Panpsychism - Knowledge

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we could not understand it. It is only because the graph abstracts away from the structure of its subject matter that it can be visualized. Alternatively, consider a graphical user interface on a computer. The reason graphical user interfaces are useful is that they abstract away from lower-level computational processes, such as machine code, or the physical state of a circuit-board. In general, it seems that data is most useful to us when it is abstracted from its original structure and repackaged in a way that is easier to understand, even if this comes at the cost of accuracy. Hoffman offers the "fitness beats truth theorem" as mathematical proof that perceptions of reality bear little resemblance to reality's true nature. From this he concludes that our senses do not faithfully represent the external world.

1946:. But when the box is unsealed, the observer finds a cat that is either dead or alive; there is no superposition of states. Since the cat is no longer in a superposition of states, then neither is the radioactive atom (nor the vial or the Geiger counter). Hence Schrödinger's wave function no longer holds and the wave function that described the atom—and its superposition of states—is said to have "collapsed": the atom now has only a single state, corresponding to the cat's observed state. But until an observer opens the box and thereby causes the wave function to collapse, the cat is both dead and alive. This has raised questions about, in John S. Bell's words, "where the observer begins and ends". 1797:(1) Like many sciences, physics describes the world through mathematics. Unlike other sciences, physics cannot describe what Schopenhauer called the "object that grounds" mathematics. Economics is grounded in resources being allocated, and population dynamics is grounded in individual people within that population. The objects that ground physics, however, can be described only through more mathematics. In Russell's words, physics describes "certain equations giving abstract properties of their changes". When it comes to describing "what it is that changes, and what it changes from and to—as to this, physics is silent". In other words, physics describes matter's 1244: 1914:. The apparatus is configured so that when the Geiger counter detects radioactive decay, the flask will shatter, poisoning the cat. Unless and until the Geiger counter detects the radioactive decay of a single atom, the cat survives. The radioactive decay the Geiger counter detects is a quantum event; each decay corresponds to a quantum state transition of a single atom of the radioactive material. According to Schrödinger's wave equation, until they are observed, quantum particles, including the atoms of the radioactive material, are in quantum state superposition; each unmeasured atom in the radioactive material is in a quantum superposition of 1962: 2105:; mind and matter are two sides of the same coin, and mental causation is merely the extrinsic description of intrinsic properties of mind. Robert Howell has argued that all causal functions are still accounted for dispositionally (i.e., in terms of the behaviors described by science), leaving phenomenality causally inert. He concludes, "This leaves us once again with epiphenomenal qualia, only in a very surprising place". Neutral monists reject such dichotomous views of mind-body interaction. 1819:(3) Consciousness has many similarities to these intrinsic properties of physics. It, too, cannot be directly observed from an outside perspective. And it, too, seems to ground many observable extrinsic properties: presumably, music is enjoyable because of the experience of listening to it, and chronic pain is avoided because of the experience of pain, etc. Russell concluded that consciousness must be related to these extrinsic properties of matter. He called these intrinsic properties 916:. It has been described as an alternative to panpsychism, or as a form of panpsychism. Proponents of cosmopsychism claim that the cosmos as a whole is the fundamental level of reality and that it instantiates consciousness. They differ on that point from panpsychists, who usually claim that the smallest level of reality is fundamental and instantiates consciousness. Accordingly, human consciousness, for example, merely derives from a larger cosmic consciousness. 2017:; both regularities in nature and conscious experience are expressions of information's underlying character. The theory implies panpsychism, and also solves the problem Penrose poses. On Chalmers's formulation, information in any given position is phenomenally realised, whereas the informational state of the superposition as a whole is not. Panpsychist interpretations of quantum mechanics have been put forward by such philosophers as Whitehead, Shan Gao, 1097: 1315: 1593:, the now discredited hypothesis that life is inexplicable and can only be understood if some vital life force exists. He maintains that given time, consciousness and its evolutionary origins will be understood just as life is now understood. Daniel Dennett called the hard problem a "hunch", and maintained that conscious experience, as it is usually understood, is merely a complex cognitive 311: 980:: the problem of explaining how the consciousness of microscopic physical things might combine to give rise to the macroscopic consciousness of the whole brain. Because protophenomenal properties are by definition the constituent parts of consciousness, it is speculated that their existence would make the emergence of macroscopic minds less mysterious. The philosopher 1759:(3) Panpsychism has all the benefits of materialism because it could mean that consciousness is physical while also escaping the grasp of epiphenomenalism. After some argumentation Chalmers narrows it down further to Russellian monism, concluding that thoughts, actions, intentions and emotions may just be the quiddities of neurotransmitters, neurons, and glial cells. 1430:

neutral monism, which may overlap with other philosophies. In versions of neutral monism in which the world's fundamental constituents are neither mental nor physical, it is quite distinct from panpsychism. In versions where the fundamental constituents are both mental and physical, neutral monism may lead to panpsychism, panprotopsychism, or

272:. Pancognitivism, by contrast, is the view that thought is present everywhere at a fundamental level—a view that had some historical advocates, but no present-day academic adherents. Contemporary panpsychists do not believe microphysical entities have complex mental states such as beliefs, desires, and fears. 973:

Protophenomenal properties are usually picked out through a combination of functional and negative definitions: panphenomenal properties are those properties that logically entail phenomenal properties (a functional definition), which are themselves neither physical nor phenomenal (a negative definition).

1834:. Chalmers has argued that the extrinsic properties of physics must have corresponding intrinsic properties; otherwise the universe would be "a giant causal flux" with nothing for "causation to relate", which he deems a logical impossibility. He sees consciousness as a promising candidate for that role. 1081:

Animism maintains that all things have a soul, and hylozoism maintains that all things are alive. Both could reasonably be interpreted as panpsychist, but both have fallen out of favour in contemporary academia. Modern panpsychists have tried to distance themselves from theories of this sort, careful

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to lower-level physical facts, just as the fundamental laws of physics are irreducible to lower-level physical facts. Therefore, consciousness should be taken as fundamental in its own right and studied as such. Just as fundamental properties of reality are ubiquitous (even small objects have mass),

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For example, consider a graph, such as a pie chart. A pie chart is easy to understand and use not because it is perfectly homomorphic with the data it represents, but because it isn't. If a graph of, for example, the chemical composition of the human body were to look exactly like a human body, then

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Panpsychism holds that mind or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. It is also described as a theory in which "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe". Panpsychists posit that the type of mentality we know through our own

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is ever discovered, it will be a set of "psychophysical laws", rather than simply a set of physical laws. With Chalmers as their inspiration, Bohm and Pylkkänen set out to do just that in their panprotopsychism. Chalmers, who is critical of the Copenhagen interpretation and most quantum theories of

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Neutral monism rejects the dichotomy of mind and matter, instead taking a third substance as fundamental that is neither mental nor physical. Proposals for the nature of the third substance have varied, with some theorists choosing to leave it undefined. This has led to a variety of formulations of

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A related criticism is what seems to many to be the theory's bizarre nature. Goff dismisses this objection: though he admits that panpsychism is counterintuitive, he argues that Einstein's and Darwin's theories are also counterintuitive. "At the end of the day," he writes, "you should judge a view

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of quantum mechanics does not take observation as central to the wave-function collapse, because it denies that the collapse happens. On the many-worlds interpretation, just as the cat is both dead and alive, the observer both sees a dead cat and sees a living cat. Even though observation does not

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It is a natural and near-universal assumption that the world has the properties and causal structures that we perceive it to have; to paraphrase Einstein's famous remark, we naturally assume that the moon is there whether anyone looks or not. Both theoretical and empirical considerations, however,

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But what consciousness is, we know not; and how it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about as the result of irritating nervous tissue, is just as unaccountable as the appearance of the Djin when Aladdin rubbed his lamp in the story, or as any other ultimate fact of

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contrasted panpsychism and idealism, saying that while idealists rejected the existence of the world observed with the senses or understood it as ideas within the mind of God, panpsychists accepted the reality of the world but saw it as composed of minds. Chalmers also contrasts panpsychism with

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Many proponents of panpsychism base their arguments not on empirical support but on panpsychism's theoretical virtues. Chalmers says that while no direct evidence exists for the theory, neither is there direct evidence against it, and that "there are indirect reasons, of a broadly theoretical

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I do not see why a conscious being need be aware of only "one" of the alternatives in a linear superposition. What is it about consciousnesses that says that consciousness must not be "aware" of that tantalising linear combination of both a dead and a live cat? It seems to me that a theory of

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O molecules logically entail facts about water: the lower-level facts are sufficient to explain the higher-order facts, since the former logically entail the latter. Similarly, adherents of panprotopsychism believe that "protophenomenal" facts logically entail the existence of consciousness.

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puts it, do these "tiny consciousnesses combine" to create larger conscious experiences such as "the twinge of pain" he feels in his knee? This objection has garnered significant attention, and many have attempted to answer it. None of the proposed answers has gained widespread acceptance.

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has alleged that panpsychism's unfalsifiability goes deeper than run-of-the-mill untestability: it is unfalsifiable because "It does not get up to the level of being false. It is strictly speaking meaningless because no clear notion has been given to the claim". The need for coherence and

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math; comparing physics to economics or population dynamics is a disanalogy. While population dynamics may be grounded in individual people, those people are grounded in "purely mathematical objects" such as energy and charge. The universe is, in a fundamental sense, made of nothing.

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is ubiquitous, while distinguishing these qualities from more complex human mental attributes. They therefore ascribe a primitive form of mentality to entities at the fundamental level of physics but do not ascribe mentality to most aggregate things, such as rocks or buildings.

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There is disagreement over whether idealism is a form of panpsychism or a separate view. Both views hold that everything that exists has some form of experience. According to the philosophers William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson, "idealists are panpsychists by default".

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are merely semantic. Philip Goff believes that neutral monism can reasonably be regarded as a form of panpsychism "in so far as it is a dual aspect view". Neutral monism, panpsychism, and dual aspect theory are grouped together or used interchangeably in some contexts.

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endorsed a version of panpsychism. He believed that consciousness is not a mysterious property emerging at a certain level of the hierarchy of increasing material complexity, but rather an inherent property, implying the most elementary particles have these properties.

346:(c. 624 – 545 BCE), the first Greek philosopher, posited a theory which held "that everything is full of gods". Thales believed that magnets demonstrated this. This has been interpreted as a panpsychist doctrine. Other Greek thinkers associated with panpsychism include 2035:

criticized explanations of consciousness invoking quantum physics, saying: "to my ear, this amounts to the feeling that quantum mechanics sure is weird, and consciousness sure is weird, so maybe quantum mechanics can explain consciousness"; a view echoed by physicist

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first articulated Integrated information theory (IIT) in 2004, and it has undergone two major revisions since then. Tononi approaches consciousness from a scientific perspective, and has expressed frustration with philosophical theories of consciousness for lacking

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Panpsychism is incompatible with emergentism. In general, theories of consciousness fall under one or the other umbrella; they hold either that consciousness is present at a fundamental level of reality (panpsychism) or that it emerges higher up (emergentism).

1306:, consider it a form of panpsychism. IIT does not hold that all systems are conscious, leading Tononi and Koch to state that IIT incorporates some elements of panpsychism but not others. Koch has called IIT a "scientifically refined version" of panpsychism. 1295:(Φ). He believes consciousness is nothing but integrated information, so Φ measures consciousness. As it turns out, even basic objects or substances have a nonzero degree of Φ. This would mean that consciousness is ubiquitous, albeit to a minimal degree. 665:, the leading American absolute idealist, held that reality is a "world self", a conscious being that comprises everything, though he didn't necessarily attribute mental properties to the smallest constituents of mentalistic "systems". The American 1216:

The consensus view is that perception is a reconstruction of one's environment. Hoffman views perception as a construction rather than a reconstruction. He argues that perceptual systems are analogous to information channels, and thus subject to

1123:. In some Buddhist traditions, the Buddha-nature doctrine may be interpreted as implying a form of panpsychism. Graham Parks argues that most "traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean philosophy would qualify as panpsychist in nature". 777:

Whitehead criticizes—Whitehead's concept of "actual occasion" refers to the "immediate experienced occasion" of any possible perceiver, having in mind only himself as perceiver at the outset, in accordance with his strong commitment to

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Philosophers such as Chalmers have argued that theories of consciousness should be capable of providing insight into the brain and mind to avoid the problem of mental causation. If they fail to do that, the theory will succumb to

1605:, maintains that philosophers ought to be more patient: neuroscience is still in its early stages, so Chalmers's hard problem is premature. Clarity will come from learning more about the brain, not from metaphysical speculation. 225:

experience is present, in some form, in a wide range of natural bodies. This notion has taken on a wide variety of forms. Some historical and non-Western panpsychists ascribe attributes such as life or spirits to all entities (

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philosophy is also a form of panpsychism, Berkeley rejected panpsychism and posited that the physical world exists only in the experiences minds have of it, while restricting minds to humans and certain other specific agents.

1708:. The goal of such arguments is to argue for sides of a debate (the thesis and antithesis), weigh their vices and merits, and then reconcile them (the synthesis). Chalmers's thesis, antithesis, and synthesis are as follows: 101:. It is also described as a theory that "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe". It is one of the oldest philosophical theories, and has been ascribed to philosophers including 2001:

may be the theory Penrose is seeking. Chalmers believes that information will play an integral role in any theory of consciousness because the mind and brain have corresponding informational structures. He considers the

1528:. The term is attributed to Chalmers. He argues that even after "all the perceptual and cognitive functions within the vicinity of consciousness" are accounted for, "there may still remain a further unanswered question: 826:, while distancing himself from orthodox panpsychists, has written that his view is "not unlike panpsychism" in that he rejects a line in nature between "events lit up by phenomenology those that are mere darkness". 3369: 1768:

Physics is mathematical, not because we know so much about the physical world, but because we know so little: it is only its mathematical properties that we can discover. For the rest our knowledge is negative.

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character, for taking the view seriously". Notwithstanding Tononi and Koch's criticism of panpsychism, they state that it integrates consciousness into the physical world in a way that is "elegantly unitary".

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went so far as to argue that natural objects such as rocks and stones are part of the supreme embodiment of the Buddha. According to Parks, Buddha-nature is best described "in western terms" as something

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argues that the fundamental elements of the universe are "occasions of experience", which can together create something as complex as a human being. Building on Whitehead's work, process philosopher

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The measurement problem has largely been characterised as the clash of classical physics and quantum mechanics. Bohm argued that it is rather a clash of classical physics, quantum mechanics, and

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Before the first premise is accepted, the range of possible explanations for consciousness is fully open. Each premise, if accepted, narrows down that range of possibilities. If the argument is

1411:). Meixner writes that formulations of panpsychism can be divided into dualist and idealist versions. He further divides the latter into "atomistic idealistic panpsychism", which he ascribes to 1869:"a magnet for anyone who wants to find room for crazy properties of the mind", but not entirely without warrant. The relationship between observation (and, by extension, consciousness) and the 1756:). If consciousness plays no causal role, then it is unclear how Chalmers could even write this paper. On the other hand, consciousness is irreducible to the physical processes of the brain. 1024:. Just as the extrinsic properties of matter can form higher-order structure, so can their corresponding and identical quiddities. Russell believed the conscious mind was one such structure. 875:

as a means to theorizing relations between "inner" and "outer" tropes in the context of psychotherapy. Panpsychism has also been applied in environmental philosophy by Australian philosopher

204:"). The use of "psyche" is controversial because it is synonymous with "soul", a term usually taken to refer to something supernatural; more common terms now found in the literature include 2003: 2063:. Tononi and Koch write: "Besides claiming that matter and mind are one thing, has little constructive to say and offers no positive laws explaining how the mind is organized and works". 422:

This world is indeed a living being endowed with a soul and intelligence ... a single visible living entity containing all other living entities, which by their nature are all related.

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It evidently feels like something to be a human brain. This means that when things in the world are organised in a particular way, they begin to have an experience. The questions of

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and spacetime are illusory, and are merely a "species specific evolved user interface"; (2) Reality is made of a complex, dimensionless, and timeless network of "conscious agents".

29: 1953:; all three levels of description seem to be difficult to reconcile, or even contradictory. Though not referring specifically to quantum mechanics, Chalmers has written that if a 984:

argues that the view faces difficulty with the combination problem. He considers it "ad hoc", and believes it diminishes the parsimony that made the theory initially interesting.

5281: 1558:, all wrote about the seeming incompatibility of third-person functional descriptions of mind and matter and first-person conscious experience. Likewise, Asian philosophers like 1138:

schools of Buddhism explicitly attribute Buddha-nature to inanimate objects such as lotus flowers and mountains. This idea was defended by figures such as the Tiantai patriarch

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rates" of neurons, finding that the brain is a "classical rather than a quantum system" and that quantum mechanics does not relate "to consciousness in any fundamental way".

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calls Russell's panpsychism "realistic physicalism". He argues that "the experiential considered specifically as such" is what it means for something to be physical. Just as

1823:. Just as extrinsic physical properties can create structures, so can their corresponding and identical quiddites. The conscious mind, Russell argued, is one such structure. 3373: 1232:

Even if reality is an illusion, Hoffman takes consciousness as an indisputable fact. He represents rudimentary units of consciousness (which he calls "conscious agents") as

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Berkeley, George (1948–57, Nelson) Robinson, H. (ed.) (1996). "Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues", pp. ix–x & passim. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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separate, as well as dualism's problems explaining how mind and matter interact. By contrast, Uwe Meixner argues that panpsychism has dualist forms, which he contrasts to

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If (P3) is true, then consciousness exists, and is either (a) its own property of matter or (b) composed by the matter of the brain but not logically entailed by it.

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into philosophical vocabulary. According to Bruno, "There is nothing that does not possess a soul and that has no vital principle". Platonist ideas resembling the

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proposed a philosophy similar to panpsychism, "panbiotism", according to which "everything is fraught with life; it contains life; it has the ability to live".

268:. In the form of panpsychism under discussion in the contemporary literature, conscious experience is present everywhere at a fundamental level, hence the term 3551: 579:), which has the aspects of mind (thought) and matter (extension). Leibniz's view is that there are infinitely many absolutely simple mental substances called 1749:. Cause and effect is a symmetrical process. There is no room for consciousness to exert any causal power on the physical world unless it is itself physical. 5041: 3800: 3093: 1566:

discussed the problem of how consciousness arises from unconscious matter. Similar sentiments have been articulated through philosophical inquiries such as

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in relation to the original is minuscule, and does not necessarily—or, seemingly, even often—overlap with the subset that is efficient or easiest to use.

133:. In the 19th century, panpsychism was the default philosophy of mind in Western thought, but it saw a decline in the mid-20th century with the rise of 1669:

If (P2) is true, then either consciousness does not exist, or it (a) exists as distinct property of matter or (b) is fundamentally entailed by matter.

1808:(2) Russell argued that physics is mathematical because "it is only mathematical properties we can discover". This is true almost by definition: if 1586:. These problems have caused Chalmers to consider panpsychism a viable solution to the hard problem, though he is not committed to any single view. 1467:

Chalmers calls panpsychism an alternative to both materialism and dualism. Similarly, Goff calls panpsychism an alternative to both physicalism and

4043: 3469: 481: 1471:. Strawson, on the other hand, describes panpsychism as a form of physicalism, on his view the only viable form. Panpsychism can be combined with 4047: 1965:

According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is both dead and alive until observed or measured in some way.

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Hoffman, D. (2019). The Case Against Reality: Why Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes. pp. 94–115, 123–124. New York, NY: Norton & Co.

6098: 3190: 1891:(which is to say, in many seemingly contradictory states or locations simultaneously) until measured in some way. This process is known as 3947:"Why Buddha Nature is one of the most important understandings in Mahayana Buddhism and why Tathagatagarbha Buddha Nature is not the soul" 3340: 1654:

P4: Higher-order properties of matter (i.e., emergent properties) can, at least in principle, be reduced to their lower-level properties.

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Mørch, Hedda Hassel (October 1, 2019). "Is the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness Compatible with Russellian Panpsychism?".

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mental events, termed "actual occasions". But rather than signifying such exotic metaphysical objects—which would in fact exemplify the

1922:. This means that while the box remains sealed and its contents unobserved, the Geiger counter is also in a superposition of states of 4109: 1240:

if it were. They hypothesize that reality is composed of these conscious agents, who interact to form "larger, more complex" networks.

5664: 1201:, a cognitive scientist specialising in perception. He has written numerous papers on the topic which he summarised in his 2019 book 659:). According to Schopenhauer, "All ostensible mind can be attributed to matter, but all matter can likewise be attributed to mind". 2956: 1236:. Though the theory was not initially panpsychist, he reports that he and his colleague Chetan Prakash found the math to be more 3907:

Vaidya, Anand; Bilimoria, Purushottama (2015). "Advaita Vedanta and the Mind Extension Hypothesis: Panpsychism and Perception".

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One criticism of panpsychism is that it cannot be empirically tested. A corollary of this criticism is that panpsychism has no

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and reconstruction. The set of possible reconstructions for any given data set is quite large. Of that set, the subset that is

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Mørch, Hedda Hassel (2019). "Is the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness Compatible with Russellian Panpsychism?".

3710: 3608: 3045: 2787: 2755: 2441: 1899:, one of the oldest interpretations and the most widely taught, it is the act of observation that collapses the wave-function 4529: 2941: 2040:. In 2017, Penrose rejected these characterizations, stating that disagreements are about the nature of quantum mechanics. 2021:, and Hoffman, who is a cognitive scientist. Protopanpsychist interpretations have been put forward by Bohm and Pylkkänen. 1688:

Dualism makes the problem insoluble; materialism denies the existence of any phenomenon to study, and hence of any problem.

751: 573:, can be said to be panpsychists. In Spinoza's monism, the one single infinite and eternal substance is "God, or Nature" ( 6426: 4351:

Mayner, William G. P.; Marshall, William; Albantakis, Larissa; Findlay, Graham; Marchman, Robert; Tononi, Giulio (2018).

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Steffes, David M. (2007). "Panpsychic Organicism: Sewall Wright's Philosophy for Understanding Complex Genetic Systems".

2097:, a view commonly criticised as implausible or even self-contradictory. Proponents of panpsychism (especially those with 250:, who has explored panpsychism as a viable theory, distinguishes between microphenomenal experiences (the experiences of 3526: 693:, and this lands us in panpsychism and a belief that our physical perceptions are effects on us of 'psychical' realities 6421: 6057: 6036: 6014: 5992: 5968: 5946: 5870: 5617: 5596: 4751: 4674: 4605: 3154: 2629: 1779: 1335: 1017: 1013: 806:

article "Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism". Other recent proponents include American philosophers

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No, as it happens, I don't think it's crazy. I'm rather sympathetic to panpsychism. But not for the reasons you give.

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Therefore, if all four premises are true, consciousness is its own unique property of matter and panpsychism is true.

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nature of consciousness and its ubiquity. If consciousness is ubiquitous, then in panpsychism, every atom (or every

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and dualism. Chalmers says panpsychism respects the conclusions of both the causal argument against dualism and the

575: 501:, who ventured what might be called panpsychism, it was not a dominant strain in philosophical theology. But in the 6734: 6091: 5738: 3254: 1849: 1659: 5308:"How diverse are physics instructors' attitudes and approaches to teaching undergraduate level quantum mechanics?" 5098: 5793: 5282:"Episode 25: David Chalmers on Consciousness, the Hard Problem, and Living in a Simulation, 49:10 – Sean Carroll" 3120: 2218: 1906:

famously articulated the Copenhagen interpretation's unusual implications in the thought experiment now known as

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in which the universe is suffused with mind, which he associated with spontaneity and freedom. Following Pierce,

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Though Chalmers gave the hard problem of consciousness its present name, similar views were expressed before.

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for dualism. Goff has argued that panpsychism avoids the disunity of dualism, under which mind and matter are

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In 2015, Chalmers proposed a possible solution to the mind-body problem through the argumentative format of

6374: 6148: 6024: 5712: 5208: 4662: 3299: 2122: 819: 3860: 3372:(Podcast). The Panpsycast Philosophy Podcast. September 3, 2017. Event occurs at 00:27:17. Archived from 3273:"Does Consciousness Pervade the Universe? – Philosopher Philip Goff answers questions about 'panpsychism'" 1619:(1996), Chalmers attempts to pinpoint why the hard problem is so hard. He concludes that consciousness is 1444:

David Chalmers writes that, in some instances, the differences between "Russell's neutral monism" and his

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One widespread misconception is that the arguably greatest systematic metaphysician of the 20th century,

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to carve out the distinction between the ubiquity of experience and the ubiquity of mind and cognition.

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play a central role in this case, questions about observation are still relevant to the discussion. In

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more generally to refer to forms of panpsychism in which experience rather than thought is ubiquitous.

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Panpsychism encompasses many theories, united only by the notion that mind in some form is ubiquitous.

3500: 6703: 6623: 6348: 6278: 6268: 5978: 5956: 5160:"Out of mind: philosopher Patricia Churchland's radical approach to the study of human consciousness" 4915: 4825: 3706: 3021: 2552: 2396: 2341: 2154: 1896: 1852:, disagrees with these conclusions. By his account, the universe is not just describable by math but 1784:

Rather than solely trying to solve the problem of consciousness, Russell also attempted to solve the

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consciousness would be needed for one to square the many world view with what one actually observes.

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extrinsic properties are outwardly observable, then they will be the only ones discovered. This led

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argued that "insentient beings expound" the teachings of the Buddha, and wrote about the "mind" (心,

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If (P1) is true, then either consciousness does not exist, or it exists within the physical world.

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Meixner, Uwe (2016). "Idealism and Panpsychism". In Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (eds.).

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Prakash, Stephens, Hoffman, Singh, Fields. "Fitness Beats Truth in the Evolution of Perception".

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Because panpsychism encompasses a wide range of theories, it can in principle be compatible with

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If (P4) is true, then (b) is false, and consciousness must be its own unique property of matter.

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developed a cosmology that held that the natural world is infused with the divine fiery essence

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entities) and macrophenomenal experiences (the experiences of larger entities, such as humans).

6658: 6653: 6561: 5112: 3826: 2296: 1871: 1813: 1567: 1278: 1056: 929: 762: 670: 605: 458: 122: 5061:"What the History of Vitalism Teaches Us About Consciousness and the "Hard Problem"" 4951: 4237:"From the Phenomenology to the Mechanisms of Consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0" 6643: 6633: 6571: 6521: 6495: 6401: 6396: 6283: 6258: 6133: 5134:"26th Distinguished Lecture on Brain, Learning and Memory with Patricia Churchland – YouTube" 1993:(1996) does just that. Leaning toward the many-worlds interpretation due to its mathematical 1888: 1699: 1472: 1408: 1347: 1331: 1327: 1291:. This has allowed Tononi to create a measurement for integrated information, which he calls 774: 485:

Illustration of the Cosmic order by Robert Fludd, where the World soul is depicted as a woman

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Groundwork for a Transpersonal Psychoanalysis: Spirituality, Relationship, and Participation

841:, postulates that consciousness is widespread and can be found even in some simple systems. 6765: 6678: 6411: 5319: 4378: 4315: 4248: 3972: 3572: 2907: 2273: 2203: 1954: 1579: 1101: 860:. He argues that the true nature of reality is abstract "conscious agents". Science editor 645: 514: 498: 316: 5456: 5238: 2476: 1903: 968:

by protophenomenal properties, at least in principle. This is similar to how facts about H

8: 6760: 6358: 6188: 3722: 3277: 2331: 2025: 1876: 1598: 1551: 1352:

David Chalmers and Philip Goff have each described panpsychism as an alternative to both

965: 617: 601: 538: 502: 398: 5323: 4625: 4382: 4319: 4252: 4160: 4012:

Saichō : the establishment of the Japanese Tiandai School : with a new preface

1910:. He imagines a box that contains a cat, a flask of poison, radioactive material, and a 193: 6770: 6711: 6586: 6436: 6107: 5983: 5428: 5076: 4891: 4856: 4621: 4504: 4459: 4401: 4368: 4352: 4279: 4236: 4135: 4037: 3651: 3440: 3415: 3112: 3005: 2868: 2253: 2228: 2150: 1989: 1615: 1439: 1431: 1399: 1186:

Donald Hoffman, Conscious agent networks: Formal analysis and applications to cognition

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Quantum Physics & Observed Reality: A Critical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

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further evidence of information's central role, and suggests that information that is

1907: 755: 750:

published "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter," a paper based on his

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A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science

4702: 4391: 4261: 2404: 2213: 2198: 2142: 2114: 2102: 2037: 1575: 1104:, the artist must be aware of the "ishigokoro" ('heart', or 'mind') of the rocks. 1038: 811: 621: 584: 450: 6071: 4953:

The Elements of Physiology and Hygiene: A Text-book for Educational Institutions

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P1: There is no spiritual plane or disembodied soul; everything that exists is

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that make up the universe's fundamental structure. While it has been said that

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Proponents of panpsychism who use this line of reasoning include Chalmers,

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because the latter denies the existence of the relevant mental attributes.

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Panprotopsychists believe that higher-order phenomenal properties (such as

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Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (1843), Book V, Chapter V, Section 3.

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consciousness, has coined this "the Law of the Minimisation of Mystery".

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Panexperientialism is associated with the philosophies of, among others,

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also espoused a form of panpsychism. In his lecture notes, James wrote:

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In the 19th century, panpsychism was at its zenith. Philosophers such as

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clarification is accepted by David Skrbina, a proponent of panpsychism.

1987:

Chalmers believes that the tentative variant of panpsychism outlined in

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of consciousness (IIT), proposed by the neuroscientist and psychiatrist

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particular experience rather than another experience, are known as the

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Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism

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Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality

5101:" ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY MILLENNIAL LECTURE. November 28, 1999. 4161:

Conscious agent networks: Formal analysis and application to cognition

3749:(Foreword by Nicholas Rescher, Frankfurt / Paris, Ontos Verlag, 2006). 3420:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism

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to conclude that intrinsic properties are "intrinsically unknowable".

1626:

consciousness may also be, though he considers that an open question.

505:, it enjoyed something of a revival in the thought of figures such as 6603: 6536: 6500: 6163: 6128: 6076: 5763:

Chalmers, David (2016), Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (eds.),

5215:(Spring 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4836:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4757: 4235:

Oizumi, Masafumi; Albantakis, Larissa; Tononi, Giulio (May 8, 2014).

3833:(Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2846: 2248: 2233: 2146: 1662:, then by the last premise panpsychism is the only possibility left. 1571: 1530:

Why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?"

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was a fundamental part of the world, and Patrizi introduced the term

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For a definition of the term "panpsychism", see the Wiktionary entry

20: 6066: 5408: 4803: 4574:"A Neuroscientist's Radical Theory of How Networks Become Conscious" 2676: 2587: 1648:

P2: Consciousness is irreducible to lower-level physical properties.

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The Case Against Reality: How evolution hid the truth from our eyes.

850:

The Case Against Reality: How evolution hid the truth from our eyes.

5641:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5179:

Schopenhauer, A. Der Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. Book II, § 17.

5060: 4922:(Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4373: 3867:(Fall 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2851: 2238: 2193: 2125:

in 1995. The problem arises from the tension between the seemingly

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Arthur Schopenhauer argued for a two-sided view of reality as both

588: 426: 404: 2906: 1142:, who spoke of the Buddha-nature of grasses and trees. Similarly, 396:

of Being and that it must have a psychic aspect of mind and soul (

28: 6546: 5266:(1999). "The Self". In Gallagher, Shaun; Shear, Jonathan (eds.). 3501:"Conscious: A Brief Guide to the Fundamental Mystery of the Mind" 3252:(2006). "Realistic Monism: Why Physicalism Entails Panpsychism". 2078:

not for its cultural associations but by its explanatory power".

1737:(1) A centerpiece of Chalmers's argument is the physical world's 1139: 1131: 1072: 226: 114: 110: 98: 97:

or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of

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Fields, Chris; Hoffman, Donald; Prakash, Chetan; Singh, Manish.

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Conscious: A Brief Guide to the Fundamental Mystery of the Mind

5984:

Galileo's Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness

5559:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 158–60, 172–203. 4983:

Philosophy of Mind's Hard Problem in Light of Buddhist Idealism

4350: 3603:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 285. 3060:(1990). "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter". 1884: 1272: 1135: 1059:

have argued that it can be considered a form of panpsychism or

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properties. Russell called these identical internal properties

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according to which the basic nature of the world is made up of

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tendencies) hope to bypass this problem by dismissing it as a

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lacks concrete existence, and is nothing more than an evolved

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English and American Philosophy Since 1800: A Critical Survey

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The philosopher Hedda Hassel Mørch's views IIT as similar to

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Parks, Graham. "The awareness of rocks". Skrbina David, ed.

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instead opting for mathematically precise alternatives like

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argues that panpsychism is a viable theory in her 2019 book

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has described Bohm's view as a version of panprotopsychism.

6638: 6566: 5113:"Illusionism as an obvious default theory of consciousness" 1880: 837:

in 2004 and since adopted by other neuroscientists such as

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declined. Though there were mediaeval theologians, such as

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The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism

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Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation

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The Quantum of Explanation: Whitehead's Radical Empiricism

3038:

The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism

1415:, and "holistic idealistic panpsychism", which he favors. 1154:) of "fences, walls, tiles, and pebbles". The 9th-century 4824: 3258:. Volume 13, No 10–11, Exeter, Imprint Academic pp. 3–31. 2874: 2395: 2130: 1842:, Strawson believes that consciousness "just is" matter. 810:

and David Skrbina, British philosophers Gregg Rosenberg,

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to refer specifically to the form of panpsychism used in

153:

have revived interest in panpsychism in the 21st century.

79: 61: 5665:"The Russellian Monist's Problems with Mental Causation" 3887:"Vedanta, Advaita | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 1747:

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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Brian Jonathan Garrett has compared the hard problem to

392:, in which he writes that all things participate in the 229:). Contemporary academic proponents, however, hold that 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2528:

Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (May 23, 2001).

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Concepts related to this problem include the classical

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this material structure has experience, and why it has

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unified object that is ontologically prior to its parts

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also defended a form of panpsychism. The psychologists

5715:(1995). "Consciousness, information and panpsychism". 5306:

Siddiqui, Shabnam; Singh, Chandralekha (May 1, 2017).

4746:(1st ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 4234: 2436:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 365. 1247:

Axioms and postulates of integrated information theory

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view from other varieties of panpsychism. Whitehead's

705:(1883), has been described as advocating panpsychism. 5732: 5730: 5557:

The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory

5527:"Roger Penrose On Why Consciousness Does Not Compute" 5042:

The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory

3801:

The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory

3527:"Annaka Harris's 'Conscious' and the Trap of Dualism" 2828:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 179–214 2527: 798:'s 1979 article "Panpsychism" and further spurred by 82: 76: 70: 64: 4178:"An information integration theory of consciousness" 2796: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2278:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2276: – doctrine that God is the ground of all being 1637:

argues that panpsychism follows from four premises:

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Panprotopsychism is advertised as a solution to the

380:(who said "The thinking faculty is common to all"). 58: 5937:Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig, eds. (2016). 5863:

Mind That Abides: Panpsychism in the New Millennium

4950:Huxley, Thomas Henry; Youmans, William Jay (1868). 4009: 2998:Carus, Paul. (1893). "Panpsychism and Panbiotism". 2929:

William James: Panpsychist and Metaphysical Realist

2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2427: 2425: 1027: 948:argues for a pancreativism. Goff has used the term 67: 5901:Panpsychism: The Philosophy of the Sensuous Cosmos 5727: 5457:"Why the brain is probably not a quantum computer" 5206: 5018:Tiwald, Justin; Van Norden, Bryan W. eds. (2005), 4727: 4725: 4723: 4136:"Making Sense Podcast #178 – The Reality Illusion" 3804:, pp. 153–156. Oxford University Press, New York, 3669:Nagasawa, Yujin; Wager, Khai (December 29, 2016), 3348:Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Consciousness 2917:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 681. 2824:. In Brüntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (eds.). 1727:is true; not everything is fundamentally physical. 790:Panpsychism has recently seen a resurgence in the 16:View that mind is a fundamental feature of reality 6072:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Panpsychism 6067:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Panpsychism 5591:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Basil Blackwell. 4828:; Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (2020), 4742:. In Stich, Stephen P.; Warfield, Ted A. (eds.). 4644: 2399:; Seager, William; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (2017). 2113:The combination problem (which is related to the 1773:Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Philosophy (1927) 1693:John R. Searle, Consciousness and Language, p. 47 1302:, while other philosophers, such as Chalmers and 871:Panpsychism has been postulated by psychoanalyst 6752: 5936: 5032: 5030: 5028: 3900: 3329: 2702: 2431: 2422: 1487: 1309: 1251: 912:Cosmopsychism hypothesizes that the cosmos is a 868:, though she stops short of fully endorsing it. 40:, in some ways a precursor to modern panpsychism 4969:Is the Hard Problem of Consciousness Universal? 4720: 4632:. New York: Rider and Company. pp. 442–453 4530:"Can Information Theory Explain Consciousness?" 3906: 3598: 3304:"The Intrinsic Nature Argument for Panpsychism" 3024:Panpsychism of James Ward and Charles A. Strong 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2149:(the philosophical study of parts and wholes), 1205:Conscious realism builds upon Hoffman's former 1181:increasingly indicate that this is not correct. 727:views tended toward panpsychism. The physicist 414:, Plato argues for the idea of a world soul or 324:or spirit is said to reside in the religion of 32:Illustration of the Neoplatonic concept of the 5825:Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings 4357:: A toolbox for integrated information theory" 4000:, p. 42. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 3662: 3568:For Love of Matter: A Contemporary Panpsychism 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3266: 3264: 3144: 2626:Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2081: 1897:Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics 1718:is true; everything is fundamentally physical. 1452: 441:. The relationship between beings' individual 279:had a narrower meaning, having been coined by 6092: 5917: 5305: 5256: 5099:The Zombic Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition? 5025: 4949: 4913: 4069: 3858: 3677:, Oxford University Press, pp. 113–129, 3668: 3599:Iovino, Serenella; Oppermann, Serpil (2014). 3492: 3182: 2961:. New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 200 2432:Bruntrup, Godehard; Jaskolla, Ludwig (2017). 1111:is an important and multifaceted doctrine in 6053:List of online classic papers on panpsychism 5918:Alter, Torin; Nagasawa, Yugin, eds. (2015). 5705: 5196:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 162–164. 4042:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3416:"Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?" 2964: 537:(world soul) also resurfaced in the work of 4804:"Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness" 4072:"The Evolutionary Argument Against Reality" 3518: 3391: 3261: 3245: 3243: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2746:. In Alter, Torin; Nagasawa, Yugin (eds.). 2360: 1848:, theoretical physicist and creator of the 932:, although the term itself was invented by 902: 525:. Cardano argued for the view that soul or 6099: 6085: 5658: 5656: 5632: 5270:. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 1–24. 4696: 4620: 4614: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4046:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3498: 3406: 3362: 3292: 2771: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 1318:A diagram depicting four positions on the 1197:Conscious realism is a theory proposed by 1115:that is related to the capacity to attain 685:Our only intelligible notion of an object 5765:"The Combination Problem for Panpsychism" 5491:"The Brain: The Mystery of Consciousness" 5331: 5207:Marshall, Dan; Weatherson, Brian (2018), 4890: 4872: 4744:The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind 4498: 4470: 4445: 4400: 4390: 4372: 4327: 4278: 4260: 4211: 4193: 4097:http://cogsci.uci.edu/~ddhoff/FBT-7-30-17 4014:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 3699: 3683:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199359943.003.0005 3439: 3091: 3050: 2819:"The Combination Problem for Panpsychism" 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2455: 2453: 1997:, he believes his variety of panpsychist 1930:; the vial is in a superposition of both 449:was a central concern of the Roman Stoic 435:, directed by the universal intelligence 5879: 5762: 5736: 5554: 5262: 5065:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4914:Kulstad, Mark; Carlin, Laurence (2020), 4801: 4731: 4650: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3758: 3671:"Panpsychism and Priority Cosmopsychism" 3240: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3145:Auxier, Randall; Herstein, Gary (2017). 3080: 2813: 2735: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 1960: 1313: 1242: 1095: 1066: 977: 480: 309: 27: 5860: 5841: 5653: 5639:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5612:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 5521: 5519: 5454: 5213:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5191: 5187: 5185: 5157: 5110: 5058: 4920:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4834:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4789:LXXXIII, 4 (October 1974), pp. 435–450. 4737:"Consciousness and its Place in Nature" 4595: 4584: 3865:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3831:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3711:"Consciousness and Fundamental Reality" 3623: 3524: 3188: 1762: 743:also endorsed variants of panpsychism. 6753: 6106: 6023: 6001: 5939:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives 5827:. State University of New York Press. 5822: 5737:Frankish, Keith (September 20, 2016). 5711: 5662: 5628: 5626: 5550: 5548: 5488: 5354: 5236: 5232: 5230: 4854: 4797: 4795: 4690: 4598:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives 4301: 4175: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3824: 3467: 3298: 3191:"The Evolution of Nagel's Panpsychism" 2826:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives 2780:Panpsychism and the Religious Attitude 2777: 2635: 2536: 2450: 2434:Panpsychism: Contemporary Perspectives 2108: 1299: 1169: 469:also made use of the Platonic idea of 6700:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 6080: 6029:The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism 5961:Consciousness and Fundamental Reality 5941:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5587:Lycan, William G., ed. (1990-01-01). 5020:Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy, 4667:The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism 4600:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4520: 4518: 4476: 4423: 4171: 4169: 3919: 3859:Alter, Torin; Pereboom, Derk (2019), 3820: 3818: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3747:Whitehead's Pancreativism. The Basics 3565: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3215: 3173: 2884: 2882: 2613: 2574: 2490: 2477:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0114-26 2048: 2024:Tegmark has formally calculated the " 1865:In a 2018 interview, Chalmers called 1745:explains this phenomenon succinctly: 1209:. In combination they argue that (1) 919: 5977: 5955: 5898: 5516: 5237:Harris, Annaka (February 27, 2020). 5209:"Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties" 5182: 4656:"Idealism and the Mind-Body Problem" 4571: 3705: 3556:. Abingdon, UK; New York: Routledge. 3335: 3270: 3149:. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2681:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2674: 2592:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2588:"The Hard Problem of Consciousness" 2409:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 993: 955: 752:interpretation of quantum mechanics 673:espoused a sort of psycho-physical 350:(who saw the unifying principle or 13: 6060:, by various authors, compiled by 5787: 5608:Churchland, Paul M. (1989-01-01). 5274: 5077:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00584.x 4630:A History of Philosophical Systems 4524: 4515: 4166: 4110:"Experiencing a virtual interface" 3815: 3774: 3761:"Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism" 3723:10.1093/oso/9780190677015.001.0001 3456: 3178:. London: Canto. pp. 181–195. 2879: 2741:"Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism" 2630:State University of New York Press 1938:and the cat in a superposition of 1788:, which is arguably a form of the 1780:Intrinsic and extrinsic properties 1060: 1032: 331:Panpsychist views are a staple in 14: 6787: 6046: 5383:"Measurement problem – Wikiquote" 4855:Lisman, John E. (June 23, 2017). 3627:Journal of the History of Biology 3271:Cook, Gareth (January 14, 2020). 2955:Robinson, Daniel Sommer. (1932). 2145:(aggregates and organic wholes), 1706:thesis, antithesis, and synthesis 1418: 775:fallacy of misplaced concreteness 636:as well as psychologists such as 5756: 5717:Journal of Consciousness Studies 5602: 5581: 5482: 5448: 5400: 5375: 5348: 5059:Garrett, Brian Jonathan (2006). 4808:Journal of Consciousness Studies 4070:Amanda Gefter (April 21, 2016). 4060:Publications, Donald D. Hoffman. 3998:The Lion's roar of Queen Srimala 3996:Wayman, Alex and Hideko (1990), 3909:Journal of Consciousness Studies 3311:Journal of Consciousness Studies 3255:Journal of Consciousness Studies 3101:. Berlin: Springer. p. 38. 1850:mathematical universe hypothesis 1482: 1085: 1028:Religious or mystical ontologies 907: 648:all promoted panpsychist ideas. 188:: "all, everything, whole") and 54: 5880:Blamauer, Michael, ed. (2011). 5299: 5200: 5173: 5151: 5126: 5104: 5091: 5052: 5012: 4988: 4975: 4960: 4943: 4934: 4907: 4848: 4818: 4775: 4565: 4540: 4417: 4344: 4304:"Integrated information theory" 4295: 4228: 4153: 4128: 4102: 4089: 4063: 4054: 4003: 3990: 3965: 3939: 3879: 3752: 3739: 3617: 3592: 3566:Lucas, Rebecca Garcia (2005). " 3559: 3544: 3163: 3138: 3092:Pylkkänen, Paavo T. I. (2006). 3030: 3014: 2992: 2949: 2940:Rogers, Arthur Kenyon. (1922). 2934: 2921: 2899: 2858: 2840: 2004:computational nature of physics 992:Russellian monism is a type of 785: 715: 689:is that it should be an object 595: 556: 489:After Emperor Justinian closed 4916:"Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind" 3341:"The Problem of Consciousness" 3020:Calvert, Ernest Reid. (1942). 3004:. Vol. 3, No. 2. pp. 234–257. 1371: 1055:as illusory. Anand Vaidya and 996:. The theory is attributed to 476: 386:argues for panpsychism in his 241: 1: 6557:Hard problem of consciousness 5637:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5476:10.1016/S0020-0255(00)00051-7 5455:Tegmark, Max (July 4, 2000). 5211:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 4918:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 4832:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3973:"Definition of BUDDHA-NATURE" 3863:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3829:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3825:Irvine, Andrew David (2020), 2946:. New York: Macmillan. p. 326 2465:"Is Consciousness Universal?" 2292:Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov 1805:properties that ground them. 1525:hard problem of consciousness 1506:Hard problem of consciousness 1488:Hard problem of consciousness 1310:In relation to other theories 1258:Integrated information theory 1252:Integrated information theory 1044: 1043:Advaita Vedānta is a form of 883:as a version of panpsychism. 831:integrated information theory 139:hard problem of consciousness 6058:Online papers on panpsychism 5861:Skrbina, David, ed. (2009). 5813:Resources in other libraries 5633:Stubenberg, Leopold (2018), 5589:Mind and Cognition: A Reader 5531:Nautilus | Science Connected 5286:www.preposterousuniverse.com 4783:What is it Like to be a Bat? 4697:Stubenberg, Leopold (2016). 4628:. In Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). 4534:The New York Review of Books 4392:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006343 4262:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003588 4010:Groner, Paul, 1946– (2000). 1608: 1475:but cannot be combined with 1016:manifestations of identical 1008:. Russell believed that all 894: 305: 260:draws a distinction between 161: 7: 5963:. Oxford University Press. 5672:The Philosophical Quarterly 5312:European Journal of Physics 5022:p. 101. Hackett Publishing. 4802:Chalmers, David J. (1995). 3346:. In Kriegel, Uriah (ed.). 3036:Blamauer, Michael. (2011). 2219:Microcosm–macrocosm analogy 2166: 2088:Problem of mental causation 2082:Problem of mental causation 1791:problem of infinite regress 1453:Physicalism and materialism 1386: 818:, and Canadian philosopher 301:Microcosm–macrocosm analogy 156: 10: 6792: 5823:Clarke, D.S., ed. (2004). 4361:PLOS Computational Biology 4241:PLOS Computational Biology 3586:10.1177/096327190501400410 3470:"The Case Against Reality" 3235:Cambridge University Press 3172:(1979), "Panpsychism", in 2557:"The Case for Panpsychism" 2347:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 2085: 2052: 1971:many-worlds interpretation 1777: 1697: 1568:the problem of other minds 1503: 1499:Thomas Henry Huxley (1896) 1456: 1422: 1390: 1375: 1345: 1341: 1255: 1190: 1089: 1070: 1036: 822:. The British philosopher 294: 290: 219: 165: 18: 6720: 6687: 6514: 6384: 6279:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 6269:David Lewis (philosopher) 6114: 5808:Resources in your library 5771:, Oxford University Press 5425:10.1007/s11023-007-9084-0 4491:10.1007/s10670-018-9995-6 4438:10.1007/s10670-018-9995-6 4329:10.4249/scholarpedia.4164 3715:Oxford Scholarship Online 3640:10.1007/s10739-006-9105-5 3350:. Oxford University Press 3074:10.1080/09515089008573004 2778:Clarke, David S. (2012). 1893:a wave-function collapse. 1651:P3: Consciousness exists. 1000:, and may also be called 848:Donald Hoffman published 561:In the 17th century, two 137:. Recent interest in the 5555:Chalmers, David (1996). 5355:Wimmel, Hermann (1992). 5333:10.1088/1361-6404/aa6131 5111:Dennett, Daniel (2016). 4874:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01069 4787:The Philosophical Review 3759:Chalmers, David (2013). 3062:Philosophical Psychology 2977:Skrbina, David. (2005). 2927:Ford, Marcus P. (1981). 2873:, 29/30; fourth century 2353: 2269:Transpersonal psychology 1801:properties, but not the 1006:Russell's neutral monism 903:Philosophical frameworks 630:William Kingdon Clifford 459:Hellenistic philosophies 297:Anima mundi (World soul) 19:Not to be confused with 6407:Eliminative materialism 5844:Panpsychism in the West 5842:Skrbina, David (2005). 5663:Howell, Robert (2014). 5047:Oxford University Press 4998:Buddhism Comes to China 4861:Frontiers in Psychology 3977:www.merriam-webster.com 2979:Panpsychism in the West 2914:Encyclopædia Britannica 1603:eliminative materialist 1477:eliminative materialism 1358:conceivability argument 1289:information integration 746:In 1990, the physicist 741:Charles Augustus Strong 457:finds connections with 455:metaphysics of Stoicism 93:) is the view that the 6659:Propositional attitude 6654:Problem of other minds 6562:Hypostatic abstraction 4195:10.1186/1471-2202-5-42 3474:The Book Room at Byron 3432:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167 3174:Nagel, Thomas (1979). 2297:Alfred North Whitehead 1985: 1966: 1872:wave-function collapse 1814:Alfred North Whitehead 1776: 1743:Newton's law of motion 1696: 1502: 1323: 1279:unity of consciousness 1248: 1193:Map–territory relation 1189: 1105: 1057:Purushottama Bilimoria 1002:Russell's panpsychism, 930:Alfred North Whitehead 763:Alfred North Whitehead 695: 671:Charles Sanders Peirce 486: 424: 418:. According to Plato: 328: 123:Alfred North Whitehead 41: 6730:Philosophers category 6634:Mental representation 6397:Biological naturalism 6284:Maurice Merleau-Ponty 6259:Frank Cameron Jackson 5192:Tegmark, Max (2014). 3601:Material Ecocriticism 3376:on September 25, 2019 3189:Coleman, Sam (2018). 2160:vinculum substantiale 2086:Further information: 1980: 1964: 1889:quantum superposition 1766: 1698:Further information: 1686: 1580:philosophical zombies 1491: 1473:reductive materialism 1457:Further information: 1403:idealism (as well as 1391:Further information: 1376:Further information: 1346:Further information: 1328:reductive materialism 1317: 1246: 1207:User-Interface Theory 1178: 1099: 1071:Further information: 1067:Animism and hylozoism 938:process philosophical 794:, set into motion by 683: 484: 420: 313: 275:Originally, the term 235:subjective experience 212:, mental aspect, and 31: 6412:Emergent materialism 5899:Ells, Peter (2011). 5464:Information Sciences 5361:. World Scientific. 3573:Environmental Values 3550:Brown, R.S. (2020). 3027:. Boston University. 2274:Theistic Personalism 2204:Holographic Universe 1955:theory of everything 1786:problem of substance 1763:Problem of substance 1733:panpsychism is true. 1102:Japanese rock garden 852:Hoffman argues that 697:English philosopher 655:and Representation ( 646:Rudolf Hermann Lotze 499:John Scotus Eriugena 6609:Language of thought 6359:Ludwig Wittgenstein 6189:Patricia Churchland 5324:2017EJPh...38c5703S 4981:Arnold, Dan (2015) 4966:Chalmers, David J. 4622:Hartshorne, Charles 4383:2018PLSCB..14E6343M 4320:2015SchpJ..10.4164T 4253:2014PLSCB..10E3588O 3861:"Russellian Monism" 3709:(August 24, 2017). 3570:by Freya Mathews". 3278:Scientific American 3126:on November 4, 2019 2908:"Panpsychism" 2469:Scientific American 2463:(January 1, 2014). 2332:Mary Whiton Calkins 2117:) can be traced to 2109:Combination problem 2008:physically realised 1877:measurement problem 1599:Patricia Churchland 1552:Thomas Henry Huxley 1170:Scientific theories 978:combination problem 936:to distinguish the 846:cognitive scientist 703:Physical Metempiric 618:Eduard von Hartmann 602:Arthur Schopenhauer 503:Italian Renaissance 6437:Neurophenomenology 6108:Philosophy of mind 5865:. John Benjamins. 5413:Minds and Machines 5407:Gao, Shan (2008). 5268:Models of the Self 5097:Dennett, Daniel. " 4994:Bryan Van Norden, 4763:on October 3, 2017 4733:Chalmers, David J. 4652:Chalmers, David J. 3827:"Bertrand Russell" 3480:on August 10, 2020 3426:(1668): 20140167. 2254:Philosophy of mind 2229:Mythopoeic thought 2151:Gestalt psychology 2049:Theoretical issues 2010:is simultaneously 1990:The Conscious Mind 1967: 1616:The Conscious Mind 1440:The Conscious Mind 1432:dual aspect theory 1400:Charles Hartshorne 1324: 1249: 1106: 1100:In the art of the 966:logically entailed 950:panexperientialism 942:process philosophy 926:Charles Hartshorne 920:Panexperientialism 792:philosophy of mind 780:radical empiricism 754:. The philosopher 523:Tommaso Campanella 511:Bernardino Telesio 487: 445:and the universal 329: 285:process philosophy 277:panexperientialism 270:panexperientialism 262:panexperientialism 135:logical positivism 46:philosophy of mind 42: 6748: 6747: 6644:Mind–body problem 6542:Cognitive closure 6506:Substance dualism 6124:G. E. M. Anscombe 5929:978-0-19-992735-7 5910:978-1-84694-505-2 5891:978-3-86838-114-6 5884:. Gazelle Books. 5853:978-0-262-69351-6 5846:. The MIT Press. 5794:Library resources 5684:10.1093/pq/pqu058 5368:978-981-02-1010-6 3610:978-0-253-01395-8 3046:978-3-86838-114-6 2789:978-0-7914-5685-9 2757:978-0-19-992735-7 2443:978-0-19-935994-3 2307:Friedrich Paulsen 2224:Monistic idealism 2044:Arguments against 1928:no decay detected 1908:Schrödinger's cat 1904:Erwin Schrödinger 1895:According to the 1867:quantum mechanics 1861:Quantum mechanics 1700:Mind–body problem 1683:Mind-body problem 1544:Gottfried Leibniz 1469:substance dualism 1348:Mind–body dualism 1320:mind-body problem 1300:Russellian monism 1234:Markovian kernels 1211:consensus reality 1175:Conscious realism 1113:Mahayana Buddhism 1053:consensus reality 1049:Indian philosophy 988:Russellian monism 934:David Ray Griffin 854:consensus reality 808:David Ray Griffin 571:Gottfried Leibniz 551:Cornelius Agrippa 541:thinkers such as 515:Francesco Patrizi 320:– a rock where a 281:David Ray Griffin 210:mental properties 151:quantum mechanics 6783: 6496:Representational 6491:Property dualism 6484:Type physicalism 6449:New mysterianism 6417:Epiphenomenalism 6239:Martin Heidegger 6101: 6094: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6042: 6020: 5998: 5974: 5952: 5933: 5914: 5895: 5876: 5857: 5838: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5635:"Neutral Monism" 5630: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5533:. April 27, 2017 5523: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5470:(3–4): 155–179. 5461: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5387:en.wikiquote.org 5379: 5373: 5372: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5335: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5234: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5120:Imprint Academic 5117: 5108: 5102: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5056: 5050: 5034: 5023: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5005: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4876: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4799: 4790: 4781:Nagel, Thomas. " 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4756:. Archived from 4741: 4729: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4703:Zalta, Edward N. 4699:"Neutral monism" 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4660: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4485:(5): 1065–1085. 4474: 4468: 4467: 4449: 4432:(5): 1065–1085. 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4394: 4376: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4264: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4197: 4182:BMC Neuroscience 4173: 4164: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4116:. August 9, 2019 4106: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4033: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3934:Mind that Abides 3930: 3917: 3916: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3856: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3822: 3813: 3793: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3499:Kirkus Reviews. 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3476:. Archived from 3465: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3404: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3317:(10–11): 129–145 3308: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3268: 3259: 3247: 3238: 3231:Mortal Questions 3224: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3176:Mortal questions 3167: 3161: 3160: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3119:. Archived from 3100: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3054: 3048: 3040:. Ontos. p. 35. 3034: 3028: 3018: 3012: 2996: 2990: 2975: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2886: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2811: 2794: 2793: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2745: 2733: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2675:Skrbina, David. 2672: 2633: 2622: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2586:Weisberg, Josh. 2583: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2549: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2405:Zalta, Edward N. 2393: 2327:Iain McGilchrist 2279: 2264:Reflexive monism 2209:Mana (Mandaeism) 2095:epiphenomenalism 2061:predictive power 2019:Michael Lockwood 1999:property dualism 1879:. It seems that 1875:is known as the 1774: 1754:epiphenomenalism 1694: 1631:Mortal Questions 1548:John Stuart Mill 1500: 1446:property dualism 1285:entropy function 1268:predictive power 1219:data compression 1187: 1165:psychophysical". 998:Bertrand Russell 956:Panprotopsychism 804:realistic monist 729:Arthur Eddington 721:Bertrand Russell 701:, the author of 576:Deus sive Natura 507:Gerolamo Cardano 336:Greek philosophy 246:The philosopher 127:Bertrand Russell 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6716: 6683: 6629:Mental property 6522:Abstract object 6510: 6380: 6334:Wilfrid Sellars 6209:Donald Davidson 6194:Paul Churchland 6154:George Berkeley 6110: 6105: 6049: 6039: 6025:Seager, William 6017: 5995: 5971: 5949: 5930: 5911: 5892: 5873: 5854: 5835: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5788:Further reading 5785: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5735: 5728: 5713:Seager, William 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5631: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5586: 5582: 5567: 5553: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5487: 5483: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5264:Strawson, Galen 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5235: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5205: 5201: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5138:www.youtube.com 5132: 5131: 5127: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5057: 5053: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4912: 4908: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4823: 4819: 4800: 4793: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4663:Seager, William 4658: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4594: 4585: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4552:www.youtube.com 4546: 4545: 4541: 4523: 4516: 4475: 4471: 4422: 4418: 4367:(7): e1006343. 4349: 4345: 4300: 4296: 4247:(5): e1003588. 4233: 4229: 4174: 4167: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4076:Quanta Magazine 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4035: 4034: 4022: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3953:. 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Schiller 598: 585:George Berkeley 559: 491:Plato's Academy 479: 451:Marcus Aurelius 376:or spirit) and 338:. According to 308: 303: 293: 244: 222: 177:comes from the 171: 164: 159: 57: 53: 36:emanating from 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6789: 6779: 6778: 6776:Theory of mind 6773: 6768: 6763: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Mental process 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6594:Intentionality 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6444:Neutral monism 6441: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6427:Interactionism 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6339:Baruch Spinoza 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:Edmund Husserl 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6219:René Descartes 6216: 6214:Daniel Dennett 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6184:David Chalmers 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:Franz Brentano 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6149:Alexander Bain 6146: 6141: 6139:Thomas Aquinas 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6062:David Chalmers 6055: 6048: 6047:External links 6045: 6044: 6043: 6038:978-1138817135 6037: 6027:, ed. (2020). 6021: 6016:978-0062906717 6015: 6003:Harris, Annaka 5999: 5994:978-1524747961 5993: 5975: 5970:978-0190677015 5969: 5953: 5948:978-0199359943 5947: 5934: 5928: 5915: 5909: 5896: 5890: 5877: 5872:978-9027252111 5871: 5858: 5852: 5839: 5833: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5755: 5726: 5704: 5678:(258): 22–39. 5652: 5622: 5618:978-0262031516 5601: 5597:978-0631160762 5580: 5565: 5544: 5515: 5481: 5447: 5438: 5399: 5374: 5367: 5347: 5298: 5273: 5255: 5226: 5199: 5181: 5172: 5150: 5125: 5103: 5090: 5071:(3): 576–588. 5051: 5037:David Chalmers 5024: 5011: 4987: 4974: 4959: 4956:. D. Appleton. 4942: 4933: 4906: 4847: 4817: 4791: 4774: 4753:978-0631217756 4752: 4719: 4689: 4676:978-1138817135 4675: 4643: 4613: 4607:978-0199359943 4606: 4583: 4564: 4539: 4514: 4469: 4416: 4343: 4294: 4227: 4165: 4152: 4127: 4101: 4088: 4062: 4053: 4020: 4002: 3989: 3964: 3938: 3918: 3899: 3878: 3844: 3814: 3796:David Chalmers 3773: 3751: 3738: 3731: 3698: 3691: 3661: 3634:(2): 327–361. 3616: 3609: 3591: 3580:(4): 523–524. 3558: 3543: 3517: 3505:Kirkus Reviews 3491: 3455: 3414:(March 2015). 3412:Koch, Christof 3408:Tononi, Giulio 3390: 3361: 3328: 3291: 3260: 3239: 3214: 3181: 3162: 3156:978-1138700161 3155: 3137: 3107: 3079: 3068:(2): 271–286. 3049: 3029: 3013: 2991: 2963: 2948: 2933: 2920: 2898: 2878: 2857: 2839: 2795: 2788: 2770: 2756: 2701: 2634: 2612: 2573: 2561:Philosophy Now 2535: 2489: 2461:Koch, Christof 2449: 2442: 2421: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2317:Gerard Heymans 2314: 2312:Galen Strawson 2309: 2304: 2302:David Chalmers 2299: 2294: 2288: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2135:Keith Frankish 2123:William Seager 2110: 2107: 2099:neutral monist 2083: 2080: 2055:Falsifiability 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 1924:decay detected 1912:Geiger counter 1887:, etc. are in 1862: 1859: 1840:mass is energy 1836:Galen Strawson 1832:Galen Strawson 1770: 1764: 1761: 1739:causal closure 1735: 1734: 1728: 1719: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1610: 1607: 1564:Guifeng Zongmi 1504:Main article: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1454: 1451: 1425:Neutral monism 1423:Main article: 1420: 1419:Neutral monism 1417: 1388: 1385: 1373: 1370: 1343: 1340: 1311: 1308: 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1199:Donald Hoffman 1183: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1068: 1065: 1037:Main article: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 994:neutral monism 989: 986: 982:David Chalmers 969: 957: 954: 921: 918: 909: 906: 904: 901: 896: 893: 873:Robin S. Brown 858:user-interface 824:David Papineau 820:William Seager 800:Galen Strawson 787: 784: 733:Gerard Heymans 725:neutral monist 717: 714: 699:Alfred Barratt 638:Gustav Fechner 634:Thomas Carlyle 597: 594: 567:Baruch Spinoza 558: 555: 519:Giordano Bruno 478: 475: 307: 304: 292: 289: 266:pancognitivism 248:David Chalmers 243: 240: 221: 218: 163: 160: 158: 155: 131:Galen Strawson 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6788: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Understanding 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599:Introspection 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Consciousness 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Phenomenology 6472: 6470: 6469:Phenomenalism 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Occasionalism 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6432:Naïve realism 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6422:Functionalism 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:Stephen Yablo 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319:Richard Rorty 6317: 6315: 6314:Hilary Putnam 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:Marvin Minsky 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264:Immanuel Kant 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6254:William James 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159:Henri Bergson 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6034: 6031:. Routledge. 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5834:0-7914-6132-7 5830: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5731: 5723:(3): 272–288. 5722: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5566:0-19-510553-2 5562: 5558: 5551: 5549: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318:(3): 035703. 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5176: 5161: 5154: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5000: 4999: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4954: 4946: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4830:"Panpsychism" 4827: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4712:September 15, 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4669:. Routledge. 4668: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4626:"Panpsychism" 4623: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4021:0-8248-2371-0 4017: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3936:. Chapter 17. 3935: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3810:0-19-511789-1 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3732:9780190677015 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3692:9780199359943 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3536:September 19, 3532: 3531:Areo Magazine 3528: 3521: 3510:September 19, 3506: 3502: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3380:September 25, 3375: 3371: 3365: 3354:September 24, 3349: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227:Nagel, Thomas 3223: 3221: 3219: 3207:September 19, 3203: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3170:Nagel, Thomas 3166: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3108:9783540480587 3104: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2987:0-262-19522-4 2984: 2981:. MIT Press. 2980: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2763:September 15, 2759: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:"Panpsychism" 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2624:Clarke, D.S. 2621: 2619: 2617: 2605:September 11, 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2530:"Panpsychism" 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2482:September 13, 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2414:September 15, 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:"Panpsychism" 2398: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:William James 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2056: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2033:Steven Pinker 2029: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1976:Roger Penrose 1972: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951:phenomenology 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:not shattered 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828:Annaka Harris 1824: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1689: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:Wilhelm Wundt 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1495: 1483:Arguments for 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362:ontologically 1359: 1355: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1336:functionalism 1333: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1263:Giulio Tononi 1259: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1182: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1121:luminous mind 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Buddha-nature 1103: 1098: 1093: 1092:Buddha-nature 1086:Buddha-nature 1083: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1062: 1061:cosmopsychism 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 985: 983: 979: 974: 967: 963: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 917: 915: 908:Cosmopsychism 900: 892: 889: 888:Sewall Wright 884: 882: 878: 877:Freya Mathews 874: 869: 867: 863: 862:Annaka Harris 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 839:Christof Koch 836: 835:Giulio Tononi 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 783: 781: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 713: 711: 706: 704: 700: 694: 692: 688: 682: 680: 679:William James 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 642:Wilhelm Wundt 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Ernst Haeckel 623: 619: 615: 614:William James 611: 607: 603: 593: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577: 572: 568: 564: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 483: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439: 434: 433: 428: 423: 419: 417: 413: 412: 407: 406: 401: 400: 395: 391: 390: 385: 381: 379: 375: 374: 369: 366:(who saw the 365: 361: 360: 355: 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 334: 327: 323: 319: 318: 312: 302: 298: 288: 287:(see below). 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 253: 252:microphysical 249: 239: 236: 232: 228: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 176: 169: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 119:William James 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 90: 51: 47: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 6710: / 6706: / 6702: / 6619:Mental image 6614:Mental event 6577:Intelligence 6527:Chinese room 6373: 6324:Gilbert Ryle 6304:Derek Parfit 6294:Thomas Nagel 6224:Fred Dretske 6144:J. L. Austin 6116:Philosophers 6028: 6006: 5987:. Pantheon. 5982: 5979:Goff, Philip 5960: 5957:Goff, Philip 5938: 5919: 5900: 5881: 5862: 5843: 5824: 5798: 5773:, retrieved 5768: 5758: 5746:. Retrieved 5743:The Atlantic 5742: 5720: 5716: 5707: 5695:. Retrieved 5675: 5671: 5643:, retrieved 5638: 5609: 5604: 5588: 5583: 5556: 5535:. Retrieved 5530: 5508:September 2, 5506:. Retrieved 5494: 5484: 5467: 5463: 5450: 5441: 5419:(1): 39–52. 5416: 5412: 5402: 5392:September 3, 5390:. Retrieved 5386: 5377: 5357: 5350: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5291:September 2, 5289:. Retrieved 5285: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5246:. Retrieved 5242: 5219:September 4, 5217:, retrieved 5212: 5202: 5193: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5137: 5128: 5119: 5106: 5093: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5045:. New York: 5040: 5019: 5014: 5004:December 29, 5002:, retrieved 4997: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4945: 4936: 4926:September 3, 4924:, retrieved 4919: 4909: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4840:September 3, 4838:, retrieved 4833: 4826:Goff, Philip 4820: 4814:(3): 200–19. 4811: 4807: 4786: 4777: 4765:. Retrieved 4758:the original 4743: 4710:. Retrieved 4706: 4692: 4680:. Retrieved 4666: 4646: 4634:. Retrieved 4629: 4616: 4597: 4577: 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4551: 4542: 4533: 4526:Searle, John 4482: 4478: 4472: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4346: 4311: 4308:Scholarpedia 4307: 4297: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4185: 4181: 4155: 4145:September 1, 4143:. Retrieved 4139: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4113: 4104: 4091: 4081:September 1, 4079:. Retrieved 4075: 4065: 4056: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3982:September 1, 3980:. Retrieved 3976: 3967: 3957:September 1, 3955:. Retrieved 3950: 3941: 3933: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3892:September 1, 3890:. 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