Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

2163:(UNSCOP), which arrived on June 16 to investigate conditions in Palestine and recommend a solution, the Haganah acted to restrain the Irgun, foiling several Irgun operations. One Haganah member was killed by an explosive device when the Haganah foiled a potentially catastrophic attack against Citrus House. However, the Haganah did not directly collaborate with the security forces and hand underground fighters over to the British as it had done during the Saison. On the same day that UNSCOP arrived, a British military court sentenced Haviv, Nakar, and Weiss to death. The Irgun's continued search for hostages faced further complications when Lehi decided to avenge the death of Alexander Rubowitz with attacks on British personnel. Fearing that it would be even more difficult to find hostages with the additional security precautions, the Irgun asked Lehi to hold off on its planned attacks, and Lehi agreed to hold off for a week. After attempts to capture a police official and an administrative officer failed, Lehi launched a series of shooting attacks. Three British soldiers were killed in an attack in Tel Aviv, and a British officer was killed in an attack on a cafe in Haifa. Four soldiers were also wounded in an attack on a beach in Herzliya. 1333:. If the British would withdraw in the face of the Irgun threat, the attacks would seem unconnected to the threats of violence at the Western Wall, and if they defied the Irgun and attempted to stop the blowing of the shofar, the attacks on the fortresses would be the Irgun's response. On September 27, the authorities allowed the shofar to be blown at the Western Wall. This represented a major psychological victory for the Irgun, which had successfully coerced a major concession from the British authorities which damaged their credibility. On the same night, the Irgun attacked the fortresses. The attacks on the fortresses at Haifa, Beit Dagon, and Qalqilya failed after collapsing into firefights with the security forces. One Irgun fighter was wounded in the attack in Haifa and another four in the raid in Qalqilya. The raid on the fortress at Katra was successful. The Irgun attackers broke into the station and killed two British soldiers and two police constables, then made off with the arms and ammunition. Two days later, Assistant Superintendent Tom Wilkin of the Palestine Police was assassinated by Lehi. 2093:, who had been sentenced to death and were awaiting execution in Jerusalem Central Prison, for April 21. The Irgun attempted to find British hostages to save their lives, but having anticipated this, the British confined almost all of their troops to barracks or within the security zones, and Irgun patrols fruitlessly wandered the streets in search of a vulnerable soldier. However, the Irgun did manage to smuggle a grenade to Feinstein and Barazani. Although they originally planned to kill their executioners with the grenade, after learning that a rabbi was to accompany them to the gallows, they committed suicide by detonating the grenade while embracing each other, with the grenade lodged between them, a few hours before their scheduled executions. The Irgun subsequently tried to kidnap Britons to hang as a reprisal, but consistently failed, and finally gave up after a group of Irgun members finally seized a British businessman from a bar but spared his life after learning he was Jewish. 1420: 1679:, two Jews were killed and seven injured while resisting. The next day, another British officer was abducted in Jerusalem and taken to a hideout in the city, but he managed to escape after nearly two days in captivity. Curfews and searches continued and the Jewish Agency requested the release of the officers. The Irgun released two of the hostages, as it would be easier to hide three hostages as opposed to five, and to lend weight to the threat to the lives of the remaining three officers. The Irgun released the two officers in Tel Aviv and threatened that if Simchon and Ashbel were executed, it would kill the three remaining hostages. The Jewish Agency and Haganah announced that their intervention had secured the release of the officers but the Irgun denied it. The Irgun followed up with a raid on a diamond polishing plant, stealing a substantial quantity of diamonds to finance operations. 1675:

buildings on fire. Two Lehi fighters were accidentally killed by an explosion during the sabotage operations. However, Lehi had underestimated the time in which the British could react, and as the raiders retreated in a truck, they ran into a British roadblock manned by troops with heavy machine guns and supported by armor. The British fired on the truck, killing nine of the attackers and wounding thirteen. The surviving members of the assault team were all captured. The following day, the Irgun succeeded in taking British hostages with which to bargain over the lives of its two fighters who had been sentenced to death. Five British officers were abducted in an Irgun raid on a British officer's club in Tel Aviv. The British responded with a massive search operation in Tel Aviv, which was placed under curfew, and searches in other suspected areas. During a search in

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electrically-detonated mines were carried out against the railway system. On the evening of November 17, a 15-cwt police truck hit a mine near Tel Aviv. Three British policemen and a Royal Air Force sergeant were killed, and three other police and RAF personnel in the truck were wounded. In the aftermath of the attack, enraged British troops rampaged through Hayarkon Street in Tel Aviv, causing damage to several cafes and injuring 29 Jews. Within the following two days, a British officer was killed when a mine exploded during a bomb disposal operation on a railway line near Kfar Sirkin and the income tax office in Jerusalem was bombed, killing a Jewish worker. Nine more British soldiers were killed in vehicle mine attacks against military traffic in December, and another two were killed when a vehicle laden with a time bomb detonated in front of the Sarafand base.

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The prisoners escaped through the hole and boarded trucks, which then fled Acre along the designated escape route. Meanwhile, Irgun blocking squads mined all the roads into Acre except the designated escape route and an Irgun squad launched a mortar attack on a British Army camp before withdrawing to delay any response. Five British soldiers were injured in a mine explosion. However, one of the blocking squads failed to withdraw in time and was captured. The first escape truck ran into a British roadblock and all of the escapees were killed or recaptured, including one accidentally killed by friendly fire. The second truck took a burst of fire but managed to get away. In total, four in the Irgun attacking party were killed and five captured, and five of the escapees were killed. Of the 41 designated escapees, 27 managed to escape, along with 214 Arab prisoners.

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army truck, which drove through a gap in the barbed-wire defenses surrounding, the entrance to a military parking lot near the club. Three Irgun fighters clad in British Army battle dress jumped from the truck and tossed explosive charges into the building before quickly retreating. The explosion caused heavy damage to the building and killed 13 people inside: four soldiers including two officers and nine civilian employees, including the club's Italian general manager. During the attack, a British police vehicle nearby was raked by machine gun fire, killing a policeman and wounding three others. The Irgun also carried out mine attacks on the inter-urban roads against British military vehicles. Two soldiers were killed when a scout car detonated a mine on the Haifa-Jaffa Road and another soldier was killed by a vehicle mine in Tel Aviv. Army depots at

1776:, a cordon and search operation in which the entire city of Tel Aviv and the Jewish Quarter of Jaffa would be cordoned off and searched building by building and the entire Jewish population except for the elderly and children were to be screened. The British chose to search Tel Aviv due to faulty intelligence that the bombers had come from Tel Aviv, when in fact they had been based in Jerusalem. The operation was conducted from July 30 to August 2, during which British forces searched tens of thousands of buildings and screened most of the Jewish population. Tel Aviv was placed under curfew for 22 hours a day with residents only allowed to leave their homes for two hours every evening. A total of 787 arrests were made, and according to former Irgun high command member 2190:, the Irgun retaliated by killing Martin and Paice and hanging their bodies in a eucalyptus grove in Netanya. The bodies were booby-trapped with an explosive mine which exploded as Martin's body was being cut down, injuring a British officer. The incident caused widespread outrage among the security forces in Palestine and the British public and government. British police rampaged in Tel Aviv, killing five Jewish civilians and wounding 15. Antisemitic rioting broke out in Britain in response to the killings. The British reacted by arresting 35 Jewish political leaders including the mayors of Tel Aviv, Netanya, and Ramat Gan and held them without trial, the Revisionist Zionist youth movement 1757:. Irgun fighters successfully infiltrated the hotel and planted bombs before fleeing under fire. One Irgun fighter was killed and another wounded when the attackers were fired on while retreating. An Irgun telephone warning to evacuate the hotel was not taken seriously, and the hotel had not been evacuated when the bombs exploded. The bombing destroyed much of the southern wing of the hotel, which housed the government secretariat and military headquarters. A total of 91 people were killed: 41 Palestinian Arabs, 28 British nationals including 13 British soldiers, 17 Palestinian Jews, 2 Armenians, 1 Russian, 1 Greek, and 1 Egyptian. Most of the dead were staff of the hotel or Secretariat. 1097:

hoses, and pistols. Royal Navy ships would ram transports, and boarding parties forced their way onto the ships and engaged in close-quarters hand-to-hand fighting to gain control. In five instances, firearms were used. During these encounters, two Royal Navy warships were damaged in collisions with immigrant ships. Seven British soldiers were killed during battles to take control of immigrant ships – most of whom drowned after being pushed overboard by passengers. Six passengers were also killed. From 1945 to 1948, some 80,000 illegal immigrants attempted to enter Palestine. About 49 illegal immigrant ships were captured and 66,000 people were detained. Some 1,600 others drowned at sea.

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conducted searches throughout the affected areas. Soldiers were granted policing authority and were told to shoot curfew violators on sight. Pedestrians and motorists were fired at by troops in Tel Aviv, and a Jewish official had his car riddled by bullets. In Jerusalem, British troops killed two Jewish civilians during the martial law period, including a four-year-old girl standing on the balcony of her home in Jerusalem. Martial law was imposed both to search for Irgun and Lehi members and to inflict economic losses on the Yishuv as a collective punishment over the failure of the Jewish Agency and the Jewish population to cooperate with the authorities in suppressing the insurgency.

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designed to pressure the British, proposing a series of spectacular underground operations that would humiliate the British and cause them to respond with repressive measures that would antagonise the Yishuv, alienate Britain's allies, and cause controversy among the British public. Begin believed that the insurgency would turn Palestine into a "glass house" with the world's attention focused on it, and that the British, faced with a choice between continued repression or withdrawal, would in the end choose to withdraw. So as not to harm the continuing war effort against Nazi Germany, Begin decided to hold off on attacking British military targets until Germany was defeated.

1403:, it was decided to stop the Saison. As the Saison wound down, the Irgun was able to resume attacks against the British in May, and successfully carried out widespread telegraph sabotage, blowing up hundreds of telegraph poles. However, attempts to bomb oil pipelines was foiled by the Haganah and an attempt to bomb government targets with clockwork mortars failed after they were discovered by the British, most having already been disabled by heavy rain. The Haganah ended the Saison in March 1945. However, the Irgun was still recovering from the devastating effects of the Saison, and could not yet mount major operations. As a result of the victory of the 2318:

intelligence, and a non-cooperative civilian population. The insurgents were also making the country ungovernable; the King David Hotel bombing resulted in the deaths of a large number of civil servants and the loss of many documents, devastating the mandatory administration, while IED attacks on British vehicles began to limit the British Army's freedom of movement throughout the country. The Acre Prison break and the floggings and hangings of British soldiers by the Irgun humiliated the British authorities and further demonstrated their failure to control the situation. At the same time, attacks carried out on economic targets cost Britain almost

1761: 1526: 1634:, told the acting mayor of Tel Aviv that he held the Jewish community responsible. The British imposed a collective punishment on the population of Tel Aviv, imposing a dawn to dusk curfew on the city roads and closing all cafes, bars, cinemas, and other places of entertainment and socialisation until May 12. The authorities had seriously considered more severe penalties such as demolishing all houses around the car park including those that had played no role in the assault and imposing a collective fine on the entire city but had decided against all other options due to them being politically undesirable or impractical. 2278:

that: Britain's restrictions on Jewish immigration were a violation of international law, as it violated the terms of the mandate; British rule in Palestine was oppressive and had turned the country into a police state; British policies were Nazi-like and anti-Semitic; the insurgency was Jewish self-defence; and the insurgents were winning and British withdrawal from Palestine was inevitable. This propaganda, coupled with statements and actions by British officials and members of the security forces interpreted as anti-Semitic, gained the insurgents international credibility and served to further tarnish Britain's image.

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addition, a shooting attack against two British airmen in Jerusalem killed one and seriously wounded the other one, and British police officer William Bruce was shot dead in an assassination by the Palmach as vengeance over allegations that he had tortured Palmach prisoners. On October 30, the Irgun raided the Jerusalem railway station. The British had advance knowledge of the plan and a police team opened fire on the raiders, wounding four of them and forcing them to retreat after depositing the explosives. Four of the attackers were later captured including two of the wounded ones. One of them was

798:. The White Paper rejected the concept of partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states and announced that the country would be turned into an independent binational state with an Arab majority. It severely curtailed Jewish immigration, allowing for only 75,000 Jews to migrate to Palestine from 1940 to 1944, consisting of a yearly quota of 10,000 per year and a supplementary quota for 25,000 to cover refugee emergencies spread out over the same period. Afterward, further Jewish immigration would depend on the consent of the Arab majority. Sales of Arab land to Jews were to be restricted. 2097:

three locations and two jeeps were mined. On April 22, the Cairo-Haifa train was mined near Rehovot and sprayed with gunfire after the derailment. Five British soldiers and three civilians were killed. Another soldier was killed in an attack in Jerusalem. On April 25, a bomb-laden van that had been stolen from Palestine Post and Telegraph was used to bomb a Palestine Police facility at Sarona, killing four British constables. The following day, Lehi assassinated Albert Conquest, the Assistant Superintendent of Police, who was the head of the Haifa CID.

1753:. It had been requisitioned by the British for use as a military and government headquarters, although part of it continued to function as a hotel. In order to destroy incriminating documents regarding Jewish Agency and Haganah involvement in the campaign as well as the identities of Haganah members, the Haganah began jointly planning an attack on the King David Hotel with the Irgun. Although the Haganah repeatedly requested that the operation be delayed due to political considerations, the Irgun decided to press ahead and on July 22, carried out the 769:, also known as the "Palestine Partition Commission", whose report was published in late 1938. A government statement (Cmnd 5843) followed on 11 November 1938. It concluded that: "His Majesty's Government, after careful study of the Partition Commission's report, have reached the conclusion that this further examination has shown that the political, administrative and financial difficulties involved in the proposal to create independent Arab and Jewish States inside Palestine are so great that this solution of the problem is impracticable." The brief 2421:

froze Jewish Agency assets in London banks. However, the British generally stayed out of the fighting and only intervened occasionally. Even so, they were still sometimes caught in the crossfire or deliberately attacked for their weapons. There is little evidence that Bevin, despite his hostility to Zionism, wanted to strangle the incipient Jewish state at birth. Instead, his main concern seems to have been to ensure that Egypt retained control of the parts of the Negev they were occupying, so that Britain had a land link between Egypt and Jordan.

1888:. After three Irgun members were arrested for a December 13 bank robbery carried out to finance the Irgun's activities, a court convicted them and handed down heavy prison sentences. One of the Irgun members, Binyamin Kimchi, was also sentenced to be flogged 18 times in addition to his prison term. The Irgun warned the British that it would whip British officers if the flogging was carried out. Kimchi was flogged on December 28, and the following day, Irgun teams set out to abduct British soldiers and give them eighteen lashes. In 1256: 1272:(CID) stations in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Haifa. Six British police officers and two Irgun fighters were killed, and the CID stations in Haifa and Jaffa were successfully bombed. Three days later, the British reacted by imposing curfews on Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa, and ran identity parades. On April 1, another Jewish constable was killed and a British constable wounded in a Lehi shooting attack. On April 5, Lehi commander Mattityahu Shmulevitz was arrested, but managed to shoot and wound one of the arresting officers. 1208:. Bevin believed that sending illegal immigrants to Cyprus, where they then qualified for inclusion into legal immigration quotas to Palestine, only encouraged more illegal immigration. By forcing them to return to their port of origin, Bevin hoped to deter future illegal immigrants. However, the French government announced that it would not permit the disembarkation of passengers unless it was voluntary on their part. The passengers refused to disembark, spending weeks in difficult conditions. The ship was then taken to 2167:

operation codenamed Operation Tiger. Martial law was imposed, and the residents were kept under curfew as troops searched the area for the sergeants. The Haganah, which was still involved in the "Little Saison", also conducted searches for the sergeants. At the same time, the Jewish authorities requested that the lives of the three condemned Irgun members be spared. The sergeants were kept in a bunker underneath a diamond factory which the security forces failed to find despite searching the factory twice.

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Palestine, killing 4 and injuring 140. The Stern Gang, soon joined by the paramilitaries of the Irgun from whom they had split back in 1940, would subsequently use truck and car bombs to kill Palestinians as well: a creative atrocity that was immediately reciprocated by British deserters fi ghting on the Arab side. (Fifty years later, jihadis training in Al Qaeda camps in Af ghan i stan would study Menachem Begin's Revolt,a memoir of the Irgun, as a classic handbook of successful terrorism.)

1083:(MI6) launched Operation Embarrass, a clandestine operation to blow up empty ships in Italian ports that were preparing to take Jewish refugees to Palestine, by having operatives attach limpet mines to the hulls of vessels. From summer 1947 to early 1948, five such attacks were carried out, destroying one ship and damaging two others. Two other British mines were discovered before they detonated. An report stated that "only 1 out of some 30 ships carrying illegal immigrants reached their destination." 139: 1788: 1440:, under which they worked under a unified command structure consisting of members of all three organisations and coordinated their activities. The Haganah also lent the Irgun command of 460 Palmach fighters and provided it with funding. While the Irgun and Lehi would continue to pursue a full-scale revolt against the British, the Haganah envisioned a more limited campaign to pressure the British into acceding to Zionist demands, tying attacks mainly to targets involving the issue of immigration. 2323:

American economic aid. There were also indications, such as several successful bombings in London and the letter-bombing campaign against British politicians, that the insurgents were beginning to take the war home to Britain. In addition, British treatment of Holocaust survivors and tactics in Palestine were earning Britain bad publicity around the world, particularly in the United States, and earned the British government constant diplomatic harassment from the Truman administration.

1725:, under which Jewish institutions and settlements would be raided and mass arrests carried out against Jewish leaders and Haganah members. The objective of the operation was to find documentary evidence of Jewish Agency complicity in insurgent attacks and of an alliance between the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, to break the military power of the Haganah, and to prevent a unilateral declaration of a Jewish state. The operation began on June 29 and continued until July 1. It was known as the 1276:

efforts would be made to stop "extortion and terror", anti-dissident propaganda would be increased, and attempts would be made to isolate the Irgun and Lehi. In practice, propaganda was increased and assistance was offered to Jews whose contributions had been extorted, but the Jewish Agency failed to take serious measures. However, it did share intelligence with the authorities. On April 6, police acting on intelligence provided by the Jewish Agency surrounded a Lehi safehouse in

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coming under control on April 18. The underground organisations continued their campaign. Two British constables were shot in Jerusalem on April 8, one of whom died. A series of Irgun attacks took place in Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Netanya. Faced with continued attacks, the British reacted with collective punishment and the death penalty in order to reassert authority. On April 14, the authorities evicted 110 Jews from their homes in the Haifa neighbourhood of

1734:, which was a major blow to the Haganah's efforts to prepare militarily for independence. British search parties encountered fierce resistance by the residents of many of the settlements searched, and four Jews were killed while resisting British searches. The British arrested 2,718 Jews, including four members of the Jewish Agency Executive, seven Haganah officers, and nearly half of the Palmach's fighters. They were detained indefinitely without trial. 3675:, breaking windows, overturning cars, stealing a taxi and assaulting civilians. Groups of young Jews then began stoning British foot patrols, causing them to be withdrawn from the city. Upon learning of the stonings, members of mobile police units drove to Tel Aviv in six armored cars, where they smashed windows, raided two cafes and detonated a grenade in the second one, and fired into two crowded buses. Five Jews were killed and fifteen wounded. 1079:, the source of a large number of the Jewish refugees, to clamp down on Jewish emigration, as Poland freely permitted Jews to leave without visas or exit permits, but their efforts proved futile. The Polish government supported the emigration since it allowed them to avoid the responsibility of having to deal with property claims from Polish Jews who were returning home, only to find their property now in the hands of others. In 1947, British 182: 2179: 1399:

act under coercion improved, and new members unknown to the Haganah were brought in. Over time, the enthusiasm within the Haganah for carrying out the Saison began to decline, especially due to the reports of torture and the necessity of acting as informants for the British. There were a growing number of defections from the Saison campaign. In March 1945, at a meeting of Haganah leaders in charge of the Saison at kibbutz

1513:, looking for insurgents and arms. They met violent resistance from Jewish civilians in the settlements as well as large numbers of Jews from outside who raced to confront the British, and clashes broke out which resulted in 8 Jews killed and 75 wounded, while the British reported 65 soldiers and 16 policemen injured. The Palmach proposed ambushing British forces returning from search operations, but Jewish Agency head 1534:

police installations, which were heavily guarded compounds ringed with barbed wire and sandbags. The largest, in Jerusalem, was dubbed "Bevingrad" by the Jewish population. The security forces mounted frequent search operations and arrests. Those suspected of insurgent activity could be held without trial and were often sent to internment camps in Africa. The mail and overseas cable traffic was also monitored.

3919:. Eventually the British issued an ultimatum to Ben-Gurion, threatening to bomb Tel Aviv if he didn't stop the Irgun offensive. The next day, an agreement was reached in which Haganah fighters would replace the Irgun in Menashiya, and the Haganah pledged not to attack Jaffa until the end of the Mandate. British troops were allowed to reoccupy the police fort in Menashiya, but the town remained in Jewish hands. 1483:. The riots broke out on the evening of November 14 as Jewish mobs torched government offices and stoned police and soldiers. The British imposed a curfew on Tel Aviv but on November 15, large numbers of Jews violated the curfew and continued rioting, overturning vehicles including a military truck which was burned, tearing up a section of the railway line, attacking shops, a post office, and a branch of 1264:

Jewish government. On February 12, the Irgun bombed the immigration offices in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa. Two days later, two British constables were shot dead by Lehi members after stumbling on them pasting up posters and attempting to arrest them. On February 27, the Irgun bombed the income taxes offices in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Haifa. On March 13, a Jewish police officer was killed by Lehi in

1051:, decided to maintain heavy restrictions on Jewish immigration. Bevin favoured the White Paper's policy of turning Palestine into an Arab state with a Jewish minority that would have political and economic rights. He feared that the creation of a Jewish state would inflame Arab opinion and jeopardise Britain's position as the dominant power in the Middle East. Bevin also believed that most displaced 1133:, now seeking asylum. In some cases former Nazis were given positions of authority in the camps, which they used to abuse the Jewish survivors. Food supplies to Jewish concentration camp survivors in the British zone were cut to prevent them from assisting Jews fleeing Eastern Europe. In the British zone they were refused support on the grounds that they were not displaced by the war. 1229: 738: 1742: 1866:, which seriously damaged the building. The Italian authorities subsequently arrested Irgun suspects and discovered an Irgun sabotage school in Rome. One of the Irgun members arrested was Israel Epstein, a childhood friend of Irgun commander Menachem Begin who worked in propaganda and liaison duties for the Irgun high command. He was shot dead while trying to escape custody. 2027:

and police facilities and vehicles, as well as railway sabotage, continued throughout the period of martial law. The Haifa Municipal Assessments Office was destroyed on March 5, and two days later, Irgun assault teams simultaneously attacked three targets in Tel Aviv, including army headquarters at Citrus House. On March 12, the Irgun carried out a pre-dawn assault on the

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officer and one Irgun fighters were killed, while a third was wounded and taken prisoner. As the attackers retreated, they left mines to slow pursuers. A British Army truck detonated one of the mines, and a police bomb disposal expert was killed attempting to defuse another. Two days later, the Palmach again bombed the police coast guard station at

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killed in an attack on an RAF billet in Jerusalem. Three British policemen were killed when the Irgun bombed the Jerusalem Labor Department building on August 5. Throughout August, with widespread outrage among British soldiers as a result of the hangings of the sergeants, Jewish civilians were repeatedly shot at by British troops. A Jewish man in

1292:, a member of the Irgun high command, who was arrested on April 17. In spite of this, the underground organisations continued their operations. On July 14, the Irgun bombed the Land Registry Office in Jerusalem, killing two Arab constables, and the following day an explosives truck was seized and a British constable killed in another Irgun attack. 3019:, where the fighters infiltrated into the armoury and stole weaponry. An exchange fire began after the fighters were discovered. The remaining weapons and ammunition in the armoury were destroyed by a mine, and the truck then drove off at high speed. Four Irgun fighters were captured, two of them women. Two of the captured fighters were wounded. 3111:. A total of 91 people were killed, including 28 British soldiers, policemen and civilians. Most of the dead were Arabs. Another 46 people were injured. Irgun suffered two casualties when British soldiers became suspicious and fired at a group of Irgun fighters as they fled from the scene, wounding two. One of them later died from his injuries. 1452:. The Haganah concentrated on attacking the railway network and the coast guard. Palmach units planted explosive charges across the railway system throughout Palestine, creating 242 breaks in the railway lines, while a stationmaster's office, a railway telephone installation, and a petrol wagon were also bombed. The Palmach's naval arm, the 3064:– Palmach carried out a sabotage operation, blowing up ten of the eleven bridges connecting British Mandatory Palestine to the neighbouring countries, while staging 50 diversion ambushes and operations against British forces throughout Palestine. Palmach lost 14 dead and 5 wounded in the operation. The British responded with raids on 1813:

issuing constant complaints to the British administration about antisemitic remarks by British soldiers: "they frequently said 'Bloody Jew' or 'pigs', sometimes shouted 'Heil Hitler', and promised they would finish off what Hitler had begun. Churchill wrote that most British military officers in Palestine were strongly pro-Arab."

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implement it) or turn their army into a target for Arab forces. On the other side, "The Yishuv perceived the peril of an Arab invasion as threatening its very existence. Having no real knowledge of the Arabs' true military capabilities, the Jews took Arab propaganda literally, preparing for the worst and reacting accordingly."

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a result of martial law. Attacks had continued throughout the martial law period, and between March 1 and March 13, 14 British personnel and 15 civilians were killed in insurgent attacks. The attacks on security forces and oil pipeline sabotage continued after martial law was lifted, with an officer killed in an attack in

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British Ambassador to the UN stated that the inmates on Cyprus would be released with the termination of the mandate. The British also refused to cooperate with the UN commission that was sent to monitor the transition; when the commission's six members arrived in Palestine in January 1948, British High Commissioner

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world. Ben-Gurion publicly stated that the Jewish insurgency was "nourished by despair", that Britain had "proclaimed war against Zionism", and that British policy was "to liquidate the Jews as a people." Of particular significance was the British interceptions of the blockade runners carrying Jewish immigrants. The

1268:. Six days later, a Lehi member was shot and killed by police. With Lehi squads sent out to kill police in retribution, the British security forces remained in their stations. On March 23, Lehi members shot and killed two British constables and wounded a third in Jaffa. That same day, the Irgun attacked the police's 1630:. Lehi fighters burst into tents, shooting soldiers in their beds and looting arms, firing at soldiers responding, and then retreating, laying mines to cover their retreat, one of which was detonated by a soldier. Seven paratroopers were killed in the attack. The British were outraged by the attack. Major General 3287:– Irgun fighters kidnapped and flogged six British soldiers. The British responded by ordering their soldiers back into army camps and setting up roadblocks. A car with five armed Irgun men carrying a whip was stopped. British soldiers opened fire, killing one Irgun fighter. The remaining four were arrested. 1240:

Mediterranean and the advances of the Red Army in Eastern Front. With the general feeling that the Axis forces in Europe were nearing their defeat, the Irgun decided to shift its policy from cease-fire to an active campaign of violence, as long as it would not be hurting the war effort against Nazi Germany.

2101: 2018:, and in four Jewish neighbourhoods of Jerusalem. In the Tel Aviv region, the operation was codenamed Operation Hippo while in Jerusalem it was codenamed Operation Elephant. Up to 300,000 Jews were affected. Jewish residents in areas under martial law were put under curfew for all but three hours of a day. 2544:. In December 1948, Israeli troops made a twenty-mile incursion into Egyptian territory. Under the terms of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty the Egyptians could appeal for British help in the event of an Israeli invasion, however the Egyptians were concerned to avoid any such eventuality. During this period, the 3707:

August 15 - Orange Grove attack by Haganah: 11 Arabs, including 4 children (3 girls and a 3-year-old boy), their parents and adult sibling were killed in an orange grove outside Tel Aviv. The Haganah claimed responsibility, four workers were killed by machine gun fire and the family of seven when the

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November 18 – British police in Tel Aviv attacked Jews on the streets and fired into houses in retaliation for the mine attack that occurred the previous day. Twenty Jews were injured. Meanwhile, a British engineer trying to remove mines planted near an RAF airfield was killed and four other men were

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During the insurgency, the British government organised a conference in London between Zionist and Arab representatives and attempted to mediate a solution. However, these talks proved fruitless. The Arabs were unwilling to accept any solution except a unified Palestine under Arab rule, and while the

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Through a well-organised international propaganda campaign, Irgun and Lehi reached out to potential international supporters, particularly in the United States and especially among American Jews, who became increasingly sympathetic to the Zionist cause and hostile to Britain. Their propaganda claimed

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was killed when British troops fired on a group of men at an outdoor soft drink stand and shot at Jewish police called in to investigate before escaping, and a nine-year-old child was killed by indiscriminate gunfire in a Jewish settlement in the Shomron. Despite this, the conflict began to taper off

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Martial law was lifted on March 17 after 15 days. The authorities announced that 78 people had been arrested for suspected insurgent activity, of whom 15 were identified as Lehi members, 12 as Irgun members, and the rest "connected." The Yishuv suffered an estimated $ 10 million in economic losses as

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in Haifa on January 12, using a bomb-laden truck which was parked next to the building and abandoned before exploding. Two British and two Arab policemen were killed. During this time, the British continued to reinforce their garrison in Palestine and stringent restrictions on the movement of British

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However, although Cunningham had decided on firm military action, he chose not to have the two Irgun fighters under sentences of death executed given the Irgun threat to kill the British officers it was holding hostage if the British carried out the executions. On July 3, he commuted the sentences of

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and raked it with machine gun fire, mortally wounding one Lehi member while the remaining two shot themselves rather than surrender. Haganah intelligence had operated against the Irgun and Lehi since February but had so far failed to stop their activities. On May 17, the Irgun raided and successfully

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The Anglo-American Committee recommended that 100,000 Jews be immediately admitted into Palestine. U.S. President Truman pressured the British to accede to this demand. Despite British government promises to abide by the committee's decision, the British decided to persist with restrictions on Jewish

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began to organise escape routes taking Jews from Eastern Europe down to the Mediterranean where the Jewish Agency organised ships to illegally carry them to Palestine. British officials in the occupied German zones tried to halt Jewish immigration by refusing to recognise the Jews as a national group

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through emigration. Stern proposed an alliance with Nazi Germany, offering the Germans help in conquering the Middle East and driving out the British in exchange for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, which would then take in European Jewry. This proposal, which never received a reply,

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December 13 - Irgun bombings: 3 Arabs killed and 22 wounded (3 critically) by bombs thrown from taxi at Jerusalem's Damascus Gate, the casualties included children. A bomb thrown from a car into a Jaffa cafe killed 6 Arab adults (including an 11-year old) and injured 40 others (three were under 12).

3630:

July 21 – A Haganah raid knocked out a British radar station in Haifa that was being used to track Aliyah Bet ships. Elsewhere, mortar shells were fired at the headquarters of the British 1st Infantry Division in Tel Litwinsky, a British staff car near Netanya was fired on, and a British soldier was

2568:

As the IDF drove into the Negev, the British government launched a diplomatic campaign to prevent Israel from capturing the entire area. Britain viewed the Negev as a strategic land bridge between Egypt and Transjordan that was vital to both British and Western interests in the Middle East, and were

2322:

2 million in economic damage; meanwhile, Britain was paying about £40 million a year to keep its troops in Palestine, while at the same time the country was going through a deep economic crisis as a result of World War II, with widespread power cuts and strict rationing, and was heavily dependent on

2166:

On July 11, the Irgun abducted two British soldiers, Sergeants Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice, in Netanya as hostages for the three Irgun members who had been sentenced to death. The British Army subsequently threw a cordon around Netanya and twenty Jewish settlements in the surrounding area in an

2142:

The Irgun and Lehi continued regular attacks such as railway sabotage, bombings, minings, shooting attacks, and oil pipeline sabotage. Four policemen and two soldiers were killed between May 12 and May 16. However, the most pressing issue for the Irgun high command was the capture of five men in the

2131:

with explosive charges, while the 41 Irgun and Lehi members who had been designated as escapees rushed forward and blasted through the inner gates with explosive charges that had been smuggled to them. As they escaped, they lit a fire and tossed grenades to cause further confusion inside the prison.

2035:

in Jerusalem, which was located in an area under martial law, within a British security zone. After breaking through the peripheral fortifications and cutting through barbed wire, they set explosive charges on the facility under covering fire. The resulting explosion heavily damaged the facility and

1812:

concentration camp, made many antisemitic comments in his letters to Katy Antonius and was relieved of his post a few weeks after issuing the statement. A few months after his return to England, Barker was sent a letter bomb by the Irgun, but it was detected before it exploded. The Jewish Agency was

1521:

workshop in Tel Aviv. The security forces lost 10 dead, six British policemen and four African colonial troops, and 12 wounded, while one Irgun fighter was killed. The British reacted with a large cordon and search operation in Jerusalem and the Tel Aviv area, with searches and curfews lasting until

1398:

While there was a strong desire within the Irgun to retaliate, Begin ordered a policy of restraint, insisting that the Jewish Agency would realise with time that the Saison was against the Yishuv's interests. As a result, the Irgun took no retaliatory actions and chose to wait it out. Its ability to

1275:

The rebellion caused growing alarm within the Jewish Agency, which saw the revolt as a challenge to its own authority as the legitimate democratic leadership of the Yishuv, and as a gamble with the future of the Yishuv. On April 2, 1944, the Jewish Agency approved a program of opposition under which

1190:

In October 1946, in fulfillment of the recommendation of the Anglo-American Committee, Britain decided to allow a further 96,000 Jews into Palestine at a rate of 1,500 a month. Half this monthly quota was allocated to Jews in the prisons on Cyprus, due to fears that if the number of Jewish prisoners

3825:

December 14 - 14 Jews were killed and 9 injured along with 2 British soldiers when troops from the Trans-Jordan Army fired on a bus convoy near Beth Nabala. The Jordanian troops were said to be responding to a grenade attack from the convoy. An 18-month-old Arab toddler was killed and a man wounded

2403:

The mandatory power shall use its best endeavours to ensure that an area situated in the territory of the Jewish state, including a seaport and hinterland adequate to provide facilities for a substantial immigration, shall be evacuated at the earliest possible date and in any event not later than 1

2362:

Although the insurgency played a major role in persuading the British to quit Palestine, other factors also influenced British policy. Britain, facing a deep economic crisis and heavily dependent on the United States, was facing a massive financial burden over its many colonies, military bases, and

1816:

As a result of Operation Agatha and Operation Shark, the Jewish Agency decided to end the Jewish Resistance Movement, which was formally dissolved on August 23. From then on, the Haganah would concentrate mainly on illegal immigration and mount occasional Palmach raids on British targets associated

1649:

On June 10, the Irgun carried out another railway sabotage operation in the Lydda district, the Jerusalem to Jaffa line, and Haifa, bombing six trains. Three days later Irgun fighters Yosef Simchon and Michael Ashbel, two Irgun fighters who had participated in the arms raid on Sarafand camp and had

1443:

Although September 1945 was relatively quiet, tensions rose. The Irgun continued distributing propaganda pamphlets and wall posters. The British continued to conduct searches and arrests and began dispatching military reinforcements to Palestine. The Haganah began operations on October 10, when the

1435:

that the Jewish immigration quota would not be increased. As a result, the Jewish Agency began to consider military action as pressure mounted within the Haganah to strike at the British. As a result, the Jewish Agency reached out to the Irgun and Lehi to discuss a covert alliance, and negotiations

1086:

In the early stages of illegal immigration, small coastal craft were used to bring in Jewish refugees, but large vessels were soon used. In total, some 60 ships were employed, including 10 ships acquired as war surplus from US boneyards. Among the crews were Jewish American and Canadian volunteers.

956:

in the British Army composed of Jewish men and women from Palestine was active. The unit's members were sent into occupied Europe, mainly by airdrop, to help organise and participate in local resistance activities on the ground. Some 250 men and women volunteered, of whom 110 underwent training and

5418:

Despite some improvisations (mostly failed) in the 1920s and 1930s, the car bomb was not fully conceptualized as a weapon of urban war-fare until January 12, 1947, when rightwing Zionist guerrillas, the Stern Gang, drove a truckload of explosives into a British police station in Haifa,

3790:

December 11 – 11 Jews and 9 Arabs were killed and 46 Arabs and 14 Jews injured, one British soldier was wounded and died later.(AP reported 41 total deaths, other sources reported 35). Nine of the Jewish deaths along with four injuries occurred during an attack on a bus convoy near Hebron. Four of

2408:

Britain refused to comply with these conditions on the grounds that the decision was unacceptable to the Arabs. It neither allowed Jewish immigration outside the monthly quota, nor granted control to the UN representatives (who became known as the "five lonely pilgrims"). A statement issued by the

2398:

recommended partition, and on 29 November 1947 the United Nations General Assembly voted to recommend the partition of Palestine into two states – an Arab and a Jewish one. The partition resolution (181) intended administration of Palestine to be in the hands of five UN representatives and assumed

2261:

The insurgency was coupled with a local and international propaganda campaign to gain sympathy abroad. The Yishuv authorities publicised the plight of Holocaust survivors and British attempts to stop them from migrating to Palestine, hoping to generate negative publicity against Britain around the

2198:

The sergeants' hangings have been widely seen as a turning point which finally broke British will to remain in Palestine. The consensus gradually formed in Britain that it was time to leave Palestine. Meanwhile, the Irgun launched a new wave of attacks on the railway system and an Irgun member was

2096:

The Irgun and Lehi continued to carry out normal military operations during this period. On April 18, a British soldier was killed in an attack on a medical facility, and a Red Cross depot was bombed with numerous soldiers injured two days later. On April 21, attacks on military cars took place at

2026:

In spite of this, Irgun and Lehi attacks both inside and outside the zones under martial law continued. On the day martial law was declared, three British soldiers were killed in a vehicle mine attack on Mount Carmel in Haifa, and another soldier was killed by a mine in Hadera. Attacks on military

1993:

On March 1, 1947, the Irgun launched a series of attacks throughout Palestine, beginning with an attack on the Goldsmith officer's club, a British Army officer's club located in the Jerusalem security zone. Under the cover of machine gun fire, an Irgun assault team drove up to the club in a stolen

1925:

were attacked with mortars, bombs, and gunfire. The Irgun also attacked the British military headquarters at Citrus House in Tel Aviv, and a Jewish policeman was killed in the raid. British troops and Irgun fighters exchanged fire, and an attempt was made to destroy armored cars parked outside the

1896:

and flogged in the street, and two sergeants were abducted from a hotel in Tel Aviv, tied to a tree in a public park, and lashed eighteen times. During the operation, a car carrying a five-man Irgun team ran into a British roadblock and in the firefight that followed, one of the Irgun fighters was

1645:

in the northern Galilee, they arrested all 24 inhabitants and declared the settlement an occupied military zone. On March 14, thousands of Jewish youths organised by the Haganah resettled Birya, only to be driven off by British tanks and armored cars hours later. They reappeared the same night and

1359:

Jewish Agency and Lehi leaders met in secret before the Saison began. While the exact contents of the meeting were disputed by both sides, it is known that Lehi suspended its activities for six months, and the Saison was not extended to Lehi. In two secret Haganah-Irgun meetings, the Irgun refused

1096:

and paratroopers would then be sent to take control of the ship. On 27 ships, they were met with some level of resistance, including 13 cases of violent resistance, during which boarding parties were opposed by passengers armed with weapons such as clubs, iron bars, axes, firebombs, scalding steam

4721:

The courage, determination and restraint of the boarding parties were crucial to the success of these missions. Once the vessel was under control they invariably behaved in a friendly and helpful manner towards the immigrants. Service in the Patrol was recognized by the award of the Naval General

3045:

police station, then ordered the policemen into the detention cell at gunpoint, blasted open the door to the armoury and looted it. Irgun porters loaded the weapons onto a waiting truck. A British policeman on the upper story shot dead the Irgun Bren gunner covering the raid from a balcony on the

3037:

April 2 – Irgun launched a sabotage operation against the railway network in the south, inflicting severe damage. The retreating fighters were surrounded after being spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Two British policemen were killed, and three British soldiers were wounded. Two Irgun

2529:

debated Palestine. The British proposed that the entry of arms and men of military age into Palestine should be restricted. At the request of the United States, the ban was extended to the whole region. A French amendment allowed immigration so long as soldiers were not recruited from immigrants.

2285:

to stiffen its terms. Many American Jews were initially politically active in pressing Congress for a suspension of the loan guarantees, but Jewish groups and politicians later retracted their support and came out in favour of the loan, fearing accusations of disloyalty to the United States. U.S.

2217:

which drew attention due to the technical sophistication involved. At the end of October renewed Haganah–Irgun clashes broke out during which the Haganah shot two Irgun men in Rishon LeZion, but the clashes died out. Five Lehi members including three female members were also killed in a raid on a

1841:

was killed in a grenade attack on his home, and police sergeant T.G. Martin, who had been responsible for Yitzhak Shamir's arrest, was shot dead at a tennis court. In the early morning hours of September 10, a British soldier was killed when Jewish insurgents ambushed army vehicles with automatic

1803:

Jewish establishments, restaurants, shop, and private dwellings. No British soldier is to have social intercourse with any Jew. ... I appreciate that these measures will inflict some hardship on the troops, yet I am certain that if my reasons are fully explained to them they will understand their

1729:

in the Yishuv. Curfews were imposed throughout Palestine as British troops and police raided the Jewish Agency headquarters in Jerusalem, its offices in Tel Aviv, and other Zionist institutions, confiscating nine tons of documents. The British searched 27 Jewish settlements and discovered fifteen

1572:

killed an African soldier and a British officer. African soldiers stationed in the camp subsequently rioted and killed two Jews and wounded four. On February 20, the Palmach successfully bombed the RAF radar station on Mount Carmel, injuring eight RAF personnel, and the following day, the Palmach

1430:

With the Labour victory, the Yishuv waited for an initiative. While Labour had expressed highly pro-Zionist positions, it decided against implementing them, as the alienation of the Arabs that would follow any imposed pro-Zionist solution would result in a threat to British hegemony in the Middle

1251:

in Poland before arriving in Palestine with the Polish forces in exile and going underground. Begin believed that the only way to save European Jewry was to compel the British to leave Palestine as fast as possible and open the country to unrestricted Jewish immigration. He devised a new strategy

806:

tourist visas, and never returned to their countries of origin. Jewish women often entered into fictitious marriages with residents of Palestine to be granted entry for family reunification purposes. In 1934, the first seaborne attempt to bring Jews to Palestine happened when some 350 Jews of the

805:

began. Initially, Jews entered Palestine by land, mainly by slipping across the northern border, where they were aided by the border settlements. In the early 1930s, when crossing the northern border became more difficult, other routes were found. Thousands of Jews came to Palestine on student or

3751:

in which Lehi was holding a firearm course for a group of young recruits. The British opened fire, killing four teenagers aged 15-18 and their 19-year old instructor. Three teenagers aged 16-17 years were left severely wounded. Police and other testimony disagreed on whether the recruits posed a

3121:

July 30 – Tel Aviv was placed under a 22-hour curfew for four days as 20,000 British soldiers conducted house-to-house searches for Jewish militants. The city was sealed off and troops were ordered to shoot curfew violators. British troops detained 500 people for further questioning and seized a

2420:

As the British began to withdraw during the closing months of the mandate, civil war erupted in Palestine between the Jews and Arabs. During this period, as well as restricting Jewish immigration, Britain handed over strategic military and police positions to the Arabs as they abandoned them and

2060:

In the early morning hours of March 31, Lehi carried out the most devastating attack on the oil industry of the campaign. Two bombs were detonated in the Haifa oil refinery, causing the facility to burst into flames. The oil tanks burned uncontrollably for nearly three weeks, with the fires only

1950:

was sentenced to death by a military court in Jerusalem on January 24, the Irgun abducted two British hostages: a retired British major, H.A.I Collins, from his home in Jerusalem, and a British judge, Ralph Windham, from his courtroom in Tel Aviv as he was hearing a case. The British immediately

1533:

Throughout this period, British forces continued to grow in strength. By 1946, the British security forces carried out constant patrols in urban areas, and roadblocks and observation posts were established throughout Palestine. The authorities established security zones for government, army, and

1263:

On 1 February 1944, the Irgun declared a revolt against British rule, declaring that "there is no longer any armistice between the Jewish people and the British Administration in Eretz Israel which hands our brothers over to Hitler", and demanding the immediate transfer of power to a provisional

1155:

ubstantial unofficial and unauthorized movements of people must be expected, and these will require considerable force to prevent, for the patience of many of the persons involved is, and in my opinion with justification, nearing the breaking point. It cannot be overemphasized that many of these

761:

remarked in 1937, "The compulsory transfer of the Arabs from the valleys of the proposed Jewish state could give us something which we have never had, even when we stood on our own during the days of the First and Second Temples." The twentieth Zionist Congress resolved in August 1937 that: "the

4209:

The butcher's bill was remarkably modest compared with the horrific standards of terrorism today. Between August 1945 and August 1947, a total of 141 British soldiers and police officers and 40 terrorists died, including those executed or who committed suicide while awaiting execution. Civilian

2273:

was a "floating Auschwitz". In one incident, after a baby died at sea aboard an Aliyah Bet ship, the body was publicly displayed to the press after the ship docked in Haifa for transfer of the passengers to Cyprus, and journalists were told that "the dirty Nazi-British assassins suffocated this

2560:

after a flight of RAF planes overflew an Israeli convoy in the Sinai and were mistaken for Egyptian aircraft. Two pilots were killed and one was captured by Israeli troops and briefly detained in Israel. The UK Defence Committee responded to this incident and a Jordanian request by sending two

2475:

Five and a half months of civil war in Palestine saw a decisive Jewish victory. Jewish forces, led by the Haganah, consolidated their hold on a strip of territory on the coastal plain of Palestine and the Jezreel and Jordan Valleys, and crushed the Palestinian Arab militas. Palestinian society

1850:

by motorcycle. In October, Jewish insurgents began using vehicle mines against British vehicles. Eight British soldiers were killed in mine attacks throughout October. Another two were killed and five injured by bombs hidden inside dustbins and a shop shutter which detonated as they passed. In

1674:

failed and developed into a firefight, with 14 Palmach fighters killed. The attack on the Nahal Kziv railway bridge was subsequently called off. This was followed up by a Lehi raid on the Kishon railway workshops in Haifa on the night of June 17. The raiders destroyed a locomotive and set some

1604:

army camp on March 7. Although the Irgun force succeeded in making off with stolen arms, four Irgun fighters were captured, two of them wounded. On March 22, a British soldier was killed in Tel Aviv by a mine. The Irgun then carried out a major operation against the railway network on April 2,

1546:

and the Palestine Broadcasting Service studios. While the attackers succeeded in damaging the police headquarters and prison with explosives and withdrawing, a British Army patrol intercepted the Irgun fighters on their way to attack the radio station. In the firefight that followed, a British

1386:

abducted Irgun members to hand over the British. The Haganah and Jewish Agency also passed extensive intelligence on the Irgun to the British authorities, who were able to make numerous arrests and discover Irgun safehouses and arms caches. More than 1,000 Irgun members were handed over to the

1104:

was reopened. The camp had been built in the 1930s to hold illegal Jewish immigrants fleeing Europe, and during World War II it had been used to hold Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, who were often held for an extended period of time before being released. As more and more illegals began

2416:

Over the remaining period of British rule, British policy was to ensure that the Arabs did not resist Britain or blame it for partition. Convinced that partition was unworkable, the British refused to assist the UN in any way that might require British forces to remain on Palestinian soil (to

2022:

were suspended and jurisdiction over civilian criminal offenses was transferred from civilian courts to military courts. Most telephone services were cut off, driving non-security forces vehicles was prohibited, and movement in and out of the affected areas required a permit. British soldiers

1487:

bank, and throwing homemade grenades. British forces repeatedly opened fire at rioters and used baton charges. Five Jewish rioters were killed and 56 injured, while dozens of Jewish civilians and security forces personnel were injured. Tel Aviv was subsequently under curfew until November 21.

1394:

However, the Jewish Agency was suspected by the British authorities of using the Saison for political reasons, often handing in information on people it found politically objectionable but who were unconnected with the Irgun. This caused difficulty for the police, which had to find the actual

1091:

was established to stop boats carrying illegal migrants, and there was extensive intelligence gathering and diplomatic pressure on countries through which the migrants were passing or from whose ports the ships were coming. When an illegal immigrant ship was spotted, it would be approached by

3252:

was captured by four British destroyers. Efforts to force the Jewish refugees onto deportation ships were met with resistance. Two refugees were killed and 46 wounded. Haganah attacked the Givat Olga police station and the Sydna-Ali coastal patrol station, wounding six British and eight Arab

1913:. Over 6,000 people were screened, of which a small percentage were detained, and a meager amount of weapons and ammunition was found. Meanwhile, Irgun and Lehi operations continued. A series of attacks took place on the night of January 2. A British soldier was killed in a mine attack on a 1496:

which were used as watch points to detect illegal Jewish immigration, using automatic fire and explosives. Six British and eight Arab policemen were wounded. British troops and police subsequently carried out search operations on November 25 and November 26 against the Jewish settlements of

789:

In the 1920s, the British imposed restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine and the ability of Jews to buy land, claiming that these decisions were taken due to concerns over the economic absorptive capacity of the country. In the 1930s, British authorities set a quota for immigration

2317:

Britain increasingly began to see its attempts to suppress the Jewish insurgency as a costly and futile exercise, and its resolve began to weaken. British security forces, which were constantly taking casualties, were unable to suppress the insurgents due to their hit-and-run tactics, poor

2464:

in late February 1948 to hinder Lebanese arms shipments to Arab forces opposing the UN Partition Plan. As repairs were prohibitively expensive, the tunnels were later completely sealed. This ended the only connection between the European and North African standard gauge railway networks.

1239:

There is a general agreement among historians that the Jewish underground in Palestine refrained from an opened struggle against Britain, as long as the joint enemy of Germany was still at large. This approach changed towards the beginning of 1944, with withdrawal of Axis forces from the

2565:. Britain denied this, claiming the resolution did not apply to Britain and that the troops were not new to the region as they had been transferred from Egypt. The British also managed to prevent shipments of aviation spirit and other essential fuels from reaching Israel in retaliation. 664:. The Haganah refrained from direct confrontation with British forces, and concentrated its efforts on attacking British immigration control, while Irgun and Lehi attacked military and police targets. The Resistance Movement dissolved amidst recriminations in July 1946, following the 660:(September 1945), when it became clear that the British would not permit significant Jewish immigration and had no intention of immediately establishing a Jewish state, the Haganah began a period of co-operation with the other two underground organisations. They jointly formed the 1880:

November saw continued escalation. On November 9, three British policemen were killed after entering a house booby-trapped with explosives after being lured there through a phone call. Two more policemen were killed by bombs two days later. On November 14, widespread attacks with

1855:, who was tried and sentenced to death for his role in the action. The interior of station was subsequently badly damaged and a British constable killed when the bombs the raiding party left behind exploded during an attempt to remove them. The following day, Irgun operatives in 2609:, protested at the decision to send arms to Transjordan, taken by the Defence Committee without cabinet approval. He complained that British policy in Palestine was inconsistent with the spirit and tradition of Labour Party policy and was supported by the Deputy Prime Minister, 2620:

In January 1949, the British cabinet voted to continue supporting the Arab states, but also voted to recognise Israel and release the last Jewish detainees on Cyprus. The last detainees began leaving Cyprus in January, and shortly afterward, Britain formally recognised Israel.

1464:. However, the explosives detonated prematurely as they were being carried, killing the Lehi fighter carrying them and severely injuring another. While severe damage was caused to the facility, the oil tanks, which had been the intended targets of the attack, remained intact. 1605:

destroying five railway bridges, destroying a railway station, and cutting the Acre-Haifa line. One Irgun fighter was killed during the operation. However, during the retreat, a large part of the Irgun force was spotted from a British reconnaissance plane as it fled toward

960:

In December 1942, when the mass murder of European Jewry became known to the Allies, the British continued to refuse to change their policy of limited immigration, or to admit Jews from Nazi controlled Europe in numbers outside the quota imposed by the White Paper, and the

1650:

been wounded and captured, were sentenced to death by a British military court. The Irgun immediately set out to find British hostages. Meanwhile, attacks on railway infrastructure continued. On the night of June 16/17, the Haganah carried out an operation known as the

1312:, which was known as an insurgent hotbed. The British arrested 46 people in the operation but failed to find Menachem Begin, who was hiding in Petah Tikva under an assumed name, after failing to search the area where he was hiding. Begin subsequently moved to Tel Aviv. 1817:

with stopping illegal immigration, while the Irgun and Lehi would focus on continuous military operations against the British. The Jewish Agency would continue to publicly denounce Irgun and Lehi operations but would not take action to suppress the two organisations.

2537:, but continued to hold about 11,000 detainees, mainly military-age males, in the camps. Authorities in the British, as well as American occupation zones in Germany and Austria imposed restrictions on the emigration on males of military age to Israel during the war. 1870: 1063:, despite the almost certain knowledge that it would lead to incarceration in a British prison camp (most ships were intercepted). The overwhelming majority were European Jews, including many Holocaust survivors, although some North African Jews were also involved. 3835:

December 18 - Haganah attack on : 10 Arabs including five young children were killed when two cars of gunmen drove through the village firing guns and blew up two houses. The raid was ordered by Haganah as a reprisal attack for the killing of two Jewish settlement

2367:

in Colonial India. Britain's Middle East policy had been centered around protecting the flanks of its sea lines of communication to India. After the British Raj ended, Britain no longer needed Palestine. Finally, Britain still had alternative locations such as

3663:, Yaakov Weiss and Meir Nakar. In retaliation, Irgun hanged British intelligence corps sergeants Mervyn Paice and Clifford Martin, who had previously been abducted and held as hostages, afterwards re-hanging their bodies from trees in a eucalyptus grove near 2143:

attacking party during the raid on Acre Prison. There was a certainty that they would be tried and convicted of capital offenses and while two of them, Amnon Michaelov and Nachman Zitterbaum, were legally minors and thus too young to hang, the three others,

3733:

September 29 – 10 killed (4 British policemen, 4 Arab policemen and an Arab couple) and 53 injured in Haifa police headquarters bombing by Irgun. One ton of explosives in a barrel was used for the bombing and Irgun said it was done on the first day of

2598:

referring to the Negev as "a small area not worth differing over". Mounting international and domestic criticism forced an end to Britain's attempts to intervene in the war, and Bevin ordered British forces to stay clear of the Israelis in the Negev.

668:. The Irgun and Lehi started acting independently, while the main underground militia, Haganah, continued acting mainly in supporting Jewish immigration. The Haganah again briefly worked to suppress Irgun and Lehi operations, due to the presence of a 3092:– British military and police units began a three-day operation, searching three cities and Jewish settlements throughout Palestine and imposing curfews, arresting 2,718 Jews and seizing numerous arms and munitions which were found unexpectedly. The 2594:, advocated military intervention against Israel to stop the IDF's drive into the Negev in a January 1949 cable to Bevin. However, the British diplomatic campaign failed to persuade the US government to take action against Israel, with US President 780:

in 1938 on the issue of providing for refugees from Germany. Palestine was not discussed as a refuge because it might worsen the ongoing Arab revolt; Zionists naturally hoped that Palestine would be the principal destination for all such refugees.

3596:

June 28 – Lehi fighters opened fire on a line of British soldiers waiting in line outside a Tel Aviv theater, killing three soldiers and wounding two. One Briton was also killed and several wounded in a Haifa hotel. A Jewish fighter was also

2170:

Throughout July, the Irgun and Lehi launched a massive number of attacks, while the Haganah also carried out actions against the British, with the Palmach attacking the radar station on Mount Carmel and sabotaging the British transport ship

3264:, looking for the perpetrators of the previous days attacks and illegal weapons. Jewish settlers put up violent resistance to the soldiers. The British reported 65 soldiers and 16 policemen wounded, while the Jews had 8 dead and 75 wounded. 1323:

that had been imposed in 1930 for public security reasons to avoid a violent Arab reaction, the Irgun devised an operation designed to force the British to back down. The Irgun publicly threatened a violent reaction if on September 27, the

762:

partition plan proposed by the Peel Commission is not to be accepted"; but it wished "to carry on negotiations in order to clarify the exact substance of the British government's proposal for the foundation of a Jewish state in Palestine".

2428:

in Jerusalem, killing about 60 people. Two British deserters assisted in this attack; Eddie Brown, a police captain who claimed that his brother had been killed by the Irgun, and Peter Madison, an army corporal. They had been recruited by

1954:

In early February 1947, the British launched Operation Polly, an evacuation of all non-essential British civilians from Palestine. A number of mine attacks were carried out in February, and oil pipelines were sabotaged. A mortar attack on

2354:

In April 1947 the issue was formally referred to the UN. By this time over 100,000 British soldiers were stationed in Palestine. Referral to the UN led to a period of uncertainty over Palestine's future. A United Nations committee, the

7312:

December 12 — Twenty Arabs, five Jews and two British soldiers killed and thirty wounded in Jewish terrorist bomb attacks on buses in Haifa and Ramleh, Palestine. British mandate to rule Palestine ends on 15 May 1948; state of Israel

2314:

Zionists adamantly refused this proposal, instead suggesting partition. After realising that the Arabs and the Jews were both unwilling to compromise, Bevin began considering turning the Palestine question over to the United Nations.

3561:

managed to blow a hole in the wall, and assault the prison, freeing 28 Jewish prisoners. Nine Irgun and Lehi fighters, including commander Dov Cohen, were killed during the retreat. Five Irgun fighters and eight escapees were later

965:

prevented ships with Jewish refugees from reaching Palestine. Some ships carrying Jewish refugees were turned back towards Europe, although in one instance, about 2,000 Jews who were fleeing Europe by sea were detained in a camp in

1356:. His British Army chauffeur was also killed in the incident. The two Lehi gunmen responsible were subsequently arrested, tried, and executed by the Egyptian authorities. The Jewish authorities sharply condemned the assassination. 2194:

was banned and its headquarters was raided, and the army was authorised to punitively demolish Jewish homes, with a Jewish home in Jerusalem demolished on August 5 after an arms cache was discovered there during a routine search.

1989:

to Jewish areas as a response to continued insurgent activity. The Irgun was curious about what effects martial law would have and decided to deliberately provoke it by launching a wave of attacks throughout Palestine on March 1.

1269: 602:. The Paper outlined new government policies to place further restrictions on Jewish immigration and land purchases, and declared the intention of giving independence to Palestine, with an Arab majority, within ten years. Though 2334:. Meanwhile, depending on perspective, a low-level guerrilla war, or campaigns of terrorism, continued through 1947 and 1948. Eventually, Jewish insurgency against the British was overshadowed by the Jewish-Arab fighting of the 1360:

Haganah demands to suspend activities against the British and Begin was unconvinced by the Haganah's insistence that Britain would take action to form a Jewish state after the war. At the end of the last meeting, Haganah leader

1846:. On September 20, a railway station in Haifa was bombed and a British soldier was shot dead in Tel Aviv two days later. On September 31, a British soldier was killed by automatic fire in an ambush while en route from Lydda to 1341:, or "Hunting Season", on October 20. Meanwhile, the British continued to make arrests, with 118 Irgun suspects detained in the previous two months. On October 21, the British deported 251 Irgun and Lehi suspects in custody to 2212:

In September 1947, the British cabinet decided to evacuate Palestine. Although some shooting and bombing attacks took place from September to the end of November which killed a number of soldiers and policemen, including an

1058:

Due to the British immigration restrictions, the Jewish Agency Executive turned to illegal immigration. Over the next few years tens of thousands of Jews sailed towards Palestine in overcrowded vessels in a program known as

974:

became known to the Allies, there were 34,000 Jewish immigration certificates for Palestine remaining. In 1943, about half the remaining certificates were distributed, and by the end of the war, 3,000 certificates remained.

938:, a breakaway group which favoured armed struggle against the British to force them out of Palestine and immediately establish a Jewish state. Stern was unaware of the Nazis' intent to exterminate the Jews and believed that 2005:

The British swiftly imposed curfews and conducted searches. On the following day, the authorities declared martial law in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, in an area encompassing the cities and towns of Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan,

1621:

police station, which occurred on April 23. Although the Irgun managed to make off with looted arms, the raid developed into a firefight in which two Irgun fighters and an Arab constable were killed, and one Irgun fighter,

1712:

By June 1946, the British were increasingly certain that the Haganah, acting under Jewish Agency orders, was involved in insurgent activities despite the protestations of innocence by Jewish Agency leaders. Following the

1419: 1479:. In a press conference following his speech, Bevin stated that Britain had only undertaken to establish a Jewish home in Palestine and not a state. The news outraged the Yishuv and resulted in two days of rioting in 1328:

holiday, the police attempted to stop the blowing of the shofar. The Irgun in fact had no intention of shooting in the midst of a large Jewish crowd at the Western Wall, but planned a series of attacks on four police

1124:

British officials in the liberated zones tried to halt Jewish immigration, and did not recognise the Jews as a national group, demanding that they return to their places of origin. Jewish concentration camp survivors

490: 2585:

tried to persuade the US government to support his position and force Israel to withdraw. In particular, Bevin hoped to restrict Israel's southern border to the Gaza–Jericho–Beersheba road. The British ambassador in

2359:(UNSCOP) was sent to investigate the problem. On August 31, 1947, UNSCOP recommended that Palestine be partitioned into Jewish and Arab states. On September 20, 1947, the British cabinet voted to evacuate Palestine. 680:

between Palestinian Jews and Arabs eclipsed the previous tensions of both with the British. However, British and Zionist forces continued to clash throughout the period of the civil war up to the termination of the

1559:

failed when the bomb left by a Palmach team was defused in time. In late January and early February, the Irgun conducted two successful arms raids against RAF facilities. On February 5, the police headquarters at

1542:. On January 19, the Irgun launched coordinated attacks in Jerusalem, bombing an electrical substation to black out the area as assault teams descended on the police headquarters and central prison located in the 2961:

December 27 – Irgun fighters raided and bombed British Intelligence Offices in Jerusalem, killing seven British policemen. Two Irgun fighters were also killed. Irgun also attacked a British Army camp in Northern

1299:

in an attempt to assassinate him. Although two others in the car were wounded, MacMichael escaped serious injury. The authorities subsequently imposed a collective fine of £500 on the nearby Jewish settlement of

841:

erupted when Mandatory authorities of Palestine were at the final stages of subduing the armed Arab revolt of 1936–1939. All Jewish organisations, including the Zionists in Europe also played a major role in the

692:

Within the United Kingdom, there were deep divisions over the war in Palestine. Dozens of British soldiers, Jewish militants, and civilians died during the campaigns of insurgency. The conflict led to heightened

3678:

August 1 – An anti-British riot broke out during the funeral procession of the five Jews killed the day before, and 33 Jews were injured. In Jerusalem, an attack by Jewish fighters on a British security zone in

869:, serving mainly in North Africa. Of the 470,000 Jews in Palestine at the time, some 30,000 served in the British Army during the war. There was a Jewish battalion attached to the British Army's 1st Battalion, 643:

The armed conflict escalated during the final phase of World War II, when the Irgun declared a revolt in February 1944, ending the hiatus in operations it had begun in 1940. Starting from the assassination of

3356:, two Jews were shot and killed, one of them a four-year-old girl standing on the balcony of her home. During the period of martial law, 78 Jews suspected of membership in the Jewish resistance were arrested. 1537:

On January 12, 1946, the first serious insurgent operation of the year occurred when the Irgun derailed a British payroll train with a bomb, injuring three constables. The Irgun fighters made off with 35,000

899:

was formed in 1942, combining three Jewish and one Arab battalions, reaching altogether 3,800 volunteers. It was involved in activities at the Mediterranean scene of the war, sustaining casualties during the

865:, issued a call for Jews to "support the British as if there is no White Paper and oppose the White Paper as if there is no war". During the war, Palestinian Jews volunteered in large numbers to serve in the 4304:

8/8/47 and 22/8/47, both p. 1. See also Bagon, Paul (2003). "The Impact of the Jewish Underground upon Anglo Jewry: 1945–1947". St Antony's College, University of Oxford M-Phil thesis (mainly the conclusion)

4210:

fatalities during the same period were also remarkably low. Fewer than 100 Arab and Jewish noncombatants perished as a result of terrorism between August 1945 and August 1947, and just over 400 were injured.

1175:

In Poland, Hungary and Rumania, the chief desire is to get out. ... The vast majority of the Jewish displaced persons and migrants, however, believe that the only place which offers a prospect is Palestine."

373: 2548:

began mounting almost daily reconnaissance missions over Israel and the Sinai, with RAF planes taking off from Egyptian airbases and sometimes flying alongside Egyptian warplanes. On 20 November 1948, the

5809:

Third, insurgent propaganda de-legitimized British rule by portraying Palestine as akin to a "police state." Closely linked to this was a theme that equated British policies and behaviour with Nazism and

3234:

November 9–13 – Jewish underground members launched a series of land mine and suitcase bomb attacks against railroad stations, trains, and streetcars, killing 11 British soldiers and policemen and 8 Arab

1336:

In October 1944, the Jewish Agency decided to take action to suppress the insurrection, and the Haganah opened a training course for 170 men to wage an anti-Irgun campaign which would come to be known as

1930:, but British fire directed at the Irgun flamethrower operators forced them to retreat. Throughout the following days three military and police vehicles were mined, causing a number of injuries, and the 2237:

between the Jewish and Arab populations. The insurgency against the British continued, although the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi focused on fighting the Arabs. One notable incident during this time was the

1784:, a member of the Lehi high command. He was subsequently interned in Africa. Irgun leader Menachem Begin escaped capture by hiding in a secret compartment that had been built into the wall of his home. 1448:, freeing 208 Jewish illegal immigrants who were being held there. One British police officer was killed in the raid. On the night of October 31/November 1, the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi carried out the 1047:

issued a statement calling for the population transfer of Arabs and even examining the possibility of further expanding the borders of a future Jewish state. However, the new Labour Foreign Secretary,

6419:"Haapala – Palmach Military Operations | In the years 1945-1947, the Palmach units participated in military operations against British facilities and vessels that tried to thwart the Haapala endeavor" 3667:. A mine laid underneath exploded as one of the bodies was being cut down, injuring a British officer. In a separate incident, two British soldiers were killed and three wounded by a land mine near 2002:, and Beit Lid were attacked with mortar and machine gun fire, and 15 vehicles were destroyed in an attack on an army vehicle lot in Haifa. A total of 18 people were killed, including 13 civilians. 1288:

The British responded to the attacks by instituting searches and snap roadblocks, which became routine in Palestine. Between April 1 and May 6, the security forces arrested 81 suspects, including

1304:

over the assassination attempt. On August 23, the Irgun mounted arms raids on the CID barracks at Jaffa, Abu Kabir, and Neve Sha'anan, seizing fourteen rifles. The British Army mounted its first

927:

with the British against that country's pro-Axis regime. Irgun also provided the British with intelligence from Eastern Europe and North Africa and allowed members to enlist in the British Army.

8737: 483: 2492:, Britain had declared that it would leave Palestine by 1 August 1948, later setting the date for the termination of the mandate as 15 May; on 14 May 1948 the Zionist leadership announced the 1780:, the operation succeeded in arresting "Almost all of the leaders and staff of the Irgun and Lehi, and the Tel Aviv manpower of both organizations." Among the underground leaders arrested was 2831:

March 23 – Irgun fighters led by Rahamim Cohen raided and bombed the British intelligence offices and placed explosives. A British soldier and Irgun fighter were killed. An Irgun unit led by

1517:

rejected the plan. The Mandate was again quiet until December 27, when the Irgun and Lehi launched coordinated attacks on the CID headquarters in Jerusalem, the CID station in Jaffa, and the

1951:

imposed a curfew on Tel Aviv and large parts of Jerusalem and Haifa. After the Jewish Agency was informally told that Gruner's execution would not be carried out, the two men were released.

970:

and were given the option of emigrating to Palestine after the war. The British also stopped all attempts by Palestinian Jews to bribe the Nazis into freeing European Jews. At the time that

757:

proposed a partition of Palestine that involved the compulsory resettlement of some Arab and Jewish inhabitants. It was not acceptable either to the Arab or to the Jewish leaders, though

3341:

threatened martial law unless the two men were returned unharmed. Collins subsequently died from chloroform poisoning, as the chloroform had been improperly administered by his captors.

3822:

shooting guns and blowing up houses, 7 Arabs were killed (two women and two children, 3 and 4 years old among them) and 7 others seriously wounded (two women and girl of 4 among them).

2445:, killing 28 British soldiers and wounding 35. Another attack on 31 March killed 40 people and injured 60. Although there were soldiers on board, all of the casualties were civilians. 1391:

where it held and interrogated Irgun men it had captured. The Haganah tortured Irgun men in its captivity to gain information. The Saison effectively suspended the Irgun's activities.

1183:

migration. Foreign Secretary Bevin remarked that the American pressure to admit 100,000 Jews into Palestine was because "they do not want too many of them in New York". Prime Minister

6439:

On the night of January 20th to the 21st 1946, the Giv'at-Olga coastal police station was sabotaged for the second time, while the attempt to bomb the Mt. Carmel radar station failed.

476: 366: 4008:, the successful Jewish struggle for independence in Palestine helped inspire numerous violent campaigns for independence in other countries of the world at the time, such as by the 2413:

allotted them an unventilated Jerusalem basement from which to work out of. They were gradually reduced to foraging for food and drink and prevented from carrying out their duties.

1909:, were subsequently sentenced to death. From December 30 to January 17, 1947, the British mounted cordon and search operations in Netanya, Petah Tikva, Rishon LeZion, Tel Aviv, and 2269:

incident in particular became a major media event. Propaganda against the British over their treatment of the refugees was disseminated around the world, including claims that the

982:

was formed, based on the Palestine Regiment core. The brigade consisted of nearly 5,000 volunteers, including three former Palestine Regiment battalions, the 200th Field Regiment,

915:

The Jewish underground group Irgun ceased all anti-British activities by September 1939, and supported the British. An Irgun unit was sent to assist British forces fighting in the

3046:

building opposite the police station, then fired at the porters, who continued to load weapons under fire. One Irgun member was killed as he ran to the truck, and Irgun commander

1156:

people are now desperate, that they have become accustomed under German rule to employ every possible means to reach their end, and that the fear of death does not restrain them.

1600:

on February 25, destroying fifteen aircraft and damaging eight. One Irgun fighter was killed during the retreat from Qastina. This was followed up with an Irgun arms raid on the

3122:

large cache of weapons, extensive counterfeiting equipment, as well as $ 1,000,000 in counterfeit government bonds that was discovered in a raid on the city's largest synagogue.

2828:

March 19 – A Lehi member was shot dead while resisting arrest by the CID in Tel Aviv. Lehi retaliated with an attack in Tel Aviv that killed two police officers and wounded one.

2345:

raised $ 150 million in its annual appeal – at that time the largest sum of money ever raised by a charity dependent on private contributions. Half was earmarked for Palestine.

2507:. As the war progressed, the Israeli forces gained an advantage due to a growing stream of arms and military equipment from Europe that had been clandestinely smuggled or were 2281:

Britain was at this time negotiating a loan from the United States vital to its economic survival. Its treatment of Jewish survivors generated bad publicity and encouraged the

2976:

January 19 – Jewish fighters destroyed a power station and a portion of the Central Jerusalem Prison with explosives. During the incident, one insurgent were killed by police.

2139:

abducted Alexander Rubowitz, an unarmed 17-year-old Lehi member who was subsequently killed by Farran, resulting in a scandal. Farran was tried but acquitted over the affair.

1200:

a ship laden with 4,515 refugees en route to Palestine. The passengers resisted violently, and the boarding ended with two passengers and one crewman dead. Foreign Secretary

359: 861:

temporarily put aside its differences with the British regarding the White Paper, deciding that defeating the Nazis was a more urgent goal. The leader of Palestine's Jews,

8730: 3456:

April 3 – A British military truck was damaged and blown off the road by a mine in Haifa, injuring two soldiers of the 6th Airborne Division. The British transport ship

3057:, killing seven British soldiers and looting the arms racks they found. They then laid mines and retreated. Some British soldiers retaliated by damaging Jewish property. 3992:

was granted independence in 1946 and the Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of 1948 allowed Britain to station troops in Jordan and promised mutual assistance in the event of war.

1921:. Grenade attacks were conducted against four military facilities in Jerusalem. A number of vehicles were mined and police and military facilities in Tel Aviv and near 2175:

in Cyprus. In the final two weeks of July, over 100 attacks took place in which the security forces lost 13 dead and 77 wounded with only one Jewish insurgent killed.

1043:, permit free Jewish immigration to Palestine and turn Palestine into a Jewish national home that would gradually evolve into an independent state. Labour Chancellor 818:, a chartered ship. Two more ships carrying illegal immigrants arrived in 1937, and several more arrived in 1938 and 1939. These voyages were mainly organised by the 7670: 1460:, destroying a locomotive and damaging six others. One Irgun fighter, a British soldier and policeman, and four Arabs were killed. Lehi attacked the oil refinery in 2983:

attacked the Givat Olga Coast Guard Station. One person was killed and ten were injured during the raid. A Palmach attempt to sabotage the British radar station on

8882: 3136:

with 1,300 illegal immigrants on board, and a ship with 600 more was escorted into the port. British soldiers fired on the crowd, killing three and wounding seven.

2508: 822:

Organisation and the Irgun. Until 1938, the Jewish Agency opposed illegal immigration, fearing that it would impact the number of immigration certificates issued.

1220:, influencing UN deliberations, damaging Britain's international image and prestige, and exacerbating the already poor relationship between Britain and the Jews. 1113:, completely overflowing the Atlit camp. The British government, which had known for some time that it would be unable to contain Jewish immigration, established 2065:

as collective punishment for a mine attack on a British jeep on a nearby road ten days prior. On April 16, four Irgun fighters who had been sentenced to death –

598:

from 1944 to 1948. The tensions between the Zionist underground and the British mandatory authorities rose from 1938 and intensified with the publication of the

7299: 3940:

Anglo-Arab relations were of vital importance to British strategic concerns both during the war and after, notably for their access to oil and to India via the

9109: 8994: 8723: 8044: 2602:

The British cabinet ultimately decided that action could be taken to defend Transjordan, but that under no circumstances would British troops enter Palestine.

1943:

personnel were imposed to lessen their vulnerability. Soldiers were instructed to only walk in groups of not less than four when off base and to avoid cafes.

1892:, a British officer was abducted from a hotel, taken to a eucalyptus grove and flogged, then returned to the hotel. A British soldier was seized in a cafe in 1187:

announced that 100,000 Jews would not be permitted into Palestine long as the "illegal armies" of Palestine (meaning the Jewish militias) were not disbanded.

8830: 7880: 4108: 1424: 1161: 916: 2159:

but escaped shortly afterward. During this period, the Haganah carried out a campaign that the Irgun dubbed the "Little Saison". Due to the presence of the

7912: 5352: 3082:

June 18 – Irgun fighters took six British officers hostage. They were later released after the death sentences passed on two Irgun fighters were commuted.

8635: 7885: 1160:

The Harrison report changed U.S. policy in the occupied zones, and U.S. policy increasingly focused on helping Jews escape Eastern Europe. Jews escaping

876:

With the decline of the Arab Revolt by September 1939, the tensions among Jews and Arabs eased as well. During the war, among the Palestinian Arabs, the

5593: 3406:, which was being used as a barracks and office of the Royal Army Pay Corps. One British soldier was killed and eight were wounded. A British camp near 2290:

put extensive pressure on the British government over its handling of the Palestine situation. The post-war conflict in Palestine caused more damage to

5568: 3510:) were hanged by British authorities. Irgun retaliated with three attacks; a British soldier was killed during a raid on a field dressing station near 3491:

April 17 – The British Army leave centre in Netanya was attacked by three Jewish fighters who shot a sentry dead, tossed three bombs and then escaped.

9014: 8591: 7758: 2987:

was thwarted. Documents seized by the British indicated that the attacks were retaliation for the seizure of a Jewish immigrant ship two days before.

2214: 1130: 885: 6086:

Security Council Resolution 50 (1948), clauses 2–4 in Index to resolutions of the Security Council : 1946–1991 (New York: United Nations 1992).

4821:(London: Valentine Mitchell 1991) p. 18. In reality less wanted to go to Palestine but DP's responded to Zionist requests that they write Palestine. 3915:

due to stiff resistance. To put pressure on Ben-Gurion to rein in the Irgun, British planes flew over Tel Aviv and also bombed Haganah positions in

3721:

September 3 – A postal bomb sent by either Irgun or Lehi exploded in the post office sorting room of the British War Office in London, injuring two.

1670:

to suspend the transportation routes used by the British Army. Nine of the eleven bridges were successfully destroyed. The attack on road bridge at

8681: 5519: 5667: 4342: 1804:

propriety and will be punishing the Jews in a way the race dislikes as much as any, by striking at their pockets and showing our contempt of them.

908:

was also formed in 1942 as a commando unit composed of German-speaking Palestinian Jews. It performed commando and sabotage operations during the

621:, which was under the control of the officially recognised Jewish leadership of Palestine, remained cooperative with the British. But in 1944 the 8405: 7789: 7660: 7216: 5040: 3107:

in Jerusalem, which was home to the central offices of the British Mandatory authorities and the headquarters of British forces in Palestine and

6647: 4857:

Bagon, Paul (2003). "The Impact of the Jewish Underground upon Anglo Jewry: 1945–1947". St Antony's College, University of Oxford M-Phil thesis

1837:. In September, attacks picked up again, starting with two assassinations carried out by Lehi on September 9: British Army intelligence officer 1825:

Following Operation Shark, the Mandate was relatively quiet until September, though in August the Palmach sabotaged the British transport ships

9119: 8866: 8708:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

7907: 6021: 3050:

was wounded and subsequently captured by the British. After the weapons had been loaded, the truck drove off to an orange grove near Ramat Gan.

2931:, which was being used by the British to hold thousands of illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe, freeing 208 inmates. The raid was planned by 2234: 677: 570: 113: 61:

K class 2-8-4T steam locomotive and freight train derailed from the Jaffa and Jerusalem line after being sabotaged by Jewish insurgents in 1946

3845:

December 29 – Two British constables and 11 Arabs were killed and 32 Arabs wounded when Irgun members threw a bomb from a taxi at Jerusalem's

8746: 7945: 7650: 6956: 3353: 2562: 2395: 2356: 2160: 1972: 726:

called for a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, the British did not accept any linkage between Palestine and the situation of

500: 442: 41: 2577:, pressed for sanctions against Israel. The British believed that it would be in their and the West's strategic interest if they maintained 2363:

commitments abroad. At the same time, Britain had also lost the centerpiece of the rationale of its Middle East policy after the end of the

9114: 8324: 2389: 2335: 4197: 9019: 8609: 7798: 4098: 2230: 1939: 673: 7740: 7687:

Roberts, Nicholas E. "Re-Remembering the Mandate: Historiographical Debates and Revisionist History in the Study of British Palestine,"

1897:

killed and the remaining four captured. A variety of weapons and two whips were found in the car. Three of the captured Irgun members –

829:

occurred despite British restrictions. Nearly 250,000 Jews (of whom 20,000 later left) immigrated to Palestine, many of them illegally.

9139: 8438: 7072: 6897: 6879: 6817: 6781: 6698: 6594: 2291: 1721:

decided to move against the Jewish Agency and Haganah. As a result, the British planned a massive military and police operation called

1475:, under which the limits on Jewish immigration would continue and all sides would be consulted before a plan would be presented to the 949:

cost Lehi and Stern much support. Stern became a pariah among the Jews in Palestine, and was himself killed by British police in 1942.

702: 6799: 6763: 6680: 6119: 3012:

February 26 – Irgun and Lehi fighters attacked three British airfields and destroyed dozens of aircraft. One Irgun fighter was killed.

9124: 4681: 3780:

December 9 – 7 Jews and 1 Arab died in clashes in Haifa. A British soldier was also killed in Haifa and another seriously wounded by

3624:

July 19 – Irgun attacked four locations in Haifa, killing a British constable and wounding twelve. A British soldier was also killed.

1588:

In an operation known as the "Night of the Airfields", the Irgun and Lehi simultaneously attacked three Royal Air Force airfields at

1518: 1109:

freed 208 inmates. One week after the King David hotel bombing in July 1946, four ships carrying 6,000 illegal immigrants arrived in

6426: 4776: 3544:, killing five soldiers and three civilians, and wounding 39. In a separate incident, two British soldiers were killed in Jerusalem. 2326:

In January 1947, all non-essential British civilians were evacuated from Palestine. On February 14, 1947, British Foreign Secretary

1204:

decided that rather than being sent to Cyprus, the immigrants on board the Exodus would be returned to the ship's port of origin in

8196: 7157: 7105: 3807: 3787:

December 10 – A British soldier was killed and another wounded in Haifa. Two Arabs wounded in an Irgun bombing in Haifa later died.

3741:

September 29 - Irgun bombed the Cairo–Haifa train, twenty miles south of Haifa partially derailing it. One person was hospitalised.

953: 6517: 4619: 8354: 4797: 4657: 2802:

February 14 – Two British constables were shot dead when they attempted to arrest Lehi fighters pasting up wall posters in Haifa.

2503:

Hours after the end of the Mandate, contingents of the armies of four surrounding Arab states entered Palestine, setting off the

734:

of 1935 many German Jews sought refuge abroad, and by the end of 1939 some 80,000 had been given refuge in Great Britain itself.

606:

brought relative calm, tensions again escalated into an armed struggle towards the end of the war, when it became clear that the

8428: 2958:, destroying a number of buildings and three train engines. One Irgun fighter, two British soldiers, and four Arabs were killed. 1738:

Yosef Simchon and Michael Ashbel to life imprisonment, and the Irgun released its remaining British hostages the following day.

9129: 8820: 8016: 7558: 3359:

March 2 – Three British soldiers were killed by a landmine disguised as a stone that detonated as their vehicle was passing on

3054: 2557: 1627: 1345:, a practice which was to continue up to 1947. Although the Jewish Agency publicly protested, it continued to plan the Saison. 746: 548: 6835: 3802:

killed 2 British soldiers, 20 Arabs and 5 Jews. Thirteen of the Arab deaths occurred during a Jewish attack on the village of

2860:

September 29 – A senior British police officer of the Criminal Intelligence Department was assassinated by Irgun in Jerusalem.

1626:, was wounded and captured. Two days later, Lehi followed up with an attack on a car park in Tel Aviv occupied by the British 8838: 8617: 7824: 7617: 7455: 6990: 6542: 6326: 6301: 6280:; Appendix V: The Cost of Insurgency; cites: High Commissioner to British Embassy, Washington, 18 September 1947, CO 537/477. 6273: 5997: 5934: 5397: 5223: 5078: 4963: 4426: 4402: 4278: 2950:

fighters sabotaged railroads used by the British, and sank three British guard boats. At the same time, an Irgun unit led by

1243:

In the autumn of 1943, the Irgun approached Lehi and proposed jointly carrying out an insurrection. The Irgun was now led by

553: 8242: 5016: 4708: 3810:. A British Airways bus was attacked and burned near Lydda by Arabs, four people (including one Czech official) were killed. 1411:

which was held on July 5, the Irgun announced a grace period of a few weeks to allow for a satisfactory British initiative.

106:

Insurgency turned British public opinion against the deployment in Palestine, leading to Britain deferring the issue to the

9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 8913: 7494: 1631: 1408: 1032: 1026: 3474:

April 8 – A British constable was killed in retaliation for Cohen's death. A Jewish boy was also killed by British troops.

1121:

to detain all illegal immigrants. About 53,000 Jews, mostly Holocaust survivors, passed through these holding facilities.

9144: 8648: 8371: 7863: 7782: 4722:

Service Medal. From start to finish 49 illegal immigrant vessels were arrested by the RN and some 66.000 people detained.

4326:

Fraser, T. G., "A crisis of leadership: Weizmann and the Zionist reactions to the Peel Commission's proposals, 1937–38",

4223: 4017: 3869: 3096:

building was raided, and numerous documents were confiscated. During the operation, four Jews were killed and 80 injured.

2493: 2239: 1765: 1342: 1168: 686: 17: 6467: 3533:

killed themselves in prison with grenades smuggled to them in hollowed-out oranges, hours before they were to be hanged.

3238:

November 17 – Three British policemen and a Royal Air Force sergeant were killed when their truck hit a mine near Lydda.

3183:. A British police sergeant, T.G. Martin, who had identified and arrested Lehi leader and future Israeli Prime Minister 8312: 7356: 7136: 7121: 7038: 4083: 3961: 3766:

November 17 – 2 Britons (a soldier and a constable) killed and 28 others wounded in bombing/shooting at Jerusalem cafe.

3162:

incident. During the operation, 85 persons, including the entire male population of one of the villages, were detained.

2899:

February/March – end of the so-called "Hunting Season", the Haganah cooperation with the authorities against the Irgun.

2818: 1285:, but the plan to transmit an Irgun broadcast from the station failed after the radioman could not work the equipment. 694: 7387: 7341: 7242: 7175: 7005: 6492: 5490: 4479: 3832:

December 16 - 2 Jews and one Arab killed near Beersheba. Three Arabs killed near Gaza (reportedly by Arab assailants).

3575:

May 15 – Two British soldiers were killed and seven injured by Lehi. A British policeman was also killed in an ambush.

3015:

March 6 – A military truck carrying 30 Irgun fighters disguised as British soldiers approached a British army camp at

8918: 8522: 7892: 7371: 7324: 7291: 7274: 7259: 7056: 7020: 4059: 2774: 2629:

A table of casualties sustained from August 1945 to August 1947, as recorded by British authorities, is shown below.

2457: 1646:

settled it for the third time. On March 17, the British agreed to the presence of 20 Jewish inhabitants on the site.

843: 6140: 2917:

August 14 – Irgun fighters overpowered and disarmed two British sentries, and then blew up the Yibne Railway Bridge.

2805:

February 18 – A police patrol shot and killed a Jewish civilian who had not replied swiftly enough to its challenge.

2561:

destroyers carrying men and arms to Transjordan. Israel complained to the UN that these troops were in violation of

9099: 8975: 8809: 8622: 8258: 8165: 8006: 6930: 2872: 1663: 870: 645: 2155:, were not. The Irgun immediately began looking for hostages. Two policemen were abducted from a swimming pool in 8578: 6108:

Arieh Kochavi (1998). "The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine". Middle Eastern Studies 34: 146–167.

4088: 2966:. In the exchange of fire, a British soldier and Irgun fighter were killed, and five Irgun fighters were injured. 2814:

March 2 – A British constable was shot and severely wounded after coming upon Irgun fighters putting up a poster.

2526: 2441:. The first such attack, which took place on 29 February, hit the military coaches of a passenger train north of 2438: 1641:

took place in March 1946. After British soldiers had discovered arms during a search of the Jewish settlement of

987: 254: 7750: 4700: 3718:

August 22 – Two British soldiers were injured when the military truck they were travelling in was hit by a mine.

648:

by Lehi in 1944, the Haganah actively opposed the Irgun and Lehi, in a period of inter-Jewish fighting known as

8539: 7775: 3345: 2496:. Several hours later, at midnight on 15 May 1948, the British Mandate of Palestine officially expired and the 1137: 991: 633:, which had been active against the authorities throughout the war. Both were small, dissident militias of the 8394: 8145: 5544: 4609:. YIVO. "Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–175" 3301:

he was riding was hit by a mine. The Irgun also launched a flamethrower attack against a military car park in

9134: 9104: 8418: 8059: 7851: 3985: 3686:

August 5 – Three British police officers were killed by a bomb at the Jerusalem Department of Labor building.

2425: 2186:

On July 29, the British authorities executed Haviv, Nakar, and Weiss in Acre Prison. In what became known as

653: 8281: 8237: 7532: 3218:. A leading Arab figure was wounded in another mine attack, and mines were also found near government house. 2605:

On 17 January 1949 the Chief of Staff briefed the cabinet on events in the Middle East. Minister of Health,

1092:

warships, and would often maneuver violently to avoid being boarded. British boarding parties consisting of

1075:

and demanding that they return to their places of origin. The British government put diplomatic pressure on

794:

to hand them out at its discretion. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the British introduced the

8767: 8493: 8399: 8213: 7955: 5822: 1859: 652:, effectively halting the insurrection. However, in autumn 1945, following the end of World War II in both 427: 7755: 5153: 3907:, leading to a small battle with the Irgun. The intervention succeeded in preventing a Jewish takeover of 3769:

December 8 – 4 Arabs and 4 Jews (including a woman and a 3-year-old) were killed during an Arab attack on

2351:

reported that Palestine brought more dollars into the sterling zone than any other country, save Britain.

701:, there was widespread anti-Jewish rioting across the United Kingdom. The conflict caused tensions in the 8628: 8208: 7996: 7874: 7858: 5733: 3337:. A British judge was kidnapped the following day. Both men were released when British High Commissioner 2424:

On 22 February 1948, as part of the civil war, Arab militants detonated a truck laden with explosives in

1609:

and was surrounded by British soldiers. Another Irgun fighter was killed and 31 were captured, including

1080: 905: 750: 657: 5377: 4339: 3256:

November 26 – The British launched a massive search operation and established a 1,000-man cordon on the

3085:

June 20 – British troops searching for the six officers abducted on June 18 killed two Jewish militants.

2924:, a cooperation between the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi is activated by the Jewish Agency until August 1946 1760: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 8533: 8498: 8334: 8329: 8307: 8202: 8082: 8054: 8001: 6291: 5618: 3607:

July 17 – Irgun carried out five mining operations against British military traffic in the vicinity of

3280:

December 28 – An Irgun prisoner who had been sentenced to 18 years in prison and 18 lashes was whipped.

3125:

August – The Haganah ceases its cooperation with the Irgun, and Lehi (the "Jewish Resistance Movement")

2921: 2036:

killed a British soldier. On March 14, an oil pipeline in Haifa and a section of the railway line near

1873:

Irgun poster warning the British not to carry out the planned flogging of an Irgun member prior to the

1488:

Palestine was relatively quiet until November 25, when the Palmach attacked British police stations at

1437: 661: 640:

movement. They attacked police and government targets in response to British immigration restrictions.

6569: 1525: 8481: 8102: 8096: 6655: 4315: 4051: 3977: 3973: 3638:

July 25 – A British soldier was killed and three others were injured when their jeep hit a mine near

3041:

April 23 – Dozens of Irgun fighters disguised as British soldiers and Arab prisoners infiltrated the

2504: 2250: 5765: 3366:

March 3 – A mine blew up a British scout car near Tel Aviv, killing three soldiers and injuring one.

9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 8906: 8552: 8140: 7897: 7868: 3642:. Jewish fighters also blew up railway track near Gaza and damaged a railway bridge near Binyamina. 3428:

March 29 – A British officer was killed when Jewish fighters ambushed a British cavalry party near

3221:

October 30 – Irgun launched an attack in the Jerusalem Railway Station, killing two British guards.

3100: 3093: 1777: 1754: 1692: 1565: 791: 770: 665: 417: 53: 6964: 5466: 3481:

was captured by the British. Three Jewish refugees were killed and 27 injured during the takeover.

2896:

January 27 – A British judge was kidnapped by Irgun and released in exchange for Jewish detainees.

1959:

airfield occurred on February 19, and a British civilian and two Jews were killed in an attack on

8958: 8476: 8471: 8049: 7919: 4009: 2534: 2434: 1834: 1436:

began in August. At the end of October 1945, the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi joined together as the

1114: 995: 909: 187: 8715: 5328: 3277:

December 2–5 – Six British soldiers and four other persons were killed in bomb and mine attacks.

3053:

April 25 – Lehi fighters attacked a Tel Aviv car park that was being used by the British Army's

468: 8573: 8557: 8423: 5979: 5788: 4268: 4181: 4040:, noted that many IRA men whom he interviewed in the 1960s had studied Menachem Begin's memoir 3989: 3839:

December 24 - 4 Arabs and 2 Jews killed, 26 wounded in shootings on streets and buses in Haifa.

3333:

January 26 – A retired British major, H. Collins, was abducted in Jerusalem, badly beaten, and

3158:

August 26 – British troops searched two Jewish coastal villages for three Jews involved in the

2514:

Throughout the 1948 war, 40 British officers served with the Jordanian Army (then known as the

2282: 1637:

In addition, a major successful act of non-violent resistance against the British known as the

1431:

East and damage British economic interests. On August 25, the British Colonial Office informed

901: 851: 301: 171: 45: 7767: 6263: 4392: 3128:

August 13 – A crowd of about 1,000 Jews attempted to break into the port area of Haifa as two

2886:: the Haganah actively cooperates with the Mandate authorities in the suppression of the Irgun 8894: 8413: 8226: 7965: 7829: 7737: 4975: 4093: 4037: 3900:, wounding two policemen and a soldier. British forces returned fire and killed five snipers. 3421:

March 23 – One British soldier was killed when a train on the Cairo-Haifa line hit a mine in

3284: 2449: 1885: 1874: 1617:. Paglin then began planning an arms raid to make good the losses and planned an attack on a 682: 437: 222: 5711: 2811:

February 27 – Simultaneous bombing attacks were launched against British income tax offices.

2460:

months ahead of schedule, however, the bridge was destroyed by the 21st Battalion under the

8939: 8815: 8788: 8674: 8488: 8461: 8366: 8344: 8302: 7986: 7152: 5866: 4606: 4517: 3949: 3656: 3267:

October 8 – Two British soldiers were killed and three wounded when their truck hit a mine.

3072:, encountering only minor resistance. Three Jews were killed, 18 wounded, and 100 detained. 3061: 2472:

called upon all governments to prevent fighting personnel or arms from entering Palestine.

2453: 2342: 2187: 2028: 1714: 1651: 1148: 889: 698: 543: 536: 531: 514: 452: 407: 351: 306: 217: 4701:"Standby to Board – The Royal Navy In Palestine Waters | Palestine | Britain's Small Wars" 3190:

September 10 – British forces imposed a curfew and searched for militants in Tel Aviv and

2249:

declaring its independence on the previous day, which was followed by the outbreak of the

1795:

In the aftermath of the bombing, the head of the British forces in Palestine, General Sir

8: 8668: 8528: 8433: 8361: 8180: 8170: 8088: 8076: 8066: 7960: 7675:

The Persistence of Prejudice: Antisemitism in British society during the Second World War

6418: 5642: 5274: 5128: 4780: 3953: 3407: 3403: 3369:

March 4 – Five British soldiers were injured when their truck was wrecked by a mine near

3245:

November 20 – Three people were injured when a bomb exploded in the Jerusalem tax office.

2943: 2928: 2591: 2399:

free Jewish immigration into the Jewish area even before the creation of a Jewish state:

2037: 2032: 1981:

British Army vehicles patrol a street in Tel Aviv during a three-hour break in the curfew

1457: 1449: 1445: 1383: 1101: 1052: 1040: 819: 795: 766: 723: 719: 637: 634: 599: 595: 432: 84: 7413: 6867:

Major Farran's Hat: Murder, Scandal and Britain's War Against Jewish Terrorism 1945–1948

6749: 6633: 6097:

The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History

5442: 5304: 3791:

the Arab deaths and 30 of the wounded were from bombing of a Lebanese-Arab bus in Haifa.

2111: 1129:

or DPs) were forced to share accommodation with non-Jewish DPs some of whom were former

777: 8466: 8349: 8318: 8264: 8232: 8175: 8011: 7902: 6839: 6521: 6015: 5983: 5403: 4374: 3886: 3214:

October 8 – Two British soldiers were killed when their truck detonated a mine outside

3179:

September 9 – Two British officers were killed by an explosion at a public building in

2883: 2808:

February 24 – A British police official and four CID officers were wounded in bombings.

2762:

June 12 – A British explosives expert was killed trying to defuse an Irgun bomb near a

2222:, which provoked reprisal killings of British soldiers, police, and civilians by Lehi. 896: 649: 7459: 6546: 4794: 2338:, which started following the UN vote in favour of the United Nations Partition Plan. 2233:

in UN General Assembly Resolution 181. Almost immediately, the Mandate collapsed into

8783: 8762: 8388: 7935: 7841: 7812: 7613: 6986: 6322: 6297: 6269: 6003: 5993: 5800: 5741: 5407: 5393: 5219: 5074: 4959: 4537: 4422: 4398: 4274: 4189: 4013: 3569:

abducted 17-year-old Lehi member Alexander Rubowitz, later torturing and killing him.

3554: 3298: 2839:, and Irgun fighters led by Yaakov Hillel raided the British intelligence offices in 2570: 2550: 2485: 2303: 2120: 2105: 1914: 1404: 1305: 1296: 1289: 1126: 1036: 519: 447: 281: 246: 117: 58: 5569:"Martial Law Lifted in Palestine Today; 15-day Military Rule Cost Jews $ 10,000,000" 3872:, Lehi fighters mined a train that included coaches used by British troops north of 3826:

by a grenade thrown at an Arab bus in Jerusalem. A Jewish policeman was killed near

2849:

July 13 – Irgun fighters broke into and bombed the British intelligence building on

1407:, which was seen as being even more pro-Zionist than the Conservative Party, in the 1387:

British by the Haganah during the Saison. The Haganah established secret prisons in

1255: 8963: 8951: 8601: 8584: 8545: 8220: 8155: 8150: 8122: 8021: 7981: 7090: 6978: 5920:

Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States, and Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948

5385: 4529: 4029: 3981: 3965: 3904: 3815: 3781: 3503: 3315:

January 5 – Eleven British soldiers were injured in a grenade attack on a train in

3104: 3089: 2903: 2864: 2610: 2519: 2511:. In the following months, Israel began to expand the territory under its control. 2469: 2330:

informed the House of Commons that the Palestine question would be referred to the

2074: 1902: 1750: 1722: 1702: 1688: 1601: 1585:. Four Palmach fighters were killed in the attack on the police station at Sarona. 1543: 1514: 1472: 1144: 1067: 881: 862: 758: 457: 412: 258: 250: 7655:

Second Exodus: The Full Story of Jewish Illegal Immigration to Palestine 1945–1948

6214:

Fighting World War Three from the Middle East: Allied Contingency Plans, 1945–1954

5931: 5841:

Post-Holocaust Politics Britain, the United States, and Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948

4819:

Second Exodus: The Full Story of Jewish Illegal Immigration to Palestine 1945–1948

4394:

The Mufti of Jerusalem: Haj Amin al-Husseini and the Palestinian National Movement

3842:

December 25 – Lehi members machine-gunned two British soldiers in a Tel Aviv cafe.

3671:

planted by Irgun fighters. British soldiers and policemen reacted by rampaging in

3578:

May 16 – A British constable and a Jewish police superintendent were assassinated.

880:

clan supported the British, while another Arab Palestinian faction, led by exiled

8297: 8274: 7991: 7950: 7762: 7744: 7665:

Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States and Jewish Refugees 1945–1948

6716: 5938: 4801: 4760:

Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States and Jewish Refugees 1945–1948

4346: 4251: 3969: 3945: 3507: 3411: 3374: 3338: 3257: 3208: 2614: 2595: 2545: 2410: 2287: 2078: 2052:. A British officer and policeman were shot dead while on horseback on March 29. 1906: 1773: 1718: 1578: 1552: 1539: 1191:

in the Cyprus camps kept growing, it would eventually lead to an uprising there.

1140: 983: 924: 825:

Overall, between 1929 and 1940, a period of mass Jewish immigration known as the

754: 422: 242: 161: 7498: 5594:"Jews Evicted from Homes in Haifa As Collective Punishment for Blasting of Jeep" 5177:

Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories

4990: 4462:

Ovendale, R, "The Palestine Policy of the British Labour Government 1945–1946",

3514:, a civilian bystander was killed during an attack on a British armoured car in 1654:. Palmach units attacked eleven road and railway bridges along the borders with 1171:

reported that given a chance, half a million Jews would immigrate to Palestine:

8688: 8269: 8252: 8247: 8117: 8071: 7701: 7328: 6862: 6422: 6388: 4951: 4451:

The Mauritian shekel: the story of the Jewish detainees in Mauritius, 1940–1945

4357: 4062:

also drew inspiration from the Irgun's success. In 2001, invading US forces in

4047: 4033: 3957: 3803: 3660: 3652:

July 27 – Seven British soldiers were wounded in an ambush and mine explosions.

3586: 3526: 3499: 3184: 3176:

September 8 – Jewish fighters sabotaged railroads in fifty places in Palestine.

2832: 2769:

August 26 – Two British police officers, Inspector Ronald Barker and Inspector

2574: 2489: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2226: 2144: 2090: 2086: 2085:. The following day, the authorities scheduled the executions of Irgun fighter 2070: 2062: 1918: 1898: 1852: 1781: 1614: 1476: 1432: 1361: 1244: 1184: 1088: 986:

and several supporting units. The brigade was dispatched to participate in the

979: 731: 669: 289: 273: 269: 265: 144: 138: 107: 7638:

Out of the Ashes: The Impact of American Jews on Post-Holocaust European Jewry

5389: 4764:

Out of the Ashes: The Impact of American Jews on Post-Holocaust European Jewry

4556:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization

2048:

on March 20 and a soldier killed in a mine attack on the Cairo-Haifa train at

1787: 1730:

arms caches, including one of the Haganah's three central arsenals at kibbutz

1471:

presented the British government's new policy on Palestine in a speech to the

1164:

learned to avoid the British zone and generally moved through American zones.

9008: 8754: 8641: 8339: 7751:

http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/orphans/english/themes/pdf/the_dp.pdf

7192: 6471: 5804: 5745: 5520:"300,000 Palestine Jews Under Martial Law; Agency Protests Sweeping Measures" 4762:(Chapel-Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2001), pp. 45–56. Y. Bauer, 4620:"Moscow's Surprise: The Soviet-Israeli Alliance of 1947–1949 | Wilson Center" 4594:

The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War

4541: 4533: 4300: 4193: 3896:

April 20 – Jewish snipers attacked British soldiers and policemen throughout

3846: 3530: 3415: 3370: 3309: 3002: 2932: 2907: 2868: 2606: 2430: 2200: 2019: 1893: 1838: 1809: 1796: 1574: 1502: 1105:

arriving in Palestine, the camp was reopened. In October 1945, a raid by the

1093: 1018: 971: 931: 727: 238: 166: 6404: 4858: 3806:

near Haifa. One Arab was wounded in another Jewish attack on the village of

3727:

September 26 – Irgun fighters robbed a bank, killing four British policemen.

2569:

anxious to keep it from falling into Israeli hands. On 19 October 1948, Sir

2127:

and Irgun fighters disguised as British soldiers blew a hole in the wall of

1985:

The Palestine administration had increasingly threatened the application of

1352:, the British Minister of State in the Middle East, in front of his home in 784: 8889: 8038: 7940: 7731: 7633: 7441: 6496: 6070: 5988: 5883:

see the House of Commons Debates (Hansard), Volume 427 Column 1682 23/10/46

5498: 4483: 4055: 3890: 3572:

May 12 – Two British policemen were killed by Jewish fighters in Jerusalem.

3437: 3360: 3197:

September 15 – Jewish fighters attacked a police station on the coast near

2984: 2770: 2582: 2327: 2152: 2135:

Two days after the raid on Acre Prison, a special police unit commanded by

2124: 2015: 1999: 1927: 1791:

British troops occupying an intersection in Tel Aviv during Operation Shark

1638: 1556: 1468: 1320: 1201: 1048: 939: 935: 920: 866: 847: 838: 826: 630: 603: 583: 402: 200: 151: 6007: 5668:"Irgun Kills Ten in Dawn Blasting of British Police Headquarters in Haifa" 5203:

The Revolt: Memoirs of the Commander of the National Military Organization

5041:"Curfew Will Be Lifted Today in Tel Aviv; Quiet Prevails Throut Palestine" 4815:

of the Ashes: The Impact of American Jews on Post-Holocaust European Jewry

2581:

control of a land bridge from Egypt to Transjordan, and Foreign Secretary

2553:

shot down a British reconnaissance plane over Israel, killing two airmen.

2229:

recommended partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab states as per the

8793: 8702: 8160: 8112: 8107: 7836: 7818: 6144: 5467:"Goldsmith Officers' Club terrorist attack – British Forces in Palestine" 4103: 4063: 4021: 3819: 3770: 3752:

threat to the soldiers. The weapons inside the building were confiscated.

3748: 3615: 3585:

addressed to high British government officials, including Prime Minister

3582: 3558: 3547:

April 25 – Lehi bombed a British police compound, killing four policemen.

3349: 3144: 3069: 3065: 3031: 2998: 2991: 2951: 2515: 2364: 2128: 2082: 1986: 1977: 1922: 1843: 1676: 1613:, the Irgun Chief of Operations. Livni's place was subsequently taken by 1610: 1597: 1582: 1330: 1309: 1301: 1277: 1217: 1071: 1044: 607: 526: 277: 6934: 4340:

Text of Cmnd 5893 on the United Nations website, downloaded October 2011

3348:

in Jerusalem, killing 17 British officers and wounding 27, resulting in

2997:

February 23 – Haganah fighters attacked British mobile police forces in

1697: 1378:

In November 1944, the Haganah launched the Saison. Haganah men from the

8848: 7756:

http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312712/Tq03/PAGES%20ONLY/DP%20Good.htm

7713: 7706: 7103:

Donald Neff, "Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun and Lehi Gangs."

5953: 4042: 3941: 3923: 3882:

March 29 – A British soldier was killed by a vehicle mine in Jerusalem.

3712: 3646: 3566: 3495: 3441:, a British freighter used to transport captured illegal immigrants to 3334: 3326:

January 12 – A Lehi member drove a truck bomb into a police station in

3129: 3047: 2456:

operation. Following the late-1947 announcement that the British would

2148: 2136: 2100: 2066: 1956: 1947: 1671: 1623: 1548: 1498: 1373: 1349: 1338: 1325: 1060: 1012: 962: 877: 814:

who were unwilling to wait for certificates sailed to Palestine on the

802: 563: 397: 285: 156: 4167:, pp. 1–14. Rand National Defense Research Inst Santa Monica CA, 2013. 3922:

May 3 – A Lehi book bomb posted to the parental home of British Major

1934:

railway station was attacked. In what has been described as the first

1456:, sank two British coast guard boats in Jaffa. The Irgun attacked the 1295:

On August 8, 1944, Lehi ambushed the car of British High Commissioner

7427: 7193:"Revealed: How UK covered up killings of Jews in pre-state Palestine" 6914: 4441:. Ed. I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot. Oxford University Press, 2001. 3912: 3827: 3760: 3701: 3465: 3215: 3191: 3042: 2854: 2822: 2788: 2763: 2347: 2263: 2011: 2007: 1618: 1265: 1195: 1136:

Troops in the U.S. zone were also not helping survivors but in 1945,

967: 944: 626: 7217:"British Mandate forces 'covered up' the killing of Jewish children" 4583:, written by Yehuda Bauer, published by Random House; New York, 1970 3730:

September 27 – A Jewish illegal immigrant was killed by the British.

3165:

August 30 – British soldiers discovered arms and munitions dumps in

2123:. An Irgun convoy in the guise of a British military convoy entered 8515: 8455: 4071: 3774: 3756: 3672: 3601: 3600:

June 29 – Four British soldiers were wounded in a Lehi attack at a

3515: 3302: 3198: 3180: 3115: 3009:. In the firefight that followed, four Haganah members were killed. 2963: 2792: 2178: 2156: 1960: 1935: 1506: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1282: 807: 4747:

Displaced Persons: The Liberation and Abuse of Holocaust Survivors

4316:

http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206312.pdf

892:

became the most prominent Arab collaborator with the Axis powers.

8946: 8745: 6919:

One Palestine, Complete; Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate

5353:"The day prestate Israel's Palmach took revenge on a British cop" 3916: 3873: 3680: 3664: 3639: 3632: 3608: 3541: 3511: 3450: 3422: 3261: 3016: 3006: 2980: 2947: 2936: 2850: 2461: 2442: 2219: 2049: 1910: 1889: 1847: 1655: 1606: 1593: 1510: 1388: 1379: 1213: 1209: 1106: 1087:

In order to prevent Jewish illegal migrants reaching Palestine a

1022: 618: 614: 591: 498: 317: 212: 206: 96: 8705:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

6033: 6031: 5262:

One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate

5250:

One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate

4504:

One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate

3995: 3859:

February 12 – A British soldier was killed by a sniper in Haifa.

3814:

24 armed Jewish men dressed as soldiers attacked the village of

3330:, killing two British and two Arab constables, and wounding 140. 2533:

The British had by this time released almost all inmates of the

2479: 1884:

On December 29, the Irgun carried out an operation known as the

8970: 8901: 7797: 5235:

The Palestine triangle: the struggle for the Holy Land, 1935–48

3735: 3668: 3590: 3446: 3442: 3393: 3386: 3170: 3152: 3140: 3133: 3108: 2497: 2246: 1995: 1931: 1749:

The documents seized from the Jewish Agency were stored at the

1706: 1489: 1453: 1316: 1205: 1118: 1076: 858: 811: 5734:"Yitzhak Ahronovitch, 86, Jewish Refugee Ship's Captain, Dies" 4070:

and other books on the Jewish insurgency in the library of an

3614:

July 16 – A British soldier was killed by a vehicle mine near

3471:

April 7 – A British patrol killed Jewish militant Moshe Cohen.

1039:

pledged that if they returned to power, they would revoke the

7846: 6028: 5619:"Cairo-Haifa train attack – this British Forces in Palestine" 3908: 3897: 3799: 3795: 3794:

December 12 – Jewish underground bombing attacks on buses in

3697: 3537: 3519: 3484:

April 14 – The Royal Navy captured the Jewish immigrant ship

3461: 3429: 3382: 3378: 3327: 3320: 3316: 3231:

November 1–2 – Palmach sank three British naval police craft.

3166: 3076: 3027: 2911: 2876: 2846:

April 1 – A British constable was killed and another wounded.

2840: 2836: 2796: 2587: 2541: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2245:

The British Mandate ended on May 15, 1948, with the State of

2191: 2182:

The bodies of the hanged British sergeants as they were found

2045: 1856: 1833:, which were used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants to the 1731: 1667: 1659: 1642: 1569: 1561: 1461: 1400: 1353: 1248: 1232: 1110: 1006: 622: 194: 6265:

The British Army and Jewish Insurgency in Palestine, 1945-47

5017:"Palestine (Rioting, Tel Aviv) (Hansard, 16 November 1945)" 5005:

Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire

4977:

The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream

4419:

The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream

4248:

Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire

4133:

The British Army and Jewish Insurgency in Palestine, 1945–47

3935: 1682: 381: 6573: 4658:"How Zionist Extremism Became British Spies' Biggest Enemy" 4025: 3747:

November 11 – British security forces raided a building in

3744:

October 13 – Two British soldiers were killed in Jerusalem.

3271: 3225: 2104:

Irgun men in British Army uniforms, preparing to stage the

1863: 1551:, killing a British soldier, while a Palmach attack on the 1228: 1179:

A survey of Jewish DPs found 96.8% would choose Palestine.

7738:

http://news.pseka.net/index.php?module=article&id=8199

7718:

In the Cause of Peace, Seven Years with the United Nations

5958:

In the Cause of Peace, Seven Years with the United Nations

5545:"Attack on Syrian Orphanage – British Forces in Palestine" 4054:'s guerrilla campaign against the apartheid government of 3879:

March 3 – A British soldier was killed by a Jewish sniper.

3777:(this was the first mass Arab attack on a Jewish village). 3696:

August 15 - 2 Arabs (including 13-year-old boy) killed in

3488:. Two Jews were killed and 14 wounded during the takeover. 3114:

July 29 – British police raided a bomb-making workshop in

2518:), and the Arab Legion's commander was a British General, 1799:, responded by ordering British personnel to boycott all: 1741: 737: 75:(4 years, 3 months, 1 week and 6 days) 4001: 3690: 3385:

was bombed, and a small-scale raid hit an army camp near

2955: 1869: 1589: 1529:

Aftermath of the bombing of CID headquarters in Jerusalem

785:

British immigration restrictions and the 1939 White Paper

7495:"Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of 1948 – LookLex Encyclopaedia" 6296:. State University of New York Press. pp. 155–157. 4050:

studied the book and used it as a guide in planning the

2540:

In October 1948, Israel began a campaign to capture the

2448:

The Haganah had previously spared the railway bridge at

2297: 1808:

Barker, whose forces participated in the capture of the

3689:

August 9 – Irgun bombed a British troop train north of

3683:

was repulsed. One attacker was killed and two captured.

1364:

told Menachem Begin "We shall step in and finish you."

8995:

Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine

7667:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2001) 7357:

Phanton Vehicle Alerts Jerusalem: Day's Toll is 6 Dead

7342:

Arab Legion Force in Palestine Kills 14 Jews in Convoy

7260:

Irgun Attacks in Palestine: 21 Arabs, 3 Jews Are Slain

7153:

Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs

7006:

35 Zionist Leaders Detained as Bomb Kills 3 Constables

6595:"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search" 6366:

Terror out of Zion: the fight for Israeli independence

3550:

April 26 – A British police official was assassinated.

1564:

was attacked and on the following day, an attack on a

5700:

The Decline And Fall of the British Empire. 1781–1997

5329:"Attack at Petah Tiqva – British Forces in Palestine" 5071:

With the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine 1945–1948

4848:

11/08/46, p. 35. UK Foreign Office document 371/52651

4109:

Violent conflicts in the British Mandate of Palestine

3557:– Irgun members working with Jewish prisoners inside 3151:, which had been used to deport Jewish immigrants to 7582:

Eyre, Jake, and Stefan Brooks. "The story of Irgun."

7559:"How Israel's 1948 struggle inspired Nelson Mandela" 7325:

Jews Carry Fight to Arabs: Palestine Adds 28 to Dead

6518:"The Tel Aviv Car Park attack April 1946 - ParaData" 6179:, 20 January 1949 p. 4 "Urgent Need for Information" 5154:"The Tel Aviv Car Park attack April 1946 | ParaData" 4592:

Marrus, Michael Robert; Aristide R. Zolberg (2002).

4453:

by Geneviève Pitot, Donna Edouard, Helen Topor, 1998

3079:. Eleven Lehi members were killed during the attack. 3038:

fighters were killed, four wounded, and 31 arrested.

1055:

should be resettled in Europe instead of Palestine.

7448: 6191:

January 10, 1949 p. 3 "British Force Sent to Akaba"

6043: 5069:Wilson, Dare (2008, originally published in 1949). 1315:In response to a British ban on the blowing of the 1216:and returned to DP camps. The event became a major 7057:Haganah Kills 11 in Palestine Hunt for Arab Gunmen 6405:"The Second Explosion at the Intelligence Offices" 5384:, University of California Press, pp. 32–33, 4165:Paths to Victory: Detailed Insurgency Case Studies 3308:January 8 - Twelve Irgun members were arrested in 3297:January 2 – A British soldier was killed when the 832: 8483:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 6261: 4518:"War, Empire and the Attlee government 1945–1951" 4046:, and used it as a manual for guerrilla warfare. 3711:August 18 – A British police cadet was killed on 2990:February 22 – Haganah fighters attacked a police 2306:, began calling for Palestine to be given to the 2253:between Israel and its neighbouring Arab states. 1414: 1194:On July 18, 1947, the Royal Navy intercepted the 9006: 7682:Britain, Palestine and Empire: The Mandate Years 7255: 7253: 7251: 7238: 7236: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7117: 7115: 7052: 7050: 7034: 7032: 6858: 6856: 4270:The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967 4151:. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 49–51 3865:February 23 – Two British policemen were killed. 3645:July 26 – Two British soldiers were killed by a 3565:May 6 – A British counter-terrorism unit led by 2935:, commanded by Nahum Sarig, and executed by the 2835:raided the British intelligence headquarters in 2207: 1259:Britain condemns Jewish terrorism during the war 1212:, where the passengers were forcibly removed at 672:investigative committee in Palestine. After the 8636:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 7677:(Manchester: Manchester University Press 1989). 7603: 6037: 5978: 5823:"A debt the British paid – and one they didn't" 4997: 3862:February 19 – Two British soldiers were killed. 3536:April 22 – A British troop train arriving from 3460:was damaged by a time-bomb while en route from 3026:was fired on by British police as it docked in 1162:post-war anti-Semitic attacks in Eastern Europe 676:resolution was passed on 29 November 1947, the 346:2 committed suicide (August 1945 – August 1947) 7292:"Terrorsim[sic] Incidents 1940 – 1949" 7130: 6203:10/1/1949 p. 4 "British Troops in Transjordan" 4682:"What the IDF Could Learn From the Royal Navy" 3876:, killing 28 British soldiers and wounding 35. 3724:September 21 – A British messenger was killed. 3392:March 9 – A British Army camp was attacked in 3075:June 17 – Lehi attacked railroad workshops in 1768:wait to be interrogated during Operation Shark 1425:Statement of Information regarding the attacks 9110:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8747:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8731: 7946:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7783: 7481:1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War 7380: 7350: 7335: 7318: 7268: 7248: 7233: 7164: 7112: 7047: 7029: 6853: 6167:January 5, 1949 "No Intention of Intervening" 6061:Security Council Resolution 46 (1948) 17/4/48 5789:"Jewish Terrorism and the Modern Middle East" 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5299: 5297: 5295: 4817:(Oxford: Pergamon 1989) p. 86, Z. V. Hadari, 3996:Effects upon independence movements worldwide 3903:April 28 - British troops intervened to stop 2787:February 12 – British immigration offices in 2563:United Nations Security Council Resolution 50 2480:Aftermath: British policy during the 1948 War 2396:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 2357:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 2215:Irgun bombing of police headquarters in Haifa 2204:as clashes between Jews and Arabs picked up. 2161:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1973:March 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine 1764:Jewish civilians guarded by a soldier of the 1573:attacked the Police Mobile Force stations at 1281:occupied the central broadcasting station in 753:led a commission to consider a solution. The 502:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 484: 367: 42:intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7492: 7486: 6634:"Events: 1946 - British Forces in Palestine" 6135: 6133: 5443:"events: 1947 – British Forces in Palestine" 5305:"Events: 1946 – British Forces in Palestine" 4006:The Age of Terror: In the Name of Liberation 3659:– British authorities hanged Irgun fighters 3518:, and shots were fired at British troops in 3399:March 11 – Two British soldiers were killed. 3344:March 1 – Irgun bombed the Officers Club on 2777:, were killed by an Irgun mine in Jerusalem. 2773:, commander of the Jewish Department of the 2055: 1745:The King David Hotel following the explosion 1367: 103:British forces unable to suppress insurgency 7799:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 7414:"Events:1948 - British Forces in Palestine" 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7283: 6985:. London: André Deutsch. pp. 323–340. 6750:"events:1947 - British Forces in Palestine" 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5110: 5108: 5106: 4175: 4173: 4099:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3926:was opened by his brother Rex, killing him. 3911:, albeit it failed to expel the Irgun from 2231:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 594:underground groups against British rule in 8867:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 8738: 8724: 7790: 7776: 6699:"Mine Blast Kills 2 Soldiers in Palestine" 6289: 6252:31/1/49 p. 4 "Israeli view of recognition" 6117: 6020:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5424: 5292: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 4835:Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel 4397:. Columbia University Press. p. 100. 3784:thrown at their cars by Jewish insurgents. 3755:November 14 – Four Britons were killed in 3708:house they were sleeping in was dynamited. 3611:, killing one Briton and wounding sixteen. 3319:carrying British troops to Palestine from 2488:mandates were to be taken over by the new 2383: 2341:In 1947, the United States chapter of the 2119:On May 4, 1947, the Irgun carried out the 1772:The British responded to the bombing with 1467:On November 13, British Foreign Secretary 1235:'s declaration of revolt, February 1, 1944 1007:British restrictions on Jewish immigration 571:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 491: 477: 374: 360: 6668:Bombed Haifa Station, 20th September 1946 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6360: 6358: 6130: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5843:by Arieh J. Kochavi, North Carolina 2001. 5491:"The Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club" 5065: 5063: 5061: 4829: 4827: 4515: 4474: 4472: 3936:Effect upon mutual British–Arab interests 3410:was also raided, shots were fired at the 3194:, arresting 101 people and wounding four. 1683:Breakup of the Jewish Resistance Movement 1519:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 1308:operation in Palestine on September 5 in 850:in Europe, automatically allied with the 741:Peel Commission Partition Plan, July 1937 713: 625:, an offshoot of the Haganah, launched a 9015:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 8844:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 8682:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 7732:http://bcrfj.revues.org/document269.html 7612:, Vol. IV, University Press of America, 7458:. Britains-smallwars.com. Archived from 7397: 7158:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 7106:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 7073:"Two Soldiers Hurt By Mine in Palestine" 6838:. Britains-smallwars.com. Archived from 6723: 6411: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 5786: 5775: 5245: 5243: 5073:. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Military. 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4698: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4221: 4170: 4143: 4141: 3593:. A British soldier was killed in Haifa. 3274:was bombed by the Irgun, wounding three. 3248:November 25 – The Jewish immigrant ship 2390:1947–48 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 2336:1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 2177: 2110: 2099: 1976: 1868: 1786: 1759: 1740: 1696: 1524: 1418: 1254: 1227: 1223: 990:in late 1944 and later took part in the 776:Britain also attended the international 745:In 1936–37, soon after the start of the 736: 617:, the largest of the Jewish underground 385:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 35:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine 8355:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 7190: 6977: 6240:25/1/49 "Last detainees leaving Cyprus" 5685: 5083: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4273:. Oxford University Press. p. 48. 4179: 4159: 4157: 3627:July 20 – A British soldier was killed. 3621:July 18 – A British soldier was killed. 3352:that lasted 16 days. Immediately after 3242:injured when one of the mines exploded. 3187:, was assassinated near his Haifa home. 2927:October 10 – Haganah fighters raid the 1940:bombed the district police headquarters 1348:On November 6, 1944, Lehi assassinated 722:and the terms of the League of Nations 697:. In August 1947, after the hanging of 586:campaign, sometimes referred to as the 14: 9007: 7556: 7289: 6957:"PALESTINE: Eye for an Eye for an Eye" 6453: 6268:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 205. 5846: 5205:(Tel-Aviv: 1984 in Hebrew), chapter 8. 5192:, G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981 5058: 4824: 4655: 4469: 4390: 4384: 4266: 3631:killed when his truck hit a mine near 3155:. A hole was blown in the ship's side. 3147:to the side of the British cargo ship 2302:From October 1946, opposition leader, 2256: 1147:, to investigate the situation of the 930:However, in August 1940, Irgun member 703:United Kingdom–United States relations 27:1944–1948 paramilitary terror campaign 9120:Rebellions against the British Empire 8839:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine) 8719: 7771: 7145: 7137:Blast Set by Irgun to Speed Army Exit 6800:"Two Injured in Palestine Mine Blast" 6782:"Jewish Terrorists Proclaim Open War" 6429:from the original on 24 December 2019 6335: 6316: 5375: 5252:by Tom Segev pp. 479–480, Abacus 2001 5240: 4991:"Africa – Britain's 'Guantanamo Bay'" 4851: 4255: 4138: 4036:, who studied both the Irgun and the 3477:April 13 – The Jewish immigrant ship 3373:, and four Arabs were injured when a 3022:March 25 – The Jewish immigrant ship 2558:shot down five British fighter planes 2298:The British decide to leave Palestine 1966: 801:In reaction to British restrictions, 472: 355: 7594: 7388:IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS 7372:6 Dead, 26 Injured in Haifa Fighting 7122:Terrorists Strike in Palestine Again 6321:. Devora Publications. p. 151. 6049: 4864: 4711:from the original on 7 February 2001 4439:The Oxford Companion to World War II 4362:Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs 4154: 3377:vehicle was blown up by a mine near 3270:October 31 – The British embassy in 3224:October 31 – The British embassy in 2573:, the British representative to the 2242:, which killed 28 British soldiers. 2115:The Acre Prison wall after the break 1027:Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp 9115:Mandatory Palestine in World War II 7604:Milstein, Uri; et al. (1998), 7275:35 Deaths in Day Set Palestine Peak 7243:Jewish Units Fire on British Police 6681:"British Casualties Rise in Israel" 5731: 5179:, Yvonne Schmidt, GRIN 2001, p. 312 4379:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 4330:(Oct. 1988) Vol. 23, No. 4, p. 657. 3204:September 20 - Bombed Haifa Station 2494:Israeli Declaration of Independence 1169:Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry 687:Israeli Declaration of Independence 629:against British rule, thus joining 24: 9020:Anti-Zionism in the United Kingdom 8821:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 8592:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 8017:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 7695: 7627: 7610:History of the War of Independence 7021:Terrorists Wreck Haifa Troop Train 6880:"Terrorists Blast Palestine Radar" 6262:David A. Charters (12 June 1989). 5905:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 7/1/48, 5264:, by Tom Segev p. 480, Abacus 2001 5216:British Counterinsurgency, 1919–60 4766:(Oxford: Pergamon 1989) chapter 2. 4596:. Temple University Press. p. 336. 4084:6th Airborne Division in Palestine 3445:, was damaged in a bomb attack by 2556:On 7 January 1949, Israeli forces 765:A further attempt was made in the 695:antisemitism in the United Kingdom 25: 9156: 9140:Wars involving the United Kingdom 8919:Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine 8429:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 7724: 7657:(London: Valentine Mitchell 1991) 7497:. Lexicorient.com. Archived from 7302:from the original on 18 July 2019 7176:Haganah kills 10 in raid on Arabs 6963:. August 11, 1947. Archived from 6654:. 11 January 2013. Archived from 6120:"Population of Israel is Soaring" 5960:(New York: MacMillan 1954) p. 163 5807:– via journals.hil.unb.ca. 4200:from the original on 5 March 2015 4186:The Chronicle of Higher Education 4060:Palestine Liberation Organization 3893:, killing seven British soldiers. 3201:, but were driven off by gunfire. 2882:November 1944 to February 1945 – 2879:. Moyne's driver was also killed. 2613:and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1395:insurgents among those detained. 1270:Criminal Investigation Department 923:was killed while fighting in the 9125:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine 8990: 8989: 8467:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 7576: 7550: 7525: 7512: 7473: 7434: 7420: 7365: 7209: 7184: 7097: 7083: 7065: 7014: 6999: 6971: 6949: 6923: 6908: 6890: 6872: 6828: 6810: 6792: 6774: 6756: 6709: 6691: 6673: 6652:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 6640: 6626: 6614: 6601: 6587: 6562: 6553: 6535: 6510: 6485: 6444: 6397: 6382: 6370: 6310: 6293:Political Assassinations by Jews 6283: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6206: 6194: 6182: 5714:. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum 5623:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 5549:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 5471:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 5447:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 5333:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 5309:www.britishforcesinpalestine.org 4506:by Tom Segev p. 482, Abacus 2001 3968:, had treaties of alliance with 3944:. Britain governed or protected 3889:raided the British Army camp at 3885:April 6 – Irgun fighters led by 3494:April 19 – Four Irgun fighters ( 2871:assassinated British politician 2817:March 13 – Lehi killed a Jewish 1701:Zionist leaders arrested during 1143:sent a personal representative, 803:illegal immigration to Palestine 790:certificates and authorised the 309:: 100,000 troops (peak strength) 180: 137: 114:civil war in Mandatory Palestine 52: 8649:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 8618:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 8372:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 7647:, (Random House; New York 1970) 7588: 7520:Terrorism and Homeland Security 7296:Tim Ripley - Defence Journalist 7290:Ripley, Tim (13 October 2015). 6818:"British Battle Palestine Raid" 6170: 6158: 6111: 6102: 6089: 6080: 6064: 6055: 5972: 5963: 5943: 5924: 5912: 5909:19/12/46 p. 3 and 27/2/47 p. 5. 5899: 5886: 5877: 5833: 5815: 5758: 5725: 5704: 5660: 5635: 5611: 5586: 5561: 5537: 5512: 5483: 5459: 5369: 5345: 5321: 5267: 5255: 5237:by Nicholas Bethell p. 267 1979 5228: 5208: 5195: 5182: 5170: 5146: 5121: 5033: 5009: 4983: 4968: 4839: 4807: 4787: 4769: 4752: 4739: 4727: 4692: 4674: 4649: 4636: 4612: 4599: 4586: 4574: 4561: 4548: 4509: 4497: 4456: 4444: 4431: 4411: 4367: 4351: 4333: 4328:Journal of Contemporary History 4320: 4089:Israel-United Kingdom relations 4028:also used Irgun tactics in the 3414:camp, and a mine exploded near 3381:. A British military office in 2527:United Nations Security Council 833:During World War II (1939–1944) 255:John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort 7749:DP camps (personal accounts): 7191:Eichner, Itamar (2021-04-16). 6869:. Vintage Books. London. 2010. 5930:UN resolution 181 section 1A. 4980:, I.B. Tauris, 2002 pp. 31–32. 4309: 4294: 4240: 4215: 4125: 3693:, killing the Jewish engineer. 3402:March 12 – Irgun attacked the 1415:The Jewish Resistance Movement 1151:in Europe. Harrison reported, 992:Spring 1945 offensive in Italy 699:two abducted British sergeants 13: 1: 9130:Uprisings during World War II 8419:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 8060:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6648:"Photo: bombed Haifa Station" 4656:Walton, Calder (2024-01-12). 4516:Newsinger, John (July 2018). 4222:Linstrum, Erik (April 2023). 4180:Hoffman, Bruce (2015-03-02). 4114: 3986:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 3868:February 29 – As part of the 2624: 2208:Final phase of the insurgency 1820: 1409:1945 British general election 708: 683:British Mandate for Palestine 73:1 February 1944 – 14 May 1948 8768:Sinai and Palestine campaign 8623:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 8610:Turkish involvement in Syria 8494:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 8325:Political violence in Turkey 8259:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8166:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 8045:Italian bombing of Palestine 8007:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 7956:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 7691:(March 2011) 9#3 pp 215–230. 7557:Rocker, Simon (2012-05-17). 5732:Fox, Margalit (2009-12-23). 4119: 3207:October 6 – A member of the 3103:– Irgun fighters bombed the 724:British Mandate of Palestine 7: 9045:1948 in Mandatory Palestine 9040:1947 in Mandatory Palestine 9035:1946 in Mandatory Palestine 9030:1945 in Mandatory Palestine 9025:1944 in Mandatory Palestine 7875:Turkish War of Independence 7859:Unification of Saudi Arabia 7606:Out of Crisis Came Decision 7493:Tore Kjeilen (2000-01-21). 7245:NY Times, December 10, 1947 6290:Ben-Yehuda, Hahman (1993). 5793:Journal of Conflict Studies 5787:Charters, David A. (2007). 5214:Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert (2016). 5003:Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin: 4077: 3738:to avoid Jewish casualties. 2863:November 6 – Lehi fighters 2751: 2274:innocent victim with gas." 1081:Secret Intelligence Service 906:Special Interrogation Group 339:(August 1945 – August 1947) 10: 9161: 9145:Zionist political violence 8540:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8534:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 8523:Balochi insurgency in Iran 8499:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 8335:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 8330:Islamist uprising in Syria 8308:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 8197:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8083:Kurdish separatism in Iran 8002:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 7720:(New York: MacMillan 1954) 7645:Flight and Rescue: Brichah 7161:, May/June 2006, p. 14–15. 5376:Davis, Mike (2011-06-02), 4993:. BBC News. 6 August 2002. 4581:Flight and Rescue: Brichah 4246:Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon. 4163:Paul, Christopher, et al. 3930: 3870:Cairo–Haifa train bombings 2954:raided a train station in 2922:Jewish Resistance Movement 2509:supplied by Czechoslovakia 2387: 2240:Cairo–Haifa train bombings 2225:On November 29, 1947, the 2014:, and Petah Tikva, in the 1970: 1860:bombed the British Embassy 1686: 1438:Jewish Resistance Movement 1371: 1343:internment camps in Africa 1016: 1010: 1001: 747:Arab uprising in Palestine 662:Jewish Resistance Movement 8986: 8929: 8875: 8859: 8829: 8802: 8776: 8753: 8698: 8661: 8566: 8507: 8447: 8380: 8298:Black September in Jordan 8290: 8189: 8133: 8030: 7974: 7928: 7805: 7522:. Cengage Learning, 2016. 6902:The Sydney Morning Herald 6768:The Sydney Morning Herald 6764:"Marial Law in Palestine" 6543:"Security Check Required" 5992:. New York. p. 192. 5672:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5598:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5573:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5524:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5390:10.1525/9780520949454-011 5045:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4644:The Secret History of MI6 4224:"Violence without Limits" 3978:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1948) 3974:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930) 3449:, the naval force of the 3030:, killing Palmach member 2056:Peaking of the insurgency 1705:, in a detention camp in 1368:The Hunting Season period 854:, including the British. 510: 393: 329: 295: 232: 129: 65: 51: 39: 34: 8914:German Templar community 8907:Jewish Agency for Israel 8400:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 8395:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8214:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 8146:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8141:1952 Egyptian revolution 7869:1919 Egyptian revolution 7852:Mount Lebanon starvation 7595:Gold, Stephanie (1998), 6804:Lewiston Evening Journal 4699:Robinson, James (2000). 4534:10.1177/0306396818779864 4306:Retrieved on 2008-10-25. 3525:April 21 – Irgun member 3354:martial law was declared 3101:King David Hotel bombing 2994:with a 200 lb bomb. 2902:March 22 – Lehi members 2292:Anglo-American relations 1755:King David Hotel bombing 1693:King David Hotel bombing 954:special paratrooper unit 873:stationed in Palestine. 871:Royal East Kent Regiment 773:followed in early 1939. 666:King David Hotel bombing 418:King David Hotel bombing 9100:20th-century rebellions 8629:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 8477:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 8472:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 8282:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8209:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8050:Allied invasion of Iraq 7997:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 7920:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 7640:(Oxford: Pergamon 1989) 7039:Trial of Two Jews Begin 6212:Cohen, Michael Joseph: 4804:chapter II paragraph 12 4480:"The United Resistance" 4466:, Vol. 55, pp. 409–431. 4417:Colin Shindler (1995). 4391:Mattar, Philip (1992). 4010:Malayan Communist Party 3853: 3291: 2970: 2890: 2799:were attacked by Irgun. 2781: 2756: 2535:Cyprus internment camps 2458:withdraw from Palestine 2435:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni 2384:Partition and civil war 1835:Cyprus internment camps 978:In September 1944, the 942:wanted to make Germany 910:Western Desert Campaign 718:Although both the 1917 313:Haganah: 21,000 troops 188:Jewish National Council 8812:insurgency (1930–1935) 8574:2011 Bahraini uprising 8558:South Yemen insurgency 8439:Abu Nidal's executions 8424:1986 Damascus bombings 8203:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8055:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7825:Middle Eastern theatre 7599:, Open Road Publishing 7456:"40 Commando in Haifa" 6983:The Palestine Triangle 6931:"PAICE, MERVYN HAROLD" 6378:Churchill and the Jews 6038:Milstein et al. (1998) 4861:Retrieved on 2010-4-1. 4705:britains-smallwars.com 4554:Louis, William Roger: 4267:French, David (2011). 4135:. Springer, 1989, p. X 4032:. Political scientist 3228:was damaged by a bomb. 2406: 2294:than any other issue. 2183: 2116: 2108: 1982: 1877: 1806: 1792: 1769: 1746: 1709: 1530: 1427: 1260: 1236: 1177: 1158: 902:North African Campaign 742: 714:Between the World Wars 610:were close to defeat. 233:Commanders and leaders 172:Palestine Police Force 46:decolonisation of Asia 8895:Arab Higher Committee 8414:South Yemen civil war 8313:Shatt al-Arab clashes 8238:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 8227:North Yemen civil war 8176:1958 Iraqi revolution 8103:1948 Arab–Israeli War 8097:Arab–Israeli conflict 7966:Sheikh Said rebellion 7830:Battle of Robat Karim 6720:, "Un-British" (1948) 4464:International Affairs 4373:Donald L. Niewyk and 4182:"Why Terrorism Works" 4094:List of Irgun attacks 4038:Irish Republican Army 3589:, were discovered in 3285:Night of the Beatings 3055:6th Airborne Division 2505:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2401: 2251:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2181: 2114: 2103: 1980: 1886:Night of the Beatings 1875:Night of the Beatings 1872: 1801: 1790: 1763: 1744: 1700: 1628:6th Airborne Division 1566:King's African Rifles 1528: 1458:Lydda railway station 1422: 1258: 1231: 1224:The insurgency begins 1173: 1153: 1033:1945 British election 957:37 were infiltrated. 740: 656:(April–May 1945) and 590:, was carried out by 438:Night of the Beatings 330:Casualties and losses 9135:Wars of independence 9105:Insurgencies in Asia 8940:Herbert Louis Samuel 8883:British commissioner 8816:1933 Palestine riots 8789:1920 Nebi Musa riots 8553:Fatah–Hamas conflict 8489:Operation Desert Fox 8462:1991 Iraqi uprisings 8456:Gulf War (1990–1991) 8367:Grand Mosque seizure 8345:Yemenite War of 1979 8303:Yemenite War of 1972 8243:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 8233:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 7987:Ahmed Barzani revolt 7898:Turkish–Armenian War 7563:The Jewish Chronicle 7394:. December 30, 1947. 7142:, September 30, 1947 7127:, September 30, 1947 7094:, Sept 24 1972, p. 8 6884:The Pittsburgh Press 6685:The Pittsburgh Press 6622:A Death in Jerusalem 6095:Tucker, Spencer C.: 5378:"The First Car Bomb" 4624:www.wilsoncenter.org 3704:, 1 Arab killed in . 3657:The Sergeants affair 3581:June 4 – Eight Lehi 3211:was shot and killed. 3062:Night of the Bridges 2884:the "Hunting Season" 2525:On 28 May 1948, the 2454:Night of the Bridges 2380:to base its troops. 2343:United Jewish Appeal 2188:the Sergeants affair 2029:Royal Army Pay Corps 1946:After Irgun fighter 1717:, High Commissioner 1715:Night of the Bridges 1652:Night of the Bridges 890:Haj Amin al-Husseini 771:St. James Conference 544:1933 Palestine riots 532:1929 Palestine riots 515:1920 Nebi Musa riots 453:The Sergeants affair 428:Rome Embassy bombing 408:Night of the Bridges 307:British Armed Forces 251:Sir Gordon MacMillan 8902:Jewish Palestinians 8831:During World War II 8701:This list includes 8669:2021 Beirut clashes 8529:2004 Qamishli riots 8406:Turkey–PKK conflict 8362:1979 Qatif Uprising 8181:1959 Mosul uprising 8171:1958 Lebanon crisis 8118:1973 Yom Kippur War 8089:Iran crisis of 1946 8077:Al-Wathbah uprising 8067:1943 Barzani revolt 7961:Great Syrian Revolt 7941:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 7864:Simko Shikak revolt 7518:White, Jonathan R. 7377:, December 25, 1947 7362:, December 17, 1947 7347:, December 15, 1947 7332:, December 13, 1947 7280:, December 12, 1947 7265:, December 14, 1947 7181:, December 20, 1947 7044:, November 18, 1947 6317:Golan, Zev (2003). 6124:Schenectady Gazette 5984:Lapierre, Dominique 5969:Gelber 2006, p. 137 5918:Kochavi, Arieh J.: 5867:"Israel and Europe" 5382:Transforming Terror 5158:www.paradata.org.uk 4833:Benson, Michael T. 4777:"accessed Nov 2007" 4131:Charters, David A. 3540:was bombed outside 3143:frogmen attached a 3132:ships departed for 2944:Night of the Trains 2929:Atlit detainee camp 2468:In April 1948, the 2437:. In revenge, Lehi 2257:Propaganda campaign 2081:– were executed in 2033:Schneller Orphanage 1450:Night of the Trains 1446:Atlit detainee camp 1444:Palmach raided the 1423:British Government 1167:In April 1946, the 1102:Atlit detainee camp 1053:Holocaust survivors 1041:White Paper of 1939 919:. In 1941, Irgun's 820:Revisionist Zionist 796:White Paper of 1939 767:Woodhead Commission 720:Balfour Declaration 600:White Paper of 1939 596:Mandatory Palestine 588:Palestine Emergency 433:Night of the Trains 323:Irgun: 4,000 troops 243:Sir Alan Cunningham 116:in response to the 85:Mandatory Palestine 18:Palestine Emergency 8947:Jewish Palestinian 8860:After World War II 8350:Iranian Revolution 8319:Lebanese Civil War 8265:1948 Palestine war 8012:1935 Yazidi revolt 7903:Franco-Turkish War 7761:2008-04-10 at the 7743:2008-04-22 at the 7680:Miller, Rory, ed. 7533:"John Bowyer Bell" 7392:The New York Times 7386:Pope Brewer, Sam. 6658:on 24 October 2014 6450:Horne, pp. 295–296 5937:2006-10-29 at the 5829:. 15 January 2007. 5827:The Jerusalem Post 5738:The New York Times 5188:Clarke, Thurston. 5116:Anonymous Soldiers 4956:Terror out of Zion 4800:2016-08-20 at the 4605:Aleksiun, Natalia. 4375:Francis R. Nicosia 4345:2013-11-03 at the 3700:, 1 Jew killed in 3346:King George Street 2452:during their 1946 2218:Lehi safehouse in 2184: 2117: 2109: 1983: 1967:Martial law period 1878: 1793: 1770: 1766:Parachute Regiment 1747: 1710: 1531: 1428: 1261: 1237: 1131:Nazi collaborators 952:During the war, a 897:Palestine Regiment 743: 650:the Hunting Season 443:Martial law period 398:The Hunting Season 304:: 4,000 policemen 262:William Nicol Gray 9070:Conflicts in 1948 9065:Conflicts in 1947 9060:Conflicts in 1946 9055:Conflicts in 1945 9050:Conflicts in 1944 9002: 9001: 8930:Prominent figures 8890:Arab Palestinians 8784:Battle of Tel Hai 8763:Franco-Syrian War 8713: 8712: 7936:Franco-Syrian War 7893:Greco-Turkish War 7881:Anglo-Turkish War 7847:Assyrian genocide 7842:Armenian genocide 7813:Italo-Turkish War 7619:978-0-7618-1489-4 7062:, August 16, 1947 7026:, August 10, 1947 6992:978-0-233-97069-1 6979:Bethell, Nicholas 6967:on July 12, 2007. 6836:"Acre Jail Break" 6609:By Blood and Fire 6607:Thurston Clarke, 6376:Martin Gilbert – 6364:Bell, J. Bowyer: 6328:978-1-930143-54-8 6303:978-0-7914-1166-7 6275:978-1-349-19975-4 5999:978-0-671-21163-9 5399:978-0-520-94945-4 5224:978-1-349-80813-7 5190:By Blood and Fire 5079:978-1-84415-771-6 5021:api.parliament.uk 4964:978-1-56000-870-5 4427:978-1-86064-774-1 4404:978-0-231-06463-7 4280:978-0-19-161859-8 4014:Malayan Emergency 4000:According to the 3782:molotov cocktails 3555:Acre Prison break 2749: 2748: 2664:Jewish Insurgents 2571:Alexander Cadogan 2551:Israeli Air Force 2500:came into being. 2486:League of Nations 2426:Ben Yehuda Street 2304:Winston Churchill 2121:Acre Prison break 2106:Acre Prison break 2089:and Lehi fighter 1938:in history, Lehi 1555:radar station on 1331:Tegart fortresses 1306:cordon and search 1297:Harold MacMichael 1290:Aryeh Ben-Eliezer 1247:, who had headed 1127:displaced persons 1117:on the island of 1066:In Europe former 888:the Axis powers. 844:Jewish resistance 674:UN Partition Plan 579: 578: 559:Jewish insurgency 554:Spillover of WWII 520:Battle of Tel Hai 466: 465: 448:Acre Prison break 350: 349: 282:Nathan Yellin-Mor 247:Harold MacMichael 239:Sir Evelyn Barker 125: 124: 118:UN Partition Plan 59:Palestine Railway 16:(Redirected from 9152: 8993: 8992: 8964:Amin al-Husseini 8959:Arab Palestinian 8952:David Ben-Gurion 8740: 8733: 8726: 8717: 8716: 8675:Israel–Hamas war 8602:Syrian civil war 8585:Sinai insurgency 8546:2006 Lebanon War 8221:Dhofar Rebellion 8156:Cyprus Emergency 8151:Jebel Akhdar War 8123:1982 Lebanon War 8113:1967 Six-Day War 8022:Dersim rebellion 7982:Ararat rebellion 7886:Al-Jazeera Front 7792: 7785: 7778: 7769: 7768: 7736:Jews on Cyprus: 7622: 7600: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7529: 7523: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7490: 7484: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7452: 7446: 7438: 7432: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7395: 7384: 7378: 7369: 7363: 7354: 7348: 7339: 7333: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7287: 7281: 7272: 7266: 7257: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7188: 7182: 7173: 7162: 7149: 7143: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7110: 7101: 7095: 7091:The Sunday Times 7087: 7081: 7080: 7069: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7018: 7012: 7011:, August 6, 1947 7003: 6997: 6996: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6933:. Archived from 6927: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6876: 6870: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6721: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6663: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6572:. Archived from 6566: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6545:. Archived from 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6520:. Archived from 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6495:. Archived from 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6470:. Archived from 6464: 6451: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6333: 6332: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6143:. Archived from 6137: 6128: 6127: 6118:Daniel de Luce. 6115: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6019: 6011: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5947: 5941: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5863: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5784: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5708: 5702: 5698:Brendon, Piers: 5696: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5497:. Archived from 5495:www.etzel.org.il 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5439: 5422: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5301: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5125: 5119: 5114:Hoffman, Bruce: 5112: 5081: 5067: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4974:Colin Shindler, 4972: 4966: 4949: 4862: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4779:. Archived from 4773: 4767: 4756: 4750: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4642:Jeffery, Keith: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4522:Race & Class 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4482:. Archived from 4476: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4388: 4382: 4371: 4365: 4355: 4349: 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4302:Jewish Chronicle 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4264: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4228:academic.oup.com 4219: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4177: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4149:Inside Terrorism 4147:Hoffman, Bruce. 4145: 4136: 4129: 4066:found a copy of 4034:John Bowyer Bell 4030:Cyprus Emergency 3905:Operation Hametz 3529:and Lehi member 3504:Mordechai Alkahi 3299:Bren gun carrier 3105:King David Hotel 3090:Operation Agatha 2904:Eliyahu Bet-Zuri 2865:Eliyahu Bet-Zuri 2632: 2631: 2611:Herbert Morrison 2520:John Bagot Glubb 2470:Security Council 2439:mined two trains 2173:Empire Lifeguard 2075:Mordechai Alkahi 1915:Bren gun carrier 1903:Mordechai Alkahi 1751:King David Hotel 1723:Operation Agatha 1703:Operation Agatha 1689:Operation Agatha 1544:Russian Compound 1515:David Ben-Gurion 1473:House of Commons 1149:Jewish survivors 1145:Earl G. Harrison 1115:internment camps 1068:Jewish partisans 988:Italian campaign 882:Amin al-Husseini 863:David Ben-Gurion 839:Second World War 778:Évian Conference 759:David Ben-Gurion 689:on 14 May 1948. 505: 503: 493: 486: 479: 470: 469: 458:Operation Hametz 413:Operation Agatha 388: 386: 376: 369: 362: 353: 352: 325:Lehi: 500 troops 259:John Rymer-Jones 185: 184: 183: 142: 141: 67: 66: 56: 32: 31: 21: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9095:1948 in Judaism 9090:1947 in Judaism 9085:1946 in Judaism 9080:1945 in Judaism 9075:1944 in Judaism 9005: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8982: 8976:Gotthilf Wagner 8925: 8871: 8855: 8825: 8798: 8772: 8749: 8744: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8694: 8657: 8579:Egyptian Crisis 8562: 8503: 8443: 8376: 8286: 8275:Second Intifada 8185: 8129: 8026: 7992:Simele massacre 7970: 7951:Adwan Rebellion 7924: 7801: 7796: 7763:Wayback Machine 7745:Wayback Machine 7730:DP conditions: 7727: 7698: 7696:Primary sources 7689:History Compass 7630: 7628:Further reading 7620: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7540: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7513: 7504: 7502: 7491: 7487: 7479:Morris, Benny: 7478: 7474: 7465: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7398: 7385: 7381: 7370: 7366: 7355: 7351: 7340: 7336: 7323: 7319: 7305: 7303: 7288: 7284: 7273: 7269: 7258: 7249: 7241: 7234: 7225: 7223: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7201: 7199: 7189: 7185: 7174: 7165: 7150: 7146: 7135: 7131: 7120: 7113: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7084: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7055: 7048: 7037: 7030: 7019: 7015: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6976: 6972: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6937:on May 12, 2009 6929: 6928: 6924: 6913: 6909: 6898:"Jeep Blown Up" 6896: 6895: 6891: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863:Cesarani, David 6861: 6854: 6845: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6724: 6714: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6661: 6659: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6606: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6432: 6430: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6336: 6329: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6013: 6012: 6000: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5939:Wayback Machine 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5904: 5900: 5892:Weiler, Peter: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5865: 5864: 5847: 5838: 5834: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5785: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5750: 5748: 5730: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5686: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5627: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5578: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5551: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5504: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5451: 5449: 5441: 5440: 5425: 5412: 5410: 5400: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5311: 5303: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5162: 5160: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5084: 5068: 5059: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4973: 4969: 4952:Bell, Bowyer J. 4950: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4825: 4812: 4808: 4802:Wayback Machine 4793:Inquiry Report 4792: 4788: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4757: 4753: 4745:Ted Gottfried, 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4714: 4712: 4697: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567:Weiler, Peter: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4421:. I.B. Tauris. 4416: 4412: 4405: 4389: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4347:Wayback Machine 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4265: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4220: 4216: 4203: 4201: 4178: 4171: 4162: 4155: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4080: 4074:training camp. 3998: 3938: 3933: 3887:Ya'akov Meridor 3856: 3508:Eliezer Kashani 3375:Royal Air Force 3339:Alan Cunningham 3294: 3258:Plain of Sharon 3209:Royal Air Force 3068:, Matsuba, and 2973: 2910:were hanged in 2893: 2784: 2759: 2754: 2627: 2615:Stafford Cripps 2596:Harry S. Truman 2592:Ronald Campbell 2546:Royal Air Force 2498:State of Israel 2482: 2411:Alan Cunningham 2392: 2386: 2300: 2288:Harry S. Truman 2259: 2210: 2079:Eliezer Kashani 2058: 2040:were blown up. 1975: 1969: 1963:Bank in Haifa. 1907:Eliezer Kashani 1823: 1774:Operation Shark 1719:Alan Cunningham 1695: 1685: 1553:Royal Air Force 1417: 1376: 1370: 1226: 1141:Harry S. Truman 1029: 1015: 1009: 1004: 984:Royal Artillery 925:Kingdom of Iraq 835: 787: 755:Peel Commission 716: 711: 580: 575: 537:Hebron massacre 506: 501: 499: 497: 467: 462: 423:Operation Shark 389: 384: 382: 380: 345: 343: 338: 336: 324: 305: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 181: 179: 162:Royal Air Force 136: 87: 74: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9000: 8999: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8886: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8743: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8720: 8711: 8710: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8689:Red Sea crisis 8685: 8678: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8588: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8434:Mecca massacre 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8397: 8392: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8270:First Intifada 8267: 8255: 8253:1964 Hama riot 8250: 8248:Aden Emergency 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8223: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8079: 8074: 8072:Al-Waziri coup 8069: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7753: 7747: 7734: 7726: 7725:External links 7723: 7722: 7721: 7711: 7702:Menachem Begin 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7668: 7658: 7648: 7643:Yehuda Bauer, 7641: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7618: 7601: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7575: 7549: 7524: 7511: 7485: 7472: 7447: 7445:– 7 April 1948 7433: 7431:– 1 March 1948 7419: 7396: 7379: 7375:New York Times 7364: 7360:New York Times 7349: 7345:New York Times 7334: 7329:New York Times 7317: 7282: 7278:New York Times 7267: 7263:New York Times 7247: 7232: 7208: 7183: 7179:New York Times 7163: 7144: 7140:New York Times 7129: 7125:New York Times 7111: 7096: 7082: 7064: 7060:New York Times 7046: 7042:New York Times 7028: 7024:New York Times 7013: 7009:New York Times 6998: 6991: 6970: 6948: 6922: 6907: 6889: 6871: 6852: 6827: 6809: 6791: 6773: 6755: 6722: 6708: 6690: 6672: 6639: 6625: 6620:Marton, Kati: 6613: 6600: 6586: 6561: 6552: 6549:on 2011-05-19. 6534: 6509: 6484: 6452: 6443: 6423:Palmach Museum 6410: 6396: 6389:Yehuda Lapidot 6381: 6369: 6334: 6327: 6319:Free Jerusalem 6309: 6302: 6282: 6274: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6129: 6110: 6101: 6088: 6079: 6063: 6054: 6052:, p. 254. 6042: 6027: 5998: 5980:Collins, Larry 5971: 5962: 5952:22/1/48 p. 4, 5942: 5923: 5911: 5898: 5885: 5876: 5871:New York Times 5845: 5832: 5814: 5810:anti-Semitism. 5774: 5757: 5724: 5703: 5684: 5659: 5647:palmach.org.il 5634: 5610: 5585: 5560: 5536: 5511: 5482: 5458: 5423: 5398: 5368: 5344: 5320: 5291: 5279:palmach.org.il 5266: 5254: 5239: 5227: 5207: 5194: 5181: 5169: 5145: 5133:palmach.org.il 5120: 5082: 5057: 5032: 5008: 4996: 4982: 4967: 4863: 4850: 4846:New York Times 4838: 4823: 4813:Y. Bauer, Out 4806: 4786: 4783:on 2008-02-13. 4768: 4751: 4738: 4736:3/8/1946 p. 4. 4726: 4691: 4688:. 7 June 2017. 4673: 4662:Foreign Policy 4648: 4635: 4611: 4598: 4585: 4573: 4560: 4547: 4508: 4496: 4468: 4455: 4443: 4437:"Stern Gang", 4430: 4410: 4403: 4383: 4366: 4358:Shabtai Teveth 4350: 4332: 4319: 4308: 4293: 4279: 4254: 4239: 4214: 4169: 4153: 4137: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4048:Nelson Mandela 3997: 3994: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3901: 3894: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3823: 3811: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3778: 3767: 3764: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3676: 3661:Avshalom Haviv 3653: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3587:Clement Attlee 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3563: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3534: 3527:Meir Feinstein 3523: 3500:Yehiel Dresner 3492: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3454: 3435:April 2 – The 3433: 3426: 3419: 3404:Schneller Camp 3400: 3397: 3390: 3367: 3364: 3357: 3342: 3331: 3324: 3313: 3306: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3283:December 29 – 3281: 3278: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3254: 3250:Knesset Israel 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3185:Yitzhak Shamir 3177: 3174: 3163: 3156: 3137: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3097: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3073: 3058: 3051: 3039: 3035: 3020: 3013: 3010: 2995: 2988: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2940: 2925: 2920:October – The 2918: 2915: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2861: 2858: 2847: 2844: 2833:Amichai Paglin 2829: 2826: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2626: 2623: 2575:United Nations 2490:United Nations 2481: 2478: 2404:February 1948. 2385: 2382: 2332:United Nations 2308:United Nations 2299: 2296: 2258: 2255: 2227:United Nations 2209: 2206: 2145:Avshalom Haviv 2091:Moshe Barazani 2087:Meir Feinstein 2071:Yehiel Dresner 2063:Hadar HaCarmel 2057: 2054: 2020:Civil services 1968: 1965: 1926:building with 1919:Kiryat Motzkin 1899:Yehiel Dresner 1853:Meir Feinstein 1831:Empire Heywood 1822: 1819: 1782:Yitzhak Shamir 1684: 1681: 1615:Amichai Paglin 1477:United Nations 1433:Chaim Weizmann 1416: 1413: 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1362:Eliyahu Golomb 1245:Menachem Begin 1225: 1222: 1185:Clement Attlee 1138:U.S. President 1089:naval blockade 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 980:Jewish Brigade 834: 831: 786: 783: 732:Nuremberg Laws 715: 712: 710: 707: 670:United Nations 577: 576: 574: 573: 568: 567: 566: 556: 551: 546: 541: 540: 539: 529: 524: 523: 522: 511: 508: 507: 496: 495: 488: 481: 473: 464: 463: 461: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 394: 391: 390: 379: 378: 371: 364: 356: 348: 347: 340: 332: 331: 327: 326: 322: 321: 320:: 3,000 troops 310: 302:British Police 298: 297: 293: 292: 290:Yisrael Galili 274:Yitzhak Shamir 270:Amichai Paglin 266:Menachem Begin 263: 235: 234: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 215: 204: 198: 176: 175: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 145:United Kingdom 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 110: 108:United Nations 104: 93: 89: 88: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 63: 62: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9157: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 8997: 8996: 8985: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8734: 8729: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8706: 8704: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8642:Yemeni crisis 8640: 8638: 8637: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8389:Iran–Iraq War 8386: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8340:NDF Rebellion 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7913:United States 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7661:Arieh Kochavi 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7579: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7538: 7537:The Telegraph 7534: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7501:on 2012-10-05 7500: 7496: 7489: 7483:, pp. 151–152 7482: 7476: 7462:on 2011-05-19 7461: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7314: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7222: 7221:www.thejc.com 7218: 7212: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7151:Donald Neff, 7148: 7141: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7092: 7086: 7078: 7077:The Telegraph 7074: 7068: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7040: 7035: 7033: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7010: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6842:on 2008-07-27 6841: 6837: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6787: 6786:Reading Eagle 6783: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6719: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6576:on 2005-04-03 6575: 6571: 6565: 6559:Silver, p. 64 6556: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6524:on 2014-02-02 6523: 6519: 6513: 6499:on 2013-09-25 6498: 6494: 6493:"THE GALLOWS" 6488: 6474:on 2023-05-02 6473: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6447: 6440: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6330: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6286: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6147:on 2018-04-14 6146: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6083: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6040:, p. 87. 6039: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5989:O! Jerusalem! 5985: 5981: 5975: 5966: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5771:. Yad Vashem. 5767: 5766:"Exodus 1947" 5761: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5713: 5712:"Exodus 1947" 5707: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5501:on 2013-09-25 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4558:, pp. 419–422 4557: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4486:on 2020-10-26 4485: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958:Arab Emirates 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3848: 3847:Damascus Gate 3844: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3655:July 29–31 – 3654: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3531:Moshe Barzani 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3479:Theodor Herzl 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3416:Rishon LeZion 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Rishon LeZion 3368: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3310:Rishon LeZion 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3094:Jewish Agency 3091: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060:June 16–17 – 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979:January 20 – 2978: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942:November 1 – 2941: 2938: 2934: 2933:Yitzhak Rabin 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2908:Eliyahu Hakim 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Eliyahu Hakim 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680:Jewish Others 2679: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:Aneurin Bevan 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:Holy War Army 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2283:U.S. Congress 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2205: 2202: 2201:Rishon LeZion 2196: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2038:Be'er Ya'akov 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1979: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:flamethrowers 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1894:Rishon LeZion 1891: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1839:Desmond Doran 1836: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810:Bergen Belsen 1805: 1800: 1798: 1797:Evelyn Barker 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1727:Black Sabbath 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1632:James Cassels 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1426: 1421: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100:In 1945, the 1098: 1095: 1094:Royal Marines 1090: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Kielce Pogrom 1014: 999: 997: 996:German forces 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 973: 972:the Holocaust 969: 964: 958: 955: 950: 947: 946: 941: 937: 933: 932:Avraham Stern 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 852:Allied forces 849: 845: 840: 830: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 799: 797: 793: 792:Jewish Agency 782: 779: 774: 772: 768: 763: 760: 756: 752: 748: 739: 735: 733: 729: 728:European Jews 725: 721: 706: 704: 700: 696: 690: 688: 684: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 641: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582:A successful 572: 569: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 528: 525: 521: 518: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 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Retrieved 4185: 4164: 4148: 4132: 4127: 4067: 4056:South Africa 4041: 4005: 4004:documentary 3999: 3939: 3891:Pardes Hanna 3583:letter bombs 3485: 3478: 3458:Empire Rival 3457: 3438:Ocean Vigour 3436: 3361:Mount Carmel 3335:chloroformed 3249: 3160:Empire Rival 3159: 3149:Empire Rival 3148: 3139:August 22 – 3023: 2985:Mount Carmel 2771:Ralph Cairns 2766:post office. 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2705: 2689: 2673: 2657: 2628: 2619: 2604: 2601: 2583:Ernest Bevin 2578: 2567: 2555: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2513: 2502: 2483: 2474: 2467: 2450:Rosh HaNikra 2447: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2393: 2361: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2328:Ernest Bevin 2325: 2316: 2312: 2301: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2244: 2224: 2211: 2197: 2185: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2153:Yaakov Weiss 2141: 2134: 2118: 2095: 2059: 2042: 2031:camp at the 2025: 2016:Sharon plain 2004: 2000:Pardes Hanna 1992: 1984: 1953: 1945: 1883: 1879: 1830: 1827:Empire Rival 1826: 1824: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1794: 1771: 1748: 1736: 1726: 1711: 1648: 1639:Birya affair 1636: 1587: 1557:Mount Carmel 1536: 1532: 1469:Ernest Bevin 1466: 1442: 1429: 1405:Labour Party 1397: 1393: 1377: 1358: 1347: 1335: 1321:Western Wall 1314: 1294: 1287: 1274: 1262: 1242: 1238: 1202:Ernest Bevin 1196: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1135: 1123: 1099: 1085: 1065: 1057: 1049:Ernest Bevin 1030: 994:against the 977: 959: 951: 943: 929: 921:David Raziel 914: 894: 875: 867:British Army 856: 836: 827:Fifth Aliyah 824: 815: 810:movement in 800: 788: 775: 764: 744: 730:. After the 717: 691: 642: 612: 604:World War II 587: 584:paramilitary 581: 558: 403:Birya affair 383: 312: 209:(1945–1946) 186: 178: 152:British Army 143: 135: 130:Belligerents 95: 40:Part of the 29: 8794:Jaffa riots 8703:World War I 8161:Suez Crisis 8108:Suez Crisis 7837:Arab Revolt 7819:World War I 7651:Zeev Hadari 6570:"אתר האצ"ל" 6141:"IAF v RAF" 6050:Gold (1998) 5649:(in Hebrew) 5281:(in Hebrew) 5135:(in Hebrew) 4104:Suez Crisis 4064:Afghanistan 4022:Algeria War 3990:Transjordan 3820:Petah Tikva 3771:Beit Yaakov 3616:Petah Tikva 3559:Acre Prison 3350:martial law 3235:constables. 3145:limpet mine 3109:Transjordan 3070:Bet HaArava 3066:Kfar Giladi 3032:Bracha Fuld 2999:Kfar Vitkin 2992:Tegart fort 2952:Eitan Livni 2821:officer in 2516:Arab Legion 2484:As all the 2476:collapsed. 2365:British Raj 2129:Acre Prison 2083:Acre Prison 1987:martial law 1936:car bombing 1923:Kiryat Haim 1844:Petah Tikva 1778:Shmuel Katz 1677:Kfar Giladi 1664:Transjordan 1611:Eitan Livni 1598:Kfar Sirkin 1583:Kfar Vitkin 1522:January 5. 1310:Petah Tikva 1302:Givat Shaul 1218:media event 1197:Exodus 1947 1072:Abba Kovner 1045:Hugh Dalton 1031:During the 917:Middle East 646:Baron Moyne 638:Revisionist 608:Axis powers 549:Arab Revolt 527:Jaffa riots 337:475 wounded 278:Eitan Livni 203:(1944–1948) 197:(1944–1948) 9009:Categories 8849:The Saison 8810:Black Hand 8755:Background 7714:Trygve Lie 7707:The Revolt 7543:2024-06-13 7505:2011-03-27 7466:2011-03-27 7226:2022-09-16 7202:2022-09-16 6915:Segev, Tom 6846:2011-03-27 6580:2008-03-03 6528:2014-01-27 6503:2011-11-27 6478:2010-04-01 6151:2010-11-09 5954:Trygve Lie 5751:2015-09-26 5718:2015-09-26 5678:2020-08-21 5653:2020-08-21 5643:"Subjects" 5628:2020-08-21 5604:2020-08-21 5579:2020-08-21 5554:2020-08-21 5530:2020-08-21 5505:2020-08-21 5476:2020-08-21 5452:2020-08-21 5413:2023-12-17 5362:2020-08-21 5338:2020-08-21 5314:2020-08-21 5285:2020-08-21 5275:"Subjects" 5201:M. Begin, 5163:2020-08-21 5139:2020-08-21 5129:"Subjects" 5051:2020-08-21 5026:2020-08-21 4667:2024-01-05 4629:2024-06-15 4490:2014-01-26 4233:2024-07-02 4204:2020-03-12 4115:References 4068:The Revolt 4043:The Revolt 3942:Suez Canal 3924:Roy Farran 3836:policemen. 3713:Mount Zion 3647:booby trap 3567:Roy Farran 3496:Dov Gruner 3253:policemen. 3130:Royal Navy 3099:July 22 – 3088:June 29 – 3048:Dov Gruner 2873:Lord Moyne 2853:street in 2625:Casualties 2433:commander 2388:See also: 2286:President 2149:Meir Nakar 2137:Roy Farran 2067:Dov Gruner 1971:See also: 1957:Ein Shemer 1948:Dov Gruner 1842:fire near 1821:Resurgence 1687:See also: 1672:Nahal Kziv 1624:Dov Gruner 1575:Shefa-'Amr 1549:Givat Olga 1499:Givat Haim 1374:The Saison 1350:Lord Moyne 1339:the Saison 1326:Yom Kippur 1061:Aliyah Bet 1017:See also: 1013:Aliyah Bet 963:Royal Navy 878:Nashashibi 709:Background 635:right-wing 564:the Saison 344:7 executed 342:55+ killed 335:141 killed 286:Moshe Sneh 157:Royal Navy 7428:The Times 6250:The Times 6238:The Times 6201:The Times 6189:The Times 6177:The Times 6165:The Times 6016:cite book 5950:The Times 5907:The Times 5805:1715-5673 5746:0362-4331 5408:226762555 4734:The Times 4607:"Beriḥah" 4542:0306-3968 4250:. p. 12. 4194:0009-5982 4120:Citations 3913:Menashiya 3828:Beersheba 3761:Jerusalem 3702:Kfar Saba 3562:captured. 3466:Port Said 3216:Jerusalem 3192:Ramat Gan 3043:Ramat Gan 2855:Jerusalem 2823:Ramat Gan 2789:Jerusalem 2764:Jerusalem 2348:The Times 2235:civil war 2012:Givatayim 2008:Bnei Brak 1619:Ramat Gan 1492:and near 1389:kibbutzim 1266:Ramat Gan 968:Mauritius 945:judenrein 886:supported 751:Earl Peel 678:civil war 627:rebellion 112:Start of 8936:British 8516:Iraq War 7759:Archived 7741:Archived 7568:30 March 7306:12 March 7300:Archived 7197:Ynetnews 6981:(1979). 6917:(2001). 6662:12 March 6433:12 March 6427:Archived 6393:Besieged 6216:, p. 114 6077:, p. 179 5986:(1972). 5935:Archived 5932:yale.edu 5896:, p. 172 4958:(1976), 4798:Archived 4795:yale.edu 4715:12 March 4709:Archived 4571:, p. 170 4364:, p. 200 4360:, 1985, 4343:Archived 4198:Archived 4078:See also 4072:Al-Qaeda 4016:and the 3976:and the 3816:Yehudiya 3775:Tel Aviv 3773:outside 3757:Tel Aviv 3749:Ra'anana 3673:Tel Aviv 3602:Herzliya 3597:wounded. 3553:May 4 – 3516:Tel Aviv 3486:Guardian 3303:Tiberias 3199:Tel Aviv 3181:Tel Aviv 3116:Tel Aviv 3017:Sarafand 3003:Shfar'am 2964:Tel Aviv 2793:Tel Aviv 2752:Timeline 2579:de facto 2157:Herzliya 1961:Barclays 1602:Sarafand 1568:camp in 1507:Shefayim 1494:Herzliya 1485:Barclays 1481:Tel Aviv 1283:Ramallah 1278:Yavne'el 808:HeHalutz 685:and the 619:militias 296:Strength 99:victory 80:Location 44:and the 7908:Revolts 7710:, 1951. 6468:"ETZEL" 6228:23/1/49 5357:Haaretz 4749:, p. 25 4686:Haaretz 4286:8 March 4020:in the 4012:in the 3962:Bahrain 3931:Effects 3917:Bat Yam 3874:Rehovot 3681:Rehavia 3665:Netanya 3640:Netanya 3633:Raanana 3609:Netanya 3542:Rehovot 3512:Netanya 3451:Palmach 3423:Rehovot 3262:Samaria 3260:and in 3024:Wingate 3007:Sharona 2981:Palmach 2948:Haganah 2937:Palmach 2851:Mamilla 2648:British 2640:Wounded 2462:Palmach 2443:Rehovot 2220:Raanana 2050:Rehovot 1911:Rehovot 1890:Netanya 1848:Netanya 1656:Lebanon 1607:Bat Yam 1594:Qastina 1511:Rishpon 1380:Palmach 1319:at the 1214:Hamburg 1210:Germany 1107:Palmach 1070:led by 1023:Brichah 1002:History 934:formed 846:to the 615:Haganah 592:Zionist 318:Palmach 213:Palmach 207:Haganah 97:Zionist 8971:Nazism 8876:Actors 7684:(2010) 7616: 6989: 6611:(1981) 6325: 6300: 6272: 6099:(2008) 6008:319751 6006: 5996: 5803: 5744: 5406: 5396: 5222: 5118:(2015) 5077: 4962: 4646:(2010) 4540: 4425: 4401: 4381:(2013) 4277: 4192: 4058:. 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