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70:
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81:
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92:
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artefacts from more recent sites show that populations that used iron for agriculture continued to use (or even went back to) stone technologies after making the shift to an agricultural lifestyle, occasionally employing rare raw materials from upriver. By 600–1000 C.E., if not earlier, farming villages using iron began to appear in the region. They created TIW and dwelt near the
Pangani River or atop escarpments with a view of the waterway. The famring peoples of Pangani Bay were the
1749:
196:
2283:
137:
469:. From the Zanjian to the Swahili periods, local people continued to practise the majority of their pottery, trading, and culinary practises. Minor alterations are also discernible, most likely due to ongoing interactions with bordering groups along the shore. From the Zanjian to the Swahili periods, pottery with comparable form and ornamentation was employed.
538:
widespread. The initial phase of these at
Pangani was characterised by diffuse settlement. Compared to sites from earlier, Swahili times, those that included only Post-Swahili materials were found during the survey to be relatively smaller. On the other hand, findings from sites containing mostly Swahili artefacts are scarcely any Post-Swahili remains.
612:, or escaped slaves) established hideouts in remote locations. Slavery, servitude, and plantation labour have left behind structural remains that stand as reminders of violence. The diversified population of Pangani Bay includes residents from other places as well as people who self-identify as Zigua, Bondei, Digo,
555:
Villagers in
Gombero and other locations along Tanzania's northeastern coast (such as Tongoni, Excavation Unit 3 and Mtakani, Site 51a, Excavation Unit 1) frequently ate mud whelks in recent centuries, possibly as a result of diminishing food supplies (and a growing population). As an alternative, plantation
643:
His letters to his family, sister, and brother-in-law, as well as to the readers of
Vendsyssel Tidende, provide a window into the lives, ideas, and experiences of a pragmatic imperialist who was keen to modernise agricultural productivity and introduce "civilization" to the area. Yet the realities of
686:
This was never going to be an easy task because many crops did not adapt well to plantation cultivation, labour was still difficult to find and keep, and commodity prices fluctuated greatly. Unlike most, Lautherborn was more successful. He demonstrated the commercial viability of sisal, kept workers
658:
In the 1890s, German troops quenched the
Bushiri Rebellion, a local uprising, and the residents of Pangani Bay once more fell victim to outside intrusion. They attempted to exert authority over the interior of the continent and "pacify" coastal populations. The popular leader of the insurrection was
554:
agriculture gained sway, compounding the pressures of earlier eras. The natives fled to hamlets far from
Pangani Town, the occupied political hub. Increased foreign engagement is evidenced by the abundance of novel glass bead kinds and numerous pottery from India, China, and Europe found at Gombero.
537:
The situation along the coast was different after 1550 C.E. In contrast to
Mombasa, the majority of coastal cities shrank in population, lost their once-dominant status, or even fell into ruin. By 1600 C.E. and 1850 C.E., respectively, pottery from Post-Swahili and Post-Post-Swahili settlements were
533:
homes. Foreign contacts, which may be seen in the archaeological record in the form of Asian ceramics and glass beads, had a significant impact on the formation of identity borders. For example, 62 of 81 (75.3%) of the beads found during excavations at these sites—92 of 108 (85.2%) at
Muhembo (Site
729:
The Mauya plantations no longer grow sugar, but produce much coconut and betel-nut. Pangani was once a secondary center of the sisal industry, servicing sisal plantations to the north and south of town. Pangani also has a fishing industry. In recent years beach resorts north and south of the town
425:
During the
Swahili era (1250–1550 CE), interactions between indigenous tribes of the Pangani coast and communities in the Indian Ocean took place, but at a minor level. Thus, the "Golden Age" of the Swahili (1250/1350-1550 C.E., but especially the earlier centuries within this range) influenced
386:
The first people to live in
Pangani Bay were hunter-gatherers during the Palaeolithic era. They fashioned tools out of quartz river pebbles by hammering them with simple, forceful blows. Southwest of Bweni, the escarpment is covered in debris from the production and usage of stone tools. Lithic
508:
in Kenya) before 1250 C.E. Due to a shift in Islamic influence (from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea) that brought people together and encouraged settlement growth and expansion, the northern shore dominated the economy during this time. on this model, resurrected leadership anchored on
406:
in Kumbamtoni. Along the river bank, there are also a few Maore Ware sherds that come from the interior of the continent. At sites in Pangani Bay, there is no indication of foreign ceramics from before 1000 C.E., such as Sasanian Islamic variations. However, the discovery of a purported
480:
during the Zanjian period and black-and-yellow ceramics from the Red Sea during the Swahili eras is evidence of the old maritime trade history in Pangani Bay. The pottery in Zanjian and Swahili villages in Pangani Bay shared characteristics with that of sites on the East African coast
675:, one of the two surviving DOAG strongholds, during the uprising, took up guns, learned new skills as a builder, and created labour and management practises that would influence the rest of his stay in the area. In fact, he brought a large portion of his primarily
513:, iconography, and emulation increased trade monopolies and sparked close ties with other groups in the Indian Ocean through trade. During this time, it is likely that a rigid, emic idea of the African hinterland developed as wealthy coastal Swahili town dwellers (
655:, a Swahili-speaker born in Zanzibar who owned a small estate at the suburb that now bears his name. Abushiri was instrumental in coordinating resistance to German conquest along much of the coast. The Germans hanged him at Pangani in December 1889.
574:
rule, it was a major terminus of caravan routes to the deep interior. From the 1860s onward townspeople established large plantations of sugar and coconut in Mauya, along the banks of the river just west of town. After Sultan
528:
were constructing coral structures and going to mosques for prayer by 1400 C.E. These were the two biggest towns in their respective regions at the time. Other community members (from Muhembo and Tongoni) resided in distant
1730:
730:
have brought tourists. The town is a district headquarters. Its hospital draws patients from many parts of the region. Funguni Secondary School is in Pangani Town and Boza Secondary School is a short distance north.
497:), in addition to the recognised internal cultural continuity. Such evidence suggests that the people of Pangani Bay are still connected to other communities in East Africa on a regional level.
663:
established indirect rule following World War I. Residents still living there have memories connected to these unique interactions, exploitations, and acts of violence that shape their legacy.
579:
signed treaties with Great Britain outlawing the ocean-going trade in slaves in 1873, Pangani became a center for smuggling slaves across the narrow channel to Pemba, in evasion of
632:(DOAG), plantation agriculture was largely recognised as the most effective strategy for advancing the new colony. Indeed, one of the main justifications for colonial expansion in
1572:
472:
Shellfish evidence reveals patterns of food collecting by the first inhabitants and the kinds of foods that were consumed, suggesting both change and continuity. The discovery of
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The plantations were worked by slave labor, and Pangani also became an important center of the slave trade, shipping captives taken in the wars attendant on the collapse of the
1737:
671:
Within months of Lautherbonrn's arrival, a coastal uprising (1888–1890) broke out, driving him and the other Europeans out of Pangani. Lautherborn relocated to
517:) saw the need to set themselves apart from people who lived in the interior in order to consolidate their authority and safeguard expanding trade monopolies.
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37 in Survey Unit 4); and Tongoni—are of foreign (glass) provenance. Among other things, locals created iron tools, textiles, nonglass beads, and ceramics.
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through European-run plantations. This task was taken seriously by Lautherborn since it served as the cornerstone of his sense of identity and self-worth.
936:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
906:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
897:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
888:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
879:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
870:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
861:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
816:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
807:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
798:
Walz, Jonathan R. Route to a regional past: an archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500-1900 CE. Diss. University of Florida, 2010.
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By the middle of the nineteenth century, large caravans were regularly transporting both slaves and ivory to Pangani Bay. Caravans "herded" (-
1723:
1326:
1579:
365:. The town is currently the largest settlement in Pangani District and is a major tourist attraction in Tanga region and is a home to
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852:
Mjema, Elinaza. "The indigenous roots of Swahili culture in Pangani Bay, Tanzania." African archaeology without frontiers (2016): 48.
843:
Mjema, Elinaza. "The indigenous roots of Swahili culture in Pangani Bay, Tanzania." African archaeology without frontiers (2016): 48.
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Mjema, Elinaza. "The indigenous roots of Swahili culture in Pangani Bay, Tanzania." African archaeology without frontiers (2016): 48.
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plantation south of Pangani. He started working on building a successful, modern plantation once more, one that produced a profit.
602:-speaking Omani landowners created a "brutally rationalised form of plantation production" in earlier decades that abused slaves.
708:
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to the plantations of Pemba and Zanzibar. Pangani's modern town came to prominence in the mid 19th century, when, under nominal
716:
598:, and sisal was first brought to the lower river basin after the 1880s through plantation initiatives at Mauya. Among others,
520:
Surface investigations revealed 18 Swahili sites, including Mnyongeni, Mtakani, and Kumbamtoni (1250–1550 C.E.). Villagers in
1745:
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as a result of this area's long history of exploitation and more recent diaporas (related to the development of cash crops).
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Archaeologists have also found the remains of small 15th century Swahili settlements on the bluffs just north of Pangani at
1541:
1753:
1546:
370:
590:) slaves to Pangani Town to work or be sent abroad, according to Mzee Mchande, a local elder. Large-scale production of
232:
1011:
954:
Parpart, Jane L. "The African Context: German East Africa 1888-1906." The Practical Imperialist. Brill, 2006. 21-40.
945:
Parpart, Jane L. "The African Context: German East Africa 1888-1906." The Practical Imperialist. Brill, 2006. 21-40.
927:
Parpart, Jane L. "The African Context: German East Africa 1888-1906." The Practical Imperialist. Brill, 2006. 21-40.
687:
on the job during a labour shortage, and received praise from all quarters for his efficient plantation management.
644:
a complicated and frequently contentious scenario quickly caused this initially straightforward ambition to fail.
1043:
2068:
825:
Gramly, Richard M. "Archaeological reconnaissance at Pangani bay." Tanzania Notes and Records 85 (1979): 17-28.
465:, According to the research, Pangani Bay's first inhabitant's Zanjian traditions served as the cradle of later
129:
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During the eighteen years (1888–1906) of Christian Lautherborn's employment as a plantation manager for the
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69:
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Early TIW found close to Kumbamtoni resembled coastal pottery from the southern and central parts of the
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Town) is thought to have developed a different tradition from the northern coast (from Mombasa to the
1565:
453:
91:
2312:
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918:"The African Context: German East Africa 1888-1906." The Practical Imperialist. Brill, 2006. 21-40.
411:(or Indic copy) points to communication with the larger Indian Ocean in the first millennium C.E.
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bombarded Pangani. On 23 July the Germans surrendered the town to British land and naval forces.
760:
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and ivory traffic grew more intense throughout the nineteenth century, and Omani (and European)
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in which the town is named after. Administrately the town Pangani is situated within two wards,
2086:
1881:
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Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888
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colonial conquest of the mainland Tanzanian coast. The local leader of the resistance was
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littoral settlers in northeastern Tanzania, although not nearly to the extent felt at
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on the southern Swahili coast (where the gold trade flourished 1200-1350 C.E.) or at
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769:(Portsmouth: Heinemann; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota; Nairobi: EAEP, 1995).
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might have hindered local food production and/or hunting opportunities.
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In 1888, Pangani was the center of an armed movement to resist
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R.M. Gramly, "Archaeological reconnaissance at Pangani Bay,"
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349:. The town lies 45 km (28 mi) south of the city of
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Grave at Historic Muhembo ruins, Pangani DC, Tanga Region
1012:"History and more of Pangani and Ushongo Beach Profile"
19:
Capital of Pangani District in Tanga Region, Tanzania
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679:staff with him when he returned to Kikogwe, his
16:Historic town of Pangani District, Tanga Region
712:Swahili door in Pangani, early 20th century CE
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446:(in the bay near Tanga Town) with monumental
110:in Pangani and another street in Pangani town
969:Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era
789:Population of cities & urban localities
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636:and other places was the introduction of
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500:The southern Swahili coast (south of
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1542:Ulenge Island Front Range Lighthouse
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337:) is a historic town and capital of
1754:National Historic Sites of Tanzania
1547:Ulenge Island Rear Range Lighthouse
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720:old Pangani, early 20th century CE
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2318:Populated places in Tanga Region
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371:Tanzanian National Historic Site
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274:house detail in Historic Pangani
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695:On 13 July 1916 the Royal Navy
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1682:Wildlife Sanctuary and Forests
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493:), as well as its hinterland (
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1535:Shabaan Robert Museum, Machui
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577:Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar
450:began to grow in importance.
288:Street scene in quiet Pangani
1532:Shabaan Robert's House, Duga
1407:Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park
740:Historic Swahili Settlements
653:Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi
442:as well as Swahili towns on
438:in Kenya. Late in this era,
106:Historic street in Pangani,
7:
1523:Heritage Monuments of Tanga
1429:Kisima Gonja Forest Reserve
1380:National Parks and Reserves
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691:The British colonial period
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1411:Magoroto Forest Reserve
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755:, 86/87 (1981), 17–28.
476:Islamic wares from the
305:lined street in Pangani
1854:Isimila Stone Age Site
1515:Chambolo Peak (2,289m)
1435:Kitumbi Forest Reserve
1432:Shagayu Forest Reserve
1426:Ndelemi Forest Reserve
1423:Magamba Forest Reserve
1344:Major Cities and Towns
1102:Korogwe Urban District
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353:, at the mouth of the
319:Beach scene in Pangani
249: • Ancestral
31:
2290:at Wikimedia Commons
2171:Zanzibar South Region
2135:Zanzibar North Region
1689:Saadani National Park
1414:Mhamba Forest Reserve
1397:Saadani National Park
1392:Mkomazi National Park
990:Cato, Conrad (1919).
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667:The sisal plantations
542:Omani colonial period
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118:The pearl of Tanzania
1805:Dar es Salaam Region
1387:Amani Nature Reserve
1087:Handeni Town Council
448:Swahili architecture
239: • Settler
174:5.40000°S 38.98333°E
2308:Swahili city-states
2087:Livingstone's Tembe
1981:Lindi Historic Town
1836:Bahi Rock-Art Sites
1529:Urithi Tanga Museum
1438:Gole Forest Reserve
1420:Baga Forest Reserve
1417:Nilo Forest Reserve
993:The Navy Everywhere
971:. Naval-History.net
765:Jonathon Glassman,
170: /
103:From top to bottom:
2237:Pemba South Region
2194:Pemba North Region
2046:Chole Island Ruins
1935:Kilimanjaro Region
1785:Nasera Rockshelter
1500:Usambara Mountains
1488:Landmarks of Tanga
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638:modern agriculture
634:German East Africa
568:Usambara mountains
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415:The Swahili period
179:-5.40000; 38.98333
2286:Media related to
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2227:Kichokochwe Ruins
1925:Uvinza Salt Works
1882:KM2 and KM3 sites
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1082:Handeni District
1077:Bumbuli District
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2277:External links
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2051:Kisimani Mafia
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2020:
2013:
2011:
2005:
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1991:Manyara Region
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1961:Kilwa Kisiwani
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1505:Nguu Mountains
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1332:Lwengera River
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1322:Msangazi River
1319:
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1261:Karange Island
1258:
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1136:Native Peoples
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1127:Tanga District
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546:The worldwide
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419:Main article:
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382:First settlers
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331:Mji wa Pangani
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32:Mji wa Pangani
28:
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18:
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2153:Zanzibar West
2150:
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2132:
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2105:Tongoni Ruins
2103:
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2100:
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2079:Tabora Region
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2025:
2019:Historic Town
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2009:Mtwara Region
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Sanje ya Kati
1974:
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1944:
1941:
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1912:Kigoma Region
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1874:Kagera Region
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1846:Iringa Region
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1823:Dodoma Region
1820:
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1796:
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1770:Olduvai Gorge
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1307:Mligasi River
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1292:Pangani River
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1276:Maziwe Island
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1194:Tongoni Ruins
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429:
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409:Roman ceramic
405:
401:
400:Swahili coast
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374:
372:
368:
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355:Pangani River
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233:Ethnic groups
230:
227:
224:
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218:
215:
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206:
203:
192:
188:
183:
155:Coordinates:
153:
131:
122:
114:
109:
104:
93:
82:
71:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
33:
23:
2280:
2250:Pujini Ruins
2125:Yambe Island
2114:
2110:Toten Island
2097:Tanga Region
2061:Rukwa Region
2028:Pwani Region
1953:Lindi Region
1509:Irente Views
1495:Amboni Caves
1477:Tanga Island
1355:
1312:Saunyi River
1271:Tanga Island
1266:Yambe Island
1256:Kwale Island
1251:Kirui Island
1241:Mwewe Island
1225:Yambe Island
1202:Tanga Island
1198:Bombo Kaburi
1053:Tanga Region
1006:
992:
985:
973:. Retrieved
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
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646:
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627:
607:
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561:
545:
536:
519:
514:
499:
478:Persian Gulf
471:
460:
444:Tanga Island
424:
397:
385:
343:Tanga Region
330:
326:
325:
214:Tanga Region
108:Swahili door
102:
2245:Mkama Ndume
2217:Msuka Mjini
2184:Kuumbi Cave
2179:Unguja Ukuu
2041:Kaole Ruins
1971:Songo Mnara
1902:Bweranyange
1538:Old Korogwe
1512:Mkuzi Falls
557:enslavement
177: /
2297:Categories
1864:Mlambalasi
1790:Mumba Cave
1336:Lake Manka
1327:Soni River
1317:Umba River
1297:Sigi River
774:References
583:warships.
581:Royal Navy
552:plantation
404:sea shells
2161:Stonetown
2017:Mikindani
1892:Nyabusora
1638:Mikinguni
1597:Capital:
1070:Districts
1061:Capital:
1000:: London.
998:Constable
975:9 January
761:0039-9485
700:HMS
572:Zanzibari
515:waungwana
165:38°59′0″E
2265:Shamiani
2255:Chambani
2036:Bagamoyo
1999:Luxmanda
1897:Katuruka
1887:Katuruka
1780:Engaruka
1668:Tungamaa
1628:Kipumbwi
1623:Kimang'a
734:See also
677:Nyamwezi
673:Bagamoyo
592:coconuts
474:Sasanian
347:Tanzania
221:District
202:Tanzania
162:5°24′0″S
2288:Pangani
2143:Tumbatu
2115:Pangani
1966:Kivinje
1859:Kalenga
1775:Laetoli
1705:Muhembo
1673:Ubangaa
1643:Mkalamo
1633:Madanga
1613:Bushiri
1371:Handeni
1366:Lushoto
1361:Korogwe
1356:Pangani
1234:Islands
1212:Mnarani
1207:Muhembo
746:Sources
725:Economy
697:monitor
661:British
614:Iloikop
604:Maroons
566:in the
526:Tongoni
522:Muhembo
463:Muhembo
440:Tongoni
436:Malindi
432:Mombasa
421:Muhembo
377:History
367:Muhembo
341:in the
335:Swahili
327:Pangani
303:Coconut
272:Swahili
243:Swahili
190:Country
143:Pangani
51:Capital
39:Swahili
26:Pangani
2222:Mduuni
2202:Chwaka
1831:Kondoa
1795:Peninj
1648:Mkwaja
1472:Maziwi
1462:Ulenge
1351:Muheza
1168:Bondei
1163:Segeju
1158:Dhaiso
1143:Sambaa
759:
702:Severn
649:German
616:, and
609:watoro
600:Arabic
489:, and
483:Shanga
389:Bondei
253:Bondei
209:Region
199:
35:
2207:Tumbe
2120:Vugha
1920:Ujiji
1653:Mwera
1618:Bweni
1606:Wards
1467:Yambe
1457:Kwale
1452:Mwewe
1447:Kirui
1442:Tanga
1220:Vugha
1216:Ndumi
1178:Mbugu
1173:Ngulu
1148:Zigua
1063:Tanga
681:sisal
596:sugar
548:slave
502:Tanga
495:Mombo
491:Kaole
487:Kilwa
428:Kilwa
393:Zigua
351:Tanga
333:, in
1153:Digo
977:2022
757:ISSN
618:Bena
588:fuga
524:and
434:and
391:and
369:, a
361:and
345:of
53:of
2299::
996:.
967:.
594:,
485:,
395:.
373:.
1739:e
1732:t
1725:v
1581:e
1574:t
1567:v
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
1014:.
979:.
481:(
329:(
41:)
37:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.