Pantheon, Rome - Knowledge

1967: 1880: 828: 740: 599:, known for his enthusiasm for building and known to have restored the Pantheon after 80 AD, might well have been responsible for everything they found. Ziolkowski argues that Lanciani's initial assessment is still supported by all of the finds to date, including theirs; he expresses scepticism because the building they describe, "a single building composed of a huge pronaos and a circular cella of the same diameter, linked by a relatively narrow and very short passage (much thinner than the current intermediate block), has no known parallels in classical architecture and would go against everything we know of Roman design principles in general and of Augustan architecture in particular." 1987: 1054:), there would be a space requirement of a column-length on one side of the pediment, and at least a column-length on the opposite side for the pivoting equipment and ropes. With 50-foot columns, "there was no way to sequence the erection of without creating a hopeless snarl. The shafts were simply too long to be positioned on the floor in a workable configuration, regardless of sequence." Specifically, the innermost row of columns would be blocked by the main body of the temple, and in the later stages of construction some already-erected columns would inevitably obstruct the erection of further columns. 636:

that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as "consul tertium." On coins, the same words, "M. Agrippa L.f cos. tertium", were the ones used to refer to him after his death; consul tertium serving as "a sort of posthumous cognomen ex virtute, a remembrance of the fact that, of all the men of his generation apart from Augustus himself, he was the only one to hold the consulship thrice." Whatever the cause of the alteration of the inscription might have been, the new inscription reflects the fact that there was a change in the building's purpose.

91: 1160: 1924: 612:. From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze", that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof," and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome". 1908: 1268: 762:, who converted it into a Christian church and consecrated it to St. Mary and the Martyrs on 13 May 609: "Another Pope, Boniface, asked the same to order that in the old temple called the Pantheon, after the pagan filth was removed, a church should be made, to the holy virgin Mary and all the martyrs, so that the commemoration of the saints would take place henceforth where not gods but demons were formerly worshipped." Twenty-eight cartloads of holy relics of martyrs were said to have been removed from the 489: 1111:, measuring 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) wide by 7.53 metres (24.7 ft) high, are the oldest in Rome. These were thought to be a 15th-century replacement for the original, mainly because they were deemed by contemporary architects to be too small for the door frames. Later analysis of the fusion technique confirmed that these are the original Roman doors, a rare example of Roman monumental bronze surviving, despite cleaning and the application of Christian motifs over the centuries. 4374: 1120: 1004: 1229: 430:

gods. However, the concept of a temple dedicated to all the gods has been questioned. Ziegler tried to collect evidence of pantheons, but his list consists of simple dedications "to all the gods" or "to the Twelve Gods", which are not necessarily true pantheons in the sense of a temple housing a cult that literally worships all the gods. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippa's was at Antioch in Syria, though it is only mentioned by a sixth-century source.

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archaeological diggings have suggested that Agrippa's building might have had a circular form with a triangular porch, and it might have also faced north, much like the later rebuildings, Ziolkowski complains that their conclusions were based entirely on surmise; according to him, they did not find any new datable material, yet they attributed everything they found to the Agrippan phase, failing to account for the fact that

1012: 541: 422: 83: 4385: 575:, four years after it was destroyed by fire for the second time (Oros. 7.12). She reexamined Herbert Bloch's 1959 paper, which is responsible for the commonly maintained Hadrianic date, and maintains that he should not have excluded all of the Trajanic-era bricks from his brick-stamp study. Her argument is particularly interesting in light of Heilmeyer's argument that, based on stylistic evidence, 453:

deity (27.25.7–10). Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon "need not denote a particular group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods, since it could well have had other meanings. ... Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities. ... Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος (theios) need not mean 'of a god' but could mean '

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zones do not line up. The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building, even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous. This discordance has not always been appreciated, and the attic level was redone according to Neoclassical taste in the 18th century.

1179:, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. The Pantheon is full of such devices – for example, there are relieving arches over the recesses inside – but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior. 646:, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. Even by 200, there was uncertainty about the origin of the building and its purpose: 1263:

Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. As a result, the interior decorative

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The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. Mark and Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch

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In 1747, the broad frieze below the dome with its false windows was "restored," but bore little resemblance to the original. In the early decades of the 20th century, a piece of the original, as far as could be reconstructed from Renaissance drawings and paintings, was recreated in one of the panels.

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Remaining at Rome twelve days he pulled down everything that in ancient times had been made of metal for the ornament of the city, to such an extent that he even stripped off the roof of the church , which at one time was called the Pantheon, and had been founded in honour of all the gods and was now

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Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30

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in the eastern mountains. Each was 11.9 metres (39 ft) tall, 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in diameter, and 60 tonnes (59 long tons; 66 short tons) in weight. These were dragged more than 100 km (62 miles) from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges. They were floated by barge down

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wrote that it had been decreed that temple buildings (or perhaps temple cellae) should only be dedicated to single divinities, so that it would be clear who would be offended if, for example, the building was struck by lightning, and because it was only appropriate to offer sacrifice to a specific

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The name "Pantheon" is from the Ancient Greek "Pantheion" (Πάνθειον) meaning "of, relating to, or common to all the gods": (pan- / "παν-" meaning "all" + theion / "θεῖον"= meaning "of or sacred to a god"). The simplest explanation for the name is that the Pantheon was a temple dedicated to all the

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has attempted to explain the design adjustments by suggesting that, once the higher pediment had been constructed, the required 50-foot columns failed to arrive (possibly as a result of logistical difficulties). The builders then had to make some awkward adjustments to fit the shorter columns and

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says that Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon (among other buildings) in the name of the original builder (Hadr. 19.10), but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original; it does not tell us to whom Agrippa's foundation was dedicated, and, in Ziolkowski's opinion, it was highly unlikely

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tore away the bronze ceiling of the portico, and replaced the medieval campanile with the famous twin towers (often wrongly attributed to Bernini) called "the ass's ears", which were not removed until the late 19th century. The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the

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in the 6.4-metre-thick (21 ft) drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary. At its thickest point, the aggregate is

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concluded that Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the current layout that faces north, and that it had a shortened T-shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. While more recent

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who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name of the Pantheon comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. According to Adam Ziolkowski, this uncertainty strongly suggests that "Pantheon" (or Pantheum) was merely a

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No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa

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finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles the

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pediments. Rabun Taylor has noted that, even if the taller columns were delivered, basic construction constraints may have prevented their use. Assuming that each column would first be laid on the floor next to its pediment before being pivoted upright (using something like an

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The interior of the dome was possibly intended to symbolize the arched vault of the heavens. The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. Throughout the day, light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse

1518:. Enshrined on the apse above the high altar is a 7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child, given by Phocas to Pope Boniface IV on the occasion of the dedication of the Pantheon for Christian worship on 13 May 609. The choir was added in 1840, and was designed by 1034:

The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment.

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The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). These dimensions make more sense when expressed in

1260:), in five rings of 28. This evenly spaced layout was difficult to achieve and, it is presumed, had symbolic meaning, either numerical, geometric, or lunar. In antiquity, the coffers may have contained bronze rosettes symbolising the starry firmament. 1038:

On the intermediate block between the portico and the rotunda, the remains of a second pediment suggests that the existing portico is much shorter than originally intended. A portico aligned with the second pediment would fit columns with shafts 50

3311:, p. 33 "There are openings in it here and there, at various levels, that give on to some of the many different chambers that honeycomb the rotunda structure, a honeycombing that is an integral part of a sophisticated engineering solution..." 367:) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43 metres (142 ft). 571:, made when consul for the third time." However, archaeological excavations have shown that the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the façade. Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114, under 533:(public temples). The former would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose (Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo) in such a relatively short period of time. 3042: 1168:(213 psi) for this specimen. Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa (18.5 psi) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall. 7395: 2825:

New Guide of Rome and the Environs According to Vasi and Nibby: Containing a Description of the Monuments, Galleries, Churches [etc.] Carefully Revised and Enlarged, with an Account of the Latest Antiquarian

1772:. The tomb of King Umberto I and his wife Margherita di Savoia is in the next chapel. The chapel was originally dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, and then to St. Thomas the Apostle. The present design is by 622:

The degree to which the decorative scheme should be credited to Hadrian's architects is uncertain. Finished by Hadrian but not claimed as one of his works, it used the text of the original inscription on the new

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It had long been thought that the current building was built by Agrippa, with later alterations undertaken, and this was in part because of the Latin inscription on the front of the temple which reads:

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Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear which abutted it. While this building helped buttress the rotunda, there was no interior passage from one to the other.

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would have been some 80% greater. Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system. This reduced the weight of the roof, as did the oculus eliminating the apex.

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IMP · CAES · L · SEPTIMIVS · SEVERVS · PIVS · PERTINAX · ARABICVS · ADIABENICVS · PARTHICVS · MAXIMVS · PONTIF · MAX · TRIB · POTEST · X · IMP · XI · COS · III · P · P · PROCOS ET

1807:, meaning "Here lies Raphael, by whom the great mother of all things (Nature) feared to be overcome while he was living, and while he was dying, herself to die". The epigraph was written by 1253:

effect: marking time with light rather than shadow. The oculus also offers cooling and ventilation; during storms, a drainage system below the floor handles rain falling through the oculus.

1600:. It is also known as the Madonna of the Railing, because it originally hung in the niche on the left-hand side of the portico, where it was protected by a railing. It was moved to the 1043:(14.8 metres) tall and capitals 10 Roman feet tall (3 metres), whereas the existing portico has shafts 40 Roman feet (11.9 metres) tall and capitals eight Roman feet (2.4 metres) tall. 3046: 777:

The building's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment, destruction, and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome's buildings during the

395: 2935: 6590: 1612:(1750) by an unknown. There are three memorial plaques in the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular. The final niche on the right side has a statue of 413:

front, was unique in Roman architecture. Nevertheless, it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived, and has been copied many times by later architects.

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by the consent of the former rulers the place of all the martyrs; and he took away from there the bronze tiles and sent them with all the other ornaments to Constantinople.

330: AD 126. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple. 1776:, completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli. The tomb consists of a slab of alabaster mounted in gilded bronze. The frieze has allegorical representations of 1187:: The dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high. The Pantheon still holds the record for the world's largest 6890: 7425: 691:

IMP · CAES · M · AVRELIVS · ANTONINVS · PIVS · FELIX · AVG · TRIB · POTEST · V · COS · PROCOS · PANTHEVM · VETVSTATE · CORRVPTVM · CVM · OMNI · CVLTV · RESTITVERVNT

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In the Chapel of the Crucifixion, the Roman brick wall is visible in the niches. The wooden crucifix on the altar is from the 15th century. On the left wall is a

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The present arrangement is from 1811, designed by Antonio Muñoz. The bust of Raphael (1833) is by Giuseppe Fabris. The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and

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Ziolkowski, Adam (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question".

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Ziolkowski, Adam (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question".

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The third niche holds the mortal remains – his Ossa et cineres, "Bones and ashes", as the inscription on the sarcophagus says – of the great artist

1089:, the site of the Pantheon was still about 700 metres away. Thus, it was necessary to either drag them or to move them on rollers to the construction site. 448:, as they do with other temples, and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply "Pantheum", not "Aedes Panthei" (temple of all the gods). 7014: 2878:

Les monuments antiques de Rome encore existants: les ponts, les murs, les voies, les aqueducs, les enceintes de Rome, les palais, les temples, les arcs

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The portico-and-dome form of the Pantheon can be detected in many buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries; numerous government and public buildings,

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won the competition, and started work in 1885. The tomb consists of a large bronze plaque surmounted by a Roman eagle and the arms of the

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discovered from the Pope's accounts that about 90% of the bronze was used for the cannon, and that the bronze for the baldachin came from

806:. Two columns were swallowed up in the medieval buildings that abutted the Pantheon on the east and were lost. In the early 17th century, 7430: 7410: 4448: 3194: 2939: 1799:. His fiancée, Maria Bibbiena is buried to the right of his sarcophagus; she died before they could marry. The sarcophagus was given by 6425: 5668: 1329: 1966: 7009: 6994: 6876: 6445: 6216: 5548: 7307: 6952: 5508: 4279: 7259: 5793: 4227: 3060: 1502: 7370: 7360: 7144: 6525: 6105: 5673: 4132: 2667: 1674:. The confraternity continued to draw members from the elite of Rome's artists and architects, and among later members we find 627:(a common practice in Hadrian's rebuilding projects all over Rome; the only building on which Hadrian put his own name was the 1027:

The building was originally approached by a flight of steps. Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the

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Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials. Among those buried there are the painters

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Thomas, Edmund (2004). "From the Pantheon of the Gods to the Pantheon of Rome". In Richard Wrigley; Matthew Craske (eds.).

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It has also been argued that the scale of the portico was related to the urban design of the space in front of the temple.

3078: 2754: 2739: 2724: 525:, the Basilica of Neptune, and the Pantheon. It seems likely that the Pantheon and the Basilica of Neptune were Agrippa's 7104: 6455: 6226: 6200: 3795:

The Master Builders: : A History of Structural and Environmental Design From Ancient Egypt to the Nineteenth Century

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started an impressive building program. The Pantheon was a part of the complex created by him on his own property in the

2842:"Nuova guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni – Parte Terza ("New Methodic Guide to Rome and Its Suburbs – Third Part")" 1532:(1686) painted by an unknown artist. The first chapel on the right, the Chapel of the Annunciation, has a fresco of the 982:

The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church, and as such, visitors are asked to keep an appropriate level of deference.

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Rasch, Jürgen (1985). "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion, Architectura".

739: 7435: 7044: 6763: 6495: 6365: 5583: 4936: 4701: 4457: 4264: 4176: 3732: 2853: 1195:. It is the only masonry dome to not require reinforcement. All other extant ancient domes were either designed with 892: 875:(1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down. Most of the bronze was used to make 4316: 1635:. The first chapel on the left, the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, is the chapel of the Confraternity of the 1135:

9.1 metres (30 ft) in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight

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Marder, Tod A. (1991). "Alexander VII, Bernini, and the Urban Setting of the Pantheon in the Seventeenth Century".

1822:(Madonna of the Rock) so named because she rests one foot on a boulder. It was commissioned by Raphael and made by 374:, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history. Since the 7th century, it has been a 4154:

Thomas, Edmund (1997). "The Architectural History of the Pantheon from Agrippa to Septimius Severus via Hadrian".

3727:. By Taut, Bruno. Mindrup, Matthew; Altenmüller-Lewis, Ulrike (eds.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 78. 3696: 7420: 6565: 6465: 6120: 5894: 5879: 5648: 4441: 4193: 2693:

Hetland, Lise (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "Zur Datierung des Pantheon".

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Godfrey, Paul; Hemsoll, David (1986). "The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?". In Martin Henig; Anthony King (eds.).

7134: 6585: 5663: 5380: 4148: 4118: 4099: 3961: 3916: 3878: 3803: 3782: 3521: 3152: 1792:, founded in 1878. They also organize picket guards at the tombs. The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli. 590:

The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated. As a result of excavations in the late 19th century, archaeologist

6300: 6095: 5533: 3633: 4217: 7284: 7264: 7114: 7094: 6989: 6984: 6550: 6055: 5959: 5818: 5798: 5523: 4239: 2032: 1742: 1394: 960: 322:(27 BC – AD 14); then, after the original burnt down, the present building was ordered by the emperor 2556: 7445: 7274: 7109: 7099: 7074: 7064: 7049: 7029: 6999: 6642: 6520: 6490: 6196: 6060: 5643: 5638: 5613: 5603: 5588: 5568: 5538: 5405: 5375: 1986: 1914: 1104: 1016: 936: 4207: 3971:

Marder, Tod A. (1980). "Specchi's High Altar for the Pantheon and the Statues by Cametti and Moderati".

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features a painted miniature copy of the Pantheon dome. The Parthenon's dome was an inspiration for the

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In the walls at the back of the Pantheon's portico are two huge niches, perhaps intended for statues of

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Much fine external marble has been removed over the centuries – for example, capitals from some of the

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The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in

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when the water level was high during the spring floods, and then transferred to vessels to cross the

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basin beneath the high altar. On its consecration, Boniface placed an icon of the Mother of God as '

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Cinti, Siro; De Martino, Federico; Carandini, Andrea; De Carolis, Marco; Belardi, Giovanni (2007).

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Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word

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participated, but lost – he would later design the tomb of Umberto I in the opposite chapel.

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of the façade, under the aforementioned larger text. This now-barely legible inscription reads:

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has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried.

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Cross-section of the Pantheon showing how a 43.3-metre diameter sphere fits under its dome.

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Res Bene Gestae: Ricerche di storia urbana su Roma antica in onore di Eva Margreta Steinby

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and the authorities have refused to grant burial to the former kings who died in exile (

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Cardinal Consalvi presents to Pope Pius VII the five provinces restored to the Holy See

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Andrew J. Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington books, Toronto, 2007

857:. In the 15th century, the Pantheon was adorned with paintings: the best-known is the 7089: 6836: 6440: 6290: 6211: 6050: 5999: 5889: 5808: 5628: 5430: 5370: 5244: 5233: 5199: 5126: 5036: 5016: 4921: 4733: 4723: 4635: 4620: 4359: 4346: 4172: 4144: 4137: 4114: 4095: 4089: 4061: 3957: 3934: 3912: 3893: 3874: 3861: 3849: 3818: 3799: 3778: 3772: 3757: 3728: 3676: 3608: 3517: 3388: 3173: 3148: 3000: 2989: 2960: 2849: 2846:

Archivio viaggiatori italiani a roma e nel lazio – Istituto Nazionale Di Studi Romani

2641: 2606: 2504: 2449: 2408: 2068: 1954:. On 26 May 1929, this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of 1943: 1842: 1815: 1679: 1574: 1350: 1199:, chains and banding or have been retrofitted with such devices to prevent collapse. 1074: 1046: 948: 847: 843: 778: 763: 700: 669: 461: 375: 3628: 2671: 2544:(Monograph No 8 ed.). Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. p. 198. 2529:(Monograph No 8 ed.). Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. p. 199. 1769: 1694:. The altar in the chapel is covered with false marble. On the altar is a statue of 7415: 7294: 7229: 6899: 6868: 6614: 6510: 6375: 6330: 6320: 6085: 6014: 5974: 5899: 5847: 5838: 5828: 5763: 5488: 5336: 5308: 5051: 4956: 4863: 4779: 4681: 4630: 4580: 4546: 4516: 4389: 4274: 4032: 4003: 3926: 3841: 2629: 2594: 2492: 2437: 2149: 2060: 2048: 1930: 1805:

ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI

1800: 1773: 1659: 1568: 884: 876: 759: 752: 716: 632: 628: 615:

The Augustan Pantheon was destroyed along with other buildings in a fire in 80 AD.

591: 522: 510: 338: 260: 254: 219: 63: 2620:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

2585:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

2525:(1986). "The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?". In Martin Henig; Anthony King (eds.). 2483:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

2428:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

1159: 7139: 7084: 6903: 6823: 6808: 6749: 6711: 6570: 6221: 6160: 6024: 5989: 5969: 5924: 5914: 5623: 5436: 5219: 5021: 4961: 4883: 4793: 4786: 4676: 4655: 4625: 4585: 4551: 4531: 4501: 4476: 4353: 4341: 4328: 4293: 4268: 4245: 3670: 3086: 2376:

Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: neue Bearbeitung

2127: 1951: 1632: 1605: 1511: 1267: 1093: 1065: 976: 975:

and subsequently operating with authorization of the Italian Republic, mounts as

872: 869:, among other architects, looked to the Pantheon as inspiration for their works. 807: 782: 603: 390:), known as "Santa Maria Rotonda". The square in front of the Pantheon is called 299: 213: 3604: 7239: 7224: 6971: 6929: 6716: 6470: 6435: 6325: 6305: 6280: 6170: 5964: 5939: 5773: 5758: 5461: 5261: 5255: 5239: 5160: 5150: 5098: 5076: 5026: 4728: 4640: 4511: 4496: 4491: 4481: 4471: 4127: 2091: 1947: 1785: 1734: 1671: 1663: 1648: 1578: 1555:

The second niche has a 15th-century fresco of the Tuscan school, depicting the

1346: 1334: 1176: 1128: 972: 952: 803: 704: 564: 518: 383: 283: 275: 3845: 2633: 2598: 2496: 2441: 488: 7334: 7209: 7024: 6813: 6726: 6721: 6701: 6666: 6515: 6335: 6310: 6241: 5994: 5949: 5743: 5563: 5359: 5044: 5011: 4878: 4839: 4748: 4738: 4615: 4590: 4568: 4521: 4260: 3853: 3777:. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. 3043:"Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna" 2522: 1644: 1416: 1403: 720: 521:

in 29–19 BC, which included three buildings aligned from south to north: the

435: 151: 138: 7396:

Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches

7345: 7244: 6857: 6798: 6778: 6744: 6731: 6706: 6395: 6206: 6034: 6029: 5979: 5909: 5778: 5467: 5454: 5171: 4800: 4645: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4558: 4486: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2103: 2072: 1979: 1886: 1808: 1651:, Desiderio da Segni, to ensure that worship was maintained in the chapel. 1589: 1368: 1236: 1136: 1078: 1064:

columns that were used in the Pantheon's pronaos were quarried in Egypt at

1003: 747:, showing twin bell towers, in place from early 17th to late 19th centuries 295: 171: 4373: 1119: 969:

National Institute for the Honour Guard of the Royal Tombs of the Pantheon

6236: 6075: 5864: 5226: 5112: 5006: 4821: 4814: 4754: 3701: 2462: 2243:

a temple consecrated to all the gods (6th cent.; compare classical Latin

2013: 1750: 1564: 1313: 1232: 1082: 911:. Concerning this, an anonymous contemporary Roman satirist quipped in a 786: 639: 582: 493: 431: 57: 6962: 2144: 1596:. In the third chapel is a 15th-century painting of the Umbrian school, 341:

columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a

35: 6355: 6265: 5133: 4807: 4772: 4310: 4044: 2236: 2109: 2087: 1823: 1686:, and many others. The institution still exists, and is now called the 1145: 1141: 983: 912: 681: 454: 314:, Italy. It was built on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by 4015: 3986: 3909:

Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context

3723:

Scheerbart, Paul (2015). "The New Life: An Architectonic Apocalypse".

3389:"Hooping as an Ancient Remedy for Conservation of Large Masonry Domes" 444: 6605: 6380: 6350: 5165: 4900: 4506: 4282:

at Great Buildings/Architecture Week website (archived 15 March 2008)

4023:

Mark, R.; Hutchinson, P. (1986). "On the structure of the Pantheon".

3327:

S Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region

1567:. A competition was held to decide which architect should design it. 1279: 920: 904: 851: 744: 727: 719:, 10 times tribune, 11 times proclaimed emperor, three times consul, 673: 465: 31: 4426: 4111:

The Architecture Of Roman Temples: The Republic To The Middle Empire

4036: 1219: 819:

interior has largely survived, although with extensive restoration.

624: 7314: 6919: 6788: 6080: 5105: 4980: 4402: 4007: 3504:

De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).

3170:

The Architecture of the Roman Empire, vol. 1: An Introductory Study

2025: 1132: 812: 799: 708: 616: 596: 357: 342: 319: 3751: 3418: 3246: 1081:. There, they were transferred back onto barges and pulled up the 472:

was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the

6065: 4113:. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2036: 1848: 1796: 1608:'s restoration of the sanctuary. On the right wall is the canvas 1250: 1196: 1061: 1051: 1028: 888: 839: 771: 712: 410: 334: 323: 190: 2071:

also took influences from the structure of the Pantheon for the

1127:

The 4,535-tonne (4,463-long-ton; 4,999-short-ton) weight of the

1011: 540: 421: 6090: 4384: 4060:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2223:: "Agrippas Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis". See also 1598:

The Madonna of Mercy between St Francis and St John the Baptist

1257: 1153: 908: 816: 755: 642:, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive 572: 545: 354: 186: 82: 4091:

Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, And Meaning

1833:(1790) by Pietro Labruzi. On the right side is the low relief 548:

dome has a central oculus as the main source of natural light.

41:

This article is about the Pantheon, Rome. For other uses, see

6485: 2064: 1466: 1360: 1108: 896: 887:

for other works. It is also said that the bronze was used by

831:

The interior of the Pantheon in the 18th century, painted by

469: 406: 286: 4355:

The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City

4275:

Tomás García Salgado, "The geometry of the Pantheon's vault"

3503: 1764:, by Vincenzo Felici. The bust on the left is a portrait of 774:

Hodegetria' (All Holy Directress) within the new sanctuary.

234: 3147:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131. 2099: 1975: 1510:

The present high altars and the apses were commissioned by

1386: 1149: 1070: 500:. Stuttgart: Verlag der Cotta'schen Buchhandlung 1887–1901. 449: 360: 311: 240: 237: 3981:(922). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 30–40. 2275:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. December 2008. 1610:

Emperor Phocas presenting the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV

680:), for which there is another, smaller inscription on the 263: 586:

View of the Pantheon in Rome, including the concrete dome

228: 3585: 3583: 3494:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 182–183. 2807:

Ziolkowski, Adam (2007). Leone; Palombi; Walker (eds.).

2043:, which followed his work restoring the Roman original, 947:. It was supposed to be the final resting place for the 668:

In 202, the building was repaired by the joint emperors

631:). How the building was actually used is not known. The 396:

Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism

3539:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 184–197 3470:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 182–184 3234:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 206–207 3222:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 206–212 3128:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 199–206 3079:"Legislatura 14 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 4-08615" 2821: 1175:

The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick

619:

rebuilt the Pantheon, which was burnt again in 110 AD.

394:. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's 3996:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

3314: 2214:

is found in classical Latin; see, for example, Pliny,

1982:

features a painted miniature copy of the Pantheon dome

1790:

National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs

785:

records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor

402:. In 2013, it was visited by over six million people. 3607:: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 989–990. 3580: 3061:"Pantheon, The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome" 2794:

The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference

2710:

The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference

2695:

The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference

2539: 2520: 2337: 2335: 1929:

The icon of the Madonna which was given by Phocas to

1627:

On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an

1525:

The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a

266: 243: 231: 6898: 2874: 1690:(The Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts), based in the 1540:. On the left side is a canvas by Clement Maioli of 225: 4002:(3). Society of Architectural Historians: 273–292. 2839: 2516: 2514: 1581:. The golden lamp above the tomb burns in honor of 222: 4053: 3949: 3505: 3391:. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2988: 2332: 2114:, an assembly hall planned but never built by the 2031:Among the most notable versions are the church of 2008:, the Pantheon has been enormously influential in 1721:, is by Paolo Benaglia, and the one on the right, 1647:of artists and musicians formed by a 16th-century 1245:centimetres (12 in) to promote water runoff. 990:. Weddings are also held there from time to time. 3813:Favro, Diane (2005). "Making Rome a World City". 1942:On 23 July 1725, the Pantheon was established as 579:, Trajan's architect, was the obvious architect. 7426:Buildings converted to Catholic church buildings 7332: 3817:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–263. 3145:Roman Builders, a study in architectural process 2840:Giuseppe Melchiorri (1834). Paolo Badalì (ed.). 2511: 1563:(died 1878). It was originally dedicated to the 4228:Official webpage from Vicariate of Rome website 3387:Ottoni, Federica; Blasi, Carlo (4 March 2015). 3288:, p. 187, Principles of Roman Architecture 2868: 2405:Pantheons; Transformations of a Monumental Idea 2378:. Vol. XVIII. Stuttgart. pp. 697–747. 1956:S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine 1845:. The final niche on this side has a statue of 935:Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon: 439:nickname, not the formal name of the building. 7376:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome 7356:2nd-century religious buildings and structures 6915:Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province of Rome 4022: 3832:Hetland, L. M. (2007). "Dating the Pantheon". 3815:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 3754:Pantheon. Storia e Futuro / History and Future 3297: 333:The building is round in plan, except for the 6884: 4442: 4333:High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of 3658:. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 468. 2815: 1818:. Behind the tomb is the statue known as the 1636: 1302: 1296: 4166: 4051: 3756:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Gangemi Editore. 3601:Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 2 G–Z 3536: 3491: 3467: 3405: 3320: 3285: 3231: 3219: 3125: 2779: 2107: 917:quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt Barberini 6541:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria 3956:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3933:. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhof. 3925: 3512:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 3386: 3172:. Yale University Press. pp. 111–113. 2892: 1191:dome. It is also substantially larger than 6891: 6877: 6692: 6426:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum 4449: 4435: 4322:Panoramic Virtual Tour inside the Pantheon 3952:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny 3722: 3672:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny 3656:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 3547: 3545: 3242: 3240: 2806: 2791: 2707: 2619: 2584: 2569: 2542:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire 2527:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire 2482: 2427: 2388:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2296: 2294: 1312: 4351: 4052:Ramage, Nancy H.; Ramage, Andrew (2009). 3947: 3911:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3906: 3697:"Historiske sommerturer: I Frognerparken" 3668: 3598: 3563: 3479: 3401: 3374: 3308: 3167: 3106: 2898: 2881:(in French). Libr. Hachette. p. 192. 2670:. Romereborn.virginia.edu. Archived from 2470: 2341: 2285: 1717:on right. The stucco relief on the left, 7441:Burned buildings and structures in Italy 6953:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 6591:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum 5509:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 4256:Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3770: 3675:. Harvard University Press. p. 94. 3362: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3110: 2986: 2952: 2075:(1837). Other notable replicas, such as 1985: 1965: 1788:. The royal tombs are maintained by the 1278: 1266: 1158: 1118: 1010: 1002: 826: 738: 581: 539: 487: 420: 7351:120s establishments in the Roman Empire 4108: 4056:Roman art : Romulus to Constantine 3887: 3831: 3542: 3346: 3344: 3237: 3023: 2767: 2692: 2373: 2291: 1342:Ecclesiastical or organizational status 1085:to Rome. After being unloaded near the 370:It is one of the best-preserved of all 14: 7333: 6526:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia 5514:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican 4242:, Live streaming Video of the Pantheon 4153: 4133:The Classical Language of Architecture 3993: 3970: 3648: 3551: 3323:"The Riddle of Ancient Roman Concrete" 3142: 3071: 3029: 2995:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publns. p. 2911:Popes Boniface III–VII (archived copy) 2773: 2654: 2402: 1654:The first members were, among others, 1559:. In the second chapel is the tomb of 1544:(1645–1650). On the right wall is the 113:Click on the map for a fullscreen view 7260:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio 6872: 5794:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio 4456: 4430: 4074: 4031:(1). College Art Association: 24–34. 3812: 3791: 3273: 3264: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3121: 3119: 2374:Ziegler, Konrat (1949). "Pantheion". 2326: 2300: 2264: 2262: 2126:'s intended rebuilding of Berlin as " 1841:. The bust is a portrait of Cardinal 1768:, derived from a plaster portrait by 1705:To the sides are paintings (1661) by 1274: 919:("What the barbarians did not do the 27:Roman temple, later a church, in Rome 7010:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana 6201:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy 5549:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana 4248:, Virtual Panorama and photo gallery 4171:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4087: 3868: 3575: 3350: 3341: 3291: 2622:Papers of the British School at Rome 2587:Papers of the British School at Rome 2485:Papers of the British School at Rome 2430:Papers of the British School at Rome 2179:History of Roman and Byzantine domes 2161:The Rotunda (University of Virginia) 2004:As the best-preserved example of an 1937: 986:are celebrated there on Sundays and 405:The Pantheon's large circular domed 308:Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs 6217:Column of the Immaculate Conception 6146:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere 3063:. Rodolpho Lanciani. Archived from 2572:Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae 4 2189:List of tourist attractions in Rome 1837:(1824) made by the Danish sculptor 1588:The third niche has a sculpture by 728:M Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug 498:Kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes 24: 7431:Burial sites of the House of Savoy 7411:Centralized-plan churches in Italy 7105:S. Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana 6938:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6546:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome 5499:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 4317:Video Introduction to the Pantheon 3192: 3131: 3116: 2822:Luigi Piale; Mariano Vasi (1851). 2407:. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 17. 2353:Summerson (1980), 38–39, 38 quoted 2259: 2020:'s 42-metre (138 ft) dome of 1185:ancient Roman units of measurement 1131:dome is concentrated on a ring of 294:, " of all the gods") is a former 25: 7457: 6496:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica 6461:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna 4937:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 4187: 3892:. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. 3798:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 3669:MacDonald, William Lloyd (2002). 2752: 2737: 2722: 2006:Ancient Roman monumental building 1760:The second niche has a statue of 1723:Rest during the flight from Egypt 1688:Academia Ponteficia di Belle Arti 1290:Church of St. Mary of the Martyrs 1256:The dome features sunken panels ( 815:above Agrippa's inscription. The 701:L Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax 62:Facade of the Pantheon, with the 7313: 6961: 6561:Museum of the Liberation of Rome 6506:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio 6456:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica 6446:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna 4907:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 4383: 4372: 4169:Principles of Roman Architecture 3629:"Engel, Carl Ludvig (1778–1840)" 2059:(1817–1826). Others include the 1946:of S. Maria ad Martyres, i.e. a 1922: 1906: 1894: 1878: 1866: 1856:) (1727) by Francesco Moderati. 1227: 1218: 1163:Beam in the dome of the Pantheon 971:was originally chartered by the 789:, who visited Rome in July 663: 743:An 1836 view of the Pantheon by 492:Floor plan of the Pantheon from 304:Basilica Santa Maria ad Martyres 259: 218: 90: 89: 81: 75: 56: 6566:National Museum of Oriental Art 6466:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum 5895:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari 5880:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI 4300:Summer solstice at the Pantheon 4261:Pantheon Rome vs Pantheon Paris 3873:. London: Chatto & Windus. 3716: 3689: 3662: 3621: 3592: 3569: 3557: 3530: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3436: 3411: 3395: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3302: 3279: 3252: 3225: 3213: 3186: 3161: 3100: 3053: 3035: 2980: 2959:. University of Chicago Press. 2946: 2928: 2919: 2904: 2885: 2833: 2800: 2785: 2761: 2746: 2731: 2716: 2701: 2686: 2660: 2648: 2613: 2578: 2574:. Rome: Quasar. pp. 55–56. 2563: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2476: 2456: 2421: 2396: 1656:Antonio da Sangallo the younger 561:M Agrippa L f cos tertium fecit 554:M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT 6586:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum 5381:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas 3948:MacDonald, William L. (1976). 3599:Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). 3508:Gardner's Art Through the Ages 3321:Moore, David (February 1993). 3195:"The Pantheon – Rome – 126 AD" 3168:MacDonald, William L. (1965). 2956:Bernini: His Life and His Rome 2367: 2356: 2347: 2320: 2279: 2200: 1594:St Anne and the Blessed Virgin 1298:Chiesa Santa Maria dei Martiri 957:Monarchy was abolished in 1946 943:, as well as Umberto's Queen, 915:(a publicly posted poem) that 822: 13: 1: 7371:Temples in the Campus Martius 7361:7th-century churches in Italy 3744: 3634:National Biography of Finland 2875:Emmanuel Rodocanachi (1920). 2210:is standard in English, only 2094:echo its structure. The 1824 1885:The dome photographed with a 1780:, by Eugenio Maccagnani, and 1585:, who died in exile in 1947. 1148:tiles, then at the very top, 979:in front of the royal tombs. 409:, with a conventional temple 327: 200:113–125 AD (current building) 6948:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 6551:Museum of Roman Civilization 6481:Keats–Shelley Memorial House 5960:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne 5504:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 4380:travel guide from Wikivoyage 4230:(archived 16 September 2015) 4218:Resources in other libraries 3907:Lancaster, Lynne C. (2005). 3834:Journal of Roman Archaeology 3197:. Monolithic. Archived from 2987:DuTemple, Leslie A. (2003). 2894:Monumenta Germaniae Historia 2253: 1961: 1873:Pantheon during a cloudy day 1803:, and its inscription reads 1757:by Giovanni Andrea Carlone. 1696:St Joseph and the Holy Child 1514:(1700–1721) and designed by 993: 883:, with the rest used by the 629:Temple to the Deified Trajan 425:The interior of the Pantheon 416: 7: 7401:Tourist attractions in Rome 7386:Church buildings with domes 7265:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura 6643:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus 6521:Museo di Roma in Trastevere 6491:Museo Archeologico Ostiense 6227:Hospital of the Holy Spirit 5799:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura 5406:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker 5376:Catacombs of San Sebastiano 4167:Wilson-Jones, Mark (2003). 4094:. Boulder: Westview Press. 2936:"British Museum Highlights" 2133: 2079:(1818), have not survived. 1205: 1031:, eliminating these steps. 1017:doors of the Roman Pantheon 903:, though the archaeologist 734: 10: 7462: 7110:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 7100:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina 6784:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi 5870:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi 5644:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 5639:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina 4912:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 4286:Art & History Pantheon 3298:Mark & Hutchinson 1986 2156:Manchester Central Library 1859: 1711:Adoration of the Shepherds 1602:Chapel of the Annunciation 1114: 998: 504: 483: 363:, with a central opening ( 287: 103:Shown within Augustan Rome 40: 29: 7381:Concrete shell structures 7366:Basilica churches in Rome 7303: 6970: 6959: 6928: 6910: 6850: 6822: 6762: 6740: 6685: 6604: 6576:Palazzo delle Esposizioni 6414: 6364: 6250: 6189: 6043: 6005:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli 5905:Palazzo della Cancelleria 5857: 5837: 5487: 5446: 5351: 5328: 5303:Column of Marcus Aurelius 5290: 5208: 5143: 5083:Basilica of Junius Bassus 5061: 4999: 4927:Temple of Hercules Victor 4917:Temple of Apollo Sosianus 4892: 4856: 4831: 4764: 4744:Arch of Septimius Severus 4711: 4700: 4666: 4464: 4347:audio guide Pantheon Rome 4213:Resources in your library 4109:Stamper, John W. (2005). 3888:Kleiner, Fred S. (2007). 3846:10.1017/S1047759400005328 3771:Claridge, Amanda (1998). 2953:Mormando, Franco (2011). 2897:(1848) 7.8.20, quoted in 2634:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2599:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2570:Ziolkowski, Adam (1999). 2497:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2442:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2363:Oxford English Dictionary 2272:Oxford English Dictionary 2232:Oxford English Dictionary 2096:Henriette Wegner Pavilion 1972:Henriette Wegner Pavilion 1917:, "Father of the Country" 1831:Descent of the Holy Ghost 1692:palace of the Cancelleria 1501: 1496: 1488: 1480: 1472: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1437: 1432: 1393: 1382: 1377: 1367: 1356: 1340: 1328: 1323: 1311: 1294: 1289: 1226: 1217: 1212: 930: 879:for the fortification of 711:, the greatest victor in 678:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 457:', or even 'excellent'." 196: 182: 177: 167: 130: 124:Regio IX Circus Flaminius 118: 111: 70: 55: 43:Pantheon (disambiguation) 7436:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 7255:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 7120:S. Giuseppe al Trionfale 7075:S. Croce in Via Flaminia 7050:S. Cecilia in Trastevere 7035:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio 7015:S. Apollinare alle Terme 6995:S. Anastasia al Palatino 6980:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 6774:Appian Way Regional Park 6581:Pigorini National Museum 6501:Museo Civico di Zoologia 6136:della Piazza dei Quiriti 5848:List of churches in Rome 5789:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 5614:S. Croce in Via Flaminia 5589:S. Cecilia in Trastevere 5574:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio 5554:S. Apollinare alle Terme 5534:S. Anastasia al Palatino 5519:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 5298:Column of Antoninus Pius 4975:Largo di Torre Argentina 4947:Temple of Minerva Medica 4942:Temple of Jupiter Tonans 4088:Roth, Leland M. (1992). 3109:, pp. 63, 141–142; 3018:bernini pantheon towers. 2916:, accessed 11 April 2021 2829:. L. Piale. p. 272. 2780:Ramage & Ramage 2009 2239:: "post-classical Latin 2194: 1557:Coronation of the Virgin 1546:Incredulity of St Thomas 1542:St Lawrence and St Agnes 1304:Sancta Maria ad Martyres 695:In English, this means: 515:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 509:In the aftermath of the 388:Sancta Maria ad Martyres 316:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 30:Not to be confused with 7190:S. Maria della Vittoria 7080:S. Croce in Gerusalemme 7030:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola 6985:S. Agnese fuori le mura 6662:Portonaccio sarcophagus 6649:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa 6626:Colossus of Constantine 6621:Augustus of Prima Porta 6596:Venanzo Crocetti Museum 6556:Museum of the Ara Pacis 6531:Museo Nazionale Etrusco 6451:Galleria Doria Pamphilj 6341:Via della Conciliazione 6301:Piazza della Repubblica 5930:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini 5885:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga 5724:S. Maria della Vittoria 5619:S. Croce in Gerusalemme 5569:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola 5524:S. Agnese fuori le mura 4991:Porta Maggiore Basilica 4692:Obelisk of Montecitorio 4419:Porta Maggiore Basilica 4302:(archived 15 July 2011) 4254:, article in Platner's 3974:The Burlington Magazine 3589:Summerson (1980), 38–39 3329:. www.romanconcrete.com 2226:Oxford Latin Dictionary 1709:, one of the Virtuosi: 1561:King Victor Emmanuel II 1530:and St Nicholas of Bari 1492:58 metres (190 ft) 1484:58 metres (190 ft) 1476:84 metres (276 ft) 988:holy days of obligation 891:in creating his famous 577:Apollodorus of Damascus 544:The Pantheon dome. The 372:Ancient Roman buildings 349:links the porch to the 326:and probably dedicated 7421:Roman temples by deity 7320:Catholicism portal 7270:S. Silvestro in Capite 7175:S. Maria in Trastevere 7170:S. Maria sopra Minerva 7000:S. Andrea delle Fratte 6832:Festa della Repubblica 6672:Sistine Chapel ceiling 6536:Museo Nazionale Romano 6406:Parco degli Acquedotti 6386:Villa Borghese gardens 6346:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5920:Palazzo della Consulta 5804:S. Silvestro in Capite 5709:S. Maria in Trastevere 5704:S. Maria sopra Minerva 5679:S. Maria in Montesanto 5539:S. Andrea delle Fratte 5411:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus 5396:Mausoleum of Maxentius 5366:Catacombs of Domitilla 5274:Villa of the Quintilii 4352:Lucentini, M. (2012). 4340:1 January 2022 at the 3931:The Governance of Rome 3890:A History of Roman Art 3143:Taylor, Rabun (2003). 3083:Senato della Republica 2893: 2206:Although the spelling 2108: 2077:The Rotunda (New York) 2067:(1833). The architect 2053:University of Virginia 2047:(1774) in England and 2001: 1983: 1637: 1395:Geographic coordinates 1303: 1297: 1284: 1271: 1164: 1124: 1024: 1008: 835: 796: 748: 666: 587: 549: 501: 426: 400:Polo Museale del Lazio 387: 279: 7280:S. Sofia a Via Boccea 7145:S. Maria degli Angeli 7135:S. Maria Ausiliatrice 7005:S. Andrea della Valle 6824:Events and traditions 6631:La Bocca della Verità 6476:Jewish Museum of Rome 5970:Palazzo del Quirinale 5814:S. Sofia a Via Boccea 5674:S. Maria degli Angeli 5664:S. Maria Ausiliatrice 5544:S. Andrea della Valle 5386:Mausoleum of Augustus 5320:Five-Columns Monument 5268:Insula dell'Ara Coeli 5120:Portico Dii Consentes 5088:Basilica of Maxentius 3792:Cowan, Henry (1977). 3049:on 28 September 2011. 2755:"The Natural History" 2740:"The Natural History" 2725:"The Natural History" 2469:53.27, referenced in 2301:Moore, David (1999). 2184:List of largest domes 2028:, completed in 1436. 2022:Santa Maria del Fiore 1989: 1969: 1715:Adoration of the Magi 1528:Madonna of the Girdle 1282: 1270: 1189:unreinforced concrete 1162: 1122: 1087:Mausoleum of Augustus 1077:to the Roman port of 1014: 1006: 833:Giovanni Paolo Panini 830: 791: 758:gave the building to 742: 648: 585: 543: 491: 464:, when the church of 424: 298:and, since AD 609, a 7250:Sacro Cuore di Maria 7235:Ss. Quattro Coronati 7220:S. Pietro in Vincoli 7205:S. Nicola in Carcere 7200:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo 7185:S. Maria in Via Lata 7160:S. Maria in Aracoeli 7150:S. Maria in Cosmedin 7130:S. Lorenzo in Lucina 7125:S. Lorenzo in Damaso 7115:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo 7055:Ss. Celso e Giuliano 7040:S. Camillo de Lellis 6943:St. Peter's Basilica 6677:Velletri Sarcophagus 6637:Laocoön and His Sons 6391:Villa Doria Pamphili 6296:Piazza della Minerva 6121:di Piazza d'Aracoeli 6010:Palazzo del Viminale 5955:Palazzo di Giustizia 5784:Sacro Cuore di Maria 5769:Ss. Quattro Coronati 5754:S. Pietro in Vincoli 5739:S. Nicola in Carcere 5734:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo 5719:S. Maria in Via Lata 5694:S. Maria in Aracoeli 5684:S. Maria in Cosmedin 5659:S. Lorenzo in Lucina 5654:S. Lorenzo in Damaso 5649:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo 5594:Ss. Celso e Giuliano 5579:S. Camillo de Lellis 5195:Theatre of Marcellus 4967:House of the Vestals 4392:at Wikimedia Commons 4327:11 July 2021 at the 4267:24 June 2019 at the 4240:Pantheon Live Webcam 2041:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 2010:Western architecture 1999:Charles Follen McKim 1991:Low Memorial Library 1658:, Jacopo Meneghino, 1639:Virtuosi al Pantheon 937:Vittorio Emanuele II 901:St. Peter's Basilica 867:Filippo Brunelleschi 808:Urban VIII Barberini 496:/Gustav von Bezold: 392:Piazza della Rotonda 318:during the reign of 7195:S. Martino ai Monti 7165:S. Maria del Popolo 7155:S. Maria in Domnica 7095:S. Francesca Romana 7065:Ss. Cosma e Damiano 6197:Altare della Patria 5858:Castles and palaces 5729:S. Martino ai Monti 5699:S. Maria del Popolo 5689:S. Maria in Domnica 5634:S. Francesca Romana 5604:Ss. Cosma e Damiano 5426:Tombs of Via Latina 5421:Tomb of the Scipios 5416:Tomb of the Haterii 5391:Mausoleum of Helena 5190:Stadium of Domitian 5180:Gardens of Maecenas 5156:Circus of Maxentius 5093:Basilica of Neptune 5070:Basilica Argentaria 4874:Baths of Diocletian 4847:Cloaca Circi Maximi 4719:Arch of Constantine 4687:Obelisk of Minerveo 3871:Brunelleschi's Dome 3869:King, Ross (2000). 2942:on 27 October 2015. 2229:, s.v. "Pantheum"; 2174:List of Roman domes 2033:Santa Maria Assunta 1995:Columbia University 1583:Victor Emmanuel III 1463:Direction of façade 1417:41.8986°N 12.4768°E 1413: / 1318:The tomb of Raphael 961:Victor Emmanuel III 476:, the generic term 353:, which is under a 337:with large granite 152:41.8986°N 12.4768°E 148: / 52: 7446:Rotundas in Europe 7285:S. Stefano Rotondo 6842:Rome Film Festival 6804:Villa Aldobrandini 6431:Capitoline Museums 6276:Clivus Capitolinus 5935:Palazzo Giustinani 5875:Castel Sant'Angelo 5819:S. Stefano Rotondo 5401:Pyramid of Cestius 5250:Palace of Domitian 5185:Gardens of Sallust 5032:Forum of Vespasian 4952:Temple of Portunus 4869:Baths of Caracalla 4335:Pantheon|Art Atlas 4292:2010-11-24 at the 3365:, pp. 204–205 2753:Pliny, The Elder. 2738:Pliny, The Elder. 2723:Pliny, The Elder. 2674:on 9 November 2012 2559:. p. 53.23.3. 2140:Romanian Athenaeum 2051:'s library at the 2016:on; starting with 2012:from at least the 2002: 1984: 1915:Victor Emmanuel II 1839:Bertel Thorvaldsen 1766:Baldassare Peruzzi 1743:Giovanni Peruzzini 1731:Ludovico Gimignani 1719:Dream of St Joseph 1700:Vincenzo de' Rossi 1668:Domenico Beccafumi 1622:Bernardino Cametti 1550:Pietro Paolo Bonzi 1516:Alessandro Specchi 1363:Daniele Micheletti 1285: 1275:Catholic additions 1272: 1233:The Pantheon, Rome 1165: 1125: 1025: 1021:Francesco Piranesi 1009: 881:Castel Sant'Angelo 855:Baldassare Peruzzi 836: 749: 588: 550: 502: 427: 50: 7328: 7327: 7045:S. Carlo al Corso 6866: 6865: 6837:Rome Quadriennale 6764:Metropolitan City 6758: 6757: 6441:Galleria Borghese 6316:Piazza San Pietro 6291:Piazza del Popolo 6286:Piazza d'Aracoeli 6259:and public spaces 6141:di Piazza Nicosia 6131:di Piazza Farnese 6126:di Piazza Colonna 6000:Palazzo Valentini 5890:Palazzo Barberini 5584:S. Carlo al Corso 5483: 5482: 5474:Ponte Sant'Angelo 5431:Tomb of Priscilla 5371:Catacombs of Rome 5245:House of Augustus 5234:Domus Transitoria 5200:Theatre of Pompey 5127:Porticus Octaviae 5017:Forum of Augustus 4922:Temple of Hadrian 4734:Arch of Gallienus 4724:Arch of Dolabella 4682:Flaminian Obelisk 4458:Landmarks of Rome 4425: 4424: 4415:Succeeded by 4409:Landmarks of Rome 4388:Media related to 4194:Library resources 4138:Thames and Hudson 3927:Loewenstein, Karl 3566:, pp. 94–132 3537:Wilson-Jones 2003 3492:Wilson-Jones 2003 3468:Wilson-Jones 2003 3406:Wilson-Jones 2003 3286:Wilson-Jones 2003 3247:Cinti et al. 2007 3232:Wilson-Jones 2003 3220:Wilson-Jones 2003 3126:Wilson-Jones 2003 2966:978-0-226-53851-8 2891:John the Deacon, 2850:Tuscia University 2307:romanconcrete.com 2069:Carl Ludvig Engel 1944:Cardinal-deaconry 1938:Cardinal deaconry 1843:Agostino Rivarola 1820:Madonna del Sasso 1816:Annibale Carracci 1713:on left side and 1575:Manfredo Manfredi 1508: 1507: 1242: 1241: 1075:Mediterranean Sea 1047:Mark Wilson Jones 949:Monarchs of Italy 848:Arcangelo Corelli 844:Annibale Carracci 779:Early Middle Ages 753:Byzantine emperor 670:Septimius Severus 474:Panthéon of Paris 462:French Revolution 382:and the Martyrs ( 204: 203: 16:(Redirected from 7453: 7406:Rome R. IX Pigna 7318: 7317: 7275:S. Sisto Vecchio 6965: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6870: 6869: 6690: 6689: 6615:Apollo Belvedere 6511:Museo delle Mura 6331:Via dei Coronari 6321:Piazza di Spagna 6015:Palazzo Wedekind 5975:Palazzo Pamphilj 5900:Palazzo Borghese 5809:S. Sisto Vecchio 5337:Porticus Aemilia 5309:Column of Phocas 5291:Column monuments 5052:Forum Holitorium 4957:Temple of Saturn 4864:Baths of Agrippa 4780:Aqua Alexandrina 4712:Triumphal arches 4709: 4708: 4581:Castra Praetoria 4451: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4399:Preceded by 4396: 4395: 4387: 4376: 4369: 4182: 4163: 4136:, 1980 edition, 4124: 4105: 4084: 4071: 4059: 4048: 4019: 3990: 3967: 3955: 3944: 3922: 3903: 3884: 3865: 3828: 3809: 3788: 3767: 3739: 3738: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3511: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3419:"Roman Pantheon" 3415: 3409: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3377:, pp. 44–46 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3129: 3123: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3045:. 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A rectangular 329: 290: 289: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 258: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 217: 163: 162: 160: 159: 158: 157:41.8986; 12.4768 153: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 93: 92: 85: 79: 64:Pantheon obelisk 60: 53: 49: 21: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7312: 7299: 7180:S. Maria in Via 6966: 6957: 6924: 6906: 6904:Diocese of Rome 6897: 6867: 6862: 6846: 6818: 6794:Hadrian's Villa 6766:of Rome Capital 6765: 6754: 6750:Monte Testaccio 6736: 6681: 6600: 6571:Palazzo Colonna 6417: 6410: 6368: 6360: 6271:Campo de' Fiori 6258: 6246: 6190:Other landmarks 6185: 6161:Quattro Fontane 6039: 6025:Villa Farnesina 6020:Palazzo Zuccari 5990:Palazzo Ruspoli 5925:Palazzo Farnese 5915:Palazzo Colonna 5853: 5833: 5714:S. Maria in Via 5490: 5479: 5442: 5437:Vigna Randanini 5347: 5343:Trajan's Market 5324: 5315:Trajan's Column 5286: 5220:Domus Augustana 5204: 5139: 5057: 5022:Forum of Caesar 4995: 4962:Temple of Vesta 4932:Temple of Janus 4888: 4884:Baths of Trajan 4852: 4827: 4794:Aqua Anio Novus 4787:Aqua Anio Vetus 4760: 4703: 4696: 4677:Lateran Obelisk 4662: 4465:Walls and gates 4460: 4455: 4416: 4411: 4400: 4366: 4342:Wayback Machine 4329:Wayback Machine 4294:Wayback Machine 4269:Wayback Machine 4234:"Beggar's Rome" 4224: 4223: 4222: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4128:Summerson, John 4121: 4102: 4068: 4037:10.2307/3050861 3964: 3941: 3919: 3900: 3881: 3825: 3806: 3785: 3764: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193:Parker, Freda. 3191: 3187: 3180: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3141: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3087:Senate of Italy 3077: 3076: 3072: 3067:on 1 July 2007. 3059: 3058: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2951: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2838: 2834: 2820: 2816: 2811:. Rome: Quasar. 2805: 2801: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2757:. p. 9.58. 2751: 2747: 2742:. p. 36.4. 2736: 2732: 2727:. p. 34.7. 2721: 2717: 2706: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2618: 2614: 2583: 2579: 2568: 2564: 2557:"Roman History" 2553: 2549: 2538: 2534: 2521:Godfrey, Paul; 2519: 2512: 2481: 2477: 2467:Roman Histories 2461: 2457: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2401: 2397: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2217:Natural History 2205: 2201: 2197: 2163:, United States 2145:Panthéon, Paris 2136: 2090:buildings, and 1964: 1952:cardinal-deacon 1940: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1911: 1902: 1899: 1890: 1883: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1707:Francesco Cozza 1633:Andrea Camassei 1606:Pope Clement XI 1512:Pope Clement XI 1421: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1399: 1319: 1307: 1301: 1277: 1228: 1213:External videos 1208: 1117: 1094:Augustus Caesar 1066:Mons Claudianus 1019:, engraving by 1001: 996: 933: 895:above the high 873:Pope Urban VIII 846:, the composer 825: 783:Paul the Deacon 737: 665: 661:History of Rome 658: 644:History of Rome 609:Natural History 604:Pliny the Elder 507: 486: 419: 262: 253: 252: 221: 212: 211: 156: 154: 150: 147: 142: 139: 137: 135: 134: 114: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98: 94: 86: 66: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Pantheon (Rome) 15: 12: 11: 5: 7459: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7391:Round churches 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7341:Pantheon, Rome 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7308:Basilicas list 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 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6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6326:Piazza Venezia 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6306:Piazza Farnese 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6281:Piazza Colonna 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6171:Trevi Fountain 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:di Ponte Sisto 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5985:Palazzo Riario 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5965:Palazzo Mattei 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5945:Palazzo Madama 5942: 5940:Lateran Palace 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5843: 5841: 5839:Other churches 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5489:Roman Catholic 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5462:Pons Fabricius 5458: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5262:Villa of Livia 5259: 5256:Villa Gordiani 5252: 5247: 5242: 5240:Flavian Palace 5237: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5161:Circus of Nero 5158: 5153: 5151:Circus Maximus 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5099:Basilica Ulpia 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5077:Basilica Julia 5073: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5037:Trajan's Forum 5034: 5029: 5027:Forum of Nerva 5024: 5019: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4729:Arch of Drusus 4726: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4586:Janiculum Wall 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4542:San Sebastiano 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4472:Aurelian Walls 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4422: 4413: 4406: 4394: 4393: 4381: 4378:Pantheon, Rome 4370: 4365:978-1623710088 4364: 4349: 4344: 4331: 4319: 4314: 4303: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188:External links 4186: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4164: 4151: 4125: 4119: 4106: 4100: 4085: 4072: 4067:978-0136000976 4066: 4049: 4020: 4008:10.2307/990615 3991: 3968: 3962: 3945: 3940:978-9024714582 3939: 3923: 3917: 3904: 3899:978-0534638467 3898: 3885: 3879: 3866: 3829: 3824:978-0521003933 3823: 3810: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3768: 3763:978-8849213010 3762: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3725:The City Crown 3715: 3688: 3682:978-0674010192 3681: 3661: 3647: 3620: 3614:978-9993291329 3613: 3591: 3579: 3568: 3564:MacDonald 1976 3556: 3541: 3529: 3522: 3496: 3484: 3480:Lancaster 2005 3472: 3460: 3435: 3410: 3404:, p. 34, 3402:MacDonald 1976 3394: 3379: 3375:Lancaster 2005 3367: 3355: 3340: 3313: 3309:MacDonald 1976 3301: 3290: 3278: 3263: 3251: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3201:on 26 May 2009 3185: 3179:978-0300028195 3178: 3160: 3153: 3130: 3115: 3107:MacDonald 1976 3099: 3085:(in Italian). 3070: 3052: 3034: 3022: 3006:978-0822503767 3005: 2979: 2965: 2945: 2927: 2918: 2903: 2899:MacDonald 1976 2884: 2867: 2848:(in Italian). 2832: 2814: 2799: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2745: 2730: 2715: 2712:. Bern: 31–34. 2700: 2685: 2659: 2647: 2612: 2577: 2562: 2555:Dio, Cassius. 2547: 2532: 2523:Hemsoll, David 2510: 2475: 2471:MacDonald 1976 2455: 2420: 2414:978-0754608080 2413: 2395: 2366: 2355: 2346: 2342:MacDonald 1976 2331: 2319: 2303:"The Pantheon" 2290: 2286:MacDonald 1976 2278: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2132: 1997:, designed by 1963: 1960: 1948:titular church 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1786:Arnaldo Zocchi 1770:Giovanni Duprè 1755:Eritrean Sibyl 1739:Eternal Father 1735:Francesco Rosa 1672:Flaminio Vacca 1618:Sant'Anastasio 1614:St. Anastasius 1579:house of Savoy 1536:attributed to 1506: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1458:Specifications 1455: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1347:Minor basilica 1344: 1338: 1337: 1335:Roman Catholic 1332: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1309: 1308: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1276: 1273: 1240: 1239: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1204: 1129:Roman concrete 1116: 1113: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 973:House of Savoy 953:House of Savoy 932: 929: 824: 821: 804:British Museum 736: 733: 732: 731: 724: 693: 692: 689: 656: 565:Marcus Agrippa 557: 556: 531:aedes publicae 519:Campus Martius 506: 503: 485: 482: 418: 415: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 132: 128: 127: 120: 116: 115: 112: 109: 108: 102: 96: 95: 88: 87: 80: 74: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7458: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230:S. Pudenziana 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6882: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6814:Villa Farnese 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:Raphael Rooms 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Museo di Roma 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6418:art galleries 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Via del Corso 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311:Piazza Navona 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6242:Spanish Steps 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Milizie Tower 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Capocci Tower 6210: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:Quattro Fiumi 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:Palazzo Spada 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950:Palazzo Malta 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Palazzo Chigi 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:S. Pudenziana 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5360:Casal Rotondo 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5279:Villa of the 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144:Entertainment 5142: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5045:Forum Boarium 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012:Imperial fora 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4879:Baths of Nero 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4840:Cloaca Maxima 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4749:Arch of Titus 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4739:Arch of Janus 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702:Ancient Roman 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Querquetulana 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4574:Santo Spirito 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527:San Pancrazio 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358:. Interlink. 4357: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246:Pantheon Rome 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4180: 4178:9780300102024 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3840:(1): 95–112. 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3750: 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2888: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2856:on 4 May 2012 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2827: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2782:, p. 236 2781: 2776: 2770:, p. 182 2769: 2764: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2657:, p. 165 2656: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2329:, p. 119 2328: 2323: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152:(never built) 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 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Pancrazio 7090:S. Eustachio 7070:S. Crisogono 7020:Ss. Apostoli 6858:Vatican City 6809:Villa d'Este 6799:Ostia Antica 6779:Capo di Bove 6745:Tiber Island 6654: 6647: 6635: 6613: 6396:Villa Medici 6237:Sisto Bridge 6207:Campo Verano 6111:del Pantheon 6056:Acqua Felice 6035:Villa Madama 6030:Villa Giulia 5980:Palazzo Poli 5846: 5748: 5744:S. Pancrazio 5629:S. Eustachio 5609:S. Crisogono 5559:Ss. Apostoli 5472: 5468:Ponte Milvio 5460: 5455:Pons Cestius 5453: 5435: 5358: 5335: 5280: 5266: 5254: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5209:Palaces and 5172:Ludus Magnus 5170: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5075: 5068: 5050: 5043: 4985: 4973: 4899: 4857:Public baths 4845: 4838: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4801:Aqua Claudia 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4753: 4606:Caelimontana 4601:Servian Wall 4591:Terreus Wall 4564:Cavalleggeri 4559:Leonine Wall 4537:San Giovanni 4417: 4408: 4401: 4354: 4309: 4255: 4208:Online books 4198: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4141:World of Art 4140: 4131: 4110: 4090: 4080: 4077:Architectura 4076: 4055: 4028: 4025:Art Bulletin 4024: 3999: 3995: 3978: 3972: 3951: 3930: 3908: 3889: 3870: 3837: 3833: 3814: 3794: 3773: 3753: 3724: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3700: 3691: 3671: 3664: 3655: 3650: 3638:. Retrieved 3632: 3623: 3600: 3594: 3571: 3559: 3554:, p. 35 3532: 3507: 3499: 3487: 3482:, p. 46 3475: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3447: 3438: 3426:. 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Retrieved 2306: 2281: 2270: 2269:"Pantheon". 2244: 2240: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2167: 2166: 2124:Adolf Hitler 2120:Albert Speer 2104:Frogner Park 2081: 2073:Nokia Church 2030: 2018:Brunelleschi 2003: 1980:Frogner Park 1941: 1887:fisheye lens 1853: 1846: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1809:Pietro Bembo 1804: 1794: 1781: 1777: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1727:Cumean Sibyl 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1687: 1653: 1628: 1626: 1620:) (1725) by 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590:Il Lorenzone 1587: 1573: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1541: 1534:Annunciation 1533: 1526: 1524: 1509: 1489:Height (max) 1433:Architecture 1262: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1237:Smarthistory 1201: 1181: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1126: 1105:bronze doors 1102: 1091: 1059: 1056: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1026: 981: 934: 925: 916: 871: 859:Annunciation 858: 837: 797: 792: 776: 751:In 609, the 750: 707:, victor of 694: 677: 672:and his son 667: 660: 659:Cassius Dio 649: 643: 638: 621: 614: 607: 601: 589: 563:," meaning " 560: 558: 553: 535: 530: 526: 508: 497: 477: 459: 443: 441: 428: 404: 398:through the 369: 332: 307: 303: 296:Roman temple 291: 207: 205: 172:Roman temple 122: 47: 7225:S. 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Balbina 5134:Tabularium 4808:Aqua Julia 4773:Aqua Appia 4631:Fontinalis 4547:Settimiana 4311:Structurae 4162:: 163–186. 4156:Hephaistos 4149:0500201773 4120:052181068X 4101:0064384934 4083:: 117–139. 3963:0674010191 3918:0521842026 3880:0701169036 3805:0471027405 3784:0192880039 3745:References 3640:4 February 3523:0155037692 3453:7 November 3444:"Pantheon" 3428:7 November 3274:Cowan 1977 3154:0521803349 2826:Researches 2668:"Pantheon" 2327:Rasch 1985 2237:"Pantheon" 2118:architect 2110:Volkshalle 2102:'s famous 2088:university 2084:city halls 2035:(1664) in 1978:'s famous 1824:Lorenzetto 1778:Generosity 1631:(1638) by 1629:Assumption 1548:(1633) by 1408:12°28′36″E 1405:41°53′55″N 1373:13 May 609 1357:Leadership 1349:, Rectory 1146:terracotta 1142:travertine 1103:The large 1041:Roman feet 965:Umberto II 955:, but the 945:Margherita 921:Barberinis 913:pasquinade 850:, and the 717:Pontif Max 682:architrave 460:Since the 455:superhuman 339:Corinthian 143:12°28′36″E 140:41°53′55″N 7295:S. Vitale 7290:S. Teresa 7245:S. Sabina 6900:Basilicas 6717:Esquiline 6686:Landscape 6381:Villa Ada 6351:Via Sacra 6096:Navicella 6071:Barcaccia 6044:Fountains 5829:S. Vitale 5824:S. Teresa 5779:S. Sabina 5491:basilicas 5166:Colosseum 4901:Ara Pacis 4893:Religious 4765:Aqueducts 4704:landmarks 4656:Trigemina 4636:Gallienus 4626:Esquilina 4621:Dolabella 4552:Tiburtina 4532:San Paolo 4502:Nomentana 4477:Ardeatina 4412:Pantheon 3862:162028301 3854:1047-7594 3576:King 2000 3351:Roth 1992 2972:3 January 2642:191523665 2607:191523665 2505:191523665 2450:191523665 2384:cite book 2254:Footnotes 1970:The 1824 1962:Influence 1826:in 1524. 1450:Completed 1235:, (8:31) 1133:voussoirs 1060:The grey 994:Structure 941:Umberto I 905:Carlo Fea 893:baldachin 852:architect 800:pilasters 764:catacombs 745:Jakob Alt 726:Emp Caes 699:Emp Caes 674:Caracalla 567:, son of 513:(31 BC), 417:Etymology 347:vestibule 292:Pantheion 32:Parthenon 7215:Pantheon 7140:S. Marco 6920:Holy See 6789:Frascati 6727:Quirinal 6722:Palatine 6702:Aventine 6376:Bioparco 6369:and zoos 6081:Marforio 5749:Pantheon 5669:S. 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