649:, as researchers have observed that snakes have used this method of tail vibration as a defense mechanism against predation long before the emergence of rattlesnakes. They are also capable of producing a foul-smelling musk, which they will release onto predators if picked up. They spread the musk with their tails in hopes of deterring the threat. When cornered or provoked, black snakes are known to stand their ground and can become aggressive. Counterattacks on large birds of prey, often committed by large snakes in excess of 150 cm (59 in) in length, have resulted in violent prolonged struggles. Utilizing its infamous agility and the great strength of its muscular coils, the black rat snake is sometimes able to overwhelm and kill formidable avian predators such as
102:
77:
33:
452:
57:
527:
are diurnally-active and live in a variety of habitats; some overlap each other. They have adapted to a variety of habitats, including bayou, prairie, and rock outcrops, but they seem to have a particular preference for wooded areas, especially oak trees. Rat snakes are excellent climbers and spend
905:
such as corn snakes, kingsnakes, milksnakes, and hognose snakes. Opinions vary on the western rat snake's disposition, but captive-bred individuals are reported to be more docile than their wild counterparts. With appropriate care, this species may be expected to live 15 years in captivity, and
1709:
Account of an
Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819 and '20, by Order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War: Under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other Gentlemen of the Exploring Party. Vol.
762:, which are 36–60 mm (1.4–2.4 in) long by 20–26.5 mm (0.79–1.04 in) wide. The eggs hatch about 65 to 70 days later in late August to early October. The hatchlings are 28–41 cm (11–16 in) in total length, and they look like miniature fox snakes.
597:). Darkening occurs rapidly as they grow. Adults are glossy black above with white lips, chin, and throat. Sometimes traces of the "obsolete" juvenile pattern are still discernible in the skin between the scales, especially when stretched after a heavy meal.
680:
to the point of cardiovascular collapse due to obstructive shock, coiling around small animals and tightening its grip until the prey can no longer circulate blood and dies of profound hypotension, before being eaten. Though it will often consume
817:
suggested this species be divided into three species based on geographic patterns of mitochondrial DNA diversity. He assigned new common names and resurrected old scientific names, resulting in the following combinations: eastern ratsnake
575:
can range up to 0.5 to 2.2 kg (1.1 to 4.9 lb) in adults, although most adults are on the smaller end of this scale, per herpetology research sites, with weights most commonly between 0.77 and 1 kg (1.7 and 2.2 lb).
737:
colonies as a single large snake will readily consume a number of eggs, hatchlings, and adults each summer. Several rat snake repelling methods have been offered to those putting up martin houses, but most are mixed in success.
693:, the western rat snake is far from a specialist at this kind of prey and will readily consume any small vertebrate it can catch. Other prey opportunistically eaten by this species can include other
539:. When found in homes, often in groups. This association gave rise to one of its common names, pilot black snake, and the superstition that this nonvenomous species led the venomous ones to the den.
1618:
Gibbs, H. Lisle; Corey, Sarah J.; Blouin-Demers, Gabriel; Prior, Kent A.; Weatherhead, Patrick J. (2006). "Hybridization between mtDNA-defined phylogeographic lineages of black ratsnakes (
609:
include: gray rat snake, black chicken snake, black coluber, chicken snake, mountain black snake, mountain pilot snake, pilot, rat snake, rusty black snake, scaly black snake, cow snake,
1962:
986:
551:
can become quite large, with a reported typical total length (including tail) of 106.5–183 cm (3 ft 6 in – 6 ft 0 in). It is the largest snake found in
750:
mating takes place in late May and early June. The male snake wraps its tail around the female with their vents nearly touching. The male then everts one of its sex organs, a
1398:
1313:
846:). However, these three species are not morphologically distinct and overlap in all examined morphological characters. More recent investigations have indicated
733:
eggs. Cavity-nesting bird species are seemingly especially prevalent in this snake's diet. The western rat snake has been noted as perhaps the top predator at
621:
When not fully grown, rat snakes are subject to predation by many animals, including other snakes. Once they attain maturity, they are readily preyed on by
922:
1866:
1918:
1379:
1990:
637:). When startled, they may freeze and wrinkle themselves into a series of kinks. If they feel further threatened, they may flee quickly or
1144:. (with 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (
2020:
510:, which is a brown-to-black variant, often with tinges of orange or red, that can be found in southern Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana.
1840:
1544:, Burbrink FT (2009). "Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)".
1124:
1105:
1879:
1046:
934:
2025:
1884:
1086:
1727:
1265:
1038:
893:
The western rat snake is available captive-bred in the United States pet trade, and it has been bred for mutations such as
1395:
1309:
2030:
1985:
506:
Aside from the usual variety that is black or has patches of black on a lighter background, color variations include the
1175:
2035:
1246:
1021:
261:
2005:
1795:
1472:
1923:
64:
1666:
1541:
858:
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355:
1158:
555:. The record total length is 256.5 cm (8 ft 5 in), making it (officially) the longest snake in
1282:
1066:
959:
2015:
1070:
2010:
1419:
824:
101:
938:
971:
579:
Juveniles are strongly patterned with brown blotches on a gray background (like miniature fox snakes:
1496:
1427:
1009:
814:
334:
1079:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
1435:
1910:
1617:
885:, 2007. The justification for this nomenclatural change has been removed by more recent research.
758:. The mating lasts a few minutes to a few hours. After five weeks, the female lays about 12 to 20
1704:
1376:
1137:
795:
304:
229:
1423:
1142:
What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky
Mountains
1871:
1809:
1757:
1359:
1213:
834:
587:
567:
532:
528:
a significant amount of their time in trees. The black rat snake is also a competent swimmer.
1995:
1329:
1239:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
1093:, p. 388 + Figure 161 on p. 334 + Plate 36 on p. 335 + Map on p. 385 + Figure 180 on p. 386).
206:
1949:
661:, though in many cases the bird is able to kill the snake and both combatants may even die.
1897:
1804:
1745:
1500:
1283:"Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle"
1217:
882:
593:
433:
338:
571:), with a portion of its tail missing, measured 111 inches (2.8 m). The body mass of
8:
2000:
1005:
658:
581:
46:
1647:
1600:
1431:
1415:
1102:
536:
321:
238:
96:
641:; although this act of tail vibration is indeed a behavior that rat snakes share with
1944:
1827:
1639:
1635:
1561:
1520:
1242:
1082:
1074:
1017:
468:
351:
1957:
1832:
1651:
1631:
1592:
1553:
1512:
770:
This species has previously been placed (and is still placed by many) in the genus
654:
414:
278:
1931:
1476:
1402:
1383:
1317:
1109:
1016:. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Seventh printing, 1985)
650:
634:
507:
429:
1557:
1516:
1439:
638:
308:
265:
1979:
1892:
1780:
1503:(2007). "How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World?".
1188:
759:
734:
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626:
556:
441:
421:
291:
86:
81:
1643:
1565:
1524:
783:
673:
630:
523:
183:
1936:
1669:(2008). "An alternative classification of the New World Rat Snakes (genus
1905:
1853:
1819:
1789:
642:
386:
1733:
1467:
1281:
Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (July 28, 2016).
1845:
1695:
1604:
902:
729:, and bird eggs. One snake was observed to consume an entire clutch of
561:
425:
417:
223:
173:
428:
that are recognized as being valid. Its color variations include the
1858:
1440:"Molecular Systematics and Phylogeny of Old and New World ratsnakes,
894:
751:
622:
484:
113:
1751:
1596:
972:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T90069553A90069569.en
32:
1774:
1396:
Black snake profile at
Smithsonian National Zoological Park website
726:
714:
710:
500:
492:
480:
476:
451:
153:
133:
432:. Along with other snakes of the eastern United States, like the
1739:
1579:
Burbrink FT (2001). "Systematics of the
Eastern Ratsnake complex
1349:. Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum Bulletin, no. 170.
1336:. Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum Bulletin, no. 167.
730:
722:
646:
406:
143:
1414:
1081:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp.
898:
810:
has been further confirmed by additional phylogenetic studies.
755:
718:
702:
552:
496:
123:
1157:
Found in Gaston county NC 8-21-19 species over 14’ in length.
694:
682:
519:
488:
410:
163:
1444:
Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)"
1241:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
970:
Red List of
Threatened Species 2019: e.T90069553A90069569.
967:
698:
686:
677:
472:
1310:
Fact Sheet at
Smithsonian National Zoological Park Website
629:, which weighs no more than an adult rat snake) and large
565:) are known to exceed it, and one wild-caught pine snake (
40:
Western rat snake swimming on water in northeastern Texas
690:
1228:, pp. 148-150, Figure 40 + Plate 16, center, on p. 336).
901:, and scaleless. However, it is not as popular as other
1480:
531:
During winter it hibernates in shared dens, often with
1347:
Life
Histories of North American Birds of Prey. Part 2
1334:
Life
Histories of North American Birds of Prey. Part 1
697:(including both those of its own and other species),
1491:
1489:
1222:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1014:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1536:
1534:
1486:
1191:. Herpetological Education & Research Project
991:, The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
1977:
1280:
1224:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. xiii + 365 pp. (
1178:. Qrg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1166:. Reptilia.forumpro.fr. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1312:Typically when found in homes, found in groups
1271:. Natural Heritage Endangered Program. mass.gov
1712:Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. 503 pp. (
1664:
1531:
1495:
1405:. Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1320:. Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
881:) in response to the findings of Burbrink and
1540:
1028:, pp. 230-234, Figure 72 + Map 24 on p. 235).
1386:. Purplemartin.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1578:
1127:. Dnr.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1740:"Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology
75:
55:
31:
1481:The Center for North American Herpetology
613:, sleepy John, and white-throated racer.
450:
1261:
1259:
1047:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
786:, and placed this species in the genus
1978:
1756:
1755:
1546:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1505:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1209:
1207:
1205:
1120:
1118:
982:
980:
935:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
559:. Unofficially, indigo snakes (genus
1461:
1256:
1253:, pp. 193-194 + Plate 28 + Map 149).
1001:
999:
997:
778:. However, Utiger et al. found that
1991:IUCN Red List least concern species
1031:
931:Natural Heritage Information Centre
459:
420:. The species is native to central
13:
2021:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1742:– University of Florida fact sheet
1688:
1202:
1148:, pp. 56-58 + Plate 8, Figure 23).
1115:
977:
14:
2047:
1748:, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa
1721:
994:
754:, into the female sex organ, the
1636:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03056.x
1160:Pantherophis obsoletus obsoletus
100:
1658:
1611:
1572:
1408:
1389:
1370:
1352:
1339:
1323:
1303:
1274:
1231:
1181:
1169:
1151:
888:
741:
600:
448:), it is called “black snake”.
1451:Russian Journal of Herpetology
1130:
1125:Species profile: Minnesota DNR
1096:
1060:
953:
915:
854:interbreed freely in Ontario.
542:
1:
2026:Reptiles of the United States
1734:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1675:Journal of Kansas Herpetology
974:. Downloaded on 05 July 2021.
909:
1716:, new species, p. 140).
471:, from eastern and southern
7:
1558:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.008
1517:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.009
1268:Pantherophis alleghaniensis
865:for Burbrink's three taxa (
825:Pantherophis alleghaniensis
765:
616:
10:
2052:
2031:Reptiles described in 1823
1986:NatureServe secure species
838:), and western rat snake (
676:, meaning it squeezes its
664:
513:
1764:
1585:Herpetological Monographs
244:
237:
212:
205:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
2036:Taxa named by Thomas Say
1483:. Accessed 20 June 2008.
1251:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
1226:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
1146:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
1026:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
871:Scotophis alleghaniensis
782:is broadly construed as
2006:Snakes of North America
1736:. Accessed 2 June 2008.
790:. In addition, because
605:Other common names for
1810:Pantherophis_obsoletus
1796:Pantherophis obsoletus
1766:Pantherophis obsoletus
1729:Pantherophis obsoletus
1362:Pantherophis obsoletus
1091:Pantherophis obsoletus
988:Pantherophis obsoletus
964:Pantherophis obsoletus
861:resurrected the genus
844:Pantherophis obsoletus
835:Pantherophis spiloides
798:becomes the masculine
645:, it is not a form of
568:Pituophis melanoleucus
487:, westward to eastern
456:
382:Pantherophis obsoletus
363:Pantherophis obsoletus
316:Pantherophis obsoletus
216:Pantherophis obsoletus
25:Pantherophis obsoletus
857:In 2008, Collins and
828:), central ratsnake (
820:Elaphe alleghaniensis
467:is found west of the
454:
1364:(Eastern Rat Snake)"
1176:Black Rat Snake Info
659:red-shouldered hawks
623:mammalian carnivores
491:, northward through
434:eastern indigo snake
371:& Burbrink, 2009
2016:Reptiles of Ontario
879:Scotophis obsoletus
875:Scotophis spiloides
537:timber rattlesnakes
446:Coluber constrictor
438:Drymarchon couperi)
405:, is a nonvenomous
346:Scotophis obsoletus
329:Pituophis obsoletus
273:Scotophis obsoletus
47:Conservation status
2011:Reptiles of Canada
1475:2009-04-14 at the
1401:2016-08-25 at the
1382:2012-11-22 at the
1316:2016-08-25 at the
1266:Eastern Ratsnake.
1108:2017-05-06 at the
794:is masculine, the
611:schwartze Schlange
518:Rat snakes of the
475:southward through
457:
257:Elaphis holbrookii
1973:
1972:
1945:Open Tree of Life
1758:Taxon identifiers
1714:Coluber obsoletus
1630:(12): 3755–3767.
1624:Molecular Ecology
1581:(Elaphe obsoleta)
1237:Conant R (1975).
1164:
1087:978-0-544-12997-9
941:on March 22, 2012
848:P. alleghaniensis
655:great horned owls
469:Mississippi River
399:pilot black snake
391:western rat snake
378:
377:
286:Elaphis obsoletus
248:Coluber obsoletus
198:P. obsoletus
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1112:, Herps of Texas
1103:Eastern Ratsnake
1100:
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1041:Elaphe obsoleta
1035:
1029:
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984:
975:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
937:. Archived from
925:Elaphe obsoleta
919:
830:Elaphe spiloides
796:specific epithet
651:red-tailed hawks
635:red-tailed hawks
499:to southeastern
460:Geographic range
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1689:Further reading
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1597:10.2307/1467037
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1477:Wayback Machine
1469:Elaphe obsoleta
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1403:Wayback Machine
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1384:Wayback Machine
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1110:Wayback Machine
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906:possibly more.
891:
840:Elaphe obsoleta
802:. The split of
776:Elaphe obsoleta
768:
744:
667:
625:(including the
619:
603:
545:
516:
508:Texas rat snake
462:
455:Black rat snake
430:Texas rat snake
424:. There are no
395:black rat snake
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299:Elaphe obsoleta
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1722:External links
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1552:(2): 524–529.
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1420:Helfenberger N
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1290:D. Pfennig Lab
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1249:(paperback). (
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
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1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
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1563:
1559:
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1547:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1457:(2): 105–124.
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1247:0-395-19977-8
1244:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1022:0-8014-0463-0
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
990:
989:
983:
981:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
918:
914:
907:
904:
900:
896:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
739:
736:
735:purple martin
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:birds of prey
628:
627:American mink
624:
614:
612:
608:
598:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
583:
577:
574:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
557:North America
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
529:
526:
525:
521:
511:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
453:
449:
447:
443:
442:eastern racer
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:North America
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:, also known
384:
383:
370:
364:
361:
357:
353:
347:
344:
340:
336:
330:
327:
323:
317:
314:
310:
306:
300:
297:
293:
287:
284:
280:
274:
271:
267:
263:
258:
255:
249:
246:
245:
243:
240:
236:
231:
228:
225:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
83:
82:Least Concern
72:
66:
52:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1996:Pantherophis
1765:
1728:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1678:
1674:
1671:Pantherophis
1670:
1665:Collins JT,
1660:
1627:
1623:
1620:Pantherophis
1619:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1549:
1545:
1508:
1504:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1410:
1391:
1372:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1276:
1267:
1250:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1193:. Retrieved
1183:
1171:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1040:
1033:
1025:
1013:
987:
963:
960:Hammerson GA
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
930:
924:
917:
892:
889:In captivity
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:P. spiloides
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
829:
823:
819:
812:
807:
804:Pantherophis
803:
799:
792:Pantherophis
791:
788:Pantherophis
787:
784:paraphyletic
779:
775:
771:
769:
748:P. obsoletus
747:
745:
742:Reproduction
670:P. obsoletus
669:
668:
643:rattlesnakes
639:tail vibrate
633:(especially
620:
610:
607:P. obsoletus
606:
604:
601:Common names
592:
588:P. ramspotti
586:
580:
578:
573:P. obsoletus
572:
566:
560:
549:P. obsoletus
548:
546:
530:
524:Pantherophis
522:
517:
505:
495:and eastern
465:P. obsoletus
464:
463:
445:
437:
402:
401:, or simply
398:
394:
390:
381:
380:
379:
362:
345:
328:
324:et al., 2002
315:
298:
285:
272:
256:
247:
226:
215:
213:
197:
196:
185:Pantherophis
184:
24:
18:
1906:NatureServe
1854:iNaturalist
1790:Wikispecies
1497:Burbrink FT
1163:(Say, 1823)
1052:29 November
945:October 19,
721:, juvenile
717:, juvenile
674:constrictor
594:P. vulpinus
543:Description
533:copperheads
483:to western
403:black snake
65:NatureServe
2001:Rat snakes
1980:Categories
1667:Taggart TW
1436:Ziswiler V
1377:Rat Snakes
1295:January 2,
1214:Schmidt KP
1195:2015-05-21
1136:Conant R,
1075:Collins JT
910:References
562:Drymarchon
547:Adults of
426:subspecies
418:Colubridae
174:Colubridae
160:Suborder:
1963:obsoletus
1428:Schmidt C
1424:Schätti B
1138:Bridges W
1010:Wright AA
1006:Wright AH
962:(2019). "
903:colubrids
895:leucistic
863:Scotophis
813:In 2001,
800:obsoletus
752:hemipenis
727:songbirds
715:squirrels
711:chipmunks
582:P. gloydi
485:Louisiana
305:Stejneger
279:Kennicott
252:Say, 1823
192:Species:
164:Serpentes
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
1911:2.840332
1872:10643814
1817:BioLib:
1775:Wikidata
1707:(1823).
1698:(1823).
1681:: 16–18.
1644:17032272
1622:spp.)".
1591:: 1–53.
1566:19236930
1542:Pyron RA
1525:17113316
1501:Lawson R
1473:Archived
1438:(2002).
1416:Utiger U
1399:Archived
1380:Archived
1332:(1937).
1314:Archived
1220:(1941).
1218:Davis DD
1189:"Snakes"
1140:(1939).
1106:Archived
1077:(2016).
1071:Conant R
1067:Powell R
1012:(1957).
815:Burbrink
766:Taxonomy
723:opossums
617:Behavior
501:Nebraska
493:Oklahoma
481:Arkansas
477:Missouri
440:and the
387:commonly
335:Burbrink
239:Synonyms
170:Family:
154:Squamata
144:Reptilia
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
1885:1081826
1846:2455676
1781:Q998324
1732:at the
1705:James E
1652:3727973
1605:1467037
1330:Bent AC
966:". The
859:Taggart
731:mallard
719:rabbits
703:lizards
665:Feeding
647:mimicry
514:Habitat
413:in the
407:species
389:as the
356:Taggart
352:Collins
309:Barbour
232:, 1823)
180:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
63: (
61:Secure
1950:530777
1937:101976
1650:
1642:
1603:
1564:
1523:
1442:Elaphe
1245:
1085:
1020:
899:albino
883:Lawson
877:, and
842:, now
832:, now
822:, now
808:Elaphe
780:Elaphe
772:Elaphe
756:cloaca
695:snakes
689:, and
591:, and
553:Canada
497:Kansas
415:family
358:, 2008
354:&
341:, 2007
339:Lawson
337:&
322:Utiger
311:, 1917
307:&
294:, 1883
292:Garman
281:, 1860
268:, 1854
266:Bibron
264:&
1924:39099
1898:63864
1867:IRMNG
1859:73888
1833:4CGYF
1820:58574
1696:Say T
1648:S2CID
1601:JSTOR
1447:(PDF)
1432:Ruf M
1286:(PDF)
806:from
774:, as
707:moles
699:frogs
687:voles
672:is a
520:genus
489:Texas
411:snake
369:Pyron
230:James
1919:NCBI
1893:IUCN
1880:ITIS
1841:GBIF
1673:)".
1640:PMID
1562:PMID
1521:PMID
1297:2024
1243:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1054:2006
1018:ISBN
968:IUCN
947:2010
867:i.e.
850:and
760:eggs
691:rats
683:mice
678:prey
657:and
535:and
479:and
473:Iowa
1828:CoL
1805:ADW
1701:In:
1632:doi
1593:doi
1583:".
1554:doi
1513:doi
1479:at
1089:. (
1024:. (
746:In
409:of
224:Say
1982::
1960::
1958:RD
1947::
1934::
1921::
1908::
1895::
1882::
1869::
1856::
1843::
1830::
1807::
1792::
1777::
1710:I.
1679:26
1677:.
1646:.
1638:.
1628:15
1626:.
1599:.
1589:15
1587:.
1560:.
1550:52
1548:.
1533:^
1519:.
1509:43
1507:.
1499:,
1488:^
1453:.
1449:.
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1258:^
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1117:^
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1008:,
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979:^
933:.
929:.
897:,
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367:—
350:—
333:—
320:—
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290:—
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227:in
1654:.
1634::
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1515::
1455:9
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927:"
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818:(
444:(
436:(
222:(
89:)
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
