Pandya dynasty - Knowledge

5397: 4064: 678: 4642: 4153: 3990: 3557: 4137: 4793: 3198: 4447: 4126: 5221: 5505: 9220: 59: 4425: 5484: 5356: 378: 3390: 11151: 9096: 5209: 11051: 5447:. As some of the largest employers and landowners of the Pandya country, the temples played an important part in the Tamil economy and society. They generally also served as banks, schools, dispensaries, and poorhouses (thus performing valuable social functions). The large walled temple complexes of the Pandya country also contained several administrative offices and bazaars. 4100:, in south Tamil Nadu, was the most important cultural centre in south India as the core of the Tamil speakers. Megalithic relics such as menhirs, dolmens, urn burials, stone circles and rock-cut chambers/passages can be found in south India. Burial goods include iron objects, ivory ornaments, Black-and-Red Ware and even some 8868:. Proceedings of the International Seminar Techno-Archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Ocean 4th cent. BC – 15th cent. AD New Delhi, 28 February – 4 March 1994. New Delhi, and Jean-François SALLES, Lyon. First published 1996. Reprinted 1998. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 5383:

and the copper coins bore the Tamil legends. The coins of the Pandyas, which bore the fish symbols, were termed as 'Kodandaraman' and 'Kanchi' Valangum Perumal'. Apart from these, 'Ellamthalaiyanam' was seen on coins which had the standing king on one side and the fish on the other. 'Samarakolahalam'

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ruled Madurai after the 14th century, they were occasionally opposed by the Pandyas. Sometimes they have ruled Madurai. Prominent among them were Saadavarman Vikrama Pandya (1401–1422 AD) and his son, Arikesari Parakrama Pandya. They had built 32 forts around Madurai. Later, when Vishwanatha Nayakkar

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was defeated by Maravarman Kulasekara I. Maravarman Kulasekara I, now virtually unchallenged, ruled over the Chola country and southern Tamil speaking portions of Hoysala kingdom. He also invaded Sri Lanka, ruled by Bhuvanaikabahu I, who "carried away to the Pandya country the venerable Tooth Relic",

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Kirtivarman II (r. 744/5–55 CE), the last Chalukya king, managed to lose to his southern countries as a result of his battles with the Pandyas. Pandya kings Maravarman Rajasimha I (r. 730–65 CE) and Nedunjadaiyan/Varagunavarman I (r. 765–815 CE) threatened Pallava king Nandivarman II Pallavamalla (r.

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and the Pandya country under the rule of Nedunjeliyan. In the famous battle of Talaiyalanganam (in east Tanjore), the Pandya is said to have defeated his enemies (which included the Chera and the Chola). He is also praised for his victory of Mizhalai and Mutturu, two "vel" centres along the ocean (in

4893:(1310), his sons Vira Pandya IV and Sundara Pandya IV fought a war of succession for control of the empire. It seems that Maravarman Kulasekhara wanted Vira Pandya to succeed him (who in turn was defeated by Sundara Pandya after a short period). Unfortunately, the Pandya civil war coincided with the 5378:

Some of the coins had the names Sundara, Sundara Pandya or merely the letter 'Su' were etched. Some of the coins bore a boar with the legend of 'Vira-Pandya. It had been said that those coins were issued by the Pandyas and the feudatories of the Cholas but could not be attributed to any particular

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Greek and Latin accounts (early centuries CE), coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to early centuries CE. The early Pandyas, along with the Cheras and the Cholas, were eventually displaced by

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The darkest man is here the most highly esteemed and better than the others who are not so dark. Let me add that in very truth these people portray and depict their gods and their idols black and their devils white as snow. For they say that god and all the saints are black and the devils are all

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According to the Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts were sent from Sri Lanka to the city of Madhura in southern India. Their mission was to secure a bride for Prince Vijaya. The Pandya King of Madurai agreed to the proposal. He not only sent his own daughter to marry Prince Vijaya but

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Thus the state language was whether the inscriptions were from the north or the south and whether the dynasty was Gupta, Vakatak, Vardhana, Maukhari, Pratihara, Paramara, Chandella, Pala, Sena, Gahadavala, Haihaya, Ganga, Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, or Vijayanagar. Inscriptions

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even mentions that "pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of Apologas and Omana". The pearls from the Pandya country were also in demand in the kingdoms of north India. Literary references of the pearl fishing mention how the fishermen, who dive into the

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at Hathigumpha (mid-first century BCE) mentions the defeat of a confederacy of the "Tramira" countries which had been a threat to Kalinga. It also remembers the precious pearls brought to the capital as booty from the "Pandya" realm. The Pandya chiefdom was famous for its pearl fisheries and silk

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invaded his kingdom at the same time. After subjugating Ballala III, the Khalji forces marched to the Pandya territory in March 1311. The Pandya brothers fled their headquarters, and the Khaljis pursued them unsuccessfully. By late April 1311, the Khaljis gave up their plans to pursue the Pandya

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in 949 CE. By mid-950s, the Chola kingdom had shrunk to the size of a small principality (its vassals in the extreme south had proclaimed their independence). It is a possibility that Pandya ruler Vira Pandya defeated Chola king Gandaraditya and claimed independence. Chola ruler

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became the Madurai Mandalasuvaran, he feared Pandya's resurgence in Madurai. He divided Madurai into 72 districts, including 16 districts of those closest to the Pandyas. He gave them positions and made them separate from the Pandyas. This made Pandyas lose Madurai forever.

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as "occupying the portion of India which lies southward and extends to the sea". According to his account, the kingdom had 365 villages, each of which was expected to meet the needs of the royal household for one day in the year. He described the Pandya queen at the time,

8099: 5187:, imprisoned the sultan, released and restored Arcot's prince Sambuva Raya to the throne. Bukka Raya I appointed his son Veera Kumara Kampana as the viceroy of the Tamil region. Meanwhile, the Madurai sultanate was replaced by the Nayak governors of 4092:

Several coins attributed to early historic Pandyas are found were Severalin the region. Inscriptions, datable to c. 2nd century BCE, recording royal grants – both from royals and wealthy commoners – were also discovered from the Pandya country.

7084:"Ἡ δὲ Νέλκυνδα σταδίους μὲν ἀπὸ Μουζιρέως ἀπέχει σχεδὸν πεντακοσίους, ὁμοίως διά τε ποταμοῦ (καὶ πεζῇ) καὶ διὰ θαλάσσης, βασιλείας δέ ἐστιν ἑτέρας, τῆς Πανδίονος· κεῖται δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ παρὰ ποταμὸν, ὡσεὶ ἀπὸ σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι τῆς θαλάσσης." 4519:, successor to Aditya, invaded the Pandya territories in 910 CE and captured Madurai from king Maravarman Rajasimha II (hence the title "Madurai Konda"). Rajasimha II received help from the Sri Lankan king Kassapa V, still got defeated by 4043:

respectively). The powerful chiefdoms of the three ventar dominated the political and economic life of early historic south India. The frequent conflicts between the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya are well documented in ancient (the

4494:(r. c. 862–880 CE) responded by marching into the Chola country and facing a formidable alliance of Pallava prince Aparajita, the Chola king Aditya I and the Ganga king Prithvipati I. The Pandya king suffered a crushing defeat ( 4554:

continued to occupy the Pandya kingdom, and even appointed a series of Chola viceroys with the title "Chola Pandya" to rule from Madurai (over Pandya and Western Chera/Kerala countries). The very beginning of Chola emperor

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The three chiefly lines of early historic south India – the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas – were known as the mu-vendar ("the three vendars"). They were traditionally based at their original headquarters in the interior

3828:...Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another kingdom, the Pandian. This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea.... 3160:

mentions Queens of Pandyas as 'Pandaia' and locates them in the south of India extending into ocean. It consisted of 365 villages which met the needs of the royal palace each day of the year. He described the queen

4634:. The rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. The Pandya king at Madurai thus controlled these vast regions through the collateral family branches subject to 2937:

was carried away by the Pandyas. During this period, the rule of the kingdom was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. An internal crisis in the Pandya kingdom coincided with the

11109: 2744:. Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). Under 3085:. Indian traditions such as the Great Epics and the Puranas often associate southern India with Sage Agastya (who had his ashrama in the south). Agastya appears prominently in medieval Tamil literature also. 4856:. It seems that Bana (Magadai) and Kongu countries came under the Pandya rule during the wars against the Hoysalas and the Kadavas. Jatavarman Sundara I also fought the Kakatiya ruler Ganapati (1199–1262). 4458:

While the Pandyas and the Rashtrakutas were busy engaging the Pallavas, with the Gangas and the Simhalas (Sri Lanka) also in the mix, the Cholas emerged from the Kaveri delta and took on the chieftains of

5371:, the tiger, the fish and the bow, representing the symbols of the Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras. Coins of Pandyas bear the legend of different Pandya ruler in different times. The Pandyas had issued silver 4088:

are believed to have been the exchange centres of the Pandyas. Korkai, a port at the mouth of the river Tambraparni, was linked to the famous pearl fisheries and Alagankulam was also developed as a port.

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script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries CE. The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the

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king. The coins of Pandyas were square. Those coins were etched with an elephant on one side and the other side remained blank. The inscription on the silver and gold coins during the Pandyas were in

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and die-struck copper coins in the early period. A few gold coins were attributed to the Pandya rulers of this period. These coins bore the image of fish, singly or in pairs, which were their emblem.

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The family quarrels and the sultanate invasions shattered the Pandya empire beyond revival and coinage discoveries made imply that the Pandyas were left with the old South Arcot region. In 1323, the

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was forced to fall back into the Mysore Plateau. The Hoysala king, pressed by enemies from north and south, "assigned" the southern half of his kingdom to his younger son Ramanatha (r. 1254–1292).

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The second half of the 12th century witnessed a major internal crisis in the Pandya country (between princes Parakrama Pandya and Kulasekhara Pandya). The neighbouring kingdoms of Sri Lanka, under

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from nand orth). Pallava king Nandivarman III (r. 846–69 CE) was able to defeat the Pandyas and Telugu-Cholas (and even the Rashtrakutas) with the help of the Gangas and the emerging Cholas.

4252:(the Panya invasion of Sri Lanka followed a period of vassalage). However, Srimara Srivallabha was soon overpowered by Pallava king Nripatunga (r. 859–99 CE). Sena II, the king of Sri Lanka, 4202:

in the Deccan. The Pandyas took on the growing Pallava ambitions in south India, and from time to time they also joined in alliances with the kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau (such as with the

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Greek and Latin sources (early centuries CE) refer to the ancient Tamil country, same as the Tamilakam, as "Lymyrike" or "Damirice" (or Dymirice/Dimirixe or Damirice) and its ruling families.

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After the departure of the Khaljis, Vira and Sundara Pandya resumed their conflict. Sundara Pandya was defeated and sought help from the Khaljis. With their help, he regained control of the

5143:) annexed the former Pandya dominions to the sultanate as the province of Ma'bar. Most of south India came under the sultanate rule and was divided into five provinces – Devagiri, Tiling, 4096:

The Pandya seems to be the most prominent of the three "ventar" rulers. There are even references to a Pandya queen from 3rd century BCE representing a confederacy of the Tamil countries.

3359:, claims to have destroyed an old confederacy of Tamil countries ("the tamira–desa–sanghata") which had lasted 132 years, and to have acquired a large number of pearls from the Pandyas. 4515:

was the master of the old Pallava, Ganga and Kongu countries. It is a possibility that Aditya I conquered the Kongu country from the Pandya king Parantaka Viranarayana (r. 880–900 CE).

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under the patronage of the Pandyas. Several Tamil literary works, such as Iraiyanar Agapporul, mention the legend of three separate Sangams and ascribe their patronage to the Pandyas.

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of south India in 1310–11. The ensuing political crisis saw more sultanate raids and plunder, the loss of south Kerala (1312), and north Sri Lanka (1323) and the establishment of the

11319: 5239:, served as an important meeting point throughout the history of India. The location was economically and geopolitically significant as a key point connecting the shipping between 9357: 11094: 6837: 6429:

MALONEY, Clarence Thomas, THE EFFECT OF EARLY COASTAL SEA TRAFFIC ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA. University of Pennsylvania, period, 1968 Anthropology, p.35

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was eventually killed by the Pandya in 1262 CE. Ramanatha managed to recover Kannanur and hold against the Pandya power. Jatavarman Sundara I also came into conflict with the

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King Paramesvaravarman I "Vikramaditya" (r. 670–700 CE) is known to have fought battles with the Pallavas, the Gangas, and probably with the Pandyas too, on the Kaveri basin.

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generals are the rulers ) everywhere the heaven-beloved Raja Piyadasi’s double system of medical aid is established- both medical aid for men, and medical aid for animals.

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in the battle of Vellur, and fled to Sri Lanka. Rajasimha then found refuge in the Chera country, leaving even his royal insignia in Sri Lanka, the home of his mother.

325: 311: 297: 283: 269: 11099: 5424:, a popular bhakti religion and an even more widespread local form of Hinduism. The distinctions between the three were not differentiated. The worship of the gods 4830:

functioned as the second major city in the kingdom. In his conquests, Jatavarman Sundara I assisted joined number of Pandya royals such as Jatavarman Vira Pandya.

3462:, the Victor of Talaiyalanganam, and Mudukudimi Peruvaludi, the Patron of Several Sacrificial Halls ("the Palyaga-salai") – find mention in several poems (such as 2964:

under the patronage of the Pandyas, and some of the Pandyan rulers claimed to be poets themselves. Pandya Nadu was home to several renowned temples, including the

4490:. The Pandya control north of the Kaveri river was severely weakened by this move (and straightened the position of the Pallava ruler Nripatunga). Pandya ruler 4267:

During the rule of Dantivarman (r. 796–847 CE), the Pallava territory was reduced by the encroachment from the Pandyas from the south (and Rashtrakutas and the

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into exile. The Chola king subsequently made a formal submission to Maravarman Sundara I and acknowledged his overlordship. Attempts by the next Chola king

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families. The western sailors also established several trading settlements on the harbours of the ancient Tamil region. The trade with South Asia by the

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was generally later supported by the elite. The bhakti movement emphasized the mutual intense emotional attachment between the god and the devotee.

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also requested other families to offer their daughters to marry the prince's ministers and retainers. So, along with the Princess and hundreds of

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queen" whose servants were men and administrative officials and army were women. She is thought of ruling the whole western and northern coast of

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That after the fifth century A.D. Jainism became so very influential and powerful as to even become the state-creed of some of the Pandyan kings.

4897: 2942: 2694: 2600: 609: 9917: 3753: 3075:. While Pandya remained at home, his two brothers Cheran and Cholan after a separation founded their own kingdoms in north and west. Epic poem 10974: 2610: 4826:. He was also successful in confining the Hoysala control to the Mysore Plateau (the ancient Chola country was now overrun by the Pandyas). 4248:(south Kerala). King Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–62 CE) sailed to Sri Lanka, subjugated and overpowered King Sena I, and sacked his capital 3507:

collections contain poems sung in praise of various Pandya rulers and also poems that were claimed to be composed by the rulers themselves.

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ascetic. It is assumed that the people found in the Mangulam inscription, Nedunjeliyan, Kadalan, and Izhanchadikan predates rulers such as

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reported about the pearl fisheries, indicating that the Pandyas derived great wealth from the pearl trade. Convicts were according to the

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Scholar John E. Hill identified Panyue as the Pandya kingdom. However, others have identified it with an ancient state located in modern

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Reddy, P. Krishna Mohan. 2001. "Maritime Trade of Early South India: New Archaeological Evidences from Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh."

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early in the 13th century. He succeeded his older brother Jatavarman Kulasekhara in 1216. He invaded the Chola country, sacked

7729: 3495:– which give a glimpse into the society and commercial activities in the Pandya country during the early historic period. The 9077: 9053: 9032: 8941: 8781: 8745: 8719: 8557: 7764: 7611: 7219: 7192: 6847: 6796: 6749: 6739: 6343: 6082: 6022: 5813: 5783: 5569: 4768:

king Narasimha II (r. 1220 – 1238 CE), resulted in a battle between the Pandya and Hoysala forces at Mahendramangalam on the

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Studies in Indian history and culture: volume presented to Dr P. B. Desai ... on the occasion of his completing sixty years

6943: 4023:). There are no indications that Asoka tried to conquer the extreme south India (the Tamilakam – the Abode of the Tamils). 8679: 7236: 2835:, and Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Pandyas often ruled or invaded the fertile estuary of 11304: 6140: 5720: 5015:. The last Pandyan king to be known in the history of the Pandyas was Kolakonda, who was also among the Tenkasi Pandyas. 4991:, and Ukkirankottai are some of their major cities. Inscriptions on them are found in Tenkasi's Kasi Viswanathar temple, 4840:

with Rajendra III. The Pandya attacked the Hoysalas in the Kaveri and captured the fort of Kannanur Koppam. Hoysala king

4198:, and the Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Badami Chalukyas were eventually replaced by the 2687: 2420: 653: 8493: 8422: 5166:. The Pandyas shifted their capital to Tenkasi and continued to rule a small area until the end of the 16th century as 442: 11018: 5534:

The parapet is composed of miniature shrines (called the kutas and salas) connected by wall elements (the harantaras).

3795:(4th century BCE) where he writes about south Indian kingdom being ruled by women. He described the Pandya country in 2921:

became a secondary capital of the Pandyas.The Hoysalas, in general, were confined to the Mysore Plateau and even king

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of Thanjavur in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with the latter. The Pandyas allied themselves with the

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inscription (near Madurai) assigned to 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The record documents a gift of rock-cut beds, to a

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Jatavarman Sundara I subdued Rajendra II around 1258–1260 CE and made him pay tribute. The rule of the Cholas ended

4784:(r. 1233 – 1267 CE) then came to the aid of the Pandyas, defeated Rajendra III and then made peace with the Cholas. 4772:. Maravarman Sundara I was defeated and Rajaraja III was restored in the Chola country. Sometime later Chola prince 886: 9314: 9100: 8338: 8304: 7849: 5649: 4980: 4550:

and Sri Lankan kings, and defeated the Cheras and "deprived" the Pandyas of their ancient capital Madurai. Emperor

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Besides the poems, king Peruvaludi is also mentioned in later copper-plate grant (8th–9th century CE). In the work

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killed Vira Pandya on the second occasion). The Pandyas were assisted by the Sri Lanka forces of King Mahinda IV.

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The etymology of Pandya is still a matter of considerable speculation among scholars. One theory is that the word

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Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). Temples of Tamil Nadu. Vasan Publications. pp. 195–99. ISBN 978-81-8468-112-3.

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The Pandya kingdom was revived by king Kadungon (r. 590–620 CE) towards the end of the 6th-century CE. In the

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Superstructure: 'kutina' type (stepped stories in pyramidal form with decorative bands/parapets or the hdras)

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invaded the Pandya territory. However, Ballala had to retreat to his capital, when Alauddin Khalji's general

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kings. With the decline of the Kalabhra dynasty, the Pandyas grew steadily in power and territory. With the

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Sendan (r. 654–70 CE), the third king of the Pandyas of Madurai, is known for expanding his kingdom to the

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The Pandya period (c. 13th century CE) was characterised by several elite forms of Vedic Brahmin Dynasty

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coins. The so-called "velir" hill chieftains are assumed to be associated with these megalithic burials.

4007:(3rd century BCE) seems to have been on friendly terms with the people of south India and Sri Lanka (the 3393: 3352: 2615: 2485: 614: 594: 589: 397: 10813: 9228: 8405: 8372: 8067: 4764:(1216 – 46 CE) for self-rule (to stop the Pandya invasion into the Chola country), with the help of the 4244:. Varagunavarman I invaded the Pallava country and conquered the Kongu country (western Tamil Nadu) and 4206:

in late 8th century CE). In the middle of the 9th century, the Pandyas had managed to advance as far as

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Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations from A.D. c. 1000 to c. 1500

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Cite error: The named reference "சநா ஐயர்4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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The Pandya empire included extensive territories, at times including large portions of south India and

4221:). Arikesari Maravarman (r. 670–700 CE), the fourth Pandya ruler, is known for his battles against the 4145: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2665: 8045: 5518:

The Tamil country is home to the 'South Indian' or 'Dravidian' style of medieval temple architecture.

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between 1262 and 1264 CE. The island was again invaded and defeated by Jatavarman Vira II in 1270 CE.

10113: 9263: 9189: 9063: 7386: 7014: 6886: 6786: 5490: 4559:'s rule (r. from 1070 CE) was marked by the loss of Sri Lanka and a rebellion in the Pandya country. 4546:(r. 985–1014 CE) is known to have attacked the Pandyas. He fought against an alliance of the Pandya, 2868: 2635: 2595: 2585: 2060: 1654: 1003: 875: 33: 8476: 7883: 6030:

Cite error: The named reference "Harman" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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Cite error: The named reference "Thapar" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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world). The gradual shift from chiefdoms to kingdoms seems to have occurred in the following period.

3916:(northern India) ...The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese ... 11289: 10776: 10514: 10430: 10274: 10227: 10137: 10009: 9812: 9335: 9324: 9236: 6722: 4618: 3052:. Apart from these derivations mentioned, several other theories do appear in historical studies. 2520: 1434: 1274: 457: 5537:

On top, a necking that supports a solid dome, or cupola (crowned by a pot and finial)—the sikhara.

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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

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sea, avoid attacks from sharks, bring up the right-whorled chank and blow on the sounding shell.

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The collapse of the Rajarata civilization in Ceylon and the drift to the south-west: a symposium

5388:, 'Konerirayan' on coins having a bull and 'Kaliyugaraman' on coins that depict a pair of feet. 4924:

region by 1314. Subsequently, there were two more expeditions from the sultanate in 1314 led by

11324: 11187: 11182: 9757: 9241: 8952: 6497:. Institute of Epigraphy, State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu. p. 52. 5689: 5588: 5508: 5413: 4933: 4352: 4340: 3258: 2540: 2515: 2465: 2405: 1990: 1926: 1724: 940: 815: 472: 402: 9067: 8662: 8168: 11224: 10596: 10480: 10451: 10351: 9682: 9545: 9184: 9179: 8545: 7209: 7113: 6331: 6012: 5773: 5659: 5454:

while at some point they converted to Hinduism. They supported the Bhakti movement from both

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and the wealth of the island. Sri Lanka remained under Pandya control until c. 1308–1309 CE.

4428: 4203: 4168: 3984: 3874:, the ambassador sent by a king from India "named Pandion or, according to others, Porus" to 3284:(Ashoka), the beloved of the gods, as well as in the parts occupied by the faithful, such as 3229:. These polities, possibly not part of the Maurya empire, were on friendly terms with Asoka: 3141: 2780: 2575: 2545: 2410: 2365: 2195: 1834: 1824: 1794: 1526: 1506: 1367: 736: 698: 482: 467: 368: 276: 7831: 7276: 7262: 5821:

were sometimes written in regional languages, but they invariably had a preface in Sanskrit.

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ascended the Pandya throne in 1251 CE. He led his army to the Chola country (even as far as

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Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

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Kings of the Chola and Pandya dynasties also issued Tamil and bilingual Tamil inscriptions.

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The early historic Pandya country was famous for its supply of pearls. The ancient port of

5288: 5140: 4929: 4757: 4575: 4571: 4328: 4136: 3867: 3797: 3397: 3366:

with the fish symbol of the Pandyas dating from around the same time have also been found.

3250: 2655: 2510: 2495: 2440: 2081: 8961:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 8173:. Asian Educational Services, 1991 – India, South. pp. 67–68, 110–111, 167, 171–174. 3000:

is derived from the ancient Tamil word "pandu" meaning "old". The theory suggests that in

8: 10859: 10797: 10249: 10044: 9922: 8955:(1992). "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 6912:

Karuṇāniti, Kalaiñar Mu; Araṅkacāmi, Pal̲ani; Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik (1997).

5624: 5368: 5315: 5248: 5177: 5019: 4792: 4603: 4377: 4199: 4191: 4057: 3891: 3153: 2828: 2824: 2800: 2768: 2435: 2163: 2010: 1704: 1684: 1096: 1044: 560: 545: 477: 437: 290: 6997: 5515:

The early temple architecture phase in Tamil Nadu opens with the rock-cut cave temples.

3378:. The poems refers to about twelve Pandya rulers. According to tradition, the legendary 11048: 10608: 10435: 10379: 10335: 9837: 9590: 9319: 5618: 5372: 5229: 4913:

princes, and returned to Delhi with the plunder. By 1312 the Pandya control over south

4877: 4773: 4761: 4532: 4527: 4446: 4261: 4195: 3575: 3363: 3309: 3242: 2832: 2640: 2500: 2480: 2125: 1734: 1644: 1414: 1404: 1337: 1286: 992: 908: 639: 412: 8230: 6741:

Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation

4264:, the Kerala calendar, in 825 CE marked the liberation of Venadu from Pandya control. 4171:, a later copper-plate, Kadungon appears as the "destroyer" of the "anti-Brahmanical" 11196: 10847: 10843: 10801: 10790: 10768: 10736: 10722: 10407: 9882: 9832: 9510: 9194: 9073: 9049: 9028: 9009: 8987: 8962: 8937: 8914: 8884: 8833: 8805: 8777: 8741: 8715: 8685: 8553: 8499: 8455: 8428: 8344: 8310: 8271: 8199: 8174: 7889: 7787: 7760: 7757:

The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE

7735: 7660: 7607: 7242: 7215: 7188: 7119: 7056: 7020: 6976: 6949: 6919: 6892: 6843: 6792: 6745: 6705: 6616: 6566: 6563:

Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition

6526: 6471: 6444: 6393: 6339: 6078: 6018: 5876: 5809: 5779: 5775:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

5654: 5579: 5280: 5276: 5163: 4905: 4860:

was invaded by Jatavarman Sundara I in 1258 and on his behalf by his younger brother

4853: 4800: 4491: 4389: 4257: 4160: 4045: 3956: 3375: 3197: 2946: 2796: 2650: 2620: 2530: 2525: 2470: 2415: 2245: 2135: 2114: 2070: 2040: 1744: 1674: 1664: 1634: 1116: 1078: 958: 710: 540: 5937:

Karashima, Noburu (2014). "The Fall of the Old States". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.).

5757:

Karashima, Noburu (2014). "The Fall of the Old States". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.).

4951:

The Pandya kings from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya to his successors who ruled with

4260:(r. c. 862–880 CE) as the new king soon after. It is proposed that the start of the 3128:

The medieval Pandya kings were claimed to have belonged to the Chandra-vamsa or the

2875:

until it found an opportunity to revive its frontiers during the late 13th century.

2779:. The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish. The 11248: 10732: 10717: 10713: 10666: 10662: 10622: 10588: 10584: 10403: 9967: 9957: 9902: 9782: 9762: 9520: 9430: 9276: 9204: 7825: 6698: 5440: 5220: 4971:

from the fourteenth century onwards, the Pandyas lost their traditional capital of

4650: 4551: 4472: 4230: 4172: 4109: 4067:

Pandya coin with temple between hills and elephant (Sri Lanka ca. 1st century CE) (

3963:

visited the Pandya kingdom and left a vivid description of the land and its people.

2965: 2864: 2645: 2580: 2550: 2535: 2490: 2475: 2460: 2430: 2325: 2020: 1804: 1714: 1593: 1583: 1536: 1465: 1444: 1034: 1024: 863: 798: 515: 8643: 8601: 5983: 4535:(r. 957–73) responded by defeating Vira Pandya I in two battles (and Chola prince 4125: 3765: 3112:

are found. She is sometimes seen as an incarnation of the Pandya associated gods,

11192: 10970: 10851: 10809: 10805: 10772: 10744: 10740: 10686: 10592: 10524: 10486: 10292: 9857: 9842: 9772: 9747: 9737: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9667: 9652: 9627: 9617: 9595: 9560: 9555: 9535: 9515: 9500: 9470: 9455: 9246: 9043: 9022: 9003: 8975: 8956: 8931: 8481:. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology. p. 102. 7291: 7182: 6620: 6492: 6465: 6380: 5803: 5559:

Gopuras are extremely large and elaborately decorated (capped by a barrel vault).

5548: 5167: 5136: 4988: 4845: 4841: 4781: 4563: 4222: 3913: 3875: 3859: 3813: 3707: 3660: 3640: 3517: 3459: 3428: 3342: 3254: 3056: 2922: 2852: 2725: 2103: 2092: 2050: 2030: 1948: 1915: 1496: 1424: 1384: 1296: 1256: 1218: 1136: 304: 262: 194: 7926:

Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture

5291:. The contacts between south India and the Middle East continued even after the 4983:. During the same period, some Pandyas ruled with Tirunelveli as their capital. 11121: 11054: 10706: 10579: 10476: 10077: 9962: 9932: 9867: 9852: 9802: 9752: 9687: 9677: 9622: 9605: 9585: 9575: 9570: 9530: 9410: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9286: 9253: 8667:. Prof. P. B. Desai Felicitation Committee, Karnatak University; . p. 125. 7725: 7079: 5573: 5350: 5319: 5256: 5240: 4940: 4894: 4849: 4765: 4306: 4156: 4068: 3863: 3734: 3512: 3485: 3464: 3416: 3327: 3305: 3206: 3077: 2939: 2804: 2716: 2313: 2265: 1959: 1937: 1905: 1883: 1844: 1774: 1764: 1624: 1357: 669: 555: 550: 525: 520: 318: 168: 102: 10126: 6885:

Venkataramaiah, K. M.; Linguistics, International School of Dravidian (1996).

4900:

in south India. Taking advantage of the political situation, the neighbouring

2929:(1268) defeated an alliance of the Hoysalas and the Cholas (1279) and invaded 11283: 10855: 10658: 10618: 10519: 10502: 10455: 10440: 10426: 10399: 10395: 10355: 10340: 10329: 10281: 9937: 9877: 9872: 9827: 9817: 9672: 9647: 9632: 9565: 9465: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9400: 9219: 9013: 8991: 8922: 5684: 5552: 5504: 5155:

was appointed governor of the newly created southernmost Ma'bar province. In

4547: 4468: 4467:

chieftain had transferred their loyalty from the Pallava to the Pandya). The

4451: 4268: 4214: 4129: 4016: 4008: 4000: 3888: 3769: 3725: 3716: 3379: 3315: 3285: 3129: 3117: 3093: 3017: 3001: 2957: 2909:) successfully expanded the kingdom into the Telugu country (as far north as 2891: 2840: 2741: 2737: 2235: 2175: 2000: 1394: 1347: 1327: 1201: 1184: 1146: 1126: 1061: 845: 835: 825: 768: 565: 535: 425: 392: 8966: 8918: 8576: 5359:

One of the early coins of the Pandyas showing their emblem of the Two Fishes

4048:) Tamil poetry. The Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas also controlled the ports of 11243: 11172: 10574: 10447: 10347: 10217: 10155: 10120: 10102: 10094: 10038: 9978: 9907: 9862: 9732: 9717: 9637: 9525: 9505: 9485: 9395: 7708:

A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.

7641:

A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.

7590:

A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.

7543:

A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.

7493:

A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.

6281:

A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar

6263:

A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar

5583: 5493: 5380: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5191:

in 1378. In 1529 the Nayak governors declared independence and established

5188: 5173: 5004: 5000: 4964: 4956: 4556: 4249: 4101: 4012: 3993: 3535: 3491: 3331: 3226: 3182: 2872: 2812: 2752:, the Pandyas ruled extensive territories including regions of present-day 2355: 2345: 2225: 2215: 2145: 1980: 1970: 1854: 1784: 1566: 1486: 1106: 970: 918: 786: 530: 492: 487: 208: 8519: 8264:

Subrahmanian, N.; Hikosaka, Shu; Samuel, G. John; Thiagarajan, P. (1997).

7956: 7871:. Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; . 7264:

Travel and ethnology in the Renaissance: South India through European eyes

6839:

A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar

6248:

A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar

5899:

Subbarayalu, Y. (2014). "Early Tamil Polity". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.).

4424: 4225:. Pallava king Narasimhavarman I (r. 630–668 CE), the famous conqueror of 3816:

refers to the Pandya ruler of Madurai in general terms (first century CE).

3768:(composed in the 5th century CE) mentions a Pandya king in the context of 11176: 10995:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

10763: 10756: 10639: 10613: 10421: 10391: 10052: 9368: 8196:

A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India

5837: 5455: 5355: 5323: 5244: 5012: 4996: 4976: 4925: 4921: 4909: 4827: 4804: 4520: 4516: 4085: 3949: 3937: 3792: 3743: 3680: 3649: 3411: 3297: 3293: 3157: 3109: 3105: 2950: 2918: 2784: 2753: 2375: 2335: 2295: 1694: 1556: 1546: 407: 9106: 5547:

The major Pandya contributions to Dravidian architecture come after the

3213:(3rd century BCE). In his inscriptions (2nd and 13th Major Rock Edict), 11253: 11218: 11071: 10825: 10635: 9892: 9612: 9420: 8236:

The cyclopædia of India and Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour

5497: 5284: 5236: 4543: 4207: 4028: 4020: 3960: 3604: 3541: 3525: 3497: 3479: 3301: 3270: 3089: 2285: 2185: 1895: 570: 8958:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)

8866:

Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean

7944: 7932: 7911:

Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu

7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7278:

Muslim identity, print culture, and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu

6875:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 52–53. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 6775:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 48–49. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 6668:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 26–27. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 6511:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 25–26. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 6180:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 47–48. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 5522:

Typical temple consists of a hall and a square sanctum (the gabhagrha)

5439:

The Pandya country was home to several renowned temples including the

4578:, joined in and took sides with any of the two princes or their kins. 4431:, Pandya kingdom, king Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (8th century CE) 10568: 9797: 8999: 8900:

The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century

8263: 7968: 7827:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire

7428: 7426: 5644: 5630: 5405: 5364: 5318:

and Egyptian voyagers give details about the pearl fisheries off the

5292: 5260: 5213: 4984: 4857: 4819: 4753: 4631: 4536: 4480: 4476: 4464: 4460: 4076: 3503: 3473: 3348: 3323: 3281: 3144:

of Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I (Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan).

3133: 3113: 3101: 2930: 2914: 2856: 2817: 2795:. The Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available Tamil poetry ( 2772: 2757: 2729: 2255: 347: 9365: 7554: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7293:

The Pāṇḍyan Kingdom From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century

5875:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b). 3545:) by Nakkirar contains a description of king Nedunjeliyan's palace. 3374:

The early historic Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available

2976:(late 6th century CE) coincided with the prominence of the Shaivite 10646: 10529: 10387: 10213: 10205: 10159: 10150: 9887: 9777: 9727: 9550: 9490: 9475: 9425: 7563: 7510: 6724:

Complete Works of Alexander Cunningham: Inscriptions of Asoka Vol I

6382:

India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from

5463: 5459: 5421: 5148: 5008: 4744:

The foundation for the Pandya supremacy in south India was laid by

4512: 4293: 4184: 3933: 3807: 3622: 3613: 3595: 3334: 3166: 3037: 3033: 2977: 2973: 2895: 2733: 2605: 1516: 981: 758: 748: 377: 181: 152: 129: 118: 8764:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. 8284: 7387:

https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Shunga-kingdom#ref46870

6664:

Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in

6600: 6507:

Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in

6250:(2nd ed.). Madras: Oxford University Press. pp. 170–172. 5135:

While the previous sultanate raids were content with plunder, the

4526:

The Cholas were defeated by a Rashtrakuta-lead confederacy in the

10727: 10653: 10554: 10535: 10383: 10256: 10209: 10171: 10164: 9912: 9807: 9697: 9657: 9158: 9150: 7980: 7450: 7403: 6218: 5699: 5592: 5540: 5451: 5444: 5300: 5225: 5144: 4972: 4952: 4901: 4815: 4749: 4646: 4635: 4180: 4097: 4049: 4040: 4036: 3945: 3898: 3871: 3842: 3698: 3689: 3631: 3562: 3529: 3383: 3222: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3162: 3140:

as ancestors. Pururavas is listed as one of the ancestors in the

3137: 3097: 3049: 3025: 2985: 2969: 2961: 2910: 2788: 2767:

The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the "

2761: 1814: 719: 139: 124: 86: 80: 8851:. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamil Nadu State Dept. of Archaeology. 7999: 7997: 7995: 7882:

Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (13 May 2016).

7342: 6788:

Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300

6279:

Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958). "The Age of the Four Kingdoms".

5162:, Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan declared his independence and created 11150: 10690: 10261: 10176: 10108: 10034: 9952: 9847: 9600: 9450: 9405: 9154: 9095: 9045:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

7332: 7330: 7317: 7315: 7313: 6915:

Gleanings from Sangam verses: English version of Sangat Thamizh

6208: 6206: 5425: 5401: 5385: 5333: 5307: 5235:

The Pandya country, located at the extreme southwestern tip of

4960: 4943:

declared its independence from the crumbling Pandya influence.

4914: 4876:. Around 1279 the combined force of Hoysala king Ramanatha and 4823: 4769: 4226: 4218: 4176: 4144:, Pandya dynasty, second half of the 8th–early 9th century CE ( 4141: 4081: 4053: 4004: 3855: 3778: 3521: 3389: 3262: 3238: 3234: 3214: 3210: 3072: 2981: 2860: 2844: 2836: 2808: 2792: 1614: 497: 74: 7498: 6891:. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 548. 4776:

attacked the Pandyas and defeated two Pandya royals including

4435: 4163:(dated to early 12th century) Los Angeles County Museum of Art 3825:(first century CE) describes the riches of a "Pandian kingdom" 3772:'s (543–505 BCE) arrival in Sri Lanka with his 700 followers. 9947: 9642: 8546:"The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society" 8340:

A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly

7992: 6332:"The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society" 5433: 5429: 5409: 5296: 5208: 4567: 4245: 4032: 3926: 3922: 3782: 3218: 3170: 3045: 3041: 3036:. Another theory is that the word Pandya is derived from the 3009: 2848: 2787:) from the ancient period, which included the inland city of 2776: 2764:. Pandya dynasty is the longest ruling dynasty in the world. 343: 9024: