 μm). Carbon isotope and cadmium/calcium ratio proxies are used because variability in their ratios is due partly to changes in bottom-water chemistry, which is in turn related the source of deep-water formation. These ratios, however, are influenced by biological, ecological, and geochemical processes which complicate circulation inferences.
1230:
precipitate, they sink and form sediments on the ocean floor whose δO can be used to infer past SSTs. Oxygen isotope ratios are not perfect proxies, however. The volume of ice trapped in continental ice sheets can have an impact of the δO. Freshwater characterized by lower values of δO becomes trapped in the continental ice sheets, so that during glacial periods seawater δO is elevated and
1470:
isotopes (Pa and Th) to show that the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation had been nearly (or completely) shut off during the last glacial period. Pa and Th are both formed from the radioactive decay of dissolved uranium in seawater, with Pa able to remain supported in the water column longer
2048:
Deschamps, Charles-Edouard & Montero-Serrano, Jean & St-Onge, Guillaume & Poirier, André. (2019). Holocene changes in deep-water circulation inferred from authigenic Nd and Hf isotopes in sediment records from the
Chukchi-Alaskan and Canadian Beaufort margins Key points. Paleoceanography
1409:
excess in core records can provide a better inference of sea-surface salinity than oxygen isotopes, and certain species, such as diatoms, can provide a semiquantitative salinity record due to the relative abundances of diatoms that are limited to certain salinity regimes. There have been changes to
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et al. who worked to calibrate bottom water temperature to Mg/Ca ratios in 9 locations covering a variety of depths from up to six different benthic foraminifera (depending on location). The authors found an equation calibrating bottom water temperature of Mg/Ca ratios that takes on an exponential
1256:
are long-chain, complex organic molecules produced by photosynthetic algae. They are temperature sensitive and can be extracted from marine sediments. Use of alkenones represents a more direct relationship between SST and algae and does not rely on knowing biotic and physical-chemical thermodynamic
1229:
are useful in reconstructing SST because of the influence temperature has on the isotope ratio. Plankton take up oxygen in building their shells and will be less enriched in their δO when formed in warmer waters, provided they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the seawater. When these shells
1249:
can be used as a proxy for the SST in which the shells formed. Mg/Ca ratios have several other influencing factors other than temperature, such as vital effects, shell-cleaning, and postmortem and post-depositional dissolution effects, to name a few. Other influences aside, Mg/Ca ratios have
1414:
and the salinity balance of the oceans with the North
Atlantic and becoming more saline and the sub-tropical Indian and pacific oceans becoming less so. With changes to the water cycle, there have also been variations with the vertical distribution of salt and haloclines. Large incursions of
1393:
Sediment records can tell us a great deal about our past and help make inferences towards the future. Though this area of
Paleoceanography is nothing new with some research going back to the 1930s and earlier. Modern time scale reconstructive research has advanced using sediment
2020:
S.L. Jaccard, E.D. Galbraith, D.M. Sigman, G.H. Haug, A pervasive link between
Antarctic ice core and subarctic Pacific sediment records over the past 800kyrs, Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 29, Issues 1–2, 2010, Pages 206-212, ISSN 0277-3791,
2038:
Sjunneskog, C., F. Taylor 2002. Postglacial marine diatom record of the Palmer Deep, Antarctic
Peninsula (ODP Leg 178, Site 1098) 1. Total diatom abundance. VL - 17. DO - 10.1029/2000PA000563.
1380:
1264:
studies. Another advantage of using alkenones is that they are a product of photosynthesis, necessitating formation in the sunlight of the upper surface layers. As such, it better records near-surface SST.
1223:
and the ratio of magnesium to calcium (Mg/Ca) in shell secretions from plankton, from long-chain organic molecules such as alkenone, from tropical corals near the sea surface, and from mollusk shells.
2272:
McManus, J. F.; Francois, R.; Gherardi, J.-M.; Keigwin, L. D.; Brown-Leger, S. (22 April 2004). "Collapse and rapid resumption of
Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes".
151:
and biological productivity. Paleoceanographic studies using environment models and different proxies enable the scientific community to assess the role of the oceanic processes in the global
1285:. The temperatures inferred from the Mg/Ca ratios have confirmed an up to 3 °C cooling of the deep ocean during the late Pleistocene glacial periods. One notable study is that by
1195:
methods as a way to infer information about the past state and evolution of the world's oceans. Several geochemical proxy tools include long-chain organic molecules (e.g.
1501:
ion concentration in the ocean. δB has been identified in corals from the southwestern
Pacific to vary with ocean pH, and shows that climate variabilities such as the
1203:, and trace metals. Additionally, sediment cores rich with fossils and shells (tests) can also be useful; the field of paleoceanography is closely related to
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2490:
53:
46:
1761:
Olausson, Eric (January 1963). "Evidence of climatic changes in North Atlantic deep-sea cores, with remarks on isotopic paleotemperature analysis".
2152:
Goosse, H. and Zunz, V.: Decadal trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent ultimately controlled by ice–ocean feedback, The Cryosphere, 8, 453–470,
908:
171:
1931:
Billups, K.; Schrag, D.P. (April 2003). "Application of benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios to questions of Cenozoic climate change".
1839:
Lea, D. W. (5 September 2003). "Synchroneity of Tropical and High-Latitude Atlantic Temperatures over the Last Glacial Termination".
2455:
2374:
Pearson, Paul N.; Palmer, Martin R. (17 August 2000). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years".
2170:
Lehman, Scott J.; Keigwin, Lloyd D. (30 April 1992). "Sudden changes in North Atlantic circulation during the last deglaciation".
1969:; Rosenthal, Yair; Slowey, Niall (October 2002). "Benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-paleothermometry: a revised core-top calibration".
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201:
2061:"Diatom-inferred salinity records from the Arctic Siberian Margin: Implications for fluvial runoff patterns during the Holocene"
96:
2594:
68:
2216:; Lehman, S. J. (19 February 1993). "Mid-Depth Circulation of the Subpolar North Atlantic During the Last Glacial Maximum".
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75:
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by the re-construction of past climate at various intervals. Paleoceanographic research is also intimately tied to
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Vinogradova, N. & Ponte, R. In search of fingerprints of the recent intensification of the ocean water cycle.
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concentrations. Another application of δB in plankton shells can be used as an indirect proxy for atmospheric CO
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isotope ratios (δB) can be used to infer both recent as well as millennial time scale changes in the acidity,
2060:
64:
1890:
Herbert, T. D. (2003). "Alkenone paleotemperature determinations". In Holland, H.D.; Turekian, K.K. (eds.).
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826:
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event, another period in climate history thought to have experienced a weakening overturning circulation.
1385:
where Mg/Ca is the Mg/Ca ratio found in the benthic foraminifera and BWT is the bottom water temperature.
1502:
442:
194:
1796:
Shackleton, Nicholas (1 July 1967). "Oxygen Isotope Analyses and Pleistocene Temperatures Re-assessed".
2471:
2323:
Pelejero, C. (30 September 2005). "Preindustrial to Modern Interdecadal Variability in Coral Reef pH".
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20:
1423:
Several proxy methods have been used to infer past ocean circulation and changes to it. They include
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successfully quantified the tropical cooling that occurred during the last glacial period.
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Sea-surface temperature (SST) records can be extracted from deep-sea sediment cores using
8:
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freshwater and changing salinity can also contribute to a reduction in sea ice extent.
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2100:
Yu, L. A global relationship between the ocean water cycle and near-surface salinity.
1990:
1952:
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2003:
Piggot, Charles Snowden. “Core Samples of the Ocean Bottom and Their Significance.”
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1375:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Mg/Ca} =0.867\pm 0.049*\exp(0.109\pm 0.007*\mathrm {BWT} ):}
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Urey, Harold C. (1947). "The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances".
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Vertical redistribution of salt and layered changes in global ocean salinity.
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2615:
2601:
2573:
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1966:
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Henderson, Gideon M. (October 2002). "New oceanic proxies for paleoclimate".
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1894:. Vol. 6 (1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science. pp. 391–432.
1529: – Study of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean
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Paleoclimates : understanding climate change past and present
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All proxies included are useful in inferring the behavior of the
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shells formed during these times will have a larger δO value.
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is a more challenging quantity to infer from paleorecords.
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1490:, and alkalinity of the ocean, which is mainly forced by
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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1541: – Study of physical geography of past landscapes
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Bauch, Henning A.; Polyakova, Yelena I. (June 2003).
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2011:, www.jstor.org/stable/16315. Accessed 24 Mar. 2021.
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concentrations over the past several million years.
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1965:
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1710:Emiliani, C. (1955). "Pleistocene temperatures".
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2049:and Paleoclimatology. 34. 10.1029/2018PA003485.
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1191:Paleoceanography makes use of so-called
16:Study of the oceans in the geologic past
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1658:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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1273:The most commonly used proxy to infer
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52:Please improve this article by adding
2595:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
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2007:, vol. 46, no. 3, 1938, pp. 201–217.
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1462:. For example, McManus et al. used
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1933:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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1610:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1451:isotopes (Nd and Nd), and sortable
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131:is the study of the history of the
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1505:(PDO) can modulate the impact of
163:Source and methods of information
139:past with regard to circulation,
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2132:Liu, C., Liang, X., Ponte, R.M.
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1277:are the Mg/Ca ratios in benthic
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2588:Journal of Geophysical Research
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1971:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
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1908:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06115-6
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1991:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00941-9
1953:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00067-0
1630:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00809-9
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54:secondary or tertiary sources
2581:Geophysical Research Letters
1783:10.1016/0079-6611(65)90020-0
1509:due to rising atmospheric CO
1275:deep-sea temperature history
7:
2660:Oceanographical terminology
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1503:Pacific decadal oscillation
1479:Acidity, pH, and alkalinity
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929:Earliest multicellular life
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2472:American Geophysical Union
1654:Cronin, Thomas M. (2010).
1227:Oxygen isotope ratios (δO)
1199:), stable and radioactive
147:, geology and patterns of
21:Paleoceanography (journal)
18:
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2623:Water Resources Research
2552:Charles A. Whitten Medal
2537:James B. Macelwane Medal
2102:J. Geophys. Res. -Oceans
1892:Treatise on geochemistry
1763:Progress in Oceanography
1269:Bottom-water temperature
1257:relationships needed in
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2345:10.1126/science.1113692
1945:2003E&PSL.209..181B
1861:10.1126/science.1088470
1622:2002E&PSL.203....1H
1241:in place of calcium in
1215:Sea-surface temperature
375:−500 —
2527:Robert E. Horton Medal
2512:Walter H. Bucher Medal
2005:The Scientific Monthly
1443:isotopes (Pa and Th),
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41:relies excessively on
2609:Reviews of Geophysics
2522:William Gilbert Award
2158:10.5194/tc-8-453-2014
1425:carbon isotope ratios
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1221:oxygen isotope ratios
19:For the journal, see
2547:Waldo E. Smith Award
2437:at Wikimedia Commons
2088:10.1029/2002PA000847
1689:10.1039/JR9470000562
1297:
1237:The substitution of
2542:Roger Revelle Medal
2517:Maurice Ewing Medal
2507:William Bowie Medal
2388:2000Natur.406..695P
2337:2005Sci...309.2204P
2331:(5744): 2204–2207.
2294:10.1038/nature02494
2286:2004Natur.428..834M
2230:1993Sci...259.1148O
2224:(5098): 1148–1152.
2184:1992Natur.356..757L
2123:, 5513–5528 (2017).
2080:2003PalOc..18.1027B
1983:2002GeCoA..66.3375L
1900:2003TrGeo...6..391H
1853:2003Sci...301.1361L
1847:(5638): 1361–1364.
1810:1967Natur.215...15S
1775:1963PrOce...3..221O
1724:1955JG.....63..538E
1507:ocean acidification
1497:concentrations and
909:Sexual reproduction
888:Huronian glaciation
2532:Inge Lehmann Medal
1712:Journal of Geology
1372:
1156:Quaternary ice age
1091:Earliest tetrapods
1050:Cambrian explosion
1009:Cryogenian ice age
868:Atmospheric oxygen
847:Pongola glaciation
475:Multicellular life
427:Single-celled life
65:"Paleoceanography"
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2433:Media related to
2382:(6797): 695–699.
2280:(6985): 834–837.
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1977:(19): 3375–3387.
1419:Ocean circulation
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1967:Lear, Caroline H
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827:Earliest oxygen
819:
810:
809:
799:
790:
789:
779:
770:
769:
759:
750:
749:
739:
730:
729:
719:
712:
711:
710:
705:
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698:
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182:
176:
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122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
51:
47:primary sources
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:Paleogeography
2652:
2650:Marine geology
2647:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
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2480:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2424:
2423:External links
2421:
2418:
2417:
2366:
2315:
2259:
2205:
2162:
2145:
2125:
2109:
2093:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2013:
1996:
1958:
1923:
1916:
1882:
1831:
1788:
1753:
1732:10.1086/626295
1718:(6): 538–578.
1702:
1671:
1664:
1635:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1546:
1545:
1539:Paleogeography
1536:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1493:
1492:atmospheric CO
1480:
1477:
1420:
1417:
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1390:
1387:
1383:
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1007:
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1004:
994:
993:
987:
986:
984:
974:
973:
967:
966:
964:
954:
953:
949:Earliest fungi
947:
946:
944:
934:
933:
927:
926:
924:
914:
913:
907:
906:
904:
894:
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886:
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873:
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866:
865:
863:
853:
852:
845:
844:
842:
832:
831:
825:
824:
822:
812:
811:
807:LHB meteorites
805:
804:
802:
792:
791:
785:
784:
782:
772:
771:
765:
764:
762:
752:
751:
747:Earliest water
745:
744:
742:
732:
731:
725:
724:
722:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
700:
699:
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632:
631:
630:
604:
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602:
581:
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443:Photosynthesis
441:
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124:
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38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:Space Weather
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:Radio Science
2599:
2597:
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2585:
2583:
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2575:
2571:
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2564:
2558:
2557:Whipple Award
2555:
2553:
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2538:
2535:
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2209:
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2173:
2166:
2159:
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2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1917:0-08-043751-6
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
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1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
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1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
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1733:
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1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
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1665:9780231144940
1661:
1657:
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1631:
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1619:
1615:
1611:
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1600:
1589:
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1572:
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1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
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1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1473:Younger Dryas
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1369:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:sedimentology
1202:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1132:Earliest apes
1128:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1111:Karoo ice age
1107:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
990:
985:
980:
979:
970:
965:
960:
959:
950:
945:
940:
939:
930:
925:
920:
919:
910:
905:
900:
899:
889:
884:
879:
878:
869:
864:
859:
858:
848:
843:
838:
837:
828:
823:
818:
817:
808:
803:
798:
797:
788:
783:
778:
777:
768:
763:
758:
757:
748:
743:
738:
737:
728:
723:
718:
717:
694:
663:
625:
597:
575:
566:
557:
541:
532:
523:
520:
504:
476:
460:
444:
428:
412:
211:
205:
200:
198:
193:
191:
186:
185:
179:
175:
173:Life timeline
168:
160:
158:
154:
150:
149:sedimentation
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:November 2016
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
49:
48:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2566:Publications
2379:
2375:
2369:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2277:
2273:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2148:
2143:3445 (2019).
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1891:
1885:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1680:
1674:
1655:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1588:Paleontology
1527:Oceanography
1482:
1464:protactinium
1457:
1437:protactinium
1422:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1279:foraminifera
1272:
1252:
1236:
1225:
1218:
1209:paleontology
1190:
1179:
727:Earth formed
128:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:
2214:Oppo, D. W.
1769:: 221–252.
1616:(1): 1–13.
1499:bicarbonate
1445:radiocarbon
1412:water cycle
183:This box:
2639:Categories
2486:Presidents
2479:Membership
2138:Nat Commun
2074:(2): n/a.
1683:: 562–81.
1595:References
1283:ostracodes
519:Arthropods
459:Eukaryotes
76:newspapers
43:references
2412:205008176
2361:129883047
2310:205210064
1748:225042939
1449:neodymium
1407:Deuterium
1353:∗
1347:±
1338:
1332:∗
1326:±
1254:Alkenones
1239:magnesium
1197:alkenones
540:Dinosaurs
141:chemistry
2404:10963587
2353:16195458
2302:15103371
2254:23996710
2246:17794395
2118:J. Clim.
1877:28169540
1869:12958356
1740:30080906
1697:20249764
1521:See also
1403:Salinity
1398:Salinity
1201:isotopes
1181:Ice Ages
574:Primates
522:Molluscs
137:geologic
2491:Fellows
2384:Bibcode
2333:Bibcode
2325:Science
2282:Bibcode
2226:Bibcode
2218:Science
2200:4351664
2180:Bibcode
2160:, 2014.
2076:Bibcode
1979:Bibcode
1941:Bibcode
1896:Bibcode
1849:Bibcode
1841:Science
1826:4221046
1806:Bibcode
1771:Bibcode
1720:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1564:Geology
1550:Portals
1468:thorium
1441:thorium
1433:calcium
1429:cadmium
1410:global
1232:calcite
1149:←
1125:←
1104:←
1084:←
1063:←
1043:←
1023:←
1002:←
982:←
962:←
942:←
922:←
902:←
881:←
861:←
840:←
820:←
800:←
780:←
760:←
740:←
720:←
556:Mammals
531:Flowers
390:–
385:—
380:–
370:–
365:—
360:–
350:–
345:—
340:–
330:–
325:—
320:–
310:–
305:—
300:–
290:–
285:—
280:–
270:–
265:—
260:–
250:–
245:—
240:–
230:–
225:—
220:–
153:climate
145:biology
135:in the
90:scholar
2500:Awards
2410:
2402:
2376:Nature
2359:
2351:
2308:
2300:
2274:Nature
2252:
2244:
2198:
2172:Nature
2134:et al.
1914:
1875:
1867:
1824:
1798:Nature
1746:
1738:
1695:
1662:
1576:Oceans
1290:form:
1247:shells
1136:humans
709:
702:
548:
511:
483:
467:
451:
435:
419:
403:
133:oceans
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2408:S2CID
2357:S2CID
2306:S2CID
2250:S2CID
2196:S2CID
2064:(PDF)
2009:JSTOR
1873:S2CID
1822:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1736:JSTOR
1484:Boron
1350:0.007
1344:0.109
1329:0.049
1323:0.867
1193:proxy
565:Birds
411:Water
97:JSTOR
83:books
2400:PMID
2349:PMID
2298:PMID
2242:PMID
1912:ISBN
1865:PMID
1693:PMID
1660:ISBN
1453:silt
1287:Lear
1281:and
1259:CaCO
1243:CaCO
1207:and
767:LUCA
203:edit
196:talk
189:view
69:news
2574:Eos
2392:doi
2380:406
2341:doi
2329:309
2290:doi
2278:428
2234:doi
2222:259
2188:doi
2176:356
2154:doi
2141:10,
2105:116
2084:doi
2023:doi
1987:doi
1949:doi
1937:209
1904:doi
1857:doi
1845:301
1814:doi
1802:215
1779:doi
1728:doi
1685:doi
1626:doi
1614:203
1335:exp
45:to
2641::
2406:.
2398:.
2390:.
2378:.
2355:.
2347:.
2339:.
2327:.
2304:.
2296:.
2288:.
2276:.
2262:^
2248:.
2240:.
2232:.
2220:.
2194:.
2186:.
2174:.
2121:30
2082:.
2072:18
2070:.
2066:.
1985:.
1975:66
1973:.
1947:.
1935:.
1910:.
1902:.
1871:.
1863:.
1855:.
1843:.
1820:.
1812:.
1800:.
1777:.
1765:.
1742:.
1734:.
1726:.
1716:63
1714:.
1691:.
1638:^
1624:.
1612:.
1488:pH
1427:,
1211:.
1134:/
159:.
143:,
56:.
2464:e
2457:t
2450:v
2414:.
2394::
2386::
2363:.
2343::
2335::
2312:.
2292::
2284::
2256:.
2236::
2228::
2202:.
2190::
2182::
2156::
2090:.
2086::
2078::
2029:.
2025::
1993:.
1989::
1981::
1955:.
1951::
1943::
1920:.
1906::
1898::
1879:.
1859::
1851::
1828:.
1816::
1808::
1785:.
1781::
1773::
1767:3
1750:.
1730::
1722::
1699:.
1687::
1668:.
1632:.
1628::
1620::
1552::
1515:2
1511:2
1494:2
1466:/
1439:/
1431:/
1370::
1367:)
1363:T
1360:W
1357:B
1341:(
1320:=
1316:a
1313:C
1309:/
1305:g
1302:M
1261:3
1245:3
1178:*
1175:)
1171:(
1158:*
1113:*
1072:*
1011:*
890:*
849:*
693:c
691:i
689:o
687:z
685:o
683:r
681:e
679:n
677:a
675:h
673:P
662:c
660:i
658:o
656:z
654:o
652:r
650:e
648:t
646:o
644:r
642:P
623:n
621:a
619:e
617:h
615:c
613:r
611:A
595:n
593:a
591:e
589:d
587:a
585:H
502:s
500:t
498:n
496:a
494:l
492:P
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
50:.
23:.
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