489:(a town near the North Cape) complained that king crabs' claws were ruining fishing nets and deep lines. Despite these concerns, the species is protected by diplomatic accords between Norway and Russia as part of a fisheries agreement between Norway and Russia about the Barents Sea, and a bilateral fishing commission decides how to manage the stocks and imposes fishing quotas. West of the North Cape on Norway's northern tip, Norway manages its crab population itself. As of May 2006, only 259 Norwegian fishermen were allowed to catch it east of the North Cape.
239:
721:
to match its output of blood with its input of blood. Because of the stretching between beats, the Frank-Starling mechanism allows the heart to then naturally contract more forcefully, allowing greater flow of blood, which results in the matched heart output to the increased blood received. The Frank-Starling mechanism is a little different in crustaceans, as it involves the cardiac ganglion as described previously. The stretching of the heart induces the ganglion to fire more regularly and powerfully.
53:
671:. The water is drawn in from behind the walking legs then expelled from the branchial chambers through the tubes called prebronchial apertures, which are located beside the mouth. To filter the water before entering the branchial chamber, crabs have branchiostegal hairs that can collect debris. Due to the environment to which it is exposed, the posterior gills of the crab can also be cleared of parasites and sediment by increasing the movement of its fifth set of primitive legs.
756:
1732:
599:
1718:
249:
40:
500:. The report (as at 24 May 2006) said that in Norwegian Sea, in the Barents Sea (east of the North Cape), catching red king crab is allowed with license only due to a fisheries agreement between Norway and Russia, but elsewhere in Norwegian seas, the catching of king crab is much freer, but nonetheless, if someone catches one, it is illegal to throw it back in the sea.
678:. The afferent channel transports blood from the gill axis into each filament through a fine afferent canal to the gill top. Blood returns by a minute efferent canal to the gill tip to the efferent channel and passes to the pericardial chamber, which contains the heart. Gases are exchanged in the numerous filaments, and oxygen absorption is especially facilitated by
409:
Red king crabs are experiencing a steady decline in numbers in their native far east coastal waters for unclear reasons, though several theories for the precipitous drop in the crab population have been proposed, including overfishing, warmer waters, and increased fish predation. Fishing controls set
720:
works within crustaceans. The Frank-Starling mechanism refers to the vitally important intrinsic control of the heart; mainly, the stretching of the cardiac muscle tends to increase the force of its contraction by an effect at the cellular level. This mechanism is important as it allows the organism
710:
that is responsible for initiating heartbeats. Heartbeats originate in nervous tissue; innervated muscle cells cause the heart to contract when stimulated by nerve impulses. The cardiac ganglion, which consists of nine neurons, attaches to the dorsal wall of the heart. The anterior neurons innervate
316:
larvae) stay in the shallower waters where food and protection are plentiful. Usually, after the age of two, the crabs move down to depths of 20–50 m (66–164 ft) and take part in what is known as podding; hundreds of crabs come together in tight, highly concentrated groups. Adult crabs are
311:
Red king crabs have been seen in water temperatures that range from −1.8 to 12.8 °C (28.8–55.0 °F), with typical being 3.2 to 5.5 °C (37.8–41.9 °F). Immatures prefer temperatures below 6 °C (43 °F). The depth at which it can live has much to do with what stage
263:
width up to 28 cm (11 in), a leg span of 1.8 m (5.9 ft), and a weight of 12.7 kg (28 lb). Males grow larger than females. Today, red king crabs infrequently surpass 17 cm (7 in) in carapace width and the average male landed in the Bering Sea weighs 2.9 kg
426:
and its population is increasing tremendously. This is causing great concern to local environmentalists and local fishermen, as the crab eats everything it comes across and is spreading very rapidly, eating most seabed life and "creating a desert". Since its introduction in the 1960s, it has spread
698:
with a dorsal, ostiate heart. An open circulatory system has circulating fluid that passes somewhat freely among the tissues before being collected and recirculated. The heart is in a pericardial chamber, and blood passes through this chamber into the lumen of the heart through two pairs of ostia.
682:. Red king crabs exhibit unidirectional ventilation. This can be described as the flow of water in a U-shaped course; water passes posteriorly from the incurrent opening, an opening in the carapace near the base of the chelipeds, dorsally over the gills, and anteriorly to exit beside the head.
532:
Mature female red king crabs must stay in warmer water (near 4 °C or 39 °F) to ensure the eggs will be ready for hatching, while the male red king crabs stay in relatively cold water (near 1.5 °C or 34.7 °F) to conserve energy. In spring (May), female red king crabs move to
560:
level because the crabs retain their vital functions and their feeding activities. A difference is seen, though, in the salinity tolerance between juvenile and adult red king crabs. Juveniles are slightly more tolerant to low salinity because their volume regulation is significantly better.
699:
Seven arteries conduct blood from the heart to various regions of the body. Each artery branches extensively, and smaller arteries ultimately end in the hemocoel. Venous blood drains into the sternal sinus, where it is conveyed by channels to the gills for aeration and returned again to the
584:
level of the water (i.e. making the water more acidic) would have great effect on the red king crab. They grow slower in acidified water (pH 7.8 instead of 8.0) and eventually die after longer exposure times because of the imbalance of the organisms' acid-base equilibrium.
516:). In red king crab, the hepatopancreas makes up about 90% of the intestines of the carapace and 5–10% of the total weight of the animal. The hepatopancreas of the digestive system of commercial crabs is a valuable source of a complex of enzymes with various activities:
435:. The species keeps on advancing southwards along the coast of Norway and some scientists think they are advancing around 50 km (31 mi) a year. In Norway they are sometimes called "Stalin's crabs", since they were introduced by the Soviet Union.
548:
The red king crab has a wide range of tolerance to temperature, but it affects their growth. The organism's growth and molting is slow when outside temperature falls below 8 °C (46 °F); around 12 °C (54 °F), they molt rather quickly.
317:
found usually more than 200 metres (656 ft) down on the sand and muddy areas in the substrate. They migrate in the winter or early spring to shallower depths for mating, but most of their lives are spent in the deep waters where they feed.
418:
In the 1960s, the Soviet Union transported red king crabs from the North
Pacific Ocean to the Murmansk Fjord. They did not survive transport overland, so a batch was flown in, which survived, was released, and bred and spread in the wild.
711:
the heart, whereas the other posterior neurons make synaptic contact with those anterior neurons. The posterior neuron acts as the pacemaker but also functions as the cellular oscillator and the central pattern generator. This posterior
715:
produces a train of impulses, which excites the other posterior neurons. The heart contracts when the posterior neurons activate the five anterior neurons, which send impulses to the muscle cells. This is how the
511:
On average, crab processing waste can account for 69% of the catch mass. The mass fraction of carapace from these wastes is approximately 60%; the rest comprises the entrails (including the digestive organ, the
545:. When the thermocline breaks down, the red king crabs migrate back to intermediate depths, where they stay until the female red king crabs release the eggs fertilized in the previous spawning.
541:, and males join the females in the shallow water before molting. In the summer (mid-June through mid-November), these crabs spend their time in fairly deep water, below the established summer
910:
659:
vertically to fit over the base of the thoracic legs. The carapace encloses two branchial chambers that enclose the gills. The gill surfaces are covered in chitinous cuticle, which is
1316:
Loher, Timothy; Hill, P. Scott; Harrington, Gretchen; Cassano, Edward (1998). "Management of
Bristol Bay Red King Crab: A Critical Intersections Approach to Fisheries Management".
402:
The red king crab is the most coveted of the commercially sold king crab species, and it is the most expensive per unit weight. It is most commonly caught in the Bering Sea and
740:
molecule. Because it is a large protein molecule, it is found in the blood plasma, but not in body tissues or muscles. Hemocyanins are named appropriately because when
1353:
Stoner, Allan W.; Ottmar, Michele L.; Copeman, Louise A. (2010). "Temperature effects on the molting, growth, and lipid composition of newly-settled red king crab".
667:
energy to pull water over the respiratory surface. To induce a current into the branchial chamber the crab uses back and forth movements of an appendage called the
970:
2840:
799:
668:
2613:
955:
Falk-Petersen, Jannike; Renaud, Paul; Anisimova, Natalia (2011-01-12). "Establishment and ecosystem effects of the alien invasive red king crab (
917:
573:
in high salinity and becomes hyposmotic in lower salinity. The hyperosmoticity is due to the higher sodium and potassium concentrations in the
2678:
1255:
1766:
1722:
1014:
264:(6.4 lb). It was named after the color it turns when it is cooked rather than the color of a living animal, which tends to be more
941:
17:
524:, lipase, nuclease, etc. The complex of proteolytic enzymes of the red king crab hepatopancreas is of interest in various industries.
2850:
1235:
2797:
2587:
2639:
690:
Due to their respiratory system's limited ability to deliver by diffusion, respiratory gases must be transported around the body.
2860:
443:
2845:
2717:
1618:
1567:
1535:
868:
843:
184:
2644:
2542:
1736:
717:
1446:
Dupont, Sam; Long, William
Christopher; Swiney, Katherine M.; Harris, Caitlin; Page, Heather N.; Foy, Robert J. (2013).
1380:
Ilyushchenko, A. M.; Zenzerov, V. S. (2012). "New data on the tolerance of
Barents Sea red king crabs to low salinity".
1064:
406:, Alaska, and is particularly difficult to catch, but is nonetheless one of the most preferred crabs for consumption.
2691:
638:
2756:
1759:
2835:
2683:
961:
620:
616:
1207:
2665:
774:
651:
The red king crab has five sets of gills used for respiration, which are in the bronchial chamber within the
888:
561:
Juveniles are consistently hyposmotic to the seawater because they have lower sodium concentration in their
276:
The red king crab is native to cold waters in the North
Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas, ranging from the
2830:
2626:
2574:
2489:
2383:
1752:
810:
52:
2579:
1275:
Ponomareva, Tatyana; Timchenko, Maria; Filippov, Michael; Lapaev, Sergey; Sogorin, Evgeny (March 2021).
2448:
2761:
1833:
769:
397:
227:
983:
2855:
2556:
2278:
1973:
1927:
1415:
Thomas, Robert E; Rice, Stanley D (1992). "Salinity tolerance of adult and juvenile red king crabs
2657:
1060:
1045:
2748:
2429:
1125:
974:
736:
that uses copper atoms that are bound to its structure. Two copper atoms are needed to bind one O
695:
609:
492:
In the
Norwegian Sea, some evidence indicates that the red king crabs eat the egg masses of the
2618:
2504:
2259:
2085:
2057:
1946:
1809:
1276:
978:
660:
2441:
1826:
1022:
474:
350:
167:
2735:
1584:
1277:"Prospects of Red King Crab Hepatopancreas Processing: Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry"
2551:
2471:
2226:
2112:
2071:
2064:
2050:
1885:
1651:
1467:
8:
2825:
2353:
2292:
2214:
2186:
2180:
2138:
2131:
2015:
1987:
1921:
439:
355:
285:
1655:
1471:
1155:
1129:
2696:
2360:
2271:
2208:
2198:
2036:
2022:
1854:
1524:
1490:
1447:
1397:
1211:
761:
219:
47:
1676:
2730:
2395:
2106:
2092:
2043:
2029:
1994:
1847:
1840:
1699:
1678:
1614:
1563:
1531:
1495:
1432:
1298:
1240:
996:
935:
864:
839:
700:
1401:
663:
to gases, allowing gas exchange. Internal gills, like other specialized gills, need
2788:
2166:
2152:
2145:
2099:
2008:
1933:
1915:
1694:
1659:
1634:
Dvoretsky, Alexander G.; Dvoretsky, Vladimir G. (2009). "Distribution of amphipods
1485:
1475:
1428:
1389:
1362:
1333:
1325:
1288:
1085:
988:
423:
371:
313:
265:
451:
259:
The red king crab is the largest species of king crab. Red king crabs can reach a
2704:
2366:
2329:
2305:
2252:
2173:
2001:
1959:
1901:
1879:
1868:
1861:
1802:
1480:
1260:
538:
379:
333:
226:. It grows to a leg span of 1.8 m (5.9 ft), and is heavily targeted by
2670:
1366:
1100:
238:
2465:
2408:
2402:
2299:
2265:
2220:
2203:
2159:
1966:
1940:
1663:
733:
732:. Arthropod hemocyanin is a distinct variation specific to arthropods and is a
707:
513:
384:
375:
301:
289:
281:
1393:
1329:
486:
2819:
2527:
2459:
2435:
2285:
2245:
2238:
1906:
1302:
1293:
1000:
992:
521:
503:
In
January 2022 fishermen in the United Kingdom started catching King crabs.
470:
410:
by the United States in the 1980s and 2000s have failed to stem the decline.
341:
218:
native to cold waters in the North
Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas, but also
1677:
Britayey, T. A.; Rzhaysky, A. V.; Pavlova, L. V.; Dyoretskij, A. G. (2010).
2631:
2389:
2346:
2192:
1874:
1820:
1815:
1499:
675:
674:
Each gill has a main axis with many lateral filaments or lamellae that are
570:
403:
359:
297:
293:
144:
94:
2709:
1177:
2743:
2652:
2600:
2566:
2536:
2078:
566:
542:
517:
473:
in south Norway. An important natural predator of the red king crab, the
454:. There is fear of the result if they reach the cod breeding grounds off
447:
329:
305:
223:
114:
655:. The carapace is a covering of sheets of exoskeleton that overhang the
462:
2802:
2592:
2477:
2423:
2232:
729:
679:
623: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
553:
277:
2605:
859:
Jensen, Gregory (2004). "Order:Decapoda". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
461:
A report on 8 June 2009 said that a red king crab had been caught off
2413:
1744:
1338:
755:
725:
664:
574:
562:
337:
215:
134:
84:
64:
2498:
598:
308:, during the 1960s to provide a new, and valuable, catch in Europe.
2782:
2521:
2315:
1731:
1133:
1104:
652:
557:
432:
422:
It was first found in Norway in 1977. In the
Barents Sea, it is an
345:
260:
104:
1896:
1274:
493:
455:
367:
363:
211:
124:
2722:
2340:
2335:
2323:
1980:
1795:
1781:
1717:
741:
712:
656:
450:
and are breeding there. A few have been caught as far south as
428:
74:
248:
39:
2418:
1952:
1786:
466:
954:
2122:
1642:: Possible interactions with the host in the Barents Sea".
1448:"Effects of ocean acidification on juvenile red king crab (
534:
1683:) on shallow water benthic communities of the Barents Sea"
1315:
836:
King Crabs of the World: Biology and Fisheries Management
497:
1256:"King crabs invade UK waters threatening native species"
581:
1530:. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
1445:
728:
and the second-most common respiratory pigment called
1562:. USA: The Benjamin/Comings Publishing. p. 489.
1037:
485:), does not occur in European waters. A fisherman in
1379:
971:
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
751:
1352:
863:. Vol. 2. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. p. 208.
328:faces many predators in its native range including
1633:
1523:
1355:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
948:
1456:) growth, condition, calcification, and survival"
706:They have a neurogenic heart, which has rhythmic
255:can reach a leg span of 1.8 m (5.9 ft).
2817:
1230:
1228:
577:compared to the surrounding water they live in.
1679:"Studies on impact of the alien red king crab (
1043:
793:
791:
789:
312:of its lifecycle it is in; newly hatched crab (
833:
744:, their color changes from colorless to blue.
1760:
1225:
1086:"King Crab Invasion | Scuba Diving Blog"
1046:"Alaska King Crabs: Wildlife Notebook Series"
829:
827:
825:
823:
786:
569:is more rigid. The adult red king crabs are
1201:
1199:
1197:
1767:
1753:
1414:
1178:"Stalin's crabs march into foreign waters"
820:
446:found in 2010–2013 that they have reached
38:
1698:
1489:
1479:
1421:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
1337:
1292:
1208:"Barents Sea teems with 'Stalin's crabs'"
1118:
1092:
1007:
982:
852:
639:Learn how and when to remove this message
438:By the mid 1990s, the king crabs reached
2841:Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean
1205:
1194:
1098:
296:. It was introduced artificially by the
247:
237:
1611:Locomotion and Energetics in Arthropods
1608:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1052:
14:
2818:
1774:
1613:. New York: Springer US. p. 278.
1236:"Stalin's crabs the new gourmet treat"
1206:Deshayes, Pierre-Henry (24 May 2006).
940:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
858:
565:. As the juveniles are smaller, their
444:Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
2503:
2502:
1748:
1153:
1124:
1048:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
882:
880:
800:"Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet –
797:
496:, which is an important prey for the
1644:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
1582:
1557:
1544:
1521:
1506:
1058:
621:adding citations to reliable sources
592:
552:Overall, red king crabs have a high
1585:"Learn About Crabs & Relatives"
1156:"King crabs march towards the Pole"
1130:"King crabs march towards the Pole"
24:
1101:"Norway fears giant crab invasion"
1065:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1059:Blau, S. Forrest (November 1997).
877:
861:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
506:
25:
2872:
1710:
1154:Kirby, Alex (29 September 2003).
1021:. 6 February 2006. Archived from
886:
2851:Crustaceans of the United States
1730:
1716:
1700:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01494.x
1526:Animal Physiology, Third Edition
1099:Bevanger, Lars (9 August 2006).
959:) in the Barents Sea–a review".
754:
597:
51:
1670:
1627:
1602:
1576:
1439:
1408:
1373:
1346:
1309:
1268:
1248:
1170:
1147:
1078:
1015:"A meal to get your claws into"
608:needs additional citations for
271:
1687:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
962:ICES Journal of Marine Science
903:
685:
588:
233:
13:
1:
2861:Crustaceans described in 1815
809:. NOBANIS.org. Archived from
780:
775:Crab duplex-specific nuclease
724:Red king crab blood contains
527:
2846:Crustaceans of North America
1481:10.1371/journal.pone.0060959
1433:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90268-U
1318:Reviews in Fisheries Science
889:"Paralithodes camtschaticus"
834:Stevens, B. G., ed. (2014).
580:A slight fluctuation on the
413:
391:
7:
2384:Austromegabalanus psittacus
1367:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.011
838:. CRC Press. pp. 3–7.
747:
431:coast and also has reached
10:
2877:
2557:Paralithodes_camtschaticus
2543:Paralithodes camtschaticus
2513:Paralithodes camtschaticus
2449:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1738:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1724:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1681:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1664:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.01.025
1640:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1450:Paralithodes camtschaticus
1382:Russian Journal of Ecology
957:Paralithodes camtschaticus
802:Paralithodes camtschaticus
692:Paralithodes camtschaticus
395:
320:
243:Paralithodes camtschaticus
200:Paralithodes camtschaticus
177:Paralithodes camtschaticus
18:Paralithodes camtschaticus
2772:
2511:
2487:
2375:
2314:
2121:
1895:
1834:Macrobrachium rosenbergii
1780:
1417:Paralithodes camtschatica
1394:10.1134/S1067413612020075
1330:10.1080/10641269891314285
770:Alaskan king crab fishing
533:shallow coastal areas to
398:Alaskan king crab fishing
173:
166:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
32:
2279:Portunus trituberculatus
1974:Metanephrops challengeri
1928:California spiny lobster
1609:Wilkins, Jerrel (1981).
1294:10.3390/recycling6010003
1044:S. Forrest Blau (1997).
718:Frank–Starling mechanism
2430:Lysiosquillina maculata
798:Jørgensen, Lis Lindal.
696:open circulatory system
556:capacity in changes of
2836:Commercial crustaceans
2260:Ovalipes australiensis
2086:Scyllarides herklotsii
2058:Panulirus penicillatus
1947:Japanese spiny lobster
1810:Cryphiops caementarius
1638:on the red king crab,
1522:Hill, Richard (2012).
993:10.1093/icesjms/fsq192
891:. Animal Diversity Web
256:
245:
2442:Oratosquilla oratoria
1827:Litopenaeus setiferus
1128:(29 September 2003).
1019:SeafoodfromNorway.com
479:Enteroctopus dofleini
475:giant Pacific octopus
351:Microstomus pacificus
251:
241:
159:P. camtschaticus
27:Species of crustacean
2472:Tasmanian giant crab
2227:Hypothalassia acerba
2113:Tristan rock lobster
2072:Parribacus japonicus
2065:Panulirus versicolor
2051:Panulirus pascuensis
1886:Xiphopenaeus kroyeri
1727:at Wikimedia Commons
1560:Invertebrate Zoology
617:improve this article
2354:Procambarus clarkii
2293:Scylla paramamosain
2215:Gecarcinus ruricola
2187:Chinese mitten crab
2181:Chaceon quinquedens
2139:Callinectes similis
2132:Callinectes sapidus
2016:Panulirus echinatus
1988:Nephrops norvegicus
1922:Arctides guineensis
1656:2009ECSS...82..390D
1558:Lutz, Paul (1985).
1472:2013PLoSO...860959L
1454:Chionoecetes bairdi
1452:) and tanner crab (
1212:Mail & Guardian
1061:"Alaska King Crabs"
816:on 23 October 2013.
356:arrowtooth flounder
286:Kamchatka Peninsula
2831:Edible crustaceans
2361:Orconectes virilis
2272:Portunus pelagicus
2209:Florida stone crab
2199:Declawing of crabs
2037:Panulirus longipes
2023:Panulirus guttatus
1855:Penaeus esculentus
1775:Edible crustaceans
1264:. 28 January 2022.
1025:on 8 February 2012
762:Crustaceans portal
481:, formerly called
257:
246:
2813:
2812:
2774:Maja camtschatica
2731:Open Tree of Life
2505:Taxon identifiers
2496:
2495:
2396:Galathea strigosa
2107:Thymops birsteini
2093:Scyllarides latus
2044:Panulirus ornatus
2030:Panulirus homarus
1995:Palinurus elephas
1981:Thenus orientalis
1848:Pandalus borealis
1841:Palaemon serratus
1721:Media related to
1620:978-1-4684-4066-9
1589:A Snail's Odyssey
1569:978-0-201-16830-3
1537:978-0-87893-559-8
1241:Independent.co.uk
870:978-0-7876-5362-0
845:978-1-4398-5542-3
701:pericardial sinus
649:
648:
641:
208:Alaskan king crab
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
2868:
2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2765:
2764:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2671:NHMSYS0020955194
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2500:
2499:
2167:Cancer productus
2153:Cancer bellianus
2146:Cancer irroratus
2100:Scyllarus arctus
2009:Panulirus cygnus
1934:Homarus gammarus
1916:American lobster
1769:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1735:Data related to
1734:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1361:(1–2): 138–147.
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1011:
1005:
1004:
986:
952:
946:
945:
939:
931:
929:
928:
922:
916:. Archived from
915:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
887:Kluce, Michael.
884:
875:
874:
856:
850:
849:
831:
818:
817:
815:
808:
795:
764:
759:
758:
644:
637:
633:
630:
624:
601:
593:
483:Octopus apollyon
424:invasive species
372:Greenland turbot
326:P. camtschaticus
253:P. camtschaticus
179:
56:
55:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2856:Fauna of Alaska
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2705:Observation.org
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2483:
2371:
2367:Signal crayfish
2330:Astacus astacus
2310:
2306:Soft-shell crab
2253:Orithyia sinica
2174:Chaceon fenneri
2117:
2002:Panulirus argus
1960:Jasus edwardsii
1904:
1899:
1891:
1880:Whiteleg shrimp
1869:Processa edulis
1862:Penaeus monodon
1803:Crangon crangon
1785:
1776:
1773:
1713:
1708:
1675:
1671:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1583:Carefoot, Tom.
1581:
1577:
1570:
1556:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1507:
1444:
1440:
1413:
1409:
1378:
1374:
1351:
1347:
1314:
1310:
1273:
1269:
1261:TheGuardian.com
1254:
1253:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1158:. BBC News. BBC
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
984:10.1.1.841.7823
953:
949:
933:
932:
926:
924:
920:
913:
911:"Archived copy"
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
885:
878:
871:
857:
853:
846:
832:
821:
813:
806:
796:
787:
783:
760:
753:
750:
739:
688:
645:
634:
628:
625:
614:
602:
591:
530:
509:
507:Waste recycling
427:west along the
416:
400:
394:
380:Pacific herring
334:walleye pollock
323:
274:
236:
202:), also called
188:
181:
175:
162:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2794:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2584:
2571:
2561:
2548:
2533:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2466:Squilla mantis
2462:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:Goose barnacle
2406:
2403:Glyptolithodes
2399:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2300:Scylla serrata
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2266:Pie crust crab
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2221:Horsehair crab
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:Dungeness crab
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2160:Cancer pagurus
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1967:Jasus lalandii
1963:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1941:Ibacus peronii
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1741:at Wikispecies
1728:
1712:
1711:External links
1709:
1707:
1706:
1669:
1650:(3): 390–396.
1626:
1619:
1601:
1575:
1568:
1543:
1536:
1505:
1438:
1427:(3): 433–437.
1407:
1388:(2): 177–178.
1372:
1345:
1324:(3): 169–251.
1308:
1267:
1247:
1244:. 8 July 2006.
1224:
1193:
1169:
1146:
1117:
1091:
1077:
1051:
1036:
1006:
947:
902:
876:
869:
851:
844:
819:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
772:
766:
765:
749:
746:
737:
734:metalloprotein
708:depolarization
687:
684:
669:scaphognathite
647:
646:
605:
603:
596:
590:
587:
529:
526:
514:hepatopancreas
508:
505:
415:
412:
396:Main article:
393:
390:
385:Enhydra lutris
376:Pacific salmon
348:, Dover sole (
322:
319:
302:Murmansk Fjord
290:Sea of Okhotsk
282:Gulf of Alaska
273:
270:
235:
232:
204:Kamchatka crab
190:
189:
182:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:Red king crab
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:red-king-crab
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:Squat lobster
2458:
2456:
2455:Red king crab
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:Mantis shrimp
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:Ranina ranina
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:Menippe adina
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:Maja squinado
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:(4): e60959.
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1157:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
958:
951:
943:
937:
923:on 2016-08-10
919:
912:
906:
890:
883:
881:
872:
866:
862:
855:
847:
841:
837:
830:
828:
826:
824:
812:
805:
803:
794:
792:
790:
785:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
757:
752:
745:
743:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
714:
709:
704:
702:
697:
693:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
643:
640:
632:
629:November 2023
622:
618:
612:
611:
606:This section
604:
600:
595:
594:
586:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
525:
523:
522:hyaluronidase
519:
515:
504:
501:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
425:
420:
411:
407:
405:
399:
389:
388:) and seals.
387:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Elasmobranchs
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:flathead sole
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:, and in the
287:
283:
280:south to the
279:
269:
267:
262:
254:
250:
244:
240:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:red king crab
186:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2773:
2512:
2476:
2464:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2428:
2401:
2394:
2390:Coconut crab
2382:
2359:
2352:
2347:Paranephrops
2345:
2328:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2193:Chionoecetes
2191:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1939:
1932:
1920:
1884:
1875:Shrimp paste
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1821:Indian prawn
1816:Dried shrimp
1808:
1801:
1794:
1737:
1723:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:Ischyrocerus
1635:
1629:
1610:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1578:
1559:
1525:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1259:
1250:
1239:
1215:. Retrieved
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1094:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1054:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1018:
1009:
977:): 479–488.
966:
960:
956:
950:
925:. Retrieved
918:the original
905:
893:. Retrieved
860:
854:
835:
811:the original
801:
723:
705:
691:
689:
676:vascularized
673:
650:
635:
626:
615:Please help
610:verification
607:
579:
571:hyperosmotic
551:
547:
531:
520:, protease,
510:
502:
491:
482:
478:
460:
437:
421:
417:
408:
404:Norton Sound
401:
383:
349:
325:
324:
310:
298:Soviet Union
294:Sea of Japan
275:
272:Distribution
258:
252:
242:
207:
203:
199:
195:
193:
176:
174:
158:
157:
146:Paralithodes
145:
121:Infraorder:
95:Malacostraca
2744:SeaLifeBase
2653:NatureServe
2601:iNaturalist
2537:Wikispecies
2079:Sagmariasus
1594:October 14,
1217:20 February
1139:20 February
1126:Kirby, Alex
1110:20 February
1070:20 February
1029:20 February
895:October 16,
686:Circulation
589:Respiration
567:exoskeleton
543:thermocline
518:collagenase
487:Honningsvåg
330:Pacific cod
306:Barents Sea
234:Description
224:Barents Sea
115:Pleocyemata
2826:King crabs
2820:Categories
2789:Q109655297
2478:Thalassina
2424:Langostino
2233:Jonah crab
1187:2022-10-15
1162:20 October
927:2016-06-16
781:References
742:oxygenated
730:hemocyanin
726:leukocytes
680:hemocyanin
554:adaptation
528:Physiology
440:North Cape
382:, otters (
284:, off the
278:Bering Sea
220:introduced
135:Lithodidae
111:Suborder:
85:Arthropoda
2414:King crab
1693:: 66–73.
1339:1773/4220
1303:2313-4321
1281:Recycling
1001:1095-9289
979:CiteSeerX
665:metabolic
661:permeable
575:hemolymph
563:hemolymph
469:south of
429:Norwegian
414:In Europe
392:Fisheries
338:rock sole
300:into the
228:fisheries
216:king crab
153:Species:
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
2783:Wikidata
2658:2.835445
2619:10239875
2564:BioLib:
2522:Wikidata
2490:Category
2316:Crayfish
1897:Lobsters
1500:23593357
1460:PLOS ONE
1402:42370491
1287:(1): 3.
1182:NBC News
1134:BBC News
1105:BBC News
936:cite web
748:See also
653:carapace
558:salinity
463:Skogsvåg
433:Svalbard
346:rex sole
266:burgundy
261:carapace
185:Tilesius
131:Family:
105:Decapoda
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
2803:6457724
2593:2224359
2528:Q721171
1902:slipper
1900:(incl.
1652:Bibcode
1491:3617201
1468:Bibcode
694:has an
494:capelin
456:Lofoten
368:sculpin
364:halibut
321:Ecology
222:to the
212:species
210:, is a
187:, 1815)
141:Genus:
125:Anomura
101:Order:
91:Class:
2762:233889
2736:131917
2723:233889
2710:595784
2606:123807
2376:Others
2341:Cherax
2336:Marron
2324:Acocil
1905:&
1796:Acetes
1787:prawns
1782:Shrimp
1617:
1566:
1534:
1498:
1488:
1400:
1301:
999:
981:
867:
842:
713:neuron
657:thorax
471:Bergen
452:Tromsø
448:Sørøya
442:. The
2757:WoRMS
2749:26511
2645:97935
2632:71549
2614:IRMNG
2580:25186
2567:32976
2419:Krill
2123:Crabs
1953:Jasus
1907:spiny
1398:S2CID
969:(3).
921:(PDF)
914:(PDF)
814:(PDF)
807:(PDF)
539:spawn
467:Sotra
2798:GBIF
2718:OBIS
2692:NOAA
2684:6741
2679:NCBI
2640:ITIS
2588:GBIF
2575:BOLD
1615:ISBN
1596:2013
1564:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1496:PMID
1299:ISSN
1219:2010
1164:2020
1141:2010
1112:2010
1072:2010
1031:2010
997:ISSN
942:link
897:2013
865:ISBN
840:ISBN
537:and
535:molt
314:zoea
292:and
194:The
2666:NBN
2627:ISC
2552:ADW
1695:doi
1660:doi
1486:PMC
1476:doi
1429:doi
1425:103
1419:".
1390:doi
1363:doi
1359:393
1334:hdl
1326:doi
1289:doi
989:doi
975:OUP
619:by
498:cod
465:at
354:),
214:of
206:or
2822::
2800::
2785::
2759::
2746::
2733::
2720::
2707::
2694::
2681::
2668::
2655::
2642::
2629::
2616::
2603::
2590::
2577::
2554::
2539::
2524::
1784:/
1691:26
1689:.
1685:.
1658:.
1648:82
1646:.
1587:.
1546:^
1508:^
1494:.
1484:.
1474:.
1462:.
1458:.
1423:.
1396:.
1386:43
1384:.
1357:.
1332:.
1320:.
1297:.
1283:.
1279:.
1258:.
1238:.
1227:^
1210:.
1196:^
1180:.
1132:.
1103:.
1063:.
1017:.
995:.
987:.
967:68
965:.
938:}}
934:{{
879:^
822:^
788:^
703:.
582:pH
458:.
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
304:,
268:.
230:.
1909:)
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1703:.
1697::
1666:.
1662::
1654::
1623:.
1598:.
1572:.
1540:.
1502:.
1478::
1470::
1464:8
1435:.
1431::
1404:.
1392::
1369:.
1365::
1342:.
1336::
1328::
1322:6
1305:.
1291::
1285:6
1221:.
1190:.
1166:.
1143:.
1114:.
1088:.
1074:.
1033:.
1003:.
991::
973:(
944:)
930:.
899:.
873:.
848:.
804:"
738:2
642:)
636:(
631:)
627:(
613:.
477:(
198:(
183:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
