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1377: that "while previous Pan-African congresses had been controlled largely by black middle-class British and American intellectuals who had emphasized the amelioration of colonial conditions, the Manchester meeting was dominated by delegates from Africa and Africans working or studying in Britain." Adejumobi notes that "the new leadership attracted the support of workers, trade unionists, and a growing radical sector of the African student population. With fewer African American participants, delegates consisted mainly of an emerging crop of African intellectual and political leaders, who soon won fame, notoriety, and power in their various colonized countries." Among attendees were
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intellectuals from Europe and
America felt in being compared to the stereotypes of African people as primitive. It also placed significant value on Black people who had been "civilized" by colonizing powers. For Diagne, Germany should give up their colonies not because colonialism was bad, but because German governance was not good. After Diagne's speech, Portuguese representative
892:, to court for "having smeared and discredited the Pan-African Congress." The smear campaign made many in Brussels see the meeting as a "gathering of dangerous agitators who, like their leader Marcus Garvey, were bent on freeing Africa from European rule." However, Garvey saw the Congress as little more than a joke and sharply criticized it and Du Bois loudly and publicly.
1952:"Imperialism in North and West Africa". All present demanded independence for African nations; delegates were split on the issue of having political emancipation first or control of the economy. Kwame Nkrumah advocated for revolutionary methods of seizing power as essential to Independence. From this session onwards the chair was taken by Dr W. E. B. Du Bois.
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Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola and
Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; British Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Belgium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam." There was an Indian revolutionary who took part,
296:. Diagne served as the president of the Congress with Du Bois the secretary and Gibbs the assistant secretary. Du Bois created a list of groups he wanted to attend to the congress which included countries who had Black citizens, but he also wanted representatives from other countries as well. Du Bois wanted to petition the
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had also called for a Pan
African Congress to be held after WWII, but once he found out, he was interested in working with Padmore. Additional plans were made with the NAACP, and the congress was tentatively scheduled for Paris at the same time as the World Trade Union Conference. Plans changed again
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Although forming a part of a larger Pan-African movement at the beginning of the century, this event was organised by people in
Manchester, and they brought in the people from all over the world." While the previous four congresses had involved predominantly members of the African diaspora, including
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If we are coming to recognize that the great modern problem is to correct maladjustment in the distribution of wealth, it must be remembered that the basic maladjustment is in the outrageously unjust distribution of world income between the dominant and suppressed peoples; in the rape of land and raw
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and
Africans should take part in governing their countries as fast as their development permits until at some specified time in the future. Resolutions were sent to the press in France, Britain and the United States. The Congress recommended the creation of a multi-lingual, international publication,
440:
Black people from
America, Britain and France "were far more advanced than indigenous and 'inherently backwards' Africans. In this capacity, he felt that African countries held by Germany should be transferred to a system similar to the colonial system of France. This speech touched on concerns Black
56:
cause. One of the group's major demands was to end colonial rule and racial discrimination. It stood against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African
Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a
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The Fifth
Congress had a larger profile than the first four PACs. At the end of World War II, around 700 million people lived under imperial rule and were 'subject people', with no freedoms, no parliaments, no democracy, and no trade unions to protect workers. Many felt betrayed after being promised
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The Fourth Pan-African
Congress was held in New York City adopted resolutions that were similar to the Third Pan-African Congress meetings. Resolutions called for the liberation of various colonized countries, including Haiti, China, and Egypt. A call for working class solidarity across racial lines
246:
around the world. Du Bois believed that he could "exert some positive political influence on the power-brokers and decision-makers during the Paris Peace
Conference." However, Du Bois was one of many individuals representing various other advocacy groups who also wanted to have a voice at the Peace
885:
completely denounced the entire 1921 Congress. The Belgian press targeted Garvey and links to the UNIA and the Congress due to "fears of disruption in the Congo." This led to fears among businesses and the government in Brussels that the Congress would be a radical event that would advocate for the
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writer believed that the U.S. was worried it would be embarrassed by discussions of race relations at the Congress in Paris. Many of the delegates who attended did so on short notice, or by getting through on other types of credentials, such as being journalists. Others, like Gibbs, were already in
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This conference shifted the discussion about Pan-Africanism to focus more on African leaders and the people of Africa as "primary agents of change in the anti-colonial and anti-imperial struggles." Du Bois attempted to enlist the NAACP into further support for Pan-Africanism and aid to Africa, but
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The congress eventually adopted several resolutions, especially related to people living under colonialism. They advocated for self-determination of African people except where "existing practices were directly contradictory to best established principles of civilization." It was felt that Africa
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moved to Dar es Salaam in 1973 where they served as the head of the International Secretariat for 6PAC. Planners had to decided whether 6PAC would pick up right where the 5th congress left off, which meant recommitting to opposing various forms of colonialism still present in Africa. Focusing on
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were going to be discussed at the Peace Conference. He hoped that having a conference of Black representatives from around the world would be heard by the European powers and the European public. He wanted to lobby the governments attending the Peace Conference to ensure better treatment for
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The opening meeting was held at St. Mark's Methodist Church and the Headquarters remained at the Grace Congregational Church. There were about 208 delegates from the United States and other countries. Low attendance from British and French colonies was due to government travel restrictions.
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in November that year, represented at this congress were "26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, former German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Belgian Congo;
541:, a white Virginian working for the U.S. State Department in Paris, expressed greater alarm at the "so-called Pan-African Congress": he reported that he had heard that "speeches of the American Negroes were highly inflammatory and condemnatory of the social conditions in the United States".
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to imply that the French Committee had sent delegates. As long-time African-American residents of France, Hunt and Logan had traveled independently to the meeting, and Hunt and BĂ©ton were perturbed that Du Bois had implied they represented France. Black French people, including BĂ©ton and
808:, and a journalist from the Gold Coast named W. F. Hutchinson who spoke. This session of the Congress was the most focused for change of all the meetings thus far. At the London session, resolutions were adopted, later restated by Du Bois in his "Manifesto To the League of Nations":
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held in London in 1900. The conference, which brought together people who were against racism and colonialism, attracted international attention, though it did not lead to political action on these issues. Attendees of the Pan-African Conference discussed the need to preserve Black
2190:. Flewellen and Hill, who served on the international secretariat, conducted meetings to select delegates for 6PAC. Hill organized the North American delegates, focusing on ways that the Black community could work together to pool resources to aid in the Pan-African movement.
2082:"PAC@75". Manchester Metropolitan University held a four-day celebration in October 2020 to mark the 75th anniversary of the 5th Pan-African Congress. Curated by Professor of Architecture Ola Uduku, the anniversary celebrations involved both creative and academic events.
514:
under British rule barely reported on the event. However, European press did run information about the Congress in the weeks prior to the event. Black people in the United States "generally approved of the actions of Du Bois as reported in the newspapers."
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held in Paris at that time to make a case for African colonies to become self-ruling. The Pan-African Congress proposed that Germany should be required to turn over its colonies to an international organization rather than other colonial powers. Unlike the
2288:, Neville Parker, Don Coleman, and Fletcher Robinson, all worked towards the development of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology during the congress. However, there was not enough support for the plan and it didn't make the final resolution.
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who would go on to be the first presidents of their newly independent countries. Commentators estimate that 87–90 delegates were in attendance at the Congress, representing some 50 organisations, with a total of 200 audience members present. While
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with white capital. Unconsciously and consciously, carelessly and deliberately, the vast power of the white labor vote in modern democracies has been cajoled and flattered into imperialistic schemes to enslave and debauch black, brown and yellow
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in New York City was held on January 19, 1919, by the NAACP on the future of Africa. At the event, there was wide support for Du Bois to discuss Pan African issues in Paris during the Peace Conference. Speakers at the New York meeting included
469:'s empire as the best current opportunity for the realization of black rights within their constituencies." Adherence to a "benevolent" nation was seen as a practical approach to helping improve the lives of Black people they represented.
2071:
hosted the first exhibition showcasing John Deakin's photographs from the Fifth Congress. The exhibition marked the 70th anniversary of the Congress in 2015 and included film screenings exploring Pan-African history and ideals curated by
305:, the Pan-African Congress was unable to send delegates to the Peace Conference, nor were members permitted to serve on commissions. Delegates to the Pan African Congress had no "official status" among world governments or organizations.
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and colonialism were built on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, which in turn, contributed to racism. African Americans were especially frustrated with their slow progress towards racial equality in the United States.
2413:, spoke at the opening of the congress, where he listed five criteria for defining who is an "African." The criteria, which included people of many backgrounds and nationalities, helped define "African" as something that was not just a
186:, African American soldiers fought bravely overseas and people like Du Bois felt that they should not face racial violence when they return to the United States. Black soldiers also faced discrimination in Europe at the hands of the
354:
There were 57 delegates representing 15 countries, a smaller number than originally intended because British and American governments refused to issue passports to their citizens who had planned on attending. Representatives of the
2079:"Pan African Congress 50 years on". The project interviewed attendees of the 1945 Pan African Congress who were still living in Manchester in 1995. The project was part of the 50th commemorative event held in Manchester in 1995.
445:, praised French democracy and its inclusion of Black people in government. Other representatives to the Pan-African Congress also praised France for having Black representation in politics and good relations with Black people
480:
gave a speech called "The Use of African Troops in Europe" which described many racist experiences Black soldiers fighting in WWI encountered in hospitals and other institutions. Curtis pleaded for the world to recognize that
476:, spoke about the importance of developing his country as a free state, emphasizing the importance of a shared African heritage. Because of American support, however, Liberia did not want to agitate against the United States.
507:. It was also expected that delegates would plan for the next Pan-African Congress and that this could be a continuing discussion. Du Bois also hoped for the creation of a world organization, the Pan-African Association.
1980:"The Problems in the Caribbean" This session was addressed by a number of trade union delegates from the Caribbean; some delegates demanded "complete independence", some "self-government" and others "dominion status".
2266:, attending the conference allowed them to express the solidarity of the Black activists in Britain with anti-colonialists activists in the rest of the world. A highlight of the conference was the resolution on
2237:
Hill served as the secretary general for North America. It was part of the original planning that groups working towards liberation have time to network and "build international solidarity." Activists such as
2233:
from June 19 to June 27, 1974. Around 50 different sovereign governments and political organizations sent delegates to 6PAC. Delegates from liberation movements from several colonized countries also attended.
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was an important planner of the Lisbon event, which was smaller than the others. The London Congress was held at Denison House. This meeting also repeated the demands such as self-rule, the problems in the
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6666:. Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
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838:. They soon abandoned the idea of Pan-Africanism because they advocated equal rights inside the French citizenship and thought the London Manifesto declaration too dangerously extreme.
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2001:, spoke about child welfare. Women also supported in behind-the-scenes roles, organising many of the social and other events outside the main sessions. Historians Marika Sherwood and
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that did not take place at the conference. Instead, he focused on "black solidarity" over reporting other content of the discussions. One conference attendee, the French Africanist
218:
and Du Bois wanted to avoid that connection. Of all groups that were trying to have a voice during the end of WWI, Du Bois believed he could have "positive political influence."
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1288:, it was switched to August in Manchester. The Conference took place in a building decorated with the flags of the three black nations under self-governance at the time
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on an idea for an "African Freedom Charter." This correspondence led to Du Bois calling for a fifth Pan African Congress to be held in London. Du Bois was unaware that
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introduced Du Bois to colonial leaders in Brussels. Imperial and colonial powers were worried about the American delegates supporting radical and revolutionary ideas.
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of the French Committee wrote a letter to Du Bois, telling him that the French group would not be sending delegates. However, in one of the reports he published in
179:" as one of the most important issues of the 20th century. Du Bois' inclusion at the 1900 conference marked him as a developing leader in the Pan-African movement.
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colonialism and imperialism was an important decision because it was possible that it could alienate Caribbean governments and delegates from the United States.
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for slavery and racial violence. He also believed that ensuring a positive future for Africa would be key to helping all Black people around the world. Wilson's
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In 1920, Du Bois secured 3,000 dollars from the NAACP for the creation of a "Pan-African fund". He planned to have more African representatives at this event.
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new world context of international cooperation and the need to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.
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Johnson, W. Chris (2019). "7. 'The Spirit of Bandung' in 1970s Britain: The Black Liberation Front's Revolutionary Transnationalism". In Adi, Hakim (ed.).
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It was reported that there was little news coverage of the Congress in the French press, but one newspaper in Paris called Du Bois a "disciple of Garvey."
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Conference. Since he was not given permission to speak at the Peace Conference, he decided to create a separate meeting to take place at the same time.
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covered the 5th Pan African Congress in an article by war reporter Hilde Marchant titled "Africa Speaks in Manchester", published on 10 November 1945.
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Event planners also hoped that the Congress would support the creation of a Pan African Center of Science and Technology. Several men associated with
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Several North American activists from the 6PAC went on to Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1974 to lobby the United States to take action against
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the results were tepid. Du Bois continued to work towards the creation of a Pan-African movement in the United States throughout 1946. Due to the
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became alarmed. Beer, who was the chief colonial expert working for the U.S., believed that Black people could not govern themselves. A series of
332:
raised money through solicitations of prominent NAACP supporters. Despite the funding received, the conference took place on a very small budget.
6370:"'The Fighting Had Ceased But... Democracy Had Not Won': Helen Noble Curtis and the Rise of a Black International Feminism in World War I France"
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about hosting the congress there. During the planning, the radical non-governmental delegation from the Caribbean, which included members of the
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employment practices. These topics were discussed at the first session of the Congress held on October 15, 1945, chaired by Amy Ashwood Garvey.
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Committees were formed during the event, including the creation of a resolution committee headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, and
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and in his reports to the NAACP, he did not give a full view of actual nature of the speeches and implied criticism of the United States'
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had been restored to the throne; the United Nations not offering help to Ethiopia while Italy (which conquered Ethiopia in 1935 under a
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would lead to positive outcomes for them politically and socially. Du Bois wrote to President Wilson and asked to be a delegate for the
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2417:. In addition, 7PAC brought together activists from different generations to work on modern problems together. Modern issues included
2213:(ASCRIA), chose not to attend 6PAC. In solidarity, James also boycotted the congress despite "appeals from Julius Nyerere to attend."
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did not attend the conference, he is on the record saying how important it was for the momentum of independence movement at the time.
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were supposed to attend however along with several of his fellow South African delegates could not due to issues obtaining passports.
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1966:; working conditions and wages for Africans reflected the same inequalities as South Africa. This session was open by Jomo Kenyatta.
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was taking place at the end of WWI. Many majority groups, including Black people in Europe and Africa, felt that the creation of a
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plan gave Du Bois hope that there would be greater opportunities for Black people politically in a future marked by democratic and
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in Europe during the fighting. Du Bois described the fighting done by Black Americans as a "debt of blood" and that they deserved
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There were 208 delegates from the United States and 10 different foreign countries. Africa was represented by delegates from the
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in 1921, where he enclosed the resolutions adopted at this first Congress in 1919. Du Bois also sent the resolutions to Beer and
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in August 1945, when Du Bois announced that the fifth PAC would be held in England, one week after the trade union conference.
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that the event be hosted in Liberia and not in Europe, however having originally been scheduled in Paris to coincide with the
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2281:" at the congress because it is more important for all people to work together to free themselves from oppression in Africa.
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and American officials in Paris. The French government even later stated that Clemenceau had never approved of the Congress.
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1055:, in 1925 did not pan out due to transportation and other issues. Instead, the Congress was held in New York City in 1927.
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There were more than 2,000 participants at the event, which included a Women's Pre-Congress meeting. Ugandan president,
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from April 3 to April 8, 1994. The theme of the event was "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."
1955:"Oppression in South Africa". Including the social, economic, educational, health and employment inequalities faced by
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There was a much greater representation of African delegates and attendees from Continental Africa at this conference.
2344:. Under Hill's leadership, this grew into the Southern Africa News Collective, and eventually in 1978 turned into the
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proposing that European powers return German colonies to African people. When Du Bois wrote about the Congress in the
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873:. The Congress met on August 28 and 29 at the Central Hall with around 113 people in attendance and 41 delegates.
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A General Political Statement was created at 6PAC which called for an end to all forms of colonialism, including
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Diagne was able to get official permission for the Congress to take place in Paris by persuading Prime Minister
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Race, Rights and Reform: Black Activism in the French Empire and the United States from World War I to Cold War
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1969:"Ethiopia and The Black Republics". Discussing the issue of Britain exercising control over Ethiopia although
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Archive material relating to the 1945 and the subsequent celebratory events in 1982 and 1995 are held at the
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6327:"The Pan African Movement, 1900–1945: A Study in Leadership Conflicts Among the Disciples of Pan Africanism"
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The development of Africa should be for the benefit of Africans and not merely for the profits of Europeans.
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in June 1974. This was the first time the event took place in Africa. The event was originally proposed by
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4754:. Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. October 1945
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6405:"Rien pour la révolution, tout par l'éducation": The Talented Tenth at the Second Pan-African Congress"
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1962:"The East African Picture". Focusing on the issue of land, most of the best land had been occupied by
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and the Paris meeting happened at the Salles des Ingènieurs. The Brussels sessions were hosted at the
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Colored Girls' and Boy's Inspiring United States History and a Heart to Heart Talk about White Folks
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Letter from W.E.B. Du Bois to the NAACP January 1919 about planning the First Pan African Congress.
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The Negro Association, Manchester – C. Peart, M.I. Faro, Frank Niles, Dr. P. Milliard, F.W. Blaine
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Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century
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No Easy Victories: African Liberation and American Activists Over a Half Century, 1950-2000
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2053:. It is suggested by commentators that Manchester community leader and political activist,
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The Abolition of the pretension of a white minority to dominate a black majority in Kenya,
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reminded delegates that it was important to include women in the Pan-African proceedings.
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of its importance. Dates were set for February 12 and 13 to coincide with the birthday of
127:. These ideas refuted the inferiority of Black people. Pan Africanists believed that both
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held in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress gained a reputation as a peacemaker for
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Augusto stayed in Dar es Salaam after 6PAC to edit the proceedings of the event for the
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movement towards self-government if they fought for European colonial powers during the
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who resigned from the congress, were worried the event would have "radical tendencies."
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3604:"Black Women Organize for the Future of Pan-Africanism: the Sixth Pan-African Congress"
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There should be home rule and a responsible government for British West Africa and the
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6031:"W. E. B. Du Bois' Ambiguous Politics of Liberation: Race, Marxism and Pan Africanism"
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4511:"Details on the Fifth Pan-African Congress and Pan-African Film Installation (London)"
4034:"DOCUMENT: Resolutions Passed by the Fourth Pan-African Congress, New York City, 1927"
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fathered by black ex-servicemen and white British mothers; racial discrimination, the
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material, and the monopoly of technique and culture. And in this crime white labor is
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as a philosophy was created as early as the late 1700s, seen through the movements of
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1937:"The Colour Problem in Britain", Including issues of unemployment among black youth;
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Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era
5471:"Sylvia Hill: From the Sixth Pan-African Congress to the Free South Africa Movement"
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5277:"Sixth Pan-African Congress: Planning, Preparation and Implementation, 1969 – 1974"
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to place a red plaque commemorating the Congress on the wall of Chorlton Town Hall.
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and the African-European relationship. The following was addressed at the meeting:
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In February 1919, the first Pan-African Congress was organized quickly in Paris by
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5815:"David L. Horne: Biographical Reflections, A Living Pan African Scholar-Activist"
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The sixth Pan-African Congress, also known as "Sixth-PAC or 6PAC," was hosted in
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during the opening session. Other speakers at the opening session included Chief
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and moderate. Nevertheless, Du Bois was able to create the idea of a Pan African
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2393:. This group, however, wanted to limit attendance only to "African people," not
2318:. The statement also called for a unification of African people to work towards
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is not separate: it should be the same for all people regardless of skin color.
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5970:"Conflicts of Interest: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment"
5788:"Rebuilding the Pan African Movement: A Report on the 7th Pan African Congress"
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notes that "There were also eleven listed 'fraternal delegates', from Cypriot,
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6213:"The 1921 Pan-African Congress at Brussels: A Background to Belgian Pressures"
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6613:"Towards an 8th Pan-African Congress: The Evolution of the Race-Class Debate"
6550:"The Sixth Pan African Congress: Black Unity: Coming of Age in Dar-es-Salaam"
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were denied passports. It was reported by the U.S. State Department that the
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4593:"100 years of Nana Dr JS Annan, a life of service and social responsibility"
1261:(PAF) in Manchester in 1945, the Fifth Pan-African Congress was held at the
793:
and Paris, during August (28, 29, and 31) and September (2, 3, 5 and 6). As
789:
In 1921, the Second Pan-African Congress met in several sessions in London,
210:
on any potential proceedings. The U.S. saw Garvy and the UNIA as linked to "
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6386:
4714:
African Journal of Political Science / Revue Africaine de Science Politique
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2385:
The seventh Pan African Congress was called by the Pan-African Movement of
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2073:
2015:
1938:
1694:
1513:
1337:
1202:
1063:
666:
426:
251:
168:
104:
81:
7691:
The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America
6809:
6193:
African Diasporas in the New and Old Worlds: Consciousness and Imagination
6178:
5986:
4876:"'Mak': Ras T Makonnen, the unrecognized hero of the Pan-African Movement"
1518:
Coloured Worker' Association – Ernest P. Marke, E.A. Aki-Emi, James Nortey
886:
overthrow of colonial rule. Panda Farnana even tried suing the newspaper,
830:, French politicians of African and Guadeloupean descent, who represented
124:
107:
in both the United States and Britain. British writers and former slaves,
7331:
7019:
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6803:
6671:"The 'Key Link' – some London notes towards the 7th Pan-African Congress"
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40:(PAC) was a series of eight meetings which took place on the back of the
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5640:"8th Pan-African Congress Calls for Council on African National Affairs"
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United Committee of Coloured and Colonial People Association, Cardiff –
1038:
Delegates from Oregon for the 4th Pan African Congress in New York 1927.
237:
to speak on behalf of Black people. Du Bois knew that the fate of some
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5954:
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1321:
1277:." the fifth included more representatives from the African continent.
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was one of thirty attendees at this conference where he described "the
69:
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
6421:
6369:
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2162:
played a role influencing the congress. Other key organizers included
2005:
have specifically written about women involved in the Fifth-Congress.
1645:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
1434:
Workers' League – H.T. Weir, M. Dawson, Gilbert Cargill, Horace Dawson
1253:
The commemorating plaque at Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall, Manchester.
1181:
was also included, but no plans for how to accomplish this were made.
1047:
According to Du Bois, an earlier plan to hold the 4th Congress in the
405:
Eventually, the Congress took place between February 19 and 21 at the
7738:
7109:
7104:
6948:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6478:
W.E.B. Du Bois and Pan-Africanism: His Place in its Early Development
5692:
5668:
5308:
3899:"Rayford W. Logan: The Evolution of a Pan-African Protege, 1921–1927"
2341:
2319:
2127:
2037:
2002:
1501:
1362:
845:
acted as the sole representative for Liberia during this conference.
782:
499:
382:
6586:
6136:"Sixth Pan African Congress: Progress Report on Congress Organizing"
5922:"A Session of the Pan-African Congress, Paris, February 19–22, 1919"
5850:
5774:
Critical Arts: A South-North Journal of Cultural & Media Studies
4800:"Breaking the 'colour bar': Len Johnson, Manchester and anti-racism"
4072:"4th Annual Pan African Congress to be Held in N.Y. August 21,22,23"
1373:
and Independent Labour Party". Historian Saheed Adejumobi writes in
772:
335:
Once the event had permission, American officials in Paris, such as
221:
In December 1918, Du Bois went to France as a representative of the
7528:
7500:
6863:
6457:
Standing at Armageddon: A Grassroots History of the Progressive Era
5379:"Pan-African Congress Failed to Fulfill Promise of Earlier Session"
4644:"E J Du Plau, a welfare worker from Liverpool attends the Fifth..."
2477:
2303:
2115:
1289:
988:
982:
790:
371:
did not believe the timing was right for a Pan-African Congress. A
347:
described as "urgent" and "confidential" began to pass between the
61:
4363:"It began in Manchester — Manchester and The Pan-African Movement"
1265:, Manchester, United Kingdom, between the 15 and 21 October 1945.
1161:. The final speeches of the congress were given by H. H. Philips,
954:
In 1923, the Third Pan-African Congress was held in London and in
950:– Agreement to hold the third Pan-African Congress in Lisbon, 1921
413:
at the First Pan-African Congress than there had been at the 1900
115:
created the foundations for Pan Africanism in English literature.
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2446:
2386:
2374:
1358:
1293:
1198:
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610:
482:
430:
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128:
77:
6306:"The Historical Aspects of Pan-Africanism: A Personal Chronicle"
5137:
5135:
5133:
4963:
4961:
1603:
African Development Association – W. Meighan, Dr. Peter Milliard
6823:
6782:
5435:
Minter, William (February 2005). Minter, William; Hovey, Gail;
4138:"Negro Experts Attend Pan-African Congress Opening in New York"
1483:
Gold Coast Farmers' Association – Ashie Nikoi, W.J. Kwesi Mould
955:
65:
5769:"C.L.R. James, Pan-Africanism and the Black Radical Tradition"
5033:
2211:
African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa
2013:
The British press scarcely mentioned the conference. However,
1545:
League of African Peoples, Birmingham – Dr. Clarence J. Piliso
1074:
of New York City was also one of the sponsors of the 4th PAC.
436:
The first speech of the Congress was by Diagne, who said that
425:
and 16 delegates from the U.S. Delegates to the Congress were
7605:
5130:
5056:
Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre Archives Hub
4958:
2394:
2390:
2146:(TANU) were involved in organizing and hosting the congress.
2040:, the NAACP stepped back from its support of Pan Africanism.
1884:
1647:– Alma La Badie, L.A. Thoywell-Henry, V.G. Hamilton, K. Boxer
317:
222:
202:. In addition, Du Bois wanted to oppose the influence of the
5034:"PAC@75: PAN AFRICAN CONGRESS 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS"
4618:
2704:"African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress"
2625:"Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of Pan-Africanism"
1837:
Fraternal delegates, observers and other attendees include:
32:
Members of the Second Pan African Conference, Brussels, 1921
6189:"Du Bois, The Crisis and Images of Africa and the Diaspora"
4978:
4976:
4901:"Pan-African Congress 1945 and 1995 Archive – Archives Hub"
4562:
4560:
3518:
2302:
reported that the Congress was very divided and often too "
6237:
Levy, La TaSha; Hill, Sylvia; Claude, Judy (Winter 2008).
6162:"The Elusive History of the Pan-African Congress, 1919–27"
5834:"Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919"
4918:
3938:
3506:
3296:
3267:
2899:
2158:, who were involved with the SNCC, helped plan the event.
1885:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
938:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5544:
5542:
5212:
5210:
5159:
4774:"Pan-African Congress press release 11, ca. October 1945"
4681:"Pan-African Congress press release 11, ca. October 1945"
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1857:
Federation of Indian Associations - Nagendranath Gangulee
146:
in 1897 to encourage a sense of Pan African unity in the
7812:
W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award
7647:
W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Centre for Pan African Culture
7300:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
5559:
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2654:"Henry Sylvester Williams: The Father of Pan-Africanism"
6568:"The Worley Report on the Pan-African Congress of 1919"
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Planning began in 1944 after Du Bois corresponded with
1029:
60:
Congresses took place in order: 1919 in Paris; 1921 in
7865:
African American founding fathers of the United States
5569:
5539:
5207:
5008:"Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan-African Congress"
4661:
4499:. Leeds University Centre for African Studies (LUCAS).
3926:
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3558:
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3452:
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3308:
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3255:
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3021:
2941:
2538:
2536:
2453:
2429:
and the historical baggage that surrounds both ideas.
2105:
1989:
Women played an important role in the Fifth Congress.
5742:"Some Questions About the Sixth Pan-African Congress"
5620:
5608:
5596:
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5255:
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The opening address was given by Tanzanian President
7315:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
6492:"The Radical Evolution of Du Boisian Pan-Africanism"
3725:
3621:
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3398:
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3347:
3221:
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3138:
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2473:
2065:
Black Chronicles III: The Fifth Pan African Congress
5171:
4321:
The Story of Africa: Between World Wars (1914–1945)
4052:
3874:
3811:
3742:
3645:
3551:
3440:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2326:. It explicitly called out all kinds of racism and
1933:Among the issues addressed at the conference were:
1573:, J.S. Andrew, Jim Nurse, H. Hassan, Basil Roderick
1244:
999:
Delegates of the 1923 Pan-African Congress, Lisbon.
401:
Pan-African Congress in Paris, February 19–22, 1919
6611:
6566:
6509:
6490:
6403:
6368:
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6211:
6134:
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5786:
5767:
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5147:
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4338:
3897:
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3757:
2368:
1727:Seamen's and Waterfront Workers' Union – J.M. King
1090:were all active in planning for the 4th PAC. The
1068:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
1058:Women played a significant role in this congress.
16:Series of meetings to address issues facing Africa
4390:"The 1945 Pan-African Congress and its Aftermath"
4365:. BBC News; Black History Month. 14 October 2005.
3862:
3772:
3214:
3185:
2911:
2733:
2229:Hundreds to thousands of participants met at the
2101:has records and documents from the 1945 Congress.
1805:Negro Welfare and Cultural Association – C. Lynch
1655:Progressive Society – J. Tobie, Robert Broadhurst
773:1921 Brussels, London and Paris Congress (Second)
7877:
6240:"Rethinking Pan-Africanism for the 21st Century"
6107:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc.
4387:
2721:
2458:The eighth Pan-African Congress was held at the
2087:Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre
1860:Federation of Indian Organisations in Britain -
519:, a Belgian peace activist, wrote an article in
5465:Minter, William. Minter, William; Hovey, Gail;
4335:
4268:"Negro Congress Wants U.S. Navy to Leave Haiti"
4231:"Representative Delegation at Pan-African Meet"
3676:
2254:all attended 6PAC. For Black British activists
1412:R. Johnson, J. McCaskie, R.D. Watson, J.M. King
6442:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
6236:
5141:
4967:
2197:James traveled to Tanzania to talk to Cox and
2194:organized delegates from southern California.
1442:Workers' Association: G.R. Tucker, E. Richards
1397:Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress include:
417:. Africa had twelve delegates with three from
270:
7544:
6696:
6191:. In Benesch, Klaus; Geneviève Fabre (eds.).
6121:
5521:"A Brief History of the Pan African Movement"
4940:"The Pan-African Congress in black and white"
4798:Hirsch, Shirin; Brown, Geoff (January 2023).
4460:
4105:"4th Pan-African Congress Plans Nearly Ready"
3524:
2373:The seventh Pan-African Congress was held in
1559:, Edwin J. DuPlan, C.D. Hyde, E. Asuquo Cowan
1459:National Council of Gambia – J. Downes-Thomas
465:political consciousness because they saw the
6564:
5052:"Pan-African Congress 1945 and 1995 Archive"
4497:"Remembering the Fifth Pan-African Congress"
4467:Manchester and the 1945 Pan-African Congress
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
3512:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
552:who served as advisors to President Wilson.
154:. The African Association's work led to the
6652:1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto
6094:"The 1980s: The Anti-Apartheid Convergence"
5715:
4924:
4797:
4375:
3958:"French Desert DuBois' Pan-African Meeting"
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2138:Activists involved in the Washington, D.C.
1717:St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union
1365:(Sri Lankan) organisations, as well as the
991:and mob law in the US should be suppressed.
68:and London; 1927 in New York City; 1945 in
7551:
7537:
6703:
6689:
3910:(8): 31 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
3116:"Pan-African Congress Will Not Be Allowed"
1500:African Progressive Association, London –
1070:were key fundraisers for the meeting. The
7285:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
6565:Worley, H.F.; Contee, C.G. (April 1970).
6177:
5811:
5674:George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary
5189:
4850:Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah
4815:
4494:
4437:
4415:"1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester"
3163:"Pan-African Congress Placed Under a Ban"
2597:
2140:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
1681:National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons
1512:Association of African Descent, Dublin –
822:The only dissenting voices were these of
613:, and French Commissioner General of the
7245:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
6507:
6488:
6319:(1): 90–104 – via Freedom Archive.
6186:
6014:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5784:
5722:The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress
5578:
5548:
4994:
4982:
4667:
4566:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4464:
4287:"Negro Congress to Ask U.S. Leave Haiti"
4198:"Pickens Addresses Pan-African Congress"
3805:
2548:
2462:from January 14 to January 16, 2014, in
1984:
1841:Committee of Cyprus Affairs – L. Joannou
1677:Calabar Improvement League – Eyo B. Ndem
1404:Workers' Union – R.G. Small, W.R. Austin
1248:
1033:
994:
942:
776:
409:. There was greater representation from
396:
91:
52:. It made a significant advance for the
27:
7004:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
6526:
6460:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
6450:
6323:
6091:
6009:
5966:
5941:
5916:
5304:Black British History: New Perspectives
5300:
4846:
4578:
3989:
3944:
3932:
3707:
3562:
3545:
3476:
3461:
3418:"Colored Officers and the Regular Army"
3380:
3329:
3302:
3290:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3099:
3038:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2905:
2680:
2652:Kentake, Meserette (19 February 2018).
2651:
2600:"The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945"
1999:Universal Negro Improvement Association
1562:The Young African Progressive League –
1506:African Students' Union of Edinburgh –
1369:and two British political parties, the
1165:, and Y. Hikada on politics in Africa.
939:1923 Lisbon and London Congress (Third)
881:The press in the British colony of the
637:Universal Negro Improvement Association
461:all felt that there was "no room for a
421:. There were 21 delegates representing
19:For South African political party, see
7878:
7747:Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil
6159:
6028:
5830:
5765:
5738:
5434:
5410:
5275:Hill, Sylvia I. B. (27 October 2020).
5270:
5268:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5201:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
4936:
4710:"Caribbean Women & Pan Africanism"
4707:
4703:
4701:
4495:Høgsbjerg, Christian (12 April 2016).
4490:
4488:
4486:
4388:Katzenellenbogen, Simon (2 May 1995).
4357:
4355:
4353:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4225:
4223:
4099:
4097:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
3985:
3983:
3920:
3856:
3793:
3639:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3500:
3488:
3404:
3392:
3365:
3237:
3208:
3149:
3110:
3108:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3015:
3000:
2893:
2864:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2772:
1719:– J.A. Linton, Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
1551:The Negro Welfare Centre, Liverpool –
1420:Progressive League – E. de L. Yearwood
1072:Circle for Peace and Foreign Relations
316:. Funding for the event came from the
7532:
6684:
6664:SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing 6PAC
6609:
6484:(Thesis thesis). McMaster University.
6474:
6366:
6300:
6279:
6122:Harrison, Jr., William Henry (1921).
6045:
5967:Dunstan, Sarah Claire (Winter 2016).
5626:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5563:
5376:
5165:
4590:
4431:
4132:
4130:
4058:
3891:
3889:
3817:
3751:
3736:
3719:
3627:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3446:
3353:
3341:
2876:
2838:
2784:
2760:
2542:
2527:
2515:
1817:Trade Union Congress – Rupert Gittens
1476:Friends of African Freedom Society –
1468:Aborigines' Rights Protection Society
1375:The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945
576:Matthew Virgil Boutte, United States.
381:Europe. Du Bois did not invite Black
7579:Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems
7558:
7280:International African Service Bureau
6547:
6410:European Journal of American Studies
6401:
6209:
6132:
5947:"Manifesto to the League of Nations"
5831:Contee, Clarence G. (January 1972).
5793:African Journal of Political Science
5739:Baraka, Imamu Amira (October 1974).
5422:
5364:
5274:
5259:
5177:
3895:
3880:
3868:
3844:
3829:
3778:
3766:
3651:
3191:
2965:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2647:
2645:
1566:, E. Brown, George Nelson, Raz Finni
1522:International African Service Bureau
1030:1927 New York City Congress (Fourth)
204:United Negro Improvement Association
7891:Anti-racist organizations in Africa
7817:W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute
7321:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
6503:(9): 151–170 – via EBSCOhost.
6489:Ratcliff, Anthony J. (March 2013).
6099:. In Minter, William; Hovey, Gail;
5873:
5780:(4): 484–499 – via EBSCOhost.
5691:
5667:
5265:
5153:
5094:
4698:
4483:
4350:
4344:
4253:
4220:
4094:
4017:
3980:
3410:
3225:
3105:
2971:
2920:
2829:
2748:
2727:
2454:2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth)
2277:. His speech focused on promoting "
2106:1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth)
1928:
1896:– Miss Levy, R.B. Rose, A.B. Blaine
1109:gave a speech on the importance of
1003:Before the Congress met in London,
867:Methodist Central Hall, Westminster
13:
7250:All-African Trade Union Federation
6710:
6508:Rathbone, Richard (October 1995).
5464:
5333:"Nyerere Appeals for Black Accord"
5038:Manchester Metropolitan University
4937:Mensah, Nana Yaa (5 August 2015).
4873:
4127:
3886:
3568:
2978:University of North Carolina Press
2598:Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008).
2203:Afro-Caribbean Liberation movement
1013:, Du Bois drew on words spoken by
14:
7912:
7649:(home, burial site, and memorial)
7310:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
6645:
6548:Said, Abdulkadir N. (June 1974).
6324:Mboukou, Alexandre (March 1983).
5812:Claybrook, M. Keith (June 2018).
5766:Bogues, Anthony (December 2011).
5496:"Southern Africa Support Project"
4616:
2841:"W E B Du Bois: Letter to London"
2686:
2642:
2144:Tanganyika African National Union
2023:was also responsible for sending
1286:1945 World Trade Union Conference
1094:served as planning headquarters.
865:The London meeting took place in
349:United States Department of State
21:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
7511:
7499:
7489:
7488:
7479:
7478:
6533:. University of Virginia Press.
6035:Columbia Journal of Race and Law
5826:(8): 1–15 – via EBSCOhost.
5632:
5513:
5488:
5458:
5428:
5370:
5325:
5294:
5069:
5044:
5026:
5000:
4930:
4893:
4867:
4840:
4791:
4766:
4752:W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312)
4740:
4673:
4636:
4610:
4591:Annan, Citizen (23 March 2014).
4584:
4503:
4407:
4381:
2839:Singh, Iqbal (29 October 2020).
2476:
2043:
1993:chaired the opening session and
1848:Communist Party of Great Britain
1257:Following the foundation of the
1245:1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth)
7860:W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America
7755:Black Reconstruction in America
7699:The Study of the Negro Problems
7589:The Exhibit of American Negroes
7584:Atlanta Sociological Laboratory
7574:W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite
7436:All-African Peoples' Conference
6618:Journal of Political Ideologies
6527:Roberts, Brian Russell (2013).
6218:Transafrican Journal of History
6057:Journal of Contemporary History
4309:
4190:
4160:
4064:
3950:
3670:
3657:
3155:
2702:Reft, Ryan (19 February 2019).
2460:University of the Witwatersrand
2389:who hoped to hold the event in
2369:1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh)
2346:Southern Africa Support Project
1137:. Later speeches were given by
633:M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks
6657:Journal of Pan African Studies
6497:Journal of Pan African Studies
6402:Nidi, Emanuele (Summer 2023).
6280:Lewis, David Levering (2009).
6257:10.1080/00064246.2008.11413420
6128:– via Project Gutenberg.
5894:10.1080/00064246.1974.11431403
5820:Journal of Pan African Studies
5785:Campbell, Horace (June 1996).
5081:Working Class Movement Library
4419:Working Class Movement Library
3995:"The Negro Faces Modern World"
3904:Journal of Pan African Studies
3677:W. E. B. Dubois (April 1919).
3602:Farmer, Ashley (3 July 2016).
2617:
2432:
2351:
2291:
2099:Working Class Movement Library
1899:Somali Society – Ismail Dorbeh
1809:Oilfields Workers' Trade Union
1683:– Magnus Williams, F.B. Joseph
1184:
895:
651:, Minister of Haiti in France.
303:International Council of Women
1:
7461:United States of Latin Africa
7290:Organisation of African Unity
7219:African Leadership University
6511:"Pan-Africanism: 50 Years On"
6286:. New York: Holt Paperbacks.
6283:W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography
5874:Cox, Courtland (April 1974).
5441:"Interview with Geri Augusto"
3964:. 10 November 1923. p. 1
2502:
2380:
2309:
2133:
2030:
1939:abandoned mixed-race children
1794:Federated Workers Trade Union
1327:
1269:those in the United Kingdom,
1263:Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall
1238:American Negro Labor Congress
1175:
1042:
876:
848:
188:American Expeditionary Forces
87:
7595:First Pan-African Conference
7275:First Pan-African Conference
6630:10.1080/13569317.2011.575682
6610:Young, Kurt B. (June 2011).
6574:The Journal of Negro History
6522:: 6–9 – via EBSCOhost.
6367:Moore, Laura (Winter 2018).
6182:– via Oxford Academic.
6160:Hodder, Jake (Spring 2021).
5877:"Sixth Pan African Congress"
5839:The Journal of Negro History
5724:. London: New Beacon Books.
5377:Ofari, Earl (26 July 1974).
5142:Levy, Hill & Claude 2008
4968:Levy, Hill & Claude 2008
4394:H-NET List for World History
3169:. 2 February 1919. p. 5
3122:. 1 February 1919. p. 3
2492:First Pan-African Conference
2008:
1903:Women's International League
1577:West African Students' Union
1367:Women's International League
1348:
1282:West African Students' Union
555:
357:National Equal Rights League
156:First Pan-African Conference
64:, London and Paris; 1923 in
7:
6424:(inactive 27 August 2024).
6133:Hill, Sylvia (April 1974).
4293:. 25 August 1927. p. 2
4274:. 25 August 1927. p. 1
4237:. 27 August 1927. p. 3
4204:. 23 August 1927. p. 6
4174:. 23 August 1927. p. 4
4144:. 22 August 1927. p. 3
2629:UCLA African Studies Center
2469:
2231:University of Dar es Salaam
1997:, a Jamaican member of the
1831:The Young Baganda – I. Yatu
1595:Labour Party – S.J. Andrews
1553:E. E. Kwesi Kurankyi-Taylor
1092:Grace Congregational Church
757:, Belgian Peace Commission.
721:, South Africa. (Possibly.)
492:
298:Versailles Peace Conference
275:
271:1919 Paris Congress (First)
10:
7917:
7214:African Leadership Academy
6375:Journal of Women's History
6344:10.1177/002193478301300302
6302:Logan, Rayford Whittingham
6069:10.1177/002200946900400113
5661:
5113:"6th Pan-African Congress"
4469:. London: Savannah Press.
4111:. 6 August 1927. p. 3
3679:"The Pan-African Congress"
2845:The National Archives blog
2404:
2224:
2091:Manchester Central Library
1854:, Wilf Charles, Pat Devine
1844:Common Wealth – Miss Leeds
1821:West Indian National Party
1664:Nyasaland African Congress
1618:Kikuyu Central Association
1097:
860:
836:French Chamber of Deputies
681:, United States and Congo.
560:Among the delegates were:
18:
7896:Pan-African organizations
7886:International conferences
7825:
7799:
7773:
7682:
7656:
7566:
7506:Pan-Africanism portal
7474:
7413:
7382:
7344:
7270:Economic Freedom Fighters
7260:Convention People's Party
7235:African Unification Front
7227:
7206:
7197:
7012:
6851:
6842:
6791:
6725:
6718:
6397:– via Project MUSE.
6010:Dunstan, Sarah C (2021).
6005:– via Project MUSE.
5698:Pan-Africanism: A History
5677:. Ian Randle Publishers.
5644:ITUC-AFRICA / CSI-AFRIQUE
5339:. 20 June 1974. p. 2
4817:10.1177/03063968221139993
4465:Sherwood, Marika (1995).
4078:. 23 June 1927. p. 2
2342:apartheid in South Africa
2335:Tanzania Publishing House
2322:throughout Africa to end
2027:to photograph the event.
1909:Other Attendees include:
1894:Negro Welfare Association
1802:– Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
1775:Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu
1765:African National Congress
1754:West African Youth League
1711:St. Kitts Workers' League
591:Louise Chapoteau, France.
544:Du Bois sent a letter to
389:leaders to the Congress.
7807:W. E. B. Du Bois Library
7426:African-American leftism
7175:Henry Sylvester Williams
6939:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
6332:Journal of Black Studies
6166:History Workshop Journal
5500:African Activist Archive
4317:"The Pan-African Vision"
4168:"For the Unity of Labor"
3991:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt
3665:The Pan-African Movement
3513:Worley & Contee 1970
3424:. 17 May 1919. p. 1
3167:The Atlanta Constitution
1977:) was receiving UN help.
1867:Independent Labour Party
1756:– I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson
1060:Addie Whiteman Dickerson
392:
140:Henry Sylvester Williams
46:decolonization in Africa
7715:The Souls of Black Folk
7641:Fisk University protest
7484:Pan-Africanism category
7456:United States of Africa
7451:Union of African States
7441:East African Federation
7390:Ethnic groups of Africa
7295:Pan African Association
6884:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
6830:United States of Africa
6092:Goodman, David (2007).
5701:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4925:Adi & Sherwood 1995
4847:Nkrumah, Kwame (2002).
4778:credo.library.umass.edu
4708:Harris, Bonita (1996).
4685:credo.library.umass.edu
4376:Adi & Sherwood 1995
2708:The Library of Congress
2059:Manchester City Council
1880:Tikiri Banda Subasinghe
1876:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1771:, Makumalo (Mako) Hlubi
1747:Trade Union Congress –
1707:Saint Kitts and Nevis:
1687:Nigerian Youth Movement
1633:People's National Party
1280:It was the wish of the
1076:Beatrice Morrow Cannady
889:L'Avenir Colonial Belge
761:William English Walling
627:Henry Franklin-Bouillon
322:fraternal organizations
7833:Shirley Graham Du Bois
7723:The Negro in the South
7707:The Philadelphia Negro
7265:East African Community
6904:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
6753:Anti-Western sentiment
6640:– via EBSCOhost.
6387:10.1353/jowh.2018.0044
6187:Kirschke, Amy (2004).
5281:Black Power Chronicles
4905:archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk
2972:Gao, Yunxiang (2021).
2421:, women's rights, and
1971:Emperor Haile Selassie
1749:I.T.A. Wallace Johnson
1487:Railway Workers' Union
1478:Bankole Awoonor Renner
1312:as well as condemning
1259:Pan-African Federation
1254:
1039:
1000:
951:
834:and Guadeloupe in the
820:
786:
743:Roscoe Conklin Simmons
731:Charles Edward Russell
415:Pan-African Conference
402:
365:William Monroe Trotter
257:William Henry Sheppard
227:Paris Peace Conference
163:and for the rights of
123:, created the idea of
97:
42:Pan-African Conference
33:
7846:Encyclopedia Africana
7170:Frances Cress Welsing
6432:– via ProQuest.
6029:Gearey, Adam (2012).
5987:10.1353/cal.2016.0017
5383:The Los Angeles Times
2484:Pan-Africanism portal
2439:Ronald Muwenda Mutabi
1985:Women's contributions
1919:Cecil Belfield Clarke
1790:Trinidad and Tobago:
1741:The People's Forum –
1635:– L.A. Thoywell-Henry
1318:racial discrimination
1252:
1127:James Francis Jenkins
1037:
998:
946:
810:
780:
755:Cyrille Van Overbergh
725:Achille René-Boisneuf
512:West African colonies
467:French Third Republic
455:Achille René-Boisneuf
400:
225:at the same time the
121:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
95:
31:
7674:Double consciousness
7636:Pan-African Congress
7352:Black Star of Africa
7305:Pan-African Congress
7255:Conseil de l'Entente
7035:Edward Wilmot Blyden
6959:Abdias do Nascimento
6924:Toussaint Louverture
6475:Pardy, H.G. (1966).
5525:Pan African Congress
5311:. pp. 125–143.
5117:SNCC Digital Gateway
3896:Reed, David (2014).
2262:, Ron Phillips, and
2051:Commemorative plaque
1957:Black South Africans
1700:Trade Union Congress
1639:Trade Union Congress
1607:Trades Union Council
1571:Aaron Albert Mossell
1151:Leslie Pinckney Hill
1147:Leo William Hansbury
697:Joseph Lagrosillière
615:Ministry of Colonies
459:Joseph Lagrosillière
330:James Weldon Johnson
265:James Weldon Johnson
200:anti-colonial values
167:to be recognized by
38:Pan-African Congress
7405:Conflicts in Africa
7395:Languages of Africa
7369:Pan-African colours
7090:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
6733:African nationalism
6452:Painter, Nell Irvin
6210:Kodi, M.W. (1984).
6179:10.1093/hwj/dbaa032
5981:(1): 133–150, 234.
4874:Bowman, Jack A. W.
4038:Black Agenda Report
3859:, pp. 119–120.
3722:, pp. 414–415.
3344:, p. 123, 124.
2976:. Chapel Hill, NC:
2787:, p. 119, 123.
2120:Pauulu Kamarakafego
1823:– Claude Lushington
1587:, F.R. Kankam-Boadu
1508:J.C deGraft Johnson
1451:Gambia Labour Union
1371:Common Wealth Party
1084:Dorothy R. Peterson
976:British West Indies
806:Shapurji Saklatvala
749:Joel Elias Spingarn
649:Tertullien Guilbaud
487:Addie Waites Hunton
472:Liberian delegate,
449:. Andrade, Diagne,
423:Caribbean countries
326:Mary White Ovington
144:African Association
7621:The Brownies' Book
7421:African philosophy
7400:Religion in Africa
7125:Zephania Mothopeng
7075:Amy Ashwood Garvey
7050:John Henrik Clarke
7040:Stokely Carmichael
7025:Molefi Kete Asante
6979:John Nyathi Pokela
6964:Gamal Abdel Nasser
6605:– via JSTOR.
6362:– via JSTOR.
6275:– via JSTOR.
6232:– via JSTOR.
6155:– via JSTOR.
6141:African Liberation
6101:Cobb, Jr., Charles
6087:– via JSTOR.
5912:– via JSTOR.
5807:– via JSTOR.
5761:– via JSTOR.
5593:, p. 145-146.
5527:. 14 February 2020
5467:Cobb, Jr., Charles
5437:Cobb, Jr., Charles
5168:, p. 155-156.
4076:The Black Dispatch
3993:(26 August 1927).
3947:, p. 125-126.
3525:Harrison, Jr. 1921
3305:, p. 142-143.
3276:, p. 141-142.
2908:, p. 121-122.
2867:, p. 116-117.
2419:HIV/AIDS in Africa
2363:Amy Jacques Garvey
2244:Queen Mother Moore
2207:New Jewel Movement
2164:Geri Stark Augusto
1991:Amy Ashwood Garvey
1735:Teachers' Union –
1668:Dr. Hastings Banda
1564:Adeniran Ogunsanya
1557:James Eggay Taylor
1530:Amy Ashwood Garvey
1455:I.M. Garba-Jahumpa
1334:Amy Jacques Garvey
1255:
1222:Amy Jacques Garvey
1143:Helen Noble Curtis
1119:Reginald G. Barrow
1040:
1001:
960:Helen Noble Curtis
952:
948:Helen Noble Curtis
920:George Rubin Hutto
914:Amy Jacques Garvey
855:Paul Panda Farnana
843:Helen Noble Curtis
815:particeps criminis
787:
737:Benjamin F. Seldon
713:Robert Russa Moton
691:Charles D. B. King
673:George Rubin Hutto
643:Amy Jacques Garvey
601:Helen Noble Curtis
498:should be granted
478:Helen Noble Curtis
474:Charles D. B. King
433:during the event.
403:
361:Madam C. J. Walker
310:Georges Clemenceau
98:
34:
7873:
7872:
7853:The Negro Problem
7526:
7525:
7518:Africa portal
7358:Le Marron Inconnu
7340:
7339:
7193:
7192:
6989:Ahmed Sékou Touré
6838:
6837:
6758:Black nationalism
6738:African socialism
6467:978-0-393-33192-9
6422:10.4000/ejas.2034
6293:978-0-8050-8805-2
6245:The Black Scholar
5945:(November 1921).
5943:Du Bois, W. E. B.
5918:Du Bois, W. E. B.
5882:The Black Scholar
5708:978-1-4742-5430-4
5475:No Easy Victories
5445:No Easy Victories
5318:978-1-78699-427-1
4860:978-0-901787-60-6
4649:. 28 October 2003
2299:Los Angeles Times
2286:Howard University
2180:Sylvia I. B. Hill
1702:– A. Soyemi Coker
1583:, F.O.B. Blaize,
1298:Republic of Haiti
1210:Dantès Bellegarde
1170:Reverdy C. Ransom
1159:Charles H. Wesley
1135:T. Augustus Toote
1123:Dantès Bellegarde
1111:worker solidarity
985:and South Africa.
767:Richard R. Wright
623:, NAACP delegate.
546:Winston Churchill
535:Maurice Delafosse
411:African countries
369:French government
341:George Louis Beer
290:Edmund Fredericks
231:League of Nations
165:indigenous people
161:cultural identity
7908:
7601:Niagara Movement
7560:W. E. B. Du Bois
7553:
7546:
7539:
7530:
7529:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7504:
7503:
7492:
7491:
7482:
7481:
7374:Pan-African flag
7204:
7203:
7150:Randall Robinson
7085:Leonard Jeffries
7065:W. E. B. Du Bois
7060:Cheikh Anta Diop
7055:Martin R. Delany
6879:David Comissiong
6849:
6848:
6748:Anti-imperialism
6723:
6722:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6682:
6681:
6641:
6615:
6606:
6570:
6561:
6544:
6523:
6513:
6504:
6494:
6485:
6483:
6471:
6447:
6441:
6433:
6407:
6398:
6372:
6363:
6329:
6320:
6310:
6297:
6276:
6242:
6233:
6215:
6206:
6183:
6181:
6156:
6138:
6129:
6118:
6098:
6088:
6054:
6052:"Pan-Africanism"
6049:(January 1969).
6042:
6025:
6006:
5972:
5963:
5951:
5938:
5926:
5913:
5879:
5870:
5836:
5827:
5817:
5808:
5790:
5781:
5771:
5762:
5744:
5735:
5718:Sherwood, Marika
5712:
5688:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5567:
5561:
5552:
5546:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5272:
5263:
5257:
5244:
5243:, p. 43-45.
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5109:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5012:Contemporary And
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4819:
4804:Race & Class
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4617:James, Finding.
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4481:
4480:
4462:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4291:The Daily Worker
4283:
4281:
4279:
4272:The Daily Worker
4264:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4235:The New York Age
4227:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4202:The Daily Worker
4194:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4172:The Daily Worker
4164:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4142:The Daily Worker
4134:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4109:The New York Age
4101:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4006:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3755:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3566:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3503:, p. 24-25.
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3252:, p. 23-24.
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3212:
3206:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3019:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2969:
2963:
2962:, p. 23-28.
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2427:Marxism-Leninism
1929:Issues addressed
1911:Raphael Armattoe
1889:W. E. B. Du Bois
1796:– George Padmore
1234:Richard B. Moore
1129:, H. K. Rakhit,
1080:Dora Cole Norman
932:Albert Marryshow
928:, United States.
922:, United States.
908:Addie E. Dillard
795:W. E. B. Du Bois
785:, Brussels, 1921
763:, United States.
751:, United States.
745:, United States.
739:, United States.
733:, United States.
715:, United States.
709:, United States.
687:, United States.
685:William Jernagin
675:, United States.
669:, United States.
663:, United States.
657:, United States.
639:(UNIA) delegate.
621:W. E. B. Du Bois
603:, United States.
282:W. E. B. Du Bois
239:African colonies
235:Peace Conference
216:Black separatism
173:W. E. B. Du Bois
152:African diaspora
148:British Colonies
7916:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7839:Yolande Du Bois
7821:
7795:
7769:
7678:
7652:
7562:
7557:
7527:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7498:
7494:Africa category
7470:
7409:
7378:
7336:
7223:
7189:
7185:Omali Yeshitela
7165:Issa Laye Thiaw
7095:Maulana Karenga
7080:John G. Jackson
7008:
6929:Patrice Lumumba
6894:Muammar Gaddafi
6834:
6799:African century
6787:
6714:
6709:
6648:
6587:10.2307/2716447
6541:
6481:
6468:
6435:
6434:
6308:
6304:(Summer 1965).
6294:
6203:
6115:
6096:
6022:
5949:
5924:
5851:10.2307/2717070
5732:
5709:
5685:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5625:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5402:
5388:
5386:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5356:
5342:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4845:
4841:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4748:"Africa Speaks"
4746:
4745:
4741:
4706:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4619:"Finding James"
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4589:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4517:. 15 July 2005.
4509:
4508:
4504:
4493:
4484:
4477:
4463:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4421:. October 2013.
4413:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4254:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4207:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4081:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4018:
4004:
4002:
3988:
3981:
3967:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3894:
3887:
3883:, pp. 7–8.
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3697:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3544:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3215:
3207:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3139:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3045:
3037:
3022:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2700:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2456:
2435:
2415:racial category
2411:Yoweri Museveni
2407:
2383:
2375:Kampala, Uganda
2371:
2354:
2312:
2294:
2227:
2199:Mwalimu Nyerere
2176:Kathy Flewellen
2142:(SNCC) and the
2136:
2108:
2046:
2033:
2011:
1987:
1931:
1923:Dudley Thompson
1813:John F.F. Rojas
1691:Obafemi Awolowo
1537:Ras T. Makonnen
1497:Great Britain:
1355:Marika Sherwood
1351:
1330:
1306:First World War
1271:Afro-Caribbeans
1247:
1187:
1178:
1155:Georges Sylvain
1107:William Pickens
1100:
1051:, specifically
1045:
1032:
1024:Gratien Candace
941:
898:
879:
863:
851:
828:Gratien Candace
781:Session in the
775:
586:Gratien Candace
565:Alfredo Andrade
558:
550:Edward M. House
539:Harry F. Worley
531:racial problems
522:La Patrie Belge
495:
451:Gratien Candace
443:Alfredo Andrade
395:
337:Tasker H. Bliss
314:Abraham Lincoln
278:
273:
244:people of color
196:Fourteen Points
117:French speakers
113:Olaudah Equiano
109:Ottobah Cugoano
90:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7914:
7904:
7903:
7901:Pan-Africanism
7898:
7893:
7888:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7849:
7842:
7836:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7785:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7759:
7751:
7743:
7735:
7727:
7719:
7711:
7703:
7695:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7664:Talented Tenth
7660:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7633:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7556:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7533:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7508:
7496:
7486:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7466:Year of Africa
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7431:Africanization
7428:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7354:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7210:
7208:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7180:Amos N. Wilson
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7140:Runoko Rashidi
7137:
7132:
7130:George Padmore
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6999:Robert Sobukwe
6996:
6994:Haile Selassie
6991:
6986:
6984:Thomas Sankara
6981:
6976:
6974:Julius Nyerere
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6909:Kenneth Kaunda
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6889:Anténor Firmin
6886:
6881:
6876:
6874:AmĂlcar Cabral
6871:
6869:Nnamdi Azikiwe
6866:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6778:Uhuru Movement
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6712:Pan-Africanism
6708:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6669:B. F. Bankie,
6667:
6661:
6647:
6646:External links
6644:
6643:
6642:
6624:(2): 145–167.
6607:
6581:(2): 140–143.
6562:
6554:New Directions
6545:
6539:
6524:
6505:
6486:
6472:
6466:
6448:
6399:
6381:(4): 109–133.
6364:
6338:(3): 275–288.
6321:
6298:
6292:
6277:
6234:
6207:
6201:
6184:
6172:(1): 113–131.
6157:
6130:
6119:
6114:978-1592215751
6113:
6089:
6063:(1): 187–200.
6047:Geiss, Imanuel
6043:
6026:
6020:
6007:
5964:
5939:
5914:
5871:
5828:
5809:
5782:
5763:
5747:Black Politics
5736:
5730:
5713:
5707:
5689:
5683:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5631:
5629:, p. 164.
5619:
5617:, p. 147.
5607:
5605:, p. 146.
5595:
5583:
5568:
5566:, p. 161.
5553:
5538:
5512:
5487:
5457:
5427:
5415:
5400:
5395:Newspapers.com
5369:
5354:
5349:Newspapers.com
5324:
5317:
5293:
5264:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5219:, p. 495.
5206:
5194:
5190:Claybrook 2018
5182:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5129:
5093:
5068:
5043:
5025:
4999:
4997:, p. 160.
4987:
4985:, p. 158.
4972:
4957:
4929:
4917:
4892:
4866:
4859:
4839:
4790:
4765:
4739:
4697:
4672:
4660:
4635:
4609:
4583:
4581:, p. 280.
4571:
4569:, p. 157.
4556:
4554:, p. 156.
4544:
4542:, p. 155.
4532:
4530:, p. 154.
4520:
4515:Shadow and Act
4502:
4482:
4475:
4436:
4434:, p. 192.
4424:
4406:
4380:
4368:
4349:
4334:
4308:
4303:Newspapers.com
4252:
4247:Newspapers.com
4219:
4214:Newspapers.com
4189:
4184:Newspapers.com
4159:
4154:Newspapers.com
4126:
4121:Newspapers.com
4093:
4088:Newspapers.com
4063:
4051:
4016:
4011:Newspapers.com
3979:
3974:Newspapers.com
3949:
3937:
3935:, p. 276.
3925:
3923:, p. 488.
3913:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3808:, p. 246.
3798:
3796:, p. 121.
3783:
3771:
3756:
3741:
3739:, p. 125.
3724:
3712:
3695:
3669:
3656:
3654:, p. 7-8.
3644:
3642:, p. 119.
3632:
3630:, p. 114.
3620:
3567:
3550:
3548:, p. 141.
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3479:, p. 140.
3466:
3464:, p. 279.
3451:
3439:
3434:Newspapers.com
3409:
3397:
3385:
3383:, p. 144.
3370:
3368:, p. 124.
3358:
3356:, p. 124.
3346:
3334:
3332:, p. 143.
3307:
3295:
3293:, p. 142.
3278:
3266:
3264:, p. 138.
3254:
3242:
3240:, p. 270.
3230:
3213:
3196:
3184:
3179:Newspapers.com
3154:
3137:
3132:Newspapers.com
3120:The Macon News
3104:
3102:, p. 355.
3092:
3090:, p. 114.
3080:
3078:, p. 113.
3068:
3043:
3041:, p. 136.
3020:
3018:, p. 120.
3005:
3003:, p. 117.
2993:
2986:
2964:
2952:
2950:, p. 139.
2940:
2925:
2910:
2898:
2881:
2879:, p. 119.
2869:
2857:
2828:
2816:
2814:, p. 115.
2804:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2763:, p. 113.
2753:
2732:
2720:
2685:
2683:, p. 135.
2670:
2641:
2616:
2547:
2545:, p. 189.
2532:
2530:, p. 188.
2520:
2518:, p. 187.
2507:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:Pan-Africanism
2494:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2434:
2431:
2406:
2403:
2399:white Africans
2382:
2379:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:Anna J. Cooper
2353:
2350:
2316:neocolonialism
2311:
2308:
2293:
2290:
2275:Julius Nyerere
2226:
2223:
2192:David L. Horne
2172:Julian Ellison
2160:C. L. R. James
2135:
2132:
2124:neocolonialism
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:papers at the
2083:
2080:
2077:
2062:
2045:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2010:
2007:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:fascist regime
1967:
1964:White settlers
1960:
1953:
1950:
1947:discriminatory
1930:
1927:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1845:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1769:Peter Abrahams
1761:South Africa:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1732:Sierra Leone:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:George Padmore
1526:Peter Abrahams
1519:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:Workers' Union
1421:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1392:Nnamdi Azikiwe
1379:Hastings Banda
1350:
1347:
1342:George Padmore
1329:
1326:
1310:decolonization
1275:Afro-Americans
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:Anna J. Cooper
1213:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1099:
1096:
1053:Port-au-Prince
1044:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1015:Ida Gibbs Hunt
993:
992:
986:
979:
972:
940:
937:
936:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
902:Anna J. Cooper
897:
894:
878:
875:
871:Palais Mondial
862:
859:
850:
847:
783:Palais Mondial
774:
771:
770:
769:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
694:
688:
682:
679:George Jackson
676:
670:
664:
661:Ida Gibbs Hunt
658:
652:
646:
640:
630:
624:
618:
604:
598:
595:Anna J. Cooper
592:
589:
583:
577:
574:
568:
557:
554:
494:
491:
394:
391:
286:Ida Gibbs Hunt
277:
274:
272:
269:
101:Pan Africanism
89:
86:
80:; and 2014 in
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7913:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7835:(second wife)
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7790:
7789:Dark Princess
7786:
7783:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7547:
7542:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7519:
7509:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7495:
7487:
7485:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7364:Lion of Judah
7362:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7240:African Union
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7199:Organizations
7196:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7160:Burning Spear
7158:
7156:
7155:Walter Rodney
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7135:Motsoko Pheko
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Archie Mafeje
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7100:Alice Kinloch
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6969:Kwame Nkrumah
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6954:Robert Mugabe
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:Samora Machel
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6919:Jomo Kenyatta
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6899:Marcus Garvey
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6540:9780813933696
6536:
6532:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6516:History Today
6512:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:African Forum
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6041:(3): 265–272.
6040:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6021:9781108764971
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5684:9789766373504
5680:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5611:
5604:
5599:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5579:Campbell 1996
5575:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5550:
5549:Campbell 1996
5545:
5543:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5419:
5413:, p. 46.
5412:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5350:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5320:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5297:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5237:
5231:, p. 43.
5230:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5204:, p. 42.
5203:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5180:, p. 36.
5179:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5156:, p. 33.
5155:
5150:
5144:, p. 40.
5143:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5082:
5078:
5077:"Len Johnson"
5072:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4996:
4995:Ratcliff 2013
4991:
4984:
4983:Ratcliff 2013
4979:
4977:
4970:, p. 39.
4969:
4964:
4962:
4946:
4945:New Statesman
4941:
4933:
4927:, p. 11.
4926:
4921:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4669:
4668:Rathbone 1995
4664:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4624:
4623:Finding James
4620:
4613:
4598:
4597:Citizen Annan
4594:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4567:Ratcliff 2013
4563:
4561:
4553:
4552:Ratcliff 2013
4548:
4541:
4540:Ratcliff 2013
4536:
4529:
4528:Ratcliff 2013
4524:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4292:
4288:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4185:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4155:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4122:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4061:, p. 99.
4060:
4055:
4040:. 1 June 2022
4039:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3847:, p. 68.
3846:
3841:
3839:
3832:, p. 48.
3831:
3826:
3820:, p. 68.
3819:
3814:
3807:
3806:Kirschke 2004
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3769:, p. 49.
3768:
3763:
3761:
3754:, p. 67.
3753:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3710:, p. 18.
3709:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3527:, p. 84.
3526:
3521:
3515:, p. 25.
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3491:, p. 18.
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3449:, p. 52.
3448:
3443:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3407:, p. 27.
3406:
3401:
3395:, p. 22.
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3228:, p. 46.
3227:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3211:, p. 24.
3210:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3152:, p. 19.
3151:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3066:, p. 23.
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2987:9781469664606
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2938:, p. 23.
2937:
2932:
2930:
2923:, p. 45.
2922:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2896:, p. 20.
2895:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2826:, p. 16.
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2802:, p. 14.
2801:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2775:, p. 13.
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2751:, p. 44.
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2730:, p. 43.
2729:
2724:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:globalization
2420:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:Florence Tate
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:Loretta Hobbs
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:James Garrett
2153:
2152:Courtland Cox
2149:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2122:to challenge
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:Dar es Salaam
2100:
2096:
2095:Len Johnson's
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2069:Autograph ABP
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:Commemoration
2041:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:Alma La Badie
1992:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:Lamina Sankoh
1740:
1738:
1737:Harry Sawyerr
1734:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:Saint Lucia:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:Jomo Kenyatta
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:– D.M. Harper
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:Kwame Nkrumah
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:Jomo Kenyatta
1384:
1383:Kwame Nkrumah
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:, Indian and
1360:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:Rayford Logan
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1163:Rayford Logan
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:Jessie Redmon
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1019:Rayford Logan
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
997:
990:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
966:
961:
957:
949:
945:
933:
930:
927:
926:Rayford Logan
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
893:
891:
890:
884:
874:
872:
868:
858:
856:
846:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Blaise Diagne
819:
816:
809:
807:
802:
801:
796:
792:
784:
779:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
727:, Martinique.
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:Rayford Logan
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
608:
607:Blaise Diagne
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
580:Eliezer Cadet
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
561:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:
501:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
399:
390:
388:
387:working class
384:
379:
378:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
320:and American
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
299:
295:
294:Blaise Diagne
291:
287:
283:
268:
266:
262:
261:Horace Kallen
258:
253:
248:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:Marcus Garvey
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
85:
83:
79:
75:
74:Dar es Salaam
71:
67:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
7851:
7844:
7787:
7763:Dusk of Dawn
7761:
7753:
7745:
7737:
7729:
7721:
7713:
7705:
7697:
7689:
7635:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7608:(co-founder)
7356:
7319:
7304:
7145:Paul Robeson
7070:Frantz Fanon
7045:Aimé Césaire
6914:Modibo KeĂŻta
6859:Dennis Akumu
6822:
6815:
6808:
6743:Afrocentrism
6674:
6655:
6621:
6617:
6578:
6572:
6557:
6553:
6529:
6519:
6515:
6500:
6496:
6477:
6456:
6438:cite journal
6413:
6409:
6378:
6374:
6335:
6331:
6316:
6312:
6282:
6251:(4): 39–47.
6248:
6244:
6221:
6217:
6192:
6169:
6165:
6147:(7): 35–39.
6144:
6140:
6124:
6104:
6060:
6056:
6038:
6034:
6011:
5978:
5974:
5959:
5953:
5934:
5928:
5920:(May 1919).
5888:(7): 32–34.
5885:
5881:
5845:(1): 13–28.
5842:
5838:
5823:
5819:
5796:
5792:
5777:
5773:
5753:(2): 42–46.
5750:
5746:
5721:
5716:Adi, Hakim;
5697:
5673:
5647:. Retrieved
5643:
5634:
5622:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5581:, p. 2.
5551:, p. 1.
5529:. Retrieved
5524:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5499:
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5474:
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5444:
5430:
5425:, p. 6.
5418:
5393:– via
5387:. Retrieved
5385:. p. 37
5382:
5372:
5367:, p. 1.
5347:– via
5341:. Retrieved
5337:The Guardian
5336:
5327:
5303:
5296:
5284:. Retrieved
5280:
5262:, p. 3.
5236:
5224:
5197:
5192:, p. 7.
5185:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5120:. Retrieved
5116:
5084:. Retrieved
5080:
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5055:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5018:16 September
5016:. Retrieved
5011:
5002:
4990:
4948:. Retrieved
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:. Retrieved
4904:
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4880:Race Archive
4879:
4869:
4849:
4842:
4810:(3): 36–58.
4807:
4803:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4777:
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4751:
4742:
4720:(1): 21–33.
4717:
4713:
4688:. Retrieved
4684:
4675:
4670:, p. 7.
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:Getty Images
4646:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4596:
4586:
4579:Mboukou 1983
4574:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4466:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4397:. Retrieved
4393:
4383:
4371:
4325:. Retrieved
4320:
4311:
4301:– via
4295:. Retrieved
4290:
4276:. Retrieved
4271:
4245:– via
4239:. Retrieved
4234:
4212:– via
4206:. Retrieved
4201:
4192:
4182:– via
4176:. Retrieved
4171:
4162:
4152:– via
4146:. Retrieved
4141:
4119:– via
4113:. Retrieved
4108:
4086:– via
4080:. Retrieved
4075:
4066:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4037:
4009:– via
4003:. Retrieved
3999:Star-Gazette
3998:
3972:– via
3966:. Retrieved
3961:
3952:
3945:Roberts 2013
3940:
3933:Mboukou 1983
3928:
3916:
3907:
3903:
3876:
3871:, p. 8.
3864:
3852:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3781:, p. 7.
3774:
3715:
3708:Du Bois 1921
3689:
3685:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:
3563:Du Bois 1919
3546:Dunstan 2016
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3477:Dunstan 2016
3462:Mboukou 1983
3442:
3432:– via
3426:. Retrieved
3421:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3381:Dunstan 2016
3361:
3349:
3337:
3330:Dunstan 2016
3303:Dunstan 2016
3298:
3291:Dunstan 2016
3274:Dunstan 2016
3269:
3262:Dunstan 2016
3257:
3250:Dunstan 2021
3245:
3233:
3194:, p. 5.
3187:
3177:– via
3171:. Retrieved
3166:
3157:
3130:– via
3124:. Retrieved
3119:
3100:Painter 2008
3095:
3083:
3071:
3039:Dunstan 2016
2996:
2973:
2967:
2960:Dunstan 2021
2955:
2948:Dunstan 2016
2943:
2936:Dunstan 2021
2906:Roberts 2013
2901:
2872:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2819:
2807:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:
2681:Dunstan 2016
2661:. Retrieved
2658:Kentake Page
2657:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2523:
2511:
2464:Johannesburg
2457:
2442:
2408:
2384:
2372:
2339:
2332:
2313:
2297:
2295:
2283:
2279:nonracialism
2272:
2256:Zainab Abbas
2248:Brenda Paris
2236:
2228:
2216:Augusto and
2215:
2196:
2188:James Turner
2148:Charlie Cobb
2137:
2109:
2074:June Givanni
2064:
2057:, persuaded
2034:
2021:Picture Post
2020:
2016:Picture Post
2014:
2012:
1988:
1932:
1908:
1836:
1800:Labour Party
1713:– R. Johnson
1585:S. Ako Adjei
1514:Jaja Wachuku
1480:, Mrs Renner
1396:
1374:
1352:
1338:Harold Moody
1331:
1302:
1279:
1267:
1256:
1203:Sierra Leone
1188:
1179:
1167:
1139:W. Tete Ansa
1131:Adolph Sixto
1105:
1101:
1064:Addie Hunton
1057:
1046:
1008:
1002:
953:
887:
880:
864:
852:
840:
821:
814:
811:
798:
797:reported in
788:
667:Addie Hunton
559:
543:
526:
520:
509:
505:Black Review
504:
496:
471:
435:
427:middle-class
404:
376:
373:
353:
334:
307:
279:
252:mass meeting
249:
220:
181:
142:created the
134:
99:
82:Johannesburg
59:
37:
35:
25:
7856:(1903 book)
7683:Non-fiction
7643:(1924–1925)
7207:Educational
7020:Marimba Ani
6944:Thabo Mbeki
6852:Politicians
6804:Black power
6654:. From the
6416:(2): 1–20.
5411:Baraka 1974
5241:Baraka 1974
5229:Baraka 1974
5217:Bogues 2011
5202:Baraka 1974
5014:(in German)
4001:. p. 6
3921:Bogues 2011
3857:Hodder 2021
3794:Hodder 2021
3640:Hodder 2021
3501:Contee 1972
3489:Contee 1972
3422:The Monitor
3405:Contee 1972
3393:Contee 1972
3366:Hodder 2021
3238:Gearey 2012
3209:Contee 1972
3150:Contee 1972
3088:Hodder 2021
3076:Hodder 2021
3064:Contee 1972
3016:Hodder 2021
3001:Hodder 2021
2894:Contee 1972
2865:Hodder 2021
2824:Contee 1972
2812:Hodder 2021
2800:Contee 1972
2773:Contee 1972
2328:nationalism
2260:Gerlin Bean
2240:Mae Mallory
2218:Edie Wilson
2168:Judy Claude
2025:John Deakin
1915:Kojo Botsio
1905:– N. Burton
1871:John McNair
1862:Surat Alley
1852:Len Johnson
1695:H.O. Davies
1579:, London –
1472:Ashie Nikoi
1426:– A. Mosley
1314:imperialism
1145:, Du Bois,
1049:West Indies
1005:Isaac BĂ©ton
719:Sol Plaatje
571:John Archer
567:, Portugal.
447:anecdotally
438:assimilated
407:Grand Hotel
206:(UNIA) and
192:reparations
184:World War I
136:Trinidadian
54:Pan-African
50:West Indies
48:and in the
7880:Categories
7841:(daughter)
7731:John Brown
7669:Color line
7613:The Crisis
7120:Ali Mazrui
7030:Steve Biko
6844:Proponents
6675:Ghana Nsem
6430:3060797706
6202:9042008806
6195:. Rodopi.
6003:1790184012
5955:The Crisis
5930:The Crisis
5799:(1): 1–8.
5731:1873201125
5693:Adi, Hakim
5669:Adi, Hakim
5627:Young 2011
5615:Young 2011
5603:Young 2011
5591:Young 2011
5564:Young 2011
5307:. London:
5166:Young 2011
4476:0951972022
4432:Geiss 1969
4323:. BBC News
4059:Logan 1965
3962:The Appeal
3818:Pardy 1966
3752:Pardy 1966
3737:Moore 2018
3720:Lewis 2009
3686:The Crisis
3628:Moore 2018
3447:Pardy 1966
3354:Moore 2018
3342:Moore 2018
2877:Moore 2018
2785:Moore 2018
2761:Moore 2018
2604:Black Past
2543:Geiss 1969
2528:Geiss 1969
2516:Geiss 1969
2503:References
2324:oppression
2264:Ansel Wong
2209:, and the
2055:Kath Locke
1943:colour bar
1785:S. Rahinda
1782:Tanzania:
1641:– Ken Hill
1581:Joe Appiah
1491:J.S. Annan
1417:Barbados:
1322:capitalism
1191:Gold Coast
1115:Nana Amoah
1010:The Crisis
934:, Grenada.
883:Gold Coast
800:The Crisis
701:Gaudeloupe
693:, Liberia.
573:, Britain.
517:Paul Otlet
383:socialists
359:including
177:color line
169:colonizers
88:Background
76:; 1994 in
72:; 1974 in
70:Manchester
7782:The Comet
7739:The Negro
7631:newspaper
7228:Political
7110:Malcolm X
7105:Fela Kuti
6949:Tom Mboya
6810:NĂ©gritude
6773:Sankarism
6768:Nkrumaism
6763:Garveyism
6638:145750311
6603:149559631
6560:(4): 1–6.
6395:149526534
6360:144410438
6273:146626722
6224:: 48–73.
6085:220873954
5995:159668506
5910:147619284
5867:150226798
5423:Said 1974
5365:Said 1974
5309:Zed Books
5260:Said 1974
5178:Hill 1974
5086:27 August
5061:27 August
4853:. Panaf.
4834:254910173
4826:0306-3968
4726:1027-0353
3881:Nidi 2023
3869:Nidi 2023
3845:Kodi 1984
3830:Kodi 1984
3779:Nidi 2023
3767:Kodi 1984
3652:Nidi 2023
3192:Nidi 2023
2433:Delegates
2352:Attendees
2320:socialism
2292:Reception
2268:Palestine
2128:apartheid
2038:Red Scare
2009:Reception
2003:Hakim Adi
1674:Nigeria:
1652:Liberia:
1629:Jamaica:
1592:Grenada:
1502:Koi Larbi
1439:Bermuda:
1409:Bahamas:
1401:Antigua:
1363:Ceylonese
1349:Attendees
1185:Delegates
896:Delegates
841:American
655:John Hope
629:, France.
556:Delegates
500:home rule
463:diasporan
345:telegrams
125:NĂ©gritude
105:abolition
7784:" (1920)
7657:Concepts
7623:magazine
7615:magazine
7383:Dynamics
6864:Idi Amin
6792:Concepts
6726:Variants
6719:Ideology
6454:(2008).
6426:ProQuest
6265:41069282
6230:24328489
6153:41066330
6103:(eds.).
5999:ProQuest
5975:Callaloo
5937:(1): 32.
5902:41066329
5805:23489739
5759:41065763
5720:(1995).
5695:(2018).
5671:(2009).
5469:(eds.).
5439:(eds.).
5154:Cox 1974
4734:23489741
4345:Adi 2009
4327:16 April
3667:, p.238.
3226:Adi 2018
2921:Adi 2018
2749:Adi 2018
2728:Adi 2018
2470:See also
2381:Planning
2348:(SASP).
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2304:militant
2134:Planning
2116:Tanzania
2031:Outcomes
1828:Uganda:
1660:Malawi:
1600:Guyana:
1447:Gambia:
1431:Belize:
1328:Planning
1296:and the
1290:Ethiopia
1212:, Haiti.
1176:Outcomes
1066:and the
1043:Planning
989:Lynching
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965:Diaspora
877:Outcomes
849:Planning
791:Brussels
493:Outcomes
374:New York
276:Planning
138:lawyer,
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7826:Related
7774:Fiction
7629:Freedom
7446:Kwanzaa
7414:Related
7345:Symbols
7332:ZANU–PF
6677:, 2001.
6595:2716447
6352:2784289
5859:2717070
5662:Sources
5505:16 June
5480:16 June
3663:Geiss,
3428:4 April
3173:5 April
3126:4 April
2850:4 April
2713:4 April
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2634:4 April
2609:4 April
2447:Buganda
2387:Nigeria
1614:Kenya:
1464:Ghana:
1294:Liberia
1199:Nigeria
1195:Liberia
832:Senegal
611:Senegal
582:, Haiti
483:justice
431:Marxism
419:Liberia
182:During
129:slavery
119:, like
78:Kampala
7800:Honors
7792:(1928)
7766:(1940)
7758:(1935)
7750:(1920)
7742:(1915)
7734:(1909)
7726:(1907)
7718:(1903)
7710:(1899)
7702:(1898)
7694:(1894)
7597:(1900)
7591:(1900)
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6824:Ujamaa
6817:Ubuntu
6783:Zikism
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2984:
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2250:, and
2205:, the
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6634:S2CID
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6226:JSTOR
6149:JSTOR
6097:(PDF)
6081:S2CID
6073:JSTOR
5991:S2CID
5950:(PDF)
5925:(PDF)
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5855:JSTOR
5801:JSTOR
5755:JSTOR
5649:1 May
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