2502:
Bedouin (in the South) who serve in the army, although this variety can still be called codeswitching, and does not involve any significant structural change deviating from the non-Hebrew influenced norm. For the most part among all
Christian and Muslim Arabs in Israel, the impact of Hebrew contact on Palestinian Arabic is limited to borrowing of nouns, mostly for specialist vocabulary, plus a few discourse markers. However, this does not apply to the Arabic spoken by the Israeli Druze, which has been documented as manifesting much more intense contact effects, including the mixture of Arabic and Hebrew words within syntactic clauses, such as the use of a Hebrew preposition for an Arabic element and vice versa, and the adherence to gender and number agreement between Arabic and Hebrew elements (i.e. a Hebrew possessive adjective must agree with the gender of the Arabic noun it describes). While Hebrew definite articles can only be used for Hebrew nouns, Arabic definite articles are used for Hebrew nouns and are, in fact, the most common DP structure.
795:
66:
2686:
3661:
409:
5390:
3757:
6551:
25:
1123:, which indicates their arrival to the region is relatively recent. The Palestinian resident Negev Bedouins, who are present around Hebron and Jerusalem have a specific vocabulary, they maintain the interdental consonants, they do not use the ش- negative suffix, they always realise ك /k/ as and ق /q/ as , and distinguish plural masculine from plural feminine pronouns, but with different forms as the rural speakers.
766:(with systematic imala of /a:/) tends to show that a first layer of Arabization of urban upper classes could have led to what is now urban Levantine. Then, the main phenomenon could have been the slow countryside shift of Aramaic-speaking villages to Arabic under the influence of Arabized elites, leading to the emergence of the rural Palestinian dialects. This scenario is consistent with several facts.
128:
1037:') variety is retaining the interdental consonants, and is closely related with rural dialects in the outer southern Levant and in Lebanon. They keep the distinction between masculine and feminine plural pronouns, e.g. انتو is 'you' (masc.) while انتن is 'you' (fem.), and همه is 'they' (masc.) while هنه is 'they' (fem.). The three rural groups in the region are the following:
873:
perfect, with imperfect 1st person singular بوكل /boːkel/ (with the indicative b- prefix.) Thus, in the
Galilee and Northern West Bank, the colloquial for the verbal expression, "I am eating" or "I eat" is commonly / , rather than used in the Western Syrian dialect. Note however that or even are used in the South of Palestine.
1198:
that comes with urbanisation make people feel more free to choose the way they speak than before, and in the same way as some will use typical
Egyptian or Lebanese features as for , others may use typical rural features such as the rural realisation of ق as a pride reaction against the stigmatisation of this pronunciation.
2178:
In
Classical Arabic, the indirect object was marked with the particle /li-/ ('for', 'to'). For instance 'I said to him' was قلت له and 'I wrote to her' was كتبت لها . In Palestinian Arabic, the Indirect Object marker is still based on the consonant /l/, but with more complex rules, and two different
1041:
North
Galilean rural dialect – does not feature the k > tʃ palatalisation, and many of them have kept the realisation of ق (e.g. Maghār, Tirat Carmel). In the very north, they announce dialect thats is more closely to the Northern Levantine dialects with n-ending pronouns such as كن- 'you', هن-
907:
Besides common
Levantine هلق 'now', Central Rural dialects around Jerusalem and Ramallah use هالقيت (although is used in some cities such as Tulkarm, Hebron, and Nablus alongside هلق (both from هالوقت /halwaqt/ ) and northern Palestinians use إسا , إساع , and هسة (from الساعة/ɪs:ɑ:ʕɑ/). Peasants
868:
The conjugation of the imperfect 1st and 3rd person masculine has different prefix vowels. Palestinians say بَكتب 'I write' بَشوف 'I see' where
Lebanese and Syrians say بِكتب and بْشوف . In the 3rd person masculine, Palestinians say بِكتب 'He writes' where Lebanese and Western Syrians say بيَكتب
2496:
Interpretations of "Arabrew" are often colored by non-linguistic political and cultural factors, but how contact with Hebrew is realized has been studied, and has been described in linguistic terms and in terms of how it varies. "Arabrew" as spoken by
Palestinians and more generally Arab citizens
1197:
The Rural description given above is moving nowadays with two opposite trends. On the one hand, urbanisation gives a strong influence power to urban dialects. As a result, villagers may adopt them at least in part, and Beduin maintain a two-dialect practice. On the other hand, the individualisation
757:
Arabians took control of the area, so as to maintain their regular activity, the upper classes had to quickly become fluent in the language of the new rulers who most probably were only few. The prevalence of
Northern Levantine features in the urban dialects until the early 20th century, as well as
883:
of verbs and prepositional pseudo-verbs, Palestinian, like
Egyptian, typically suffixes ش on top of using the preverb negation /ma/, e.g. 'I don't write' is مابكتبش in Palestinian, but مابكتب in Northern Levantine (although some areas in southern Lebanon utilise the ش suffix). However, unlike
1193:
On the urban dialects side, the current trend is to have urban dialects getting closer to their rural neighbours, thus introducing some variability among cities in the Levant. For instance, Jerusalem used to say as Damascus ("we") and ("they") at the beginning of the 20th century, and this has
872:
Hamza-initial verbs commonly have an prefix sound in the imperfect in Palestinian. For example, Classical Arabic has اكل /akala/ 'to eat' in the perfect tense, and آكل /aːkulu/ with sound in the first person singular imperfect. The common equivalent in Palestinian Arabic is اكل /akal/ in the
2501:
without much structural effect While the codeswitching by the majority of Arab or Palestinian citizens of Israel who are Christian or Muslim from the North or the Triangle is described as limited, more intense codeswitching is seen among Arabs who live in Jewish-majority settlements as well as
887:
In vocabulary, Palestinian is closer to Lebanese than to Western Syrian, e.g. 'is not' is مش in both Lebanese and Palestinian (although in a few villages مهوش and مهيش , which are found in Maltese and North African dialects, are used) while it is مو in Syrian; 'How?' is كيف in Lebanese and
553:
The Arabic dialects spoken in Palestine Transjordan are not one more or less a homogeneous linguistic unit, but rather a wide diversity of dialects belonging to various typologically diverse groupings due to geographical, historical, and socioeconomic circumstances. In two dialect comparison
860:
of /a:/ than the Palestinian dialects are. For instance شتا 'winter' is in Palestinian but in Lebanese and Western Syrian. Some Palestinian dialects ignore imala totally (e.g. Gaza). Those dialects that prominently demonstrate imāla of /a:/ (e.g. Nablus) are distinct among Palestinian
864:
In morphology, the plural personal pronouns are إحنا 'we', همه also hunne 'they', كم- 'you', هم- هني 'them' in Palestinian, while they are in Syria/Lebanon نحنا 'we', هنه 'they', كن- 'you', هن- 'them'. The variants كو 'you', ـهن 'them', and هنه 'they' are used in Northern
1073:
line) has k > tʃ only in presence of front vowels (ديك 'rooster' is in the singular but the plural ديوك 'roosters' is because u prevents /k/ from changing to ). In this dialect ق is not pronounced as but instead as . This dialect is actually very similar to northern Jordanian
770:
The rural forms can be correlated with features also observed in the few Syrian villages where use of Aramaic has been retained up to this day. Palatalisation of /k/ (but of /t/ too), pronunciation of /q/ for instance. Note that the first also exists in
849:
Phonetically, Palestinian dialects differ from Lebanese regarding the classical diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/, which have simplified to and in Palestinian dialects as in Western Syrian, while in Lebanese they have retained a diphthongal pronunciation: and
1050:/k/ i.e. 'kaf' (e.g. قمح 'wheat' as ). This k > tʃ sound change is not conditioned by the surrounding sounds in Central Palestinian. This combination is unique in the whole Arab world, but could be related to the 'qof' transition to 'kof' in the
1943:
The words used in Palestinian to express the basic verbs 'to want', 'to have', 'there is/are' are called prepositional pseudo verbs because they share all the features of verbs but are constructed with a preposition and a suffix pronoun.
1024:
qaf as . The urban dialects also ignore the difference between masculine and feminine in the plural pronouns انتو is both 'you' (masc. plur.) and 'you' (fem. plur.), and is both 'they' (masc.) and 'they' (fem.)
2238:
Palestinian Arabic has a regressive vowel harmony for these present tense conjugations: if the verb stem's main vowel is /u/, then the vowel in the prefix is also /u/, else the vowel is /i/. This is compared with
2577:
Latin left words in Levantine Arabic, not only those as قصر < castrum 'castle' or قلم < calamus which are also known in MSA, but also words such as طاولة < tabula 'table', which are known in the Arab
2169:
Note that it is tempting to consider the long in مين 'who?' as an influence of ancient Hebrew מי on Classical Arabic من , but it could be as well an analogy with the long vowels of the other interrogatives.
5909:
853:
Palestinian dialects differ from Western Syrian as far as short stressed /i/ and /u/ are concerned: in Palestinian they keep a more or less open and pronunciation, and are not neutralised to as in Syrian.
3570:
5731:
1930:
below) may be used for this. However, some words are not transparent mappings from MSA, and deserve a description. This is due either to meaning changes in Arabic along the centuries – while MSA keeps the
3385:
J. Blau, "Syntax des palästinensischen Bauerndialektes von Bir-Zet: auf Grund der Volkserzahlungen aus Palastina von Hans Schmidt und Paul kahle". Walldorf-Hessen: Verlag fur Orientkunde H. Vorndran 1960.
1045:
Central rural Palestinian (From Nazareth to Bethlehem, including Jaffa countryside) exhibits a very distinctive feature with pronunciation of ك 'kaf' as 'tshaf' (e.g. كفية 'keffieh' as ) and ق 'qaf' as
2974:
Arabic manual: a colloquia handbook in the Syrian dialect, for the use of visitors to Syria and Palestine, containing a simplified grammar, a comprehensive English and Arabic vocabulary and dialogues
6217:
5939:
6241:
806:, form a group of dialects of Arabic. Arabic manuals for the "Syrian dialect" were produced in the early 20th century, and in 1909 a specific "Palestinean Arabic" manual was published.
2530:
is regionally used in the sense of shrivelled olive. The Hebrew Bible uses it to refer to a grain (berry), while Mishnaic Hebrew used it to refer to both berries and shriveled olives.
2179:
vocal patterns. The basic form before pronouns is a clitic , that always bears the stress, and to which person pronouns are suffixed. The basic form before nouns is . For instance
5962:
3591:
782:
The less-evolutive urban forms can be explained by a limitation owed to the contacts urban trader classes had to maintain with Arabic speakers of other towns in Syria or Egypt.
876:
The conjugation of the imperative is different too. 'Write!' is اكتب in Palestinian, but كتوب , with different stress and vowel and length, in Lebanese and Western Syrian.
6152:
5716:
1918:
As Palestinian Arabic originated in the heartland of the Semitic languages, it has kept many regular Semitic words. For this reason, it is simple to speculate how
6285:
1178:
5736:
1194:
moved to the more rural and nowadays. This trend was probably initiated by the partition of the Levant of several states in the course of the 20th century.
6270:
6030:
5967:
1115:
use a dialect closely related to those spoken in the Hijaz, and in the Sinai. Unlike them, the Bedouins of Galilee speak a dialect related to those of the
5764:
5758:
2403:
2406:, there is an adoption of words from Hebrew in Arabic spoken in Israel where alternative native terms exist. According to linguist Mohammed Omara, of
174:
5769:
5563:
3499:
H. Schmidt & P. E. Kahle, "Volkserzählungen aus Palaestina, gesammelt bei den Bauern von Bir-Zet". Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1918.
1018:
is kept as . The Druzes have a dialect that may be classified with the Urban ones, with the difference that they keep the uvular pronunciation of
2466:
in Israel as "the b'seder Arabs" because of their adoption of the Hebrew word בְּסֵדֶר for 'O.K.', (while Arabic is ماشي ). However words like
738:
dialects would both have been thought of as “Aramaic”, and almost certainly have been mutually comprehensible. Additionally, occasional Arabic
6290:
5746:
3322:
1935:
meanings – or to the adoption of non-Arabic words (see below). Note that this section focuses on Urban Palestinian unless otherwise specified.
3486:
Eastern Arabic-English, English-Eastern Arabic: dictionary and phrasebook for the spoken Arabic of Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine/Israel and Syria
5799:
2372:
successors, have either developed vocabularies, or borrowed them from the many languages they have been in contact with throughout history.
6577:
5995:
5726:
5536:
2548:. For instance there are mountains known as جبل الطور where طور is just the Aramaic טור for 'mountain', as well as agricultural terms.
6237:
6143:
5949:
3024:
948:. This fact, that makes the urban dialects of the Levant remarkably homogeneous, is probably due to the trading network among cities in
809:
The Palestinian Arabic dialects are varieties of Levantine Arabic because they display the following characteristic Levantine features:
6048:
5711:
5426:
3598:
2402: ("we did it!" – used as sports cheer) which has no real equivalent in Arabic. According to sociolinguist David Mendelson from
3795:
2545:
2365:
929:
634:
6295:
6005:
5972:
5861:
2652:
3051:
5804:
5578:
5531:
3921:
3560:
6432:
6222:
6185:
5831:
3846:
940:
The Urban ('madani') dialects resemble closely northern Levantine Arabic dialects, that is, the colloquial variants of western
6190:
5646:
3928:
3549:
3173:
3122:
3034:
2830:
845:, are stronger in non-urban dialects. The main differences between Palestinian and northern Levantine Arabic are as follows:
6322:
6300:
6173:
5929:
6087:
1954:
To want is formed with bɪdd + suffix pronouns and to have is formed with ʕɪnd + suffix pronouns. In the imperfect they are
6148:
6025:
5866:
5676:
1698:
1677:
439:
38:
911:
Some rural Palestinians use بقى (meaning 'remained' in MSA) as a verb to be alongside the standard كان ([ka:na in MSA)
6252:
6015:
5809:
4389:
3168:. In Kees Versteegh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. II: Leiden: Brill. pp. 526–538.
6275:
6020:
5987:
5977:
5501:
3524:
3493:
3464:
3425:
3372:
3061:
2085:
The main Palestinian interrogative pronouns (with their Modern Standard Arabic counterparts) are the following ones.
204:
109:
87:
52:
3197:
Abu-Salim, Issam. 1987. Vowel Harmony in Palestinian Arabic: A Metrical Perspective. Journal of Linguistics 23:1-24.
80:
6280:
6232:
6168:
6114:
5957:
5555:
2817:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9041. Springer, Cham. (published April 14–20, 2015). pp. 3, 6.
2243:(which can be seen as representative of other Arabic dialects), where the vowel in the prefix is consistently /a/.
1521:
1376:
779:, but is limited to palatal contexts (/k/ followed by i or a). Moreover, those Eastern dialects have or for /q/ .
3188:
Kenstowicz, Michael. 1981. Vowel Harmony in Palestinian Arabic: A Suprasegmental Analysis. Linguistics 19:449-465.
6582:
6102:
5934:
5876:
5789:
5036:
3933:
1842:
1837:
1489:
429:
333:
888:
Palestinian while it is شلون in Syrian (though كيف is also used) . However, Palestinian also shares items with
6082:
5821:
5419:
4563:
3829:
1539:
6247:
5794:
5472:
5011:
3788:
1592:
1448:
646:
3380:
Studies in North Palestinian Arabic: linguistic inquiries among the Druzes of Western Galilee and Mt. Carmel
2567:
Suffix -ji denoting a profession eg. kahwaji (café waiter) from Turkish kahveci. And sufraji, sabonji, etc.
6587:
6491:
6317:
6227:
6037:
5891:
5871:
5784:
5623:
4328:
3879:
1856:
1851:
1507:
2749:
Palva, H. (1984). "A general classification for the Arabic dialects spoken in Palestine and Transjordan".
1906:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
794:
5816:
5568:
5506:
3633:
3213:
1809:
1804:
1610:
1546:
785:
The Negev Bedouin dialect shares a number of features with Bedouin Hejazi dialects (unlike Urban Hejazi).
6486:
3102:
2699:
892:, e.g. 'like' (prep.) is زي in Palestinian in addition to مثل , as found in Syrian and Lebanese Arabic.
884:
Egyptian, Palestinian allows for ش without the preverb negation /ma/ in the present tense, e.g. بكتبش .
6178:
4972:
4451:
3621:
1877:
1872:
1691:
1532:
1498:
1361:
1173:
Today it is nearly extinct, with only 5 speakers remaining in the Galilee. It contained influence from
650:
642:
6397:
6092:
6077:
5721:
5412:
4725:
4715:
4692:
3761:
3584:
3418:
The olive tree dictionary: a transliterated dictionary of conversational Eastern Arabic (Palestinian)
2907:
2647:
1578:
953:
735:
638:
598:
284:
2685:
6417:
6000:
5633:
5600:
5393:
5301:
4783:
3781:
3737:
3650:
3638:
2541:
1823:
1818:
153:
74:
2893:
2869:
577:
Palestinian dialects contain layers of languages spoken in earlier times in the region, including
6402:
6377:
6352:
6327:
6311:
6163:
5573:
5516:
4548:
4491:
3894:
2724:
2463:
2386:
2212:
1603:
1564:
1434:
1416:
1384:
44:
4850:
6481:
6439:
6412:
6392:
6202:
6067:
5853:
5826:
5662:
4656:
4616:
4541:
4536:
4300:
3836:
3709:
3675:
1919:
997:
813:
A conservative stress pattern, closer to Classical Arabic than anywhere else in the Arab world.
754:
555:
418:
299:
170:
91:
6496:
6427:
6422:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
5641:
5382:
5215:
5167:
4977:
4959:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4749:
4484:
4456:
4446:
4250:
3874:
3043:
2224:
2077:(الذي، التي، اللذان، اللتان، الذين and اللاتي) have been simplified to a single form إللي .
1663:
1635:
1465:
1320:
1302:
1174:
1155:
802:
The dialects spoken by the Arabs of the Levant – the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean – or
633:
Prior to their adoption of the Arabic language from the seventh century onwards, most of the
482:
466:
274:
837:
The noticeable differences between southern and northern forms of Levantine Arabic, such as
6407:
6387:
6382:
6344:
6305:
6212:
6120:
6072:
6053:
5694:
5605:
5511:
5477:
5452:
5444:
5118:
4878:
4798:
4278:
1455:
1250:
571:
547:
3919:
1158:
dialect mixed with Palestinian Arabic. It peaked at 10,000 speakers and thrived alongside
8:
6128:
6109:
5836:
5521:
5177:
4987:
4860:
4683:
4234:
4148:
4085:
2622:
2407:
1483:
1478:
1347:
1182:
1167:
1051:
921:
673:
578:
562:. Further dialects can be distinguished within Palestine, such as spoken in the northern
4076:
2988:"Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village"
924:
spoken by a person depends on both the region of origin, and socio-economic class. The
904:
A frequent Palestinian إشي 'thing, something', as opposed to شي in Lebanon and Syria.
6517:
6464:
6207:
6010:
5754:
5435:
5345:
5031:
4947:
4744:
4408:
4394:
3554:
3336:
3316:
3281:
3233:
3128:
2955:
2889:
2836:
2642:
2617:
1899:
are heard as when following and preceding a pharyngealized consonant. The short vowel
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1230:
1108:
925:
880:
712:
618:
613:. As a result of the early modern period, Palestinian dialects were also influenced by
539:
535:
247:
233:
179:
4414:
4211:
4193:
3986:
3702:
3431:
Elias N. Haddad, "Manual of Palestinian Arabic". Jerusalem: Syrisches Weisenhaus 1909.
3388:
J. Cantineau, "Remarques sur les parlés de sédentaires syro-libano-palestiniens", in:
1909:
can be lowered to when in lax form, or within the position of a post-velar consonant.
387:
6550:
6474:
6158:
5092:
4765:
4705:
4468:
4360:
4271:
3914:
3538:
3520:
3489:
3460:
3421:
3368:
3304:
3285:
3237:
3169:
3132:
3118:
3057:
3030:
3005:
2959:
2881:
2826:
2791:
2601:
1745:, and is only heard in a few words as phonemic. In some rural dialects has replaced
1684:
1643:
1585:
1571:
1514:
1441:
1423:
1391:
1368:
1309:
1255:
1235:
1047:
731:
719:
709:
669:
621:. Since the founding of Israel in 1948, Palestinian dialects have been influenced by
523:
395:
279:
4845:
4375:
4202:
3479:
Eastern Arabic: an introduction to the spoken Arabic of Palestine, Syria and Lebanon
435:
6555:
6512:
6132:
5583:
5487:
5113:
4911:
4892:
4855:
4734:
4664:
4607:
4519:
4365:
4350:
4295:
4257:
3961:
3904:
3864:
3714:
3607:
3271:
3260:"The Matrix Language Turnover Hypothesis: The Case of the Druze Language in Israel"
3225:
3110:
2995:
2947:
2840:
2818:
2815:
Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing. Gelbukh, Alexander (Ed.)
2781:
2627:
2605:
2074:
1932:
1554:
1410:
1245:
1226:
1221:
1216:
803:
743:
697:
614:
602:
527:
460:
294:
5255:
4592:
6097:
5881:
5615:
5595:
5482:
5296:
5225:
5162:
5156:
5025:
4900:
4840:
4700:
4644:
4629:
4624:
4597:
4587:
4531:
4504:
4479:
4380:
4337:
4319:
3909:
3889:
3824:
3697:
3690:
2822:
2776:. The 4th International Conference on Arabic Computational Linguistics (ACLing).
2637:
2527:
2240:
1620:
1296:
1240:
1152:
1136:
889:
842:
715:. Its date is estimated between 79 and 120 CE, but no later than 150 CE at most.
658:
590:
586:
582:
351:
266:
2786:
2769:
5899:
5590:
5492:
5376:
5306:
5240:
5145:
4919:
4808:
4803:
4788:
4773:
4739:
4524:
3899:
3841:
3742:
3561:
Phonological change and variation in Palestinian Arabic as spoken inside Israel
3077:
2987:
2810:
2809:
Harrat, S.; Meftouh, K.; Abbas, M.; Jamoussi, S.; Saad, M.; Smaili, K. (2015).
2597:
1342:
1163:
1132:
606:
344:
3276:
3259:
3229:
3114:
2951:
2484: 'roadblock' have become a part of the general Palestinian vernacular.
753:
among the local population occurred most probably in several waves. After the
6571:
5338:
5333:
5319:
5265:
5200:
5182:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5016:
4835:
4830:
4815:
4778:
4639:
4634:
4558:
4514:
4370:
4344:
3869:
3856:
3685:
3680:
3214:"The mirage of 'Arabrew': Ideologies for understanding Arabic-Hebrew contact"
3009:
2885:
2795:
2632:
2498:
2209:
2205:
1786:
1147:
in Ottoman Palestine in Jerusalem and Galilee under the invitation of Sultan
1116:
949:
908:
in the southern West Bank also use هالحين or هالحينة (both from هذا الحين )
838:
727:
718:
The Nabataeans tended to adopt Aramaic as a written language as shown in the
622:
143:
3308:
3053:
Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science
2936:"How much can we know about language and literacy in Roman Judaea? A review"
1926:
list of basic words of Palestinian Arabic available on the Wiktionary (see
6522:
6062:
5467:
5311:
5270:
5210:
5190:
5150:
5063:
5058:
4825:
4820:
4710:
4433:
4419:
4123:
4033:
4006:
3643:
2673:
2489:
2369:
1402:
772:
531:
163:
5136:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4121:
4113:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4049:
4041:
4031:
4023:
4014:
4004:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3977:
789:
554:
studies, Palestinian Arabic was found to be the closest Arabic dialect to
371:
5462:
5205:
5135:
5097:
5041:
4793:
3954:
3563:", Dissertation Proposal by Uri Horesh, Philadelphia, December 12, 2003 (
3395:
R. L. Cleveland, "Notes on an Arabic Dialect of Southern Palestine", in:
2216:
1798:
1781:
1140:
1055:
932:, is recited in both the urban and rural dialects of Palestinian Arabic.
776:
750:
654:
4094:
4040:
4013:
3660:
3450:
Spoken Arabic for Foreigners. An Introduction to the Palestinian Dialect
3382:. Oriental notes and studies, no. 4. Jerusalem: Typ. Central Press 1953.
3000:
408:
6527:
5940:
United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority
5904:
5684:
5457:
4355:
4264:
4130:
2678:
2186:...اعطينا المكتوب لمدير البنك 'We gave the letter to the bank manager'
1864:
1791:
1148:
1144:
1112:
1000:, these interdental consonants are realised as dental sibilants, i.e.
897:
759:
693:
685:
559:
4220:
4166:
4157:
4112:
4105:
4058:
4051:
4022:
2073:
As in most forms of colloquial Arabic, the relative clause markers of
826:
A realisation of /q/ in the cities, and a realisation of /q/ by the
5689:
5260:
2725:"Arabic Language: Tracing its Roots, Development and Varied Dialects"
2462:
Palestinians in the Palestinian territories sometimes refer to their
1831:
1738:
is heard in the Bedouin dialects, and may also be heard as a uvular .
1070:
563:
380:
364:
4184:
3995:
2935:
1086:. In Southern rural Palestinian, the feminine ending often remains .
5404:
5245:
5235:
3938:
3576:
2390:
2232:
1059:
739:
705:
677:
447:
5910:
Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
5128:
3773:
3626:
3436:
A Practical Dictionary of the Standard Dialect Spoken in Palestine
928:, a form of women's oral literature inscribed to UNESCO's list of
857:
820:
6532:
6469:
5699:
5280:
3944:
3026:
Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa
1159:
1100:
1096:
945:
823:
of the feminine ending in front consonant context (names in -eh).
689:
688:
populations lived in alongside each other, as documented by the
594:
443:
2231:
are immune to rounding harmony, and vowels left of the stressed
1903:
as , can also be raised as in lax form within closed syllables.
1720:
are mainly heard in both the rural and Bedouin dialects. Sounds
1065:
Southern outer rural Levantine Arabic (to the south of an Isdud/
5195:
5123:
3819:
3804:
3519:. 2nd ed. University of British Columbia. LINCOM Europa, 2000 (
3503:
Seeger, Ulrich (2022). "Wörterbuch Palästinensisch – Deutsch".
2767:
2228:
2220:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1034:
972:, the simplification of interdentals as dentals plosives, i.e.
763:
567:
543:
289:
237:
5963:
Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
2768:
Kwaik, K.; Saad, M.; Chatzikyriakidis, S.; Dobnik, S. (2018).
915:
6456:
6138:
5779:
5774:
5704:
5526:
5275:
5230:
5220:
4139:
4067:
3949:
2700:"How to Reach your Audience with the Right Dialect of Arabic"
1104:
1079:
960:
941:
827:
723:
701:
681:
665:
610:
6333:
5250:
3404:
Grammatica di arabo palestinese: il dialetto di Gerusalemme
2870:"Hebrew and Aramaic Substrata in Spoken Palestinian Arabic"
1120:
969:
2808:
1755:
may de-pharyngealize as in certain phonetic environments.
657:
was used among the Hellenized elite and aristocracy, and
570:
area, which is similar to Arabic spoken by descendants of
446:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3564:
3411:
Dictionnaire de l’arabe parlé palestinien: français-arabe
2908:"A First/Second Century Arabic Inscription Of 'En 'Avdat"
2410:
some researchers call the Arabic spoken by Israeli Arabs
2219:, then the roundness spreads to other high vowels in the
798:
Manual of Palestinean Arabic, for self-instruction (1909)
692:
archive which dates to the second century. The earliest
790:
Differences compared to other Levantine Arabic dialects
2600:
was published in Palestinian Arabic in 1940, with the
1951:
is فيه in the imperfect, and كان فيه in the perfect.
1761:
can also be heard as velar among some rural dialects.
476:
3397:
Bulletin of the American Society of Oriental Research
3363:
P. Behnstedt, Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow,
2561:
Kundara (or qundara) for 'shoe' from Turkish kundura.
1913:
1107:. The Negev desert Bedouins, who are also present in
2476:
2467:
2394:
1095:
The Bedouins of Southern Levant use two different ('
952:, or to an older Arabic dialect layer closer to the
920:
As is very common in Arabic-speaking countries, the
830:, and more variants (including ) in the countryside.
742:
can be found in the Jewish Aramaic documents of the
3301:
Gospel of St. Mark in South Levantine Spoken Arabic
856:The Lebanese and Syrian dialects are more prone to
2564:Dughri (دُغْرِيّ) for 'forward' from Turkish doğru
896:There are also typical Palestinian words that are
16:Dialect of Arabic spoken in the State of Palestine
3107:Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present
169:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
6569:
3539:"The Open Palestinian Arabic Lexicon "Maknuune""
3100:
2519:(bowl, mug) may be a Canaanite/Hebrew substrate.
2061:In the perfect, they are preceded by كان , e.g.
1893:is typically heard as , when in unstressed form.
3571:The Corpus of Spoken Palestinian Arabic (CoSPA)
3390:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris
3257:
2493:is mostly spoken in Palestinian-Hebrew Arabic.
2717:
676:, and included settlements such as Mahoza and
481:appearing as two different characters. If so,
5420:
3789:
3592:
3517:Palestinian Rural Arabic (Abu Shusha dialect)
2770:"A Lexical Distance Study of Arabic Dialects"
2587:from English بنشر < puncture, < truck
1922:words map onto Palestinian Arabic Words. The
935:
483:apply this custom style in your user settings
3457:A Grammar of the Arabic Dialect of Jerusalem
3406:, Rome: Università di Roma La Sapienza 1996.
3298:
2692:
2522:
2511:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
991:
985:
979:
973:
964:
470:
3472:Studies in the Syntax of Palestinian Arabic
3103:"Judeo-Arabic in the Holy Land and Lebanon"
2581:from Italian بندورة < pomodoro 'tomato'
2404:Givat Haviva's Jewish-Arab Center for Peace
2359:
2223:. Vowel harmony in PA is also found in the
1767:can be heard as within devoiced positions.
916:Social and geographic dialect structuration
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5427:
5413:
3796:
3782:
3599:
3585:
3321:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2497:of Israel has been described as classical
959:Urban dialects are characterised by the (
407:
3299:Bishop, E. F. F; George, Surayya (1940).
3275:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3150:U. Seeger, Mediterranean Language Review
2999:
2933:
2785:
930:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Palestine
816:The indicative imperfect with a b- prefix
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
3543:CAMeL Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi
3367:. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1980 (
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
2992:L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie
2653:Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel
1728:are mainly heard in the urban dialects.
793:
73:This article includes a list of general
5579:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
5532:Palestinian Declaration of Independence
3550:The Arabic dialect of central Palestine
3109:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 569–580,
3101:Geva-Kleinberger, Aharon (2018-11-05),
3022:
2418:"). The list of words adopted contain:
440:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6570:
5832:Legal status of the State of Palestine
3573:, project description by Otto Jastrow.
3555:Arabic in Jordan (Palestinian dialect)
3502:
3443:Lehrbuch ds Palästinensisch-Arabischen
3211:
3200:
3163:
2985:
2867:
2183:... قلت لإمك 'I told your mother ...'
558:, mainly the dialect of the people in
526:of mutually intelligible varieties of
461:Levantine written in Arabic characters
5647:2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza
5408:
3777:
3580:
3511:(61). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
3244:
3049:
2748:
1741:mainly occurs as a palatalization of
1213:
1188:
566:, that spoken by Palestinians in the
6323:Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation
5930:Palestinian National Security Forces
5537:Years in the Palestinian territories
5434:
3606:
3420:. Washington, DC: Kidron Pub. 2004 (
2929:
2927:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2780:(published 15 November 2018): 1, 3.
1126:
477:
121:
59:
18:
6578:Languages of the State of Palestine
3803:
3488:. New York: Hippocrene Books 1998 (
3056:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1922.
2811:"Cross-Dialectal Arabic Processing"
2584:from French كتو < gâteau 'cake'
2523:
2512:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
992:
986:
980:
974:
965:
471:
13:
5381:Languages between parentheses are
3477:Frank A. Rice and Majed F. Sa'ed,
3357:
2979:
2894:10.13173/medilangrevi.19.2012.0085
2667:
1914:Specific aspects of the vocabulary
1090:
1028:
159:for transliterated languages, and
139:of its non-English content, using
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
6599:
5978:International aid to Palestinians
3531:
3452:. Vol. 1 & 2. Jerusalem 2003.
3023:Timothy, Dallen J. (2018-12-07).
2934:Macdonald, Michael C. A. (2017).
2924:
2854:
2546:inhabitants through the centuries
2195:... كتبت إلّي 'You wrote me ...'
1876:
1871:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1803:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1642:
1634:
1609:
1602:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1422:
1415:
1401:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1319:
1308:
1301:
704:, being a poem dedicated to King
34:This article has multiple issues.
6549:
5973:Diplomatic missions in Palestine
5968:Diplomatic missions of Palestine
5958:Palestine and the United Nations
5389:
5388:
3756:
3755:
3659:
3459:. Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1994 (
3365:Handbuch der Arabischen Dialekte
2994:(in French) (158–159): 478–479.
2684:
2558:Oda for 'room' from Turkish oda.
2208:in Palestinian Arabic is in the
2204:The most often cited example of
2199:
126:
64:
23:
5935:Palestinian Preventive Security
5877:Palestinian Legislative Council
5790:Palestinian National Initiative
3329:
3292:
3191:
3182:
3157:
3144:
3094:
3070:
3016:
2986:Rivoal, Isabelle (2001-01-01).
2966:
2591:
2215:of verbs. If the root vowel is
1732:is heard in the rural dialects.
696:inscription most resembling of
334:Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic
42:or discuss these issues on the
6083:Palestinian citizens of Israel
5822:Palestinian political violence
5385:of the language on their left.
3413:. Jerusalem: Typ. Yanetz 1973.
2976:, Luzac & co, London, 1901
2900:
2802:
2761:
2742:
2192:... قلت إلها 'I told her ...'
175:multilingual support templates
1:
5892:Gaza Strip (Hamas-controlled)
3337:"Arabic--Other Bible History"
2874:Mediterranean Language Review
2751:Studia Orientalia Electronica
2660:
2262:’ (MSA, or standard Arabic, ‘
2189:... قلت إله 'I told him ...'
1206:
1082:) and the dialects of Syrian
6038:Palestine Monetary Authority
5872:Palestinian National Council
5663:Hamas-Jund Ansar Allah clash
3880:Ancient South Arabian script
3847:Influence on other languages
3438:. Bethlehem University 2000.
2940:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2823:10.1007/978-3-319-18111-0_47
2475: 'traffic light' and
2385:From Hebrew, especially the
2366:Ancient peoples of Palestine
1862:
1829:
1796:
1201:
1139:after the conclusion of the
7:
6031:Water supply and sanitation
5817:Palestinian right of return
5507:History of the Palestinians
5137:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4122:
4114:
4104:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4050:
4042:
4032:
4024:
4015:
4005:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3920:
3399:185 (1967), pp. 43–57.
3264:Journal of Language Contact
2787:10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.456
2611:
2571:
2505:
2477:
2468:
2395:
2235:do not have vowel harmony.
10:
6604:
6218:Postage stamps and history
5854:West Bank (SOP-controlled)
3392:40 (1938), pp. 80–89.
3164:Shahin, Kimary N. (2019).
2552:
2534:
1939:Prepositional pseudo verbs
1166:until the 20th century in
936:Palestinian urban dialects
708:, known for defeating the
668:was under the rule of the
653:) as a native language.
628:
6545:
6505:
6455:
6448:
6343:
6263:
6153:universities and colleges
6046:
5986:
5948:
5922:
5890:
5852:
5845:
5759:International recognition
5745:
5675:
5655:
5632:
5624:Dawson's Field hijackings
5614:
5554:
5547:
5443:
5368:
5361:Islam and Arabic language
5354:
5289:
5176:
5106:
5085:
5010:
4928:
4910:
4871:
4764:
4724:
4691:
4682:
4655:
4615:
4606:
4580:
4467:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4288:
4242:
4233:
3970:
3855:
3812:
3751:
3730:
3668:
3657:
3614:
3277:10.1163/19552629-01202008
3230:10.1017/S0047404518000015
3115:10.1515/9781501504631-021
2952:10.1017/S1047759400074882
2912:www.islamic-awareness.org
2774:Procedia Computer Science
2648:Arabic language in Israel
2481:
2472:
2456: 'cellular phone'.
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2399:
2380:
2375:
1771:
1662:
1619:
1477:
1341:
1295:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1215:
954:North Mesopotamian Arabic
661:for liturgical purposes.
426:
406:
394:
378:
362:
357:
341:
323:
263:
253:
243:
229:
224:
219:
6318:Palestine–Israel Journal
5302:Arabic script in Unicode
5037:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4397:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
3738:Northwest Arabian Arabic
3481:. Beirut: Khayat's 1960.
3258:Afifa Eve Kheir (2019).
2868:Bassal, Ibrahim (2012).
2360:Substratum and Loanwords
1042:'them' (Tarshiha, etc.).
996:as . In borrowings from
956:(the 'qeltu dialects").
672:for the greater part of
635:inhabitants of Palestine
486:
6328:Palestinian Media Watch
6312:The Palestine Telegraph
5656:Hamas-Salafist conflict
5574:1948 Palestinian exodus
5569:1947–1949 Palestine war
5517:Palestinian nationalism
4564:Western Egyptian Bedawi
2428: 'traffic light'
2387:Arab citizens of Israel
2174:Marking Indirect Object
2081:Interrogatives pronouns
259:4.3 million (2021)
94:more precise citations.
6583:South Levantine Arabic
6115:Costume and embroidery
6068:Palestinian Christians
3212:Hawker, Nancy (2018).
3050:Ammon, Ulrich (2006).
2442: 'O.K, alright'
2250:‘he understands’: PA ‘
1920:Modern Standard Arabic
1052:Aramaic dialect spoken
998:Modern Standard Arabic
799:
556:Modern Standard Arabic
459:This article contains
428:This article contains
300:South Levantine Arabic
5168:Quranic Arabic Corpus
3875:Ancient North Arabian
2542:place names preserved
1179:Judeo-Lebanese Arabic
1175:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
797:
5737:World Heritage Sites
5732:Depopulated villages
5634:Fatah–Hamas conflict
5512:Slavery in Palestine
5119:Sun and moon letters
4279:Pre-classical Arabic
3341:gochristianhelps.com
3303:(in Arabic). Cairo.
2435: 'sour cream'
572:Palestinian refugees
548:Palestinian diaspora
137:specify the language
135:This article should
6588:Languages of Israel
6523:Gypsies (Dom/Nawar)
6242:Religious buildings
5837:Anti-Palestinianism
5556:Israeli–Palestinian
4973:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4452:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3218:Language in Society
3154:(1998), pp. 89-145.
3001:10.4000/lhomme.6701
2623:Varieties of Arabic
2608:published in 1946.
2414:(in Hebrew, ערברית
2408:Bar-Ilan University
2368:, as well as their
1949:there is, there are
1183:Judeo-Syrian Arabic
1168:Mandatory Palestine
1143:, they established
963:) pronunciation of
736:Palestinian Aramaic
674:Classical antiquity
639:Palestinian Aramaic
637:spoke varieties of
5755:State of Palestine
5705:Southern West Bank
5700:Northern West Bank
5346:MacArabic encoding
3515:Kimary N. Shahin,
3445:. Heidelberg 2001.
3166:Palestinian Arabic
2674:Palestinian Arabic
2643:Music of Palestine
2449: 'asterisk'
2389:have adopted many
2307:‘she writes’: PA ‘
2269:‘he studies’: PA ‘
2094:Palestinian Arabic
1983:You (sing. masc.)
1189:Current evolutions
1033:Rural or farmer ('
1012:as and ظ as but
800:
758:in the dialect of
751:adoption of Arabic
720:Nabataean language
713:Alexander Jannaeus
619:European languages
540:State of Palestine
520:Palestinian Arabic
498:'Segoe UI'
305:Palestinian Arabic
234:State of Palestine
220:Palestinian Arabic
6565:
6564:
6541:
6540:
6475:Afro-Palestinians
6306:Ma'an News Agency
6179:Mental healthcare
6159:Flag of Palestine
5918:
5917:
5765:Political parties
5671:
5670:
5584:First Lebanon War
5402:
5401:
5377:extinct languages
5316:MS-DOS codepages
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
4760:
4759:
4678:
4677:
4576:
4575:
4272:Old Hijazi Arabic
3771:
3770:
3731:Related varieties
3474:. Jerusalem 1966.
3175:978-90-04-17702-4
3124:978-1-5015-0463-1
3036:978-1-317-22923-0
2832:978-3-319-18110-3
2682:(26th ed., 2023)
2602:Gospel of Matthew
2540:Most prominently
2288:‘she wears’: PA ‘
2167:
2166:
2138:إيمتى or وينتى
2059:
2058:
1994:You (sing. fem.)
1886:
1885:
1713:
1712:
1127:Sephardic variety
524:dialect continuum
467:rendering support
454:
453:
436:rendering support
432:phonetic symbols.
225:اللهجة الفلسطينية
215:
214:
207:
197:
196:
177:may also be used.
120:
119:
112:
57:
6595:
6553:
6453:
6452:
5850:
5849:
5606:Israel–Hamas war
5552:
5551:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5392:
5391:
5140:
4689:
4688:
4613:
4612:
4549:Western Algerian
4496:Eastern Algerian
4492:Algerian Saharan
4422:(Lesser Kabylia)
4325:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4258:Nabataean Arabic
4240:
4239:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4127:
4117:
4109:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4055:
4045:
4037:
4027:
4018:
4010:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3962:Maltese alphabet
3925:
3905:Algerian Braille
3895:Eastern numerals
3865:Nabataean script
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3663:
3608:Levantine Arabic
3601:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3546:
3512:
3416:Yohanan Elihai,
3409:Yohanan Elihai,
3402:Olivier Durand,
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3209:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:Jewish Languages
3074:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2729:Day Translations
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2671:
2628:Jordanian Arabic
2526:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2401:
2398:
2088:
2087:
2075:Classical Arabic
1958:
1957:
1933:Classical Arabic
1908:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:The short vowel
1880:
1875:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1840:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1807:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:/θ,ð,ðˤ,t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ/
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1646:
1638:
1613:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1468:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1419:
1405:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1323:
1312:
1305:
1211:
1210:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
995:
994:
989:
988:
983:
982:
977:
976:
968:
967:
900:in the Levant.
833:A shared lexicon
819:A very frequent
804:Levantine Arabic
744:Dead Sea Scrolls
698:Classical Arabic
670:Nabatean Kingdom
538:, including the
528:Levantine Arabic
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
480:
479:
474:
473:
416:
411:
402:
390:
367:
347:
295:Levantine Arabic
269:
217:
216:
210:
203:
192:
189:
183:
168:
162:
158:
152:
148:
142:
130:
129:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
90:this article by
81:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6537:
6501:
6482:Christian Arabs
6444:
6339:
6259:
6228:Public holidays
6056:
6052:
6042:
5982:
5950:Foreign affairs
5944:
5914:
5886:
5882:Judicial system
5841:
5741:
5667:
5651:
5628:
5616:Black September
5610:
5596:Second Intifada
5543:
5522:British Mandate
5483:Ayyubid Dynasty
5439:
5433:
5403:
5398:
5364:
5350:
5297:Arabic keyboard
5285:
5180:
5172:
5157:Mater lectionis
5151:Triliteral root
5102:
5073:
5014:
5006:
4924:
4906:
4867:
4756:
4720:
4674:
4651:
4602:
4572:
4463:
4443:Judeo-Maghrebi
4311:
4305:
4301:Modern Standard
4284:
4229:
3966:
3910:Maltese Braille
3890:Arabic numerals
3851:
3808:
3802:
3772:
3767:
3747:
3726:
3710:South Levantine
3676:North Levantine
3664:
3655:
3610:
3605:
3537:
3534:
3484:Frank A. Rice,
3360:
3358:Further reading
3355:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3314:
3313:
3297:
3293:
3256:
3245:
3210:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3021:
3017:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2866:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2807:
2803:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2638:Egyptian Arabic
2614:
2606:Letter of James
2594:
2574:
2555:
2537:
2508:
2383:
2378:
2362:
2355:’ (MSA,‘'urs'’)
2344:‘wedding’: PA ‘
2241:standard Arabic
2227:verbal domain.
2202:
2069:Relative clause
1916:
1774:
1209:
1204:
1191:
1129:
1099:') dialects in
1093:
1091:Bedouin variety
1031:
1029:Rural varieties
938:
918:
890:Egyptian Arabic
843:Lebanese Arabic
792:
726:, as well as a
659:Mishanic Hebrew
631:
599:Western Aramaic
517:
516:
515:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
465:Without proper
434:Without proper
422:
421:
419:South Levantine
414:
400:
386:
363:
352:Arabic alphabet
348:
343:
332:
330:
319:
285:Central Semitic
270:
267:Language family
265:
256:
255:Native speakers
211:
200:
199:
198:
193:
187:
184:
178:
166:
160:
156:
154:transliteration
150:
146:
140:
131:
127:
116:
105:
99:
96:
86:Please help to
85:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6011:Stock Exchange
6008:
6006:Communications
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5900:Prime Minister
5896:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5862:Prime Minister
5858:
5856:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5642:Battle of Gaza
5638:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5591:First Intifada
5588:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5502:Modern history
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5493:Ottoman Empire
5490:
5488:Mamluk Dynasty
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5379:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5314:
5309:
5307:ISO/IEC 8859-6
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Naskh (script)
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5021:
5019:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:Judeo-Tunisian
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4960:Judeo-Moroccan
4957:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4943:Judeo-Egyptian
4940:
4938:Judeo-Algerian
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4920:Bedouin Arabic
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4532:Moroccan koiné
4529:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4505:Tunisian koiné
4501:Eastern Hilal
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4485:Judeo-Algerian
4480:Algerian koiné
4476:Central Hilal
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4457:Judeo-Tunisian
4454:
4449:
4447:Judeo-Moroccan
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4341:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Arabic Braille
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3743:Cypriot Arabic
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3533:
3532:External links
3530:
3529:
3528:
3513:
3500:
3497:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3453:
3448:Moin Halloun,
3446:
3441:Moin Halloun,
3439:
3434:Moin Halloun,
3432:
3429:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3376:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3328:
3291:
3270:(2): 479–512.
3243:
3224:(2): 219–244.
3199:
3190:
3181:
3174:
3156:
3143:
3123:
3093:
3078:"Judeo-Arabic"
3069:
3062:
3042:
3035:
3015:
2978:
2965:
2923:
2899:
2853:
2831:
2801:
2760:
2741:
2716:
2704:Asian Absolute
2691:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2598:Gospel of Mark
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2507:
2504:
2487:The 2009 film
2460:
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2142:
2139:
2136:
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2131:
2128:
2125:
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2120:
2117:
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2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2065:is كان بدنا .
2057:
2056:
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2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
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2031:
2028:
2024:
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2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1928:external links
1915:
1912:
1911:
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1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1177:and influence
1133:Sephardic Jews
1128:
1125:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1063:
1048:pharyngealised
1043:
1030:
1027:
937:
934:
922:Arabic dialect
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
905:
894:
893:
885:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
851:
835:
834:
831:
824:
817:
814:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
780:
630:
627:
597:(particularly
487:
469:, you may see
457:
456:
455:
452:
451:
438:, you may see
424:
423:
413:
412:
404:
403:
398:
392:
391:
384:
376:
375:
368:
360:
359:
358:Language codes
355:
354:
349:
345:Writing system
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
325:
321:
320:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
273:
271:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
231:
230:Native to
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
195:
194:
173:. Knowledge's
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6600:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6449:Ethnic groups
6447:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:United States
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6213:Personalities
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Refugee camps
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5453:Early history
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5395:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Sini (script)
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Ruqʿah script
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Hijazi script
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:Central Asian
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Taʽizzi-Adeni
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4430:Traras-Msirda
4429:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Arabic script
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3526:
3525:3-89586-960-0
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:(in German).
3506:
3505:Semitica Viva
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:0-7818-0685-2
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:M. Piamenta,
3469:
3466:
3465:965-223-878-3
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:0-9759726-0-X
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:3-447-02039-3
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3194:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3063:9783110184181
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3029:. Routledge.
3028:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Syrian Arabic
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2499:codeswitching
2494:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2470:
2465:
2451:
2445:كوخفيت from
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:present tense
2207:
2206:vowel harmony
2200:Vowel harmony
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
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1844:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1749:as a phoneme.
1740:
1734:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1673:
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1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
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1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1599:
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1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1558:
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1548:
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1537:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:Syrian Desert
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1026:
999:
984:as and both
971:
962:
957:
955:
951:
950:Ottoman Syria
947:
943:
933:
931:
927:
923:
910:
906:
903:
902:
901:
899:
891:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:
848:
847:
846:
844:
840:
839:Syrian Arabic
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
805:
796:
784:
781:
778:
774:
769:
768:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Lingua Franca
725:
721:
716:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
623:Modern Hebrew
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
484:
468:
464:
462:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
425:
420:
410:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
366:
361:
356:
353:
350:
346:
340:
335:
328:
327:
326:
322:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
287:
286:
283:
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278:
277:
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272:
268:
262:
258:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
223:
218:
209:
206:
191:
181:
176:
172:
165:
155:
145:
138:
133:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:December 2010
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6554:
6465:Muslim Arabs
6332:
6310:
6223:Prostitution
6197:
6186:Human rights
6144:Demographics
6119:
6093:Architecture
6063:Palestinians
5722:Governorates
5473:Islamic Rule
5468:Roman Empire
5372:
5312:Windows-1256
5271:Taliq script
5211:Jeli Thuluth
5191:Ajami script
5155:
5059:Pidgin madam
5046:
5024:
4988:Judeo-Yemeni
4930:Judeo-Arabic
4912:Sociological
4899:
4861:Judeo-Yemeni
4684:Mesopotamian
4669:
4559:Libyan koiné
4343:
4336:
4329:Pre-Hilalian
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4251:Proto-Arabic
4249:
3884:Zabūr script
3837:Romanization
3760:
3719:
3644:Semitic root
3542:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3456:
3455:Arye Levin,
3449:
3442:
3435:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3379:
3378:Haim Blanc,
3364:
3344:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3300:
3294:
3267:
3263:
3221:
3217:
3193:
3184:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3136:, retrieved
3106:
3096:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3052:
3045:
3025:
3018:
2991:
2981:
2973:
2972:Crow, F.E.,
2968:
2943:
2939:
2915:. Retrieved
2911:
2902:
2877:
2873:
2844:. Retrieved
2814:
2804:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2733:. Retrieved
2731:. 2015-10-16
2728:
2719:
2708:. Retrieved
2706:. 2016-01-19
2703:
2694:
2677:
2669:
2595:
2592:Publications
2516:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2461:
2452:بلفون from
2431:شمنيت from
2424:رمزور from
2415:
2411:
2384:
2370:Palestinians
2363:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:‘oven’: PA ‘
2320:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2213:conjugations
2203:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2116:ايش or شو
2084:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2038:You (plur.)
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1196:
1192:
1172:
1156:Judeo-Arabic
1130:
1094:
1032:
958:
939:
919:
895:
865:Palestinian.
836:
808:
801:
773:Najdi Arabic
755:Early Muslim
748:
717:
700:is found in
666:Negev desert
663:
632:
576:
552:
532:Palestinians
519:
518:
458:
427:
379:
370:(covered by
304:
275:Afro-Asiatic
201:
185:
171:ISO 639 code
167:}}
161:{{
157:}}
151:{{
147:}}
141:{{
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
6433:Los Angeles
6378:El Salvador
6291:Photography
6281:Journalists
6191:LGBT rights
6174:Health care
6164:Handicrafts
6088:Archaeology
6001:Agriculture
5463:Philistines
5206:Jawi script
5178:Calligraphy
5107:Linguistics
5032:Gulf Pidgin
4948:Judeo-Iraqi
4889:Kashkadarya
4745:Judeo-Iraqi
4670:Palestinian
4581:Nile Valley
4243:Pre-Islamic
3955:Dagger alif
3720:Palestinian
2946:: 832–842.
2846:29 November
2438:بسدر from
1664:Approximant
1222:Interdental
1145:communities
1141:Reconquista
1058:, north of
898:shibboleths
777:Gulf Arabic
655:Koine Greek
546:and in the
492:font-family
442:instead of
92:introducing
6572:Categories
6528:Samaritans
6301:Television
6286:Newspapers
6203:Literature
6103:watermelon
5846:Government
5685:Gaza Strip
5458:Canaanites
5093:Literature
4766:Peninsular
4706:Khuzestani
4436:(Mountain)
4356:Australian
4265:Old Arabic
3915:Diacritics
3842:Numerology
3634:Vocabulary
3346:2018-10-15
3138:2024-01-25
3087:2024-01-25
2917:2024-06-15
2880:: 85–104.
2757:: 357–376.
2735:2020-06-24
2710:2020-06-24
2679:Ethnologue
2661:References
2454:פֶּלֶאפוֹן
2447:כּוֹכָבִית
2336:n’ (MSA, ‘
2246:Examples:
1251:Pharyngeal
1207:Consonants
1164:Ashkenazis
1149:Bayezid II
1113:Gaza Strip
760:Samaritans
702:Ayn Avadat
694:Old Arabic
560:Gaza Strip
530:spoken by
75:references
39:improve it
6497:Metawalis
6413:Nicaragua
6353:Australia
6149:Education
6026:Transport
5996:Companies
5905:President
5867:President
5827:Elections
5805:Third Way
5727:Landforms
5690:West Bank
5677:Geography
5478:Crusaders
5436:Palestine
5383:varieties
5375:indicate
5290:Technical
5261:Shahmukhi
5216:Kairouani
5114:Phonology
4893:Khorasani
4883:Bakhtiari
4735:Anatolian
4665:Jordanian
4645:Damascene
4608:Levantine
4520:Hassaniya
4361:Cottenera
4296:Classical
4235:Varieties
3813:Overviews
3715:Jordanian
3691:Damascene
3622:Phonology
3317:cite book
3286:202246511
3238:148862120
3133:134826368
3010:0439-4216
2960:232343804
2886:0724-7567
2796:1877-0509
2618:Palestine
2528:"arugula"
2433:שַׁמֶּנֶת
2391:Hebraisms
2319:’ (MSA, ‘
2300:’ (MSA, ‘
2281:’ (MSA, ‘
2063:we wanted
1484:voiceless
1479:Fricative
1348:voiceless
1202:Phonology
1109:Palestine
1071:Bethlehem
861:dialects.
740:loanwords
722:texts of
710:Hasmonean
651:Samaritan
647:Christian
579:Canaanite
564:West Bank
536:Palestine
381:Glottolog
365:ISO 639-3
248:Palestine
45:talk page
6470:Bedouins
6418:Pakistan
6345:Diaspora
6253:Football
6238:Religion
6198:Language
6121:keffiyeh
6073:Diaspora
5923:Security
5747:Politics
5695:Enclaves
5601:Gaza War
5564:Timeline
5548:Conflict
5394:Category
5246:Nastaliq
5236:Muhaqqaq
5226:Maghrebi
5086:Academic
5026:Bimbashi
4982:Tunisene
4953:Baghdadi
4901:Shirvani
4841:Hadhrami
4799:Bahraini
4750:Baghdadi
4701:Baghdadi
4640:Aleppine
4630:Lebanese
4625:Cilician
4598:Sudanese
4588:Egyptian
4469:Hilalian
4427:Western
4405:Eastern
4402:Village
4381:Żurrieqi
4345:Sicilian
4338:Andalusi
4320:Maghrebi
4289:Literary
3941:(tanwin)
3939:Nunation
3825:Alphabet
3820:Language
3807:language
3762:Category
3703:Cilician
3698:Lebanese
3686:Aleppine
3669:Dialects
3615:Overview
3309:77662380
2612:See also
2604:and the
2572:European
2506:Biblical
2482:מַחְסוֹם
2473:רַמְזוֹר
2464:brethren
2440:בְּסֵדֶר
2426:רַמְזוֹר
2416:"Aravrit
2393:, like
2233:syllable
2229:Suffixes
1967:To have
1231:Alveolar
1153:Maghrebi
1151:. Their
1137:expelled
1103:and the
1060:Damascus
1056:Ma'loula
881:negation
879:For the
732:Nabatean
706:Obodas I
686:Nabatean
678:Ein-Gedi
591:Mishnaic
587:Biblical
448:Help:IPA
388:sout3123
324:Dialects
188:May 2019
6533:Bushnaq
6492:Druzers
6487:Baháʼís
6440:Uruguay
6403:Lebanon
6271:By city
6129:Cuisine
6054:culture
6049:Society
6021:Tourism
5988:Economy
5712:Borders
5445:History
5373:Italics
5281:Thuluth
5146:Grammar
5017:pidgins
5012:Creoles
5001:Sanʽani
4886:Bukhara
4846:Sanʽani
4809:Kuwaiti
4804:Emirati
4789:Dhofari
4774:Bahrani
4740:Cypriot
4728:(Qeltu)
4555:Sulaym
4542:Western
4537:Eastern
4415:Sfaxian
4411:(Sahel)
4366:Gozitan
4351:Maltese
3971:Letters
3945:Shaddah
3934:Harakat
3929:Tashkil
3857:Scripts
3830:History
3639:Grammar
2841:5978068
2553:Turkish
2544:by the
2535:Aramaic
2412:Arabrew
2321:taktubu
2302:talbisu
2283:yadrusu
2264:yafhamu
2225:nominal
2217:rounded
2146:Where?
2108:لماذا
2091:Meaning
2055:عندهم
2044:عندكم
2033:عندنا
2022:عندها
1964:To want
1924:Swadesh
1787:Central
1716:Sounds
1256:Glottal
1236:Palatal
1160:Yiddish
1101:Galilee
1035:fallahi
946:Lebanon
690:Babatha
629:History
615:Turkish
603:Persian
595:Aramaic
444:Unicode
329:Fellahi
280:Semitic
180:See why
88:improve
6556:Portal
6408:Mexico
6398:Kuwait
6393:Jordan
6363:Canada
6358:Brazil
6233:Racism
6169:Health
6110:Cinema
5717:Cities
5438:topics
5196:Diwani
5183:Script
5141:(case)
5138:ʾIʿrāb
5124:Tajwid
5069:Bongor
5048:Maridi
4998:Habban
4872:Others
4856:Tihami
4836:Yemeni
4831:Shihhi
4816:Hejazi
4784:Bedawi
4779:Bareqi
4635:Syrian
4593:Saʽidi
4525:Nemadi
4511:Maqil
4409:Sahili
4376:Żejtun
4312:spoken
4310:Modern
3805:Arabic
3681:Syrian
3523:
3492:
3463:
3424:
3371:
3307:
3284:
3236:
3172:
3131:
3121:
3060:
3033:
3008:
2958:
2892:
2884:
2839:
2829:
2794:
2578:world.
2478:maḥsom
2469:ramzor
2381:Modern
2376:Hebrew
2221:prefix
2135:When?
2119:ماذا
2113:What?
2011:عنده
2000:عندك
1989:عندك
1978:عندي
1961:Person
1897:/a,aː/
1772:Vowels
1555:voiced
1411:voiced
1286:plain
1278:plain
1270:plain
1262:plain
1246:Uvular
1227:Dental
1217:Labial
1162:among
1097:badawi
1084:Hauran
1076:Ajloun
1067:Ashdod
926:hikaye
764:Nablus
682:Judean
680:where
643:Jewish
609:, and
583:Hebrew
568:Hebron
544:Israel
504:Tahoma
417:
415:
401:apc-PS
331:Madani
290:Arabic
244:Region
238:Israel
77:, but
6518:Kurds
6506:Other
6457:Arabs
6423:Syria
6383:Haiti
6373:Egypt
6368:Chile
6296:Radio
6276:Books
6264:Media
6248:Sport
6208:Music
6139:Dance
6016:Taxes
5780:Hamas
5775:Fatah
5527:Nakba
5355:Other
5276:Tawqi
5231:Mashq
5221:Kufic
5129:Imāla
5098:Names
5064:Turku
4992:Adeni
4826:Omani
4821:Najdi
4726:North
4716:South
4711:Shawi
4693:Gilit
4657:South
4617:North
4515:Fessi
4434:Jebli
4420:Jijel
4395:Tunis
4390:Urban
4371:Qormi
3980:ʾAlif
3950:Hamza
3922:i‘jām
3627:Imāla
3282:S2CID
3234:S2CID
3129:S2CID
2956:S2CID
2890:JSTOR
2837:S2CID
2524:جرجير
2517:sifil
2490:Ajami
2160:مين
2157:Who?
2152:اين
2149:وين
2141:متى
2130:كيف
2127:كيف
2124:How?
2105:ليش
2102:Why?
2052:بدهم
2049:They
2041:بدكم
2030:بدنا
2019:بدها
1907:/i,u/
1799:Close
1782:Front
1724:and /
1621:Trill
1297:Nasal
1290:emph.
1282:emph.
1274:emph.
1266:emph.
1241:Velar
1135:were
1105:Negev
1080:Irbid
1006:as ,
978:as ,
961:hamza
942:Syria
858:imāla
828:Druze
821:Imāla
724:Petra
611:Latin
607:Greek
522:is a
478:احنا
472:احنا
6513:Jews
6388:Iraq
6334:Wafa
6133:wine
5810:PPSF
5800:PFLP
5785:FIDA
5770:DFLP
5251:Rasm
5054:Nubi
5042:Juba
5015:and
4995:Beda
4967:Wqal
4964:Kjal
4794:Gulf
4142:Ġayn
4133:ʿAyn
3521:ISBN
3509:XVII
3490:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3369:ISBN
3323:link
3305:OCLC
3170:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3006:ISSN
2882:ISSN
2848:2022
2827:ISBN
2792:ISSN
2596:The
2400:יֵשׁ
2396:yesh
2364:The
2338:furn
2163:من
2097:MSA
2016:She
2008:بده
1997:بدك
1986:بدك
1975:بدي
1865:Open
1792:Back
1753:/rˤ/
1730:/kˤ/
1722:/zˤ/
1343:Stop
1181:and
1121:Najd
1119:and
1111:and
990:and
944:and
841:and
775:and
749:The
734:and
684:and
664:The
617:and
589:and
475:and
396:IETF
144:lang
6098:Art
6051:and
5795:PPP
5339:864
5334:720
5330:711
5327:710
5324:709
5320:708
5163:IPA
4223:Yāʾ
4214:Wāw
4205:Hāʾ
4196:Nūn
4187:Mīm
4178:Lām
4169:Kāf
4160:Qāf
4151:Fāʾ
4124:Ẓāʾ
4115:Ṭāʾ
4106:Ḍād
4097:Ṣād
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