345:
202:
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Gerdil, Mattei, and
Valenti were failures. During the conversation Cardinal Dugnani appeared and suggested that Chiaramonti might be considered; numbers of supporters of Mattei were willing to go over to him. On 12 March the Spanish agent, Cardinal Francisco Lorenzana, received news from Madrid that he had permission to formally exclude Cardinal Mattei. It was unnecessary to do so, of course, since Bellisomi's supporters had already given him the virtual veto. On 14 March, with the support of the active and influential Conclave secretary Consalvi, Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected.
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535:, who was also the imperial plenipotentiary of Francis II. He bore the Imperial commands, the first of which was to get Cardinal Alessandro Mattei elected Pope. Strangely, by 28 December 1799 Cardinal Herzan had not yet presented his credentials as Imperial plenipotentiary to the College of Cardinals, and thus had no special status.
271:
Pius VI's reign had been marked by tension between his authority and that of the
European monarchs and other institutions, both secular and ecclesiastical. This was largely due to his moderate liberal and reforming pretences. At the beginning of his pontificate he promised to continue the work of his
568:
In the middle of
February, both Herzan and Maury independently calculated that Chiaramonti had about twelve supporters. On 11 March a frank, private conversation took place between Cardinal Antonelli and Cardinal Herzan, in which each frankly admitted that the candidacies of Calcagni, Bellisomi,
656:, and the Church was granted a measure of freedom with a Gallician constitution of the clergy. The Concordat further recognised the Papal States and that which it had confiscated and sold during the occupation of the area. In 1803 the reinstatement of the Papal States was made official by the
564:
but
Austria had rejected him from before the beginning of the Conclave as too old—he was eighty-two. As the conclave was in the third month Cardinal Maury, who supported neither Bellisomi nor Mattei, suggested Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti, OSB Cassin., the Bishop of Imola.
481:
With the loss of the
Vatican and the pope's other temporal power, the cardinals were left in a remarkable position. All had been expelled from the city of Rome by the French occupying authorities. They were forced to hold the conclave in
622:
on 14 June 1800 the French regained
Northern Italy from the forces of Austria. Following this promotion, Bonaparte decided to recognise the new pope and restored the Papal States to those borders set out at Tolentino.
469:, where he died six weeks later, on 29 August 1799. Napoleon was not directly involved. He was in the Near East, and did not return to France until November 1799, when he conducted the coup-d'état of 9 November (
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832:
512:, agreed to defray the costs of the conclave. Since the Secretary of the College of Cardinals was unable to leave Rome to attend, the cardinals elected, in an almost unanimous vote, Msgr.
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404:) in a hope that the French would not further pursue the Papal lands. Several reforms were made in the French-controlled regions, where much property of the Church was confiscated.
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957:
588:" by Bonaparte himself. Though he could not save ecclesiastical reform and confiscation under the new rule, he did prevent the church being dissolved, unlike that in France.
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504:
in Venice was chosen as the location for the conclave, and the voting would be held in its night chapel. The city, along with other northern
Italian lands, was held by the
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940:
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648:, the secretary of the conclave, was created a cardinal on 11 August and became the secretary of state of His Holiness. On 15 July France officially re-recognised
903:
707:. The changes angered the pope, and following his refusal to accept them, Napoleon, in February 1808, demanded he subsidise France's military conflict with the
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between
Bellisomi and Mattei until March 1800. Thirty-four Cardinals were present at the start, with the late appearance in conclave on 10 December of Cardinal
1371:
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554:, subjected Bellisomi to the "virtual veto", since the Mattei faction had sufficient numbers to deny Bellisomi a canonically required two-thirds vote.
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issued by Pius VI in 1798, which established that when a conclave could not be held in Rome it would be held in the city with the greatest number of
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by
Bonaparte's army in 1797 and famously made a speech in which he stated that good Christians could make good democrats, a speech described as "
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1863:
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599:. It was adorned with their own jewels. Chiaramonti was declared Pope Pius VII and crowned on 21 March at the monastery church of S. Giorgio.
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550:), with some eighteen committed votes. His unpopularity among the Austrian faction, however, who preferred Cardinal Alessandro Mattei, the
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ordered, being aware that this would not win favour among the French and
Italian populations. Pius sued for peace, which was granted at
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suppressed, the pontifical and ecclesiastical possessions in France confiscated, and an effigy of himself burnt by the populace at the
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626:
The new pope headed for Rome, which he entered to the pleasure of the population on 3 July. Fearing further invasion he decreed the
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was announced. Pro-Jesuit powers remained in support of Pius, thinking him secretly more inclined to the Society than Clement. The
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723:. Finally in 1809, on 17 May, the Papal states were formally annexed to the First French Empire and Pius VII was taken to the
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Napoleon pursued secularisation of smaller, independent lands and, through diplomatic pressure, the dissolution of the
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in the streets of Rome (January 1793) gave new ground of offence; the papal court was charged with complicity by the
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Un peu plus de lumière sur le Conclave de Venise et sur les commencements du Pontificat de Pie VII. 1799-1800
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Un peu plus de lumiere sur le Conclave de Venise et sur les commencements du Pontificat de Pie VII. 1799-1800
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and was the last to take place outside Rome. This period was marked by uncertainty for the papacy and the
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On 28 December 1797, in a riot created by some Italian and French revolutionists, the French general
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on 29 August 1799 lasted from 30 November 1799 to 14 March 1800 and led to the selection of Cardinal
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was hurried. Having no papal treasures on hand the noblewomen of the city manufactured the famous
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The conclave began on 30 November 1799 and the assembled cardinals could not overcome a
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as Secretary in his place. Consalvi would prove an influential figure in the election.
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711:. The pope again refused, leading to further confiscations of territory such as
425:. His actions were at the direction of the French Government, at that time the
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1308:
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429:. Pius refused and was taken prisoner. On 20 February he was escorted from the
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marched to Rome, entered it unopposed on 13 February 1798, and, proclaiming a
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Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits du Cardinal Maury (1792-1817)
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of the French embassy was killed and a new pretext furnished for invasion.
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1340:(ed. J. Crétineau-Joly) seconde édition (Paris: Plon 1866), 217–288.
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should remain neutral between Napoleonic Italy in the north and the
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1177:
Correspondence diplomatique et mémoires inédits du Cardinal Maury
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led to Pius' removal, though by this time deathly ill, by way of
401:
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De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
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restarted his expansionist policies and assumed control over
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The conclave considered a third possible candidate, Cardinal
458:
450:
434:
2441:
580:. He had stayed in place after the assumption of his
1021:
Christoph Anton von Migazzi von Waal und Sonnenthurn
445:. The French declaration of war against Grand Duke
1329:Memorie politiche sui conclavi da Pio VII a Pio IX
1305:Ricordi e documenti sul Conclave di Venezia (1800)
634:in the south. At the time the latter was ruled by
1386:
671:declined following the pope's refusal to divorce
667:(1806). The relations between the Church and the
2641:
1295:El Cardinel Lorenzana en el conclave de Venezia
421:, demanded of the pope the renunciation of his
368:. He did not continue and conquer Rome, as the
1372:
523:San Giorgio, Venice: location of the conclave
388:(founded in December 1796 out of a merger of
652:as its majority (not state) religion in the
572:Chiaramonti was, at the time, the bishop of
1257:"Conclaves of the 19th Century (1799-1878)"
709:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
591:Due to its temporary siting in Venice, the
1379:
1365:
312:Pius was compelled to see the independent
1276:"Papal State and Papacy, 1799–1809"
1226:Documents concerning the Election of 1800
1179:I (Lille, 1891), 227-228. Charles Duerm,
360:, defeated the papal troops and occupied
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1158:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, p. 139
606:
518:
343:
158:Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traietto
43:This article includes a list of general
872:Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti
730:
339:
14:
2642:
1261:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1154:Walsh, Michael and Walsh, Michael J.,
1409:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
1360:
328:, and Pius threw in his lot with the
320:. The murder of the republican agent
261:
2494:
1014:
833:Carlo Giuseppe Filippo di Martiniana
242:Pius VII. This conclave was held in
29:
1057:Louis-René-Eduard de Rohan-Guéménée
305:, but were soon brought into line.
301:had shown independence at the 1786
254:and abduction of Pius VI under the
24:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2716:
1346:Charles Antoine Ricard (editor),
1122:Louis-Joseph de Laval-Montmorency
2680:18th-century elections in Europe
2622:
2605:
2588:
2571:
2554:
2537:
2520:
2503:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2425:
2424:
1045:Joannes-Henricus de Franckenberg
293:proved a threat when its ruler,
200:
110:30 November 1799 – 14 March 1800
34:
1190:
1115:patriarch of the Western Indies
1110:Antonio de Sentmenat y Castella
476:
266:
1169:
1147:
1134:
909:Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana
510:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
250:following the invasion of the
13:
1:
2665:1800 in the Holy Roman Empire
2660:1800 in the Habsburg monarchy
2655:1799 in the Holy Roman Empire
2650:1799 in the Habsburg monarchy
1388:Papal elections and conclaves
1338:Mémoires du Cardinal Consalvi
1321:(Louvain: Ch. Peeters 1896).
1127:
1033:Dominique de La Rochefoucauld
866:Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphili
602:
546:, seemed a viable candidate (
999:Ludovico Flangini Giovanelli
958:Giambattista Bussi de Pretis
849:Franziskus Herzan von Harras
781:Francesco Carafa di Trajetto
742:bishop of Ostia and Velletri
533:Franziskus Herzan von Harras
384:to Bonaparte's newly formed
7:
1400:Papal selection before 1059
1068:Giuseppe Maria Capece Zurlo
979:Giulio Maria della Somaglia
786:Francesco Saverio de Zelada
679:in 1805. The newly crowned
230:that followed the death of
10:
2721:
1280:History of the Papal State
1098:José Francisco de Mendonça
969:Francesco Maria Pignatelli
824:Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
559:Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
147:functions administered by
2419:
2378:Romano Pontifici eligendo
2324:
1417:
1394:
1350:(Lille 1891) I, 264–379.
1202:The Conclave of 1799-1800
984:Antonmaria Doria-Pamphili
796:bishop of Osimo e Cingoli
691:, installing his brother
376:on 19 February 1797. The
208:
199:
185:
180:
170:
166:Antonmaria Doria-Pamphilj
162:
154:
141:
131:
126:
109:
104:
94:
27:Election of Pope Pius VII
2690:18th-century Catholicism
2490:1799–1800 papal conclave
2388:Universi Dominici gregis
1228:, retrieved: 2017-12-31.
1198:"Sede Vacante 1799-1800"
1087:bishop of Ancona e Umana
1062:archbishop of Strasbourg
941:Ippolito Vincenti-Mareri
854:Giovanni Andrea Archetti
725:Château de Fontainebleau
687:, Naples (following the
597:papier-mâché papal tiara
447:Ferdinand III of Tuscany
415:Louis Alexandre Berthier
1317:Charles van Duerm, SJ,
1144:I, p. 286; Duerm, 61-62
989:Romualdo Braschi-Onesti
860:bishop of Ascoli Piceno
409:Mathurin-Léonard Duphot
308:At the outbreak of the
285:the dissolution of the
149:Romualdo Braschi-Onesti
64:more precise citations.
2368:Ingravescentem aetatem
1222:Sede Vacante 1799-1800
1050:archbishop of Mechelen
1004:Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo
615:
524:
349:
2705:Henry Benedict Stuart
2348:Aeterni Patris Filius
1957:October–December 1590
904:Carlo Livizzani Forni
818:archbishop of Bologna
770:Luigi Valenti-Gonzaga
748:Henry Benedict Stuart
737:Gian Francesco Albani
681:emperor of the French
610:
552:archbishop of Ferrara
522:
502:San Giorgio Monastery
347:
334:French First Republic
248:Roman Catholic Church
113:San Giorgio Monastery
2700:1799 in Christianity
2695:1800 in Christianity
1327:Eugenio Cipolletta,
1076:archbishop of Naples
1026:archbishop of Vienna
931:Giambattista Caprara
914:archbishop of Toledo
807:bishop of Senigallia
764:bishop of Palestrina
731:List of participants
689:Battle of Austerlitz
506:Archduchy of Austria
437:, and thence to the
340:The State of the See
291:Archduchy of Austria
282:Dominus ac Redemptor
136:Gianfrancesco Albani
121:Archduchy of Austria
18:Papal conclave, 1800
1208:on 21 February 2014
1183:(Louvain 1896), 84.
1103:patriarch of Lisbon
1038:archbishop of Rouen
951:Archbishop of Paris
802:Bernardino Honorati
677:Elizabeth Patterson
669:First French Empire
658:Treaty of Lunéville
486:. This followed an
378:Treaty of Tolentino
236:Barnaba Chiaramonti
188:Barnaba Chiaramonti
1303:Alberto Lumbroso,
1142:Memoires ... Maury
1009:Giovanni Rinuccini
946:Jean-Sifrein Maury
838:bishop of Vercelli
759:Leonardo Antonelli
753:bishop of Frascati
638:, a member of the
616:
578:Subalpine Republic
525:
465:to the citadel of
423:temporal authority
386:Cispadane Republic
354:Napoléon Bonaparte
350:
348:Napoleon Bonaparte
262:Historical context
105:Dates and location
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1015:List of absentees
994:Filippo Carandini
974:Aurelio Roverella
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844:Alessandro Mattei
840:
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813:Andrea Gioannetti
809:
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665:Holy Roman Empire
654:Concordat of 1801
632:Kingdom of Naples
620:Battle of Marengo
358:Italian Peninsula
326:French Convention
310:French Revolution
295:Emperor Joseph II
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1243:on 12 March 2005
1239:. Archived from
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1204:. Archived from
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898:bishop of Cesena
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791:Guido Calcagnini
775:bishop of Albano
773:
762:
751:
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693:Joseph Bonaparte
673:Jérôme Bonaparte
640:House of Bourbon
593:papal coronation
544:Bishop of Cesena
370:French Directory
287:Society of Jesus
276:, in whose 1773
256:French Directory
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99:
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60:this article by
51:inline citations
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2670:Papal conclaves
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2495:sister projects
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2015:
2008:
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1331:(Milano 1863).
1322:
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1246:
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1233:"Pope Pius VII"
1231:
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1082:Vicenzo Ranuzzi
1017:
936:Antonio Dugnani
893:Carlo Bellisomi
882:bishop of Imola
733:
646:Ercole Consalvi
605:
540:Carlo Bellisomi
514:Ercole Consalvi
479:
342:
330:First Coalition
322:Hugo Basseville
314:Gallican Church
303:Congress of Ems
269:
264:
220:
214:
191:
175:Ercole Consalvi
146:
111:
98:
96:
86:
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69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2718:
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2685:1800 elections
2682:
2677:
2675:1799 elections
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2637:
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2600:from Wikibooks
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1990:
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1950:September 1590
1946:
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1911:
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1841:September 1503
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1407:Papal conclave
1403:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1309:Fratelli Bocca
1301:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1237:The Popes Pius
1229:
1218:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1175:C. A. Ricard,
1168:
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963:bishop of Jesi
955:
943:
938:
933:
928:
926:Stefano Borgia
923:
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906:
901:
890:
885:(Elected Pope
868:
863:
851:
846:
841:
830:
821:
810:
799:
788:
783:
778:
767:
756:
745:
732:
729:
604:
601:
508:, whose ruler
478:
475:
419:Roman Republic
341:
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95:Papal conclave
88:
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42:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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2648:
2647:
2645:
2634:from Wikidata
2633:
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2616:
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1554:December 1187
1551:
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1432:
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1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:Elections and
1416:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
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1281:
1277:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:J. P. Adams,
1219:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:9781580511353
1162:
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1123:
1120:
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952:
947:
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934:
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929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Ignazio Busca
919:
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907:
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873:
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749:
746:
743:
739:, da Urbino,
738:
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690:
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272:predecessor,
259:
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245:
241:
240:took the name
237:
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134:
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127:Key officials
125:
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118:
114:
108:
103:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2016
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2629:
2612:
2595:
2578:
2561:
2544:
2532:from Commons
2527:
2510:
2489:
2482:Vatican City
2470:Christianity
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2336:
2274:October 1978
2128:
1857:October 1503
1631:January 1276
1547:October 1187
1347:
1337:
1333:(in Italian)
1328:
1318:
1313:(in Italian)
1304:
1299:(in Spanish)
1294:
1293:R. Obechea,
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1236:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1201:
1191:Bibliography
1180:
1176:
1171:
1156:The Conclave
1155:
1149:
1141:
1136:
886:
870:
662:
644:
636:Ferdinand IV
628:Papal States
625:
617:
611:Pius VII by
590:
571:
567:
556:
547:
537:
526:
496:
480:
477:The Conclave
413:
406:
380:transferred
356:invaded the
351:
332:against the
318:Palais Royal
307:
280:
270:
267:Pope Pius VI
252:Papal States
225:
193:
192:Name taken:
186:
181:Elected pope
76:
67:
48:
2512:Definitions
2458:Catholicism
2358:Cum proxime
2258:August 1978
1352:(in French)
1342:(in French)
1323:(in French)
1266:26 November
1093:Muzio Gallo
858:Archbishop-
695:as its new
650:Catholicism
499:Benedictine
471:18 Brumaire
299:archbishops
274:Clement XIV
163:Protodeacon
155:Protopriest
62:introducing
2644:Categories
2563:Quotations
2329:(selected)
1908:April 1555
1128:References
1105:, Portugal
701:Pontecorvo
603:A new pope
142:Camerlengo
45:references
2614:Resources
2597:Textbooks
2327:documents
2325:Governing
2150:1830–1831
2129:1799–1800
2122:1774–1775
2045:1669–1670
1929:1565–1566
1901:1549–1550
1880:1521–1522
1708:1314–1316
1701:1304–1305
1680:1292–1294
1673:1287–1288
1659:1280–1281
1638:July 1276
1624:1268–1271
1617:1264–1265
1420:conclaves
1052:, Belgium
1028:, Austria
705:Benevento
538:Cardinal
529:stalemate
492:cardinals
488:ordinance
427:Directory
374:Tolentino
171:Secretary
97:1799–1800
2430:Category
2313:electors
2297:electors
2281:electors
2265:electors
2249:electors
2233:electors
2217:electors
2201:electors
2185:electors
2001:electors
1994:May 1605
1985:electors
1915:May 1555
1864:electors
1848:electors
1297:(1975).
1140:Ricard,
1040:, France
953:, France
887:Pius VII
721:Macerata
548:papabile
463:Grenoble
455:Piacenza
443:Florence
352:In 1796
194:Pius VII
2444:Portals
1311:1903).
1307:(Roma:
1285:9 April
1247:8 April
1117:, Spain
916:, Spain
618:By the
586:Jacobin
582:diocese
576:in the
467:Valence
439:Certosa
431:Vatican
402:Ferrara
398:Bologna
382:Romagna
232:Pius VI
219: →
212:1774–75
210:←
58:improve
2411:(2013)
2401:(2007)
2391:(1996)
2381:(1975)
2371:(1970)
2361:(1922)
2351:(1621)
2341:(1274)
1212:20 May
1163:
1072:Theat.
717:Ancona
713:Urbino
685:Ancona
542:, the
484:Venice
394:Modena
390:Reggio
366:Loreto
362:Ancona
244:Venice
238:, who
145:Vacant
117:Venice
47:, but
2580:Texts
2529:Media
613:David
574:Imola
459:Turin
451:Parma
441:near
435:Siena
278:brief
2631:Data
2546:News
2306:2013
2290:2005
2242:1963
2226:1958
2210:1939
2194:1922
2178:1914
2171:1903
2164:1878
2157:1846
2143:1829
2136:1823
2115:1769
2108:1758
2101:1740
2094:1730
2087:1724
2080:1721
2073:1700
2066:1691
2059:1689
2052:1676
2038:1667
2031:1655
2024:1644
2017:1623
2010:1621
1971:1592
1964:1591
1943:1585
1936:1572
1922:1559
1894:1534
1887:1523
1873:1513
1834:1492
1827:1484
1820:1471
1813:1464
1806:1458
1799:1455
1792:1447
1785:1431
1778:1417
1771:1406
1764:1404
1757:1389
1750:1378
1743:1370
1736:1362
1729:1352
1722:1342
1715:1334
1694:1303
1687:1294
1666:1285
1652:1277
1610:1261
1603:1254
1596:1243
1589:1241
1582:1227
1575:1216
1568:1198
1561:1191
1540:1185
1533:1181
1526:1159
1519:1154
1512:1153
1505:1145
1498:1144
1491:1143
1484:1130
1477:1124
1470:1119
1463:1118
1456:1099
1449:1088
1442:1086
1435:1073
1428:1061
1287:2005
1268:2014
1249:2005
1214:2014
1161:ISBN
828:CRSP
719:and
703:and
697:king
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