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or the
British Red Cross. In most places, the maximum training an attendant would have was a first aid certificate. In 1966, the Ministry of Health produced "A Report by the Working Party on Ambulance Training and Equipment", better known as 'The Millar Report'. Part 1 established the 'Ambulance Services Proficiency Certificate', which included training in first aid, anatomy and physiology, basic oxygen administration and suction of airways, resuscitation, splinting and handling, and operational matters. Also offered was the 'Ambulance Services Advanced Proficiency Certificate', which led the attendant to become an 'extended-care attendant' or 'Millar-Trained'. It included training on conditions of breathing and circulation, artificial airways, ventilators, control of circulation and blood pressure, surgical emergencies, and nervous system conditions. The attendant then had to complete a minimum of 20 hours practical experience in a hospital. Completion was signified by a badge worn on the sleeve of the attendant's clothing.
345:
as a qualification lacks clarity across the ambulance sector. Although the scope of practice partially meets FPHC Skills
Descriptor F the qualification itself maps more fully to ECA than AAP. SJA believe that it exceeds the grade of ECA, but falls short of L4DAAP in terms of Total Qualification Time (TQT), learning outcomes, depth of training and placement hours. As is not directly comparable to either qualification and in the absence of an externally recognised certification, NHS trusts and other organisations have taken their own view on where the qualification sits, for example the HPAC align EAC to the Emergency Care Assistant role, as do some NHS Ambulance Trusts. In contrast, some NHS Ambulance Trusts will dispatch EACs to more categories of 999 call. The CQC found that deployment of EACs in either of these settings was both safe and effective and rated SJA's ambulance services as 'Good' across the board.
832:
312:(EMTs), form a large proportion of the workforce in emergency medical care, although the title lacks formal definition or protection. However, moves within the private sector is being made to start regulating and adding accountability to non-registered Healthcare Professionals in the Pre-Hospital Arena. Due to the lack of regulation and standardisation of the Technician Scope some private companies use First Aiders as Technicians which has given private companies a bad name which is potentially unwarranted. Generally, Ambulance Technicians can either work autonomously, making their own clinical decisions within their training and remit, or as assistants to a paramedic.
527:
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the
Ambulance Aid qualification. This qualified the person as a trainee technician, and after a period (usually around a year) on the road, a plenary examination is taken to complete the training and become a qualified ambulance technician (QAT). Whilst now deprecated by the NHS services, the qualification is still available as a BTEC level 4, and can be trained by the ambulance services or a number of private training providers up until Pearson stopped running the courses in 2016. The IHCD emergency driving programme was certificated as a 'stand-alone' qualification.
161:
qualification was substantially smaller cutting out a lot of anatomy and physiology as well as pharmacology and obstetrics. In
November 1986, the examinations took place with the first certificates issued alphabetically. The candidate with highest score received certificate 177 and was the only paramedic at Huntingdon. Training was introduced the following year but due to costs the time was kept to a minimum. The AEMT folded in the 1990s as the training offered was no longer recognised by the ambulance services. Equipment owned by the branches was given to hospitals.
362:
completed the IHCD Ambulance Aid qualification to be called an
Emergency Medical Technician. The title of the role being an Associate Practitioner brings the naming of Ambulance Roles inline with the NHS Career Framework and helps to identify responsibilities amongst the mass of titles across the health services. AAPs are trained to a minimum of FPHC PHEM Grade F like the IHCD Technicians, many NHS Ambulance Trusts train their AAPs with some more advanced skills such as advanced ECG recognition and wound closure on top of the national standard.
220:
largely deprecated, although is still recognised by the HCPC, and anyone successfully completing the BTEC Level 4 qualification is entitled to register as a paramedic. This leaves the university route as the primary pathway for new paramedics, with a number of universities offering qualifications which can lead to registration, both as full-time courses for new students (although they must also be accepted for the practical element of the training by an ambulance service) and part-time courses for existing ambulance staff.
152:
attending off-duty and at their own expense. Trainees followed a wide academic curriculum which led to a written exam and if successful, they became
Associates and entered the clinical phase of training. They then attended hospitals to receive their practical skills training. The final examination was designed to put as much pressure on the candidate as possible. The hospital consultant would sign to say that he was happy for a passing candidate to treat their family.
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practice difference has caused issue, especially when time critical patients are being transported by NHS resources from an event site. This has led some companies and charities to call those with the Level 4 Diploma for
Associate Ambulance Practitioners by their qualification as opposed to a job title like Ambulance Technician.
336:(SJA) have written and currently deliver their own internal qualifications for ambulance clinicians and choose not to utilise industry standard qualifications; their current ambulance qualification is named 'Emergency Ambulance Crew' (EAC) and takes around six weeks in the classroom full-time, in addition to around 60
135:
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The training standards were written with the NHS National
Education Network for Ambulance Services (NENAS), which included consultation with the Association of Ambulance Chief Executives and the College of Paramedics. The idea of having the NENAS involved in the creation of the scope and abilities of
340:
hours of on-road 'third crew' shifts, followed by a 12-month 'Newly
Qualified EAC' (NQEAC) period. The EAC role has evolved to meet the specification for a national ambulance auxiliary for NHS England, which required both clinicians and ambulance vehicles capable of deploying to all categories of 999
250:
Professor
Malcolm Woollard was a leading voice for the paramedic profession and the first UK paramedic holding a professorial role. His focus was development of the profession. He was described as "a ground-breaker for the paramedic profession." Woolard died in 2018, but has a legacy of research that
151:
Those hoping to achieve Millar-Trained status joined the Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. This was an organisation run by members to promote and train Paramedics. The AEMT was supported by BASICS and large numbers of hospital doctors. Training took place at various locations with members
147:
Prior to 1966, the training provided to ambulance attendants was variable. Each county ran their service differently; where some had dedicated ambulance services, some were under the aegis of the fire, police, or transport departments, and some were contracted out to parties such as St John Ambulance
344:
Although the qualification does not align directly with any NHS ambulance service grade, its scope of practice is closely aligned to that of an EMT/AAP according to St John's clinical governance documentation and EACs are equipped and deployed by the charity as clinicians rather than assistants. EAC
315:
Technicians within the ambulance services have historically completed the Institute of Healthcare Development (IHCD) ambulance aid award (awarded by Edexcel, part of Pearson) which was a course lasting around six weeks in the classroom A three-week emergency driving programme was available alongside
319:
Alternative qualifications exist, especially in the private sector, although there is no set standard between qualifications. Other qualifications include the QualSafe Level 5 First Response Emergency and Urgent Care and the FutureQuals Level 4 Diploma for Associate Ambulance Practitioners (L4AAP).
219:
There has been expansion of allied health professions who are regulated, leading to the regulatory body being re-established as the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). In 2010, the IHCD route (which by now was jointly badged with BTEC) which as a route to becoming a registered paramedic was
202:
Eventually the IHCD began to accredit a few non-NHS training establishments, allowing them to teach their curriculum. In the mid-1990s, some universities started to offer para-medicine diplomas and degrees, in association with local Ambulance Trusts. By necessity these included all of the practical
160:
In the early to mid 1980s, some ambulance service training departments started offering advanced skill training. In 1986, the NHS Training Authority introduced the certificate in Extended Ambulance Aid. Existing AEMT Paramedics were forced to sit a conversion examination. The curriculum for the new
460:
Paramedics in the UK are involved in academic research and education. There are now a number of paramedics in post as professors, associate professors and senior lecturers across the United Kingdom. There is also a monthly peer-reviewed UK paramedic journal in the form of the Journal of Paramedic
361:
The role is commonly known within NHS Trusts and beyond as Emergency Medical Technicians, Ambulance Technicians, Technicians, or Associate Ambulance Practitioners (AAP). The range of titles come from when the IHCD copyrighted the title Emergency Medical Technician which only allowed those who had
299:
To reduce costs, many ambulance organisations have tried to reduce the number of ambulance technicians, increasing the number of emergency care support worker or emergency care assistants. Some U.K. ambulances services have taken this one step further by hiring "emergency drivers" with no medical
268:
Other clinics grades such as emergency medical technicians, emergency care support workers and emergency care assistants are not registered professions nor is their job title or role protected or dictated by any national body. Therefore, their skill sets and permitted clinical interventions are
353:
Associate ambulance practitioners work as non-registered healthcare professionals, similar in scope of practice to the now discontinued IHCD technician qualification. The role was established in 2015, after a nationally recognised standard was agreed between the national ambulance trusts and is
323:
The term EMT has gained some tension between NHS Trusts and some Private Providers as some of them use lower clinical grades which do not meet the FPHC PHEM Grade F standard as EMTs. The term Emergency Medical Technician is not a protected title they are allowed to do this however the scope of
260:
The specific skills performed by each group of emergency medical personnel is dictated by a combination of education, associated legal frameworks and the policies of their employer. The most homogeneous group are the Paramedics, as the framework of practice is largely guided by their status as
179:
The IHCD Ambulance Aid Award (Technician) was established as an evolution of the Millar training. It included a course of 6 weeks training in various areas, covering a variety of medical and trauma based emergencies, including respiratory and circulatory conditions, cardiac monitoring, oxygen,
839:
There is currently no legal requirement for emergency response drivers to undergo any additional training to claim exemptions such as use of blue lights, exceeding the speed limit, or passing through red traffic lights. However vehicles must be insured to take blue light exemptions, with most
295:
or emergency care support workers are trained to a basic level of ambulance practice. As a result, they typically work as assistants to a paramedic, technician or AAP. Their role varies widely between services and as such, their clinical knowledge is typically from that of first aid up to the
827:
The majority of NHS, private, and voluntary providers, who undertake emergency response, provide training in the form of FutureQuals Level 3 Certificate in Emergency Response Ambulance Driving. This replaced the IHCD D1 (Non emergency driving), IHCD D2 (Emergency driving) and BTEC Level 3 in
514:
Across the country the scope of practice of each advanced paramedic varies, however many can be found offering unscheduled care in situations where the patient does not need to travel to hospital, when the practitioner decides care can be provided without needing to see a
239:
was one of the world's leading figures in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and pre-hospital medical care. In the early 1970s, alongside Professor Douglas Chamberlain, Baskett developed advanced training for the ambulance personnel who then became the first paramedics in
840:
insurance vendors requiring some certification of training. A proposed change to Section 19 of The Road Safety Act 2006 will require a person to have completed a training course in the driving of vehicles at high speed in order to exceed speed limits.
365:
Some companies and charities call those who hold the Level 4 Diploma for Associate Ambulance Practitioners by their qualification as opposed to a job title like ambulance technician to make it clearer they hold the portable Level 4 Diploma.
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Amongst the professionals regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council, paramedicine was the only one not to have an extant professional body, until the British Paramedic Association was formed in 2001. This later became the
1772:
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defined by the FutureQuals Level 4 Diploma for Associate Ambulance Practitioners. Generally, AAPs can either work autonomously, making their own clinical decisions within their training and remit, or as assistants to a paramedic.
183:
Also offered was the IHCD Paramedic Practice Award. This 'in-house' paramedic training was a modular programme, usually between ten and 12 weeks, followed by time spent in a hospital emergency department, coronary care centre and
84:
alongside another member of staff. Typically, an ambulance will be crewed by either a paramedic with another crew member (technician or emergency care assistant), two technicians or a technician with an emergency support worker.
247:, together with Baskett, pioneered the first recognisable paramedic training programme in the UK, up until this point, only basic ambulance training had been in place nationally, having been rolled out only four years earlier.
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Some paramedics undertake further training or higher educational programs in order to work as advanced practitioners. These may be known as community paramedics, advanced clinical practitioners, paramedic practitioners,
447:
Although the College of Paramedics stipulates a doctorate degree being required in its career framework to be considered a consultant paramedic, the college accepts consultant paramedics onto their register with only a
192:. Completion of the course allowed the paramedic to register with the Council for Professions Supplementary to Medicine (CPSM), which was superseded by the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC), a regulatory body.
701:
Other drugs are given by paramedics with advanced training, either by utilising a patient group direction (PGD) or simply because they are classified as over the counter (OTC) medicines which are available to anyone.
2332:
269:
governed primarily by their employer within the scope of relevant legislation. This has led to significant differences in training and skill sets between staff of these grades with different employers.
2073:
169:
The NHS Training Authority became the NHS Training Directorate and then the NHS Training Division, which in turn became the Institute of Health and Care Development. The institute was acquired by the
2382:
437:
is clear that a doctorate is required to work at consultant paramedic grade, there are many paramedics employed with this job title who do not hold, and are not working towards, a doctorate degree.
1991:
276:(JRCALC). This body is made up of representatives from a number of medical, nursing, allied health professional and ambulance organisations. JRCALC publishes guidance based on the principles of
912:
211:
and now acts as a representative organisation for the paramedic profession. Unlike some other professions, membership of the college is not mandatory in order to be a registered paramedic.
296:
FutureQuals Level 3 Diploma in Ambulance Emergency and Urgent Care Support or, in the private sector, Qualsafe FREUC4 or the St John Ambulance Emergency Ambulance Crew qualification.
1131:
792:
in Paramedic Science or Advanced Practice, many are non-medical prescribers and can deliver care in a pre-hospital environment that has traditionally only been performed by doctors.
2645:
226:
Standards of proficiency which every paramedic must meet in order to become registered were first issued in 2003, with the most recent revision issued by HCPC in September 2014.
440:
Some UK ambulance services are open that they may employ consultant paramedics without the necessity for them to hold a doctorate. When directly questioned about this issue,
89:
195:
Prior to regulation and closure of the title, the term "paramedic" was used by a variety of people with varying levels of ability. Paramedics could apply to register via a
768:
is used to determine a patient's suitability to be transported directly to a specialist unit. On admission to the specialist hospital the patient should rapidly receive a
464:
The College of Paramedics has delineated a post-graduate career pathway for paramedics in academia and education, although this varies by institution and is only a guide.
2497:
2047:
3214:
1156:
523:. Some roles like advanced practitioner courses and the emergency care practitioner courses are offered to both professions as interchangeable skills are present.
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2119:
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2155:
1191:'Peter Baskett - 40 years as a resuscitation leader and mentor' Nolan J, Chamberlain D, Soar J, Parr M and Zorab J (2008) Resuscitation 77, 279 - 282 <
1998:
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In some parts of the country, paramedics and EMTs are able to bypass accident and emergency departments for specialist units for patients having a
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31:
17:
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Many paramedics choose to progress their career by qualifying to further levels, such as by undertaking additional diplomas or higher degrees.
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The drugs administered by technicians or AAPs are given under provision of The Human Medicines Regulations 2012, and under direction of the
2743:
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2364:
2318:
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115:) role from the services and replacing it with the emergency care support worker or emergency care assistant roles (Band 3 on the
3134:
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1350:
831:
108:, who provide services such as event medical cover or support to some NHS ambulance services in times of need or under contract.
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Practice, which publishes primary research and other articles of interest to UK paramedics and prehospital care clinicians.
3119:
3109:
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3079:
3054:
3044:
870:
2450:
1747:"Number of Consultant Paramedics within NWAS - a Freedom of Information request to North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust"
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Emergency medical personnel (green uniforms) and Ambulance care assistants (Blue uniforms) help to load a patient into an
3124:
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By 2016, the Ambulance Aid Award and Paramedic Practice Award had both been deprecated, and Pearson ran no more courses.
111:
Many NHS trusts are in the process of phasing out the ambulance technician / emergency medical technician (Band 5 on the
74:
1046:"Educating the ambulance technician, paramedic, and clinical supervisor: using factor analysis to inform the curriculum"
138:
A 'Millar-Trained' badge, worn by recipients of the Advanced Ambulance Proficiency Certificate of the 1966 Millar Report
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100:. Many are also employed by a growing number of private ambulance companies and voluntary aid societies such as the
3188:
97:
3193:
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1101:
284:, but compliance with JRCALC is based on the employing organisations and the judgement of individual clinicians.
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in 1998, and Edexcel was acquired by Pearson in 2004. Pearson continued to operate the IHCD 'brand' until 2016.
3039:
1192:
77:, although there is tendency for the public to use this term when referring to any member of ambulance staff.
2983:
1617:"The Register of Regulated Qualifications: FAQ Level 4 Diploma for Associate Ambulance Practitioners details"
1232:
2671:
Harbison J, Massey A, Barnett L, Hodge D, Ford GA (June 1999). "Rapid ambulance protocol for acute stroke".
2718:"Advanced Paramedic Practitioners - a Freedom of Information request to London Ambulance Service NHS Trust"
557:
441:
309:
66:
2717:
2541:"A survey into paramedic accuracy in identifying the correct anatomic locations for cardiac auscultation"
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skills found in the IHCD curriculum and allowed applicants to apply for registration with the HPC.
70:
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551:
526:
520:
519:. Some of these roles are very similar to those carried out by specialist nurses, thus, blurring
504:
277:
123:
93:
1592:"Ambulance Practitioner Qualification | Ambulance Technician | Emergency Medical Technician EMT"
122:
All ambulance services (in England), whether public, private or voluntary, are regulated by the
1848:
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1721:
961:
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Procedures carried out by paramedics include that of technicians/AAPs as well as potentially:
358:
an AAP and to create a qualification which is portable and accepted everywhere within the UK.
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8:
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QualSafe also run the Associate Ambulance Practitioners course covering the same topics.
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Paramedics or pre-hospital care providers in the UK may also use other titles such as:
449:
196:
105:
2874:
2684:
1899:
1132:"Withdrawal of the former IHCD Ambulance and Paramedic suite | Pearson qualifications"
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789:
642:
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185:
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116:
112:
101:
2700:
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1537:"HPAC Registered Grades | The Health Practice Associates Council (HPAC) | FPHC PHEM"
2680:
2627:
2583:
2552:
2509:
2272:
1214:
1073:
1057:
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The drugs paramedics are allowed to administer are regulated in UK law and include
2786:
2556:
2015:
444:
admitted that out of their 8 consultant paramedics only 1 had a doctorate degree.
2822:
2804:
2513:
865:
849:
395:
education which details the attainable clinical grades of UK paramedics as below
188:, assisting the anaesthetist and performing airway management techniques such as
2587:
1972:
2768:
2572:"A qualitative exploration of current paramedic cardiac auscultation practices"
2457:
1275:
638:
623:
272:
National clinical standards exist for all ambulance clinicians, written by the
47:
2968:
2411:
2237:
3208:
2646:"Prehospital capnography or capnometry: are we going in the right direction?"
1206:
1069:
765:
568:
281:
236:
43:
1798:"Professor Julia Williams - Research Database - University of Hertfordshire"
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1007:
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2217:
1193:
https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300-9572(08)00448-6/abstract
1087:
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Medicines typically carried and administered by technicians/AAPs include:
751:
379:
1950:
739:
Autonomous recognition of life extinct (death) in specific circumstances
288:
Emergency care assistants (ECA) or emergency care support workers (ECSW)
2222:. Ian Peate, Suzanne Evans, Lisa Clegg. Chichester, West Sussex. 2022.
1311:
1045:
1005:
813:
622:
Some services (such as St John Ambulance) also allow administration of
490:
483:
476:
469:
189:
134:
119:), and most services are no longer training staff at technician level.
1218:
661:
interpretation (with the ability to admit directly to a hospital with
3159:
780:
421:
392:
81:
62:
2610:"BBC NEWS - UK - England - Essex - Heart attack shock for young mum"
1849:"LibGuides: Guide to the Literature of Paramedic Practice: Journals"
2101:
1900:"LibGuides: Paramedic Science: Journals, articles & databases"
1416:"Emergency Driver - Bank : Various locations within Scotland"
1325:
1233:"From Paramedic to Professor | Media centre | Teesside University"
1109:
2744:"FAQ Level 3 Certificate in Emergency Response Ambulance Driving"
1536:
769:
530:
SORT Paramedic with military colleague during a training exercise
170:
1365:"Level 3 Diploma in Ambulance Emergency and Urgent Care Support"
1024:"First Person on Scene and Ambulance Suite Guidance for Centres"
88:
The majority of emergency medical personnel are employed by the
3005:
1463:
1461:
761:
675:
73:. 'Paramedic' is a protected title, strictly regulated by the
3183:
3074:
2787:"BBC NEWS - UK - Scotland - Woman dies after ambulance crash"
27:
People engaged in the provision of emergency medical services
1691:
1689:
1687:
1458:
1006:
Great Britain. Ministry of Health; Millar, E. L. M. (1966).
2805:"BBC NEWS - UK - England - Ambulance crash baby 'critical'"
1440:
918:. South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from
795:
Procedures carried out by advanced paramedics can include:
630:
Procedures carried out by technicians or AAPs can include:
2670:
1642:"Ambulance Service Qualifications | Awarding Organisation"
1512:"St John Commissioned as the Nation's Ambulance Auxiliary"
613:
Over-the-counter medicines (eg. oral paracetamol, aspirin)
569:
Ambulance technicians or associate ambulance practitioners
348:
2769:"BBC NEWS - UK - Wales - Ambulance crashes on a 999 call"
1943:
1684:
1276:"Professor Malcolm Woollard died after morphine overdose"
698:
provide clinical guidelines on when they should be used.
2648:. Paramedicpractice.com. 4 November 2011. Archived from
681:
Ability to discharge patients to different care pathways
38:
341:
call, which SJA was formally commissioned for in 2022.
164:
585:(PO) medicines under schedule 19 of the regulation.
1314:. Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee.
1102:"Council for Professions Supplementary to Medicine"
428:
2498:"Prehospital cardiac auscultation: friend or foe?"
1207:"Ambulance Service 2030: the Future of Paramedics"
1009:Ambulance training and equipment. Part 1. Training
80:Emergency medical personnel most often work in an
1874:"Journal of Paramedic Practice's page on Publons"
155:
55:Emergency medical personnel in the United Kingdom
3215:Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
3206:
696:Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee
668:Abdominal palpation, auscultation and percussion
274:Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee
96:and respond to emergency calls generated by the
32:Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
2156:"Ambulance HART - Hazardous Area Response Team"
2120:"Ambulance HART - Hazardous Area Response Team"
2102:"Ambulance HART - Hazardous Area Response Team"
1929:NHS England | Workforce, training and education
1441:"The Health Practice Associates Council (HPAC)"
374:
784:Air ambulance staffed with advanced paramedics
50:. Air ambulance staff are in red flight suits.
2991:
2267:
2265:
1391:"How to get ahead in … the paramedic service"
971:
420:Consultant paramedic / Director / Professor (
261:healthcare professionals registered with the
126:, who dictate the expected standard of care.
2050:. Closeprotectionworld.co.uk. Archived from
1992:"The Critical Care Paramedic Programme 2006"
648:Chest palpation, auscultation and percussion
2219:Fundamentals of pharmacology for paramedics
2998:
2984:
2563:
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756:Cranial nerve and neurological examination
674:Non-pharmacological analgesic strategies (
214:
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142:
830:
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468:Research paramedic / Practice educator (
455:
378:
303:
255:
133:
37:
1157:"Standards of proficiency - Paramedics"
349:Associate Ambulance Practitioners (AAP)
180:airways, resuscitation, and maternity.
57:are people engaged in the provision of
14:
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2192:"The Human Medicines Regulations 2012"
1388:
1204:
1043:
891:"About registration: Protected titles"
860:British Association for Immediate Care
775:
229:
2979:
2923:"Health and Care Professions Council"
2712:
2710:
1925:"What is advanced clinical practice?"
1586:
1584:
1582:
1106:Health & Care Professions Council
893:. Health and Care Professions Council
788:Advanced paramedics typically hold a
1039:
1037:
871:Air ambulances in the United Kingdom
563:
165:Institute for Healthcare Development
2901:"Road Safety Act 2006 - Section 19"
2875:"Ambulance crashes during 999 call"
2823:"Ambulance crash victim identified"
1973:"What does a 'super-paramedic' do?"
1846:
1726:NWAS - North West Ambulance Service
1389:Andalo, Debbie (20 February 2013).
1164:Health and Care Professions Council
772:of their head, to guide treatment.
671:Catastrophic haemorrhage management
592:Adrenaline 1:1000 (for anaphylaxis)
575:JRCALC Clinical Practice Guidelines
75:Health and Care Professions Council
24:
2707:
1989:
1897:
1815:
1579:
1166:. 1 September 2014. Archived from
1012:. University of Southampton. HMSO.
962:"Careers in the ambulance service"
937:"Job Guide - Ambulance Technician"
663:percutaneous coronary intervention
659:ST-Elevation Myocardial infarction
25:
3226:
2849:"Cyclist in ambulance crash dies"
2628:"Paramedics' heart drug go-ahead"
1353:. NHS Careers. 24 September 2014.
1034:
993:"Pay for ambulance service staff"
810:Fracture/dislocation manipulation
1326:"JRCALC Q&A's - aace.org.uk"
822:
429:Consultant paramedic controversy
327:
18:Paramedics in the United Kingdom
2939:"Ambulance Service Association"
2893:
2867:
2841:
2815:
2797:
2779:
2761:
2736:
2664:
2638:
2620:
2602:
2443:
2397:
2371:
2325:
2279:
2209:
2184:
2148:
2112:
2094:
2066:
2048:"HEMS Paramedic certifications"
2040:
2026:
2008:
1983:
1965:
1917:
1891:
1866:
1840:
1790:
1773:"Consultant Paramedic Register"
1765:
1739:
1714:
1659:
1634:
1609:
1554:
1529:
1504:
1487:
1433:
1408:
1382:
1357:
1343:
1318:
1304:
1286:
1268:
1250:
1225:
1198:
1185:
1149:
1124:
1094:
685:
651:Manual or mechanical suctioning
547:Advanced paramedic practitioner
1671:Careers in Learning Disability
1469:"Emergency medical technician"
1016:
999:
985:
954:
929:
905:
883:
391:has published a framework for
156:NHSTA 'Extended Ambulance Aid'
13:
1:
2685:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00966-6
2576:Journal of Paramedic Practice
2557:10.29045/14784726.2017.2.2.13
2502:Journal of Paramedic Practice
1667:"NHS Career Framework levels"
876:
654:Traction and pelvic splinting
482:Reader / Principal lecturer (
369:
310:emergency medical technicians
67:emergency medical technicians
2514:10.12968/jpar.2010.2.6.48798
1802:researchprofiles.herts.ac.uk
1258:"Professor Malcolm Woollard"
828:Emergency Response Driving.
558:Hazardous Area Response Team
509:emergency care practitioners
475:Research fellow / Lecturer (
375:Clinical grades of paramedic
199:scheme which ended in 2002.
7:
2588:10.12968/jpar.2018.10.9.387
1953:. Paramedicpractitioner.com
1697:"Post-Reg Career Framework"
843:
383:Scottish Student Paramedics
10:
3231:
3016:Emergency medical services
3007:Emergency medical services
2915:
1351:"Emergency Care Assistant"
1136:qualifications.pearson.com
1050:Emergency Medicine Journal
835:Ambulance response vehicle
804:Mechanical ventilator and
727:12 Lead ECG interpretation
657:12-lead ECG Placement and
308:Ambulance technicians, or
129:
59:emergency medical services
29:
3158:
3014:
2545:British Paramedic Journal
2074:"USAR Paramedic Training"
2020:paramedicpractitioner.com
1951:"Updating site July 2011"
1777:collegeofparamedics.co.uk
1701:collegeofparamedics.co.uk
1562:"Care Quality Commission"
1262:collegeofparamedics.co.uk
1044:Kilner, T. (1 May 2004).
635:Intermediate Life Support
293:Emergency care assistants
90:public ambulance services
71:emergency care assistants
2379:"Paramedics: Exemptions"
2273:"paramedic practitioner"
2216:"Chapter 8: Analgesia".
721:Needle cricothyroidotomy
581:(GSL), pharmacy (P) and
2965:"College of Paramedics"
2016:"Resus Guidelines 2010"
1904:libguides.swansea.ac.uk
1853:ambulance.libguides.com
1205:Newton, Andrew (2014).
1062:10.1136/emj.2003.009605
748:Autonomous thrombolysis
718:Endotracheal intubation
552:Urban Search and Rescue
541:Critical care paramedic
521:professional boundaries
278:evidence-based medicine
215:Deprecation of the IHCD
190:endotracheal intubation
124:Care Quality Commission
94:National Health Service
2381:. MHRA. Archived from
2196:www.legislation.gov.uk
1722:"Consultant paramedic"
1621:register.ofqual.gov.uk
1495:"IHCD course brochure"
1420:apply.jobs.scot.nhs.uk
979:"Ambulance technician"
836:
785:
724:Needle thoracocentesis
531:
498:Other paramedic grades
406:Specialist paramedic (
384:
332:Organisations such as
143:The 1966 Millar Report
139:
51:
2570:Mallinson, T (2018).
2539:Mallinson, T (2017).
2496:Mallinson, T (2010).
2254:) CS1 maint: others (
913:"Annual plan 2011-12"
834:
783:
715:Advanced life support
639:manual defibrillation
529:
456:Academic paramedicine
435:College of Paramedics
389:College of Paramedics
382:
304:Ambulance Technicians
256:Skill grades of staff
209:College of Paramedics
137:
41:
2163:ambulancehart.org.uk
2127:ambulancehart.org.uk
2106:ambulancehart.org.uk
2081:Fire Service College
1173:on 24 September 2015
967:. NHS Careers. 2014.
941:www.inputyouth.co.uk
818:Sedation/anaesthesia
790:Masters Level degree
450:Masters Level degree
413:Advanced paramedic (
2793:. 15 December 2008.
2385:on 18 February 2013
2172:on 3 September 2011
2136:on 3 September 2011
2034:"Connexions-direct"
1312:"JRCALC guidelines"
1112:on 17 November 2018
776:Advanced paramedics
643:supraglottic airway
610:Ipratropium bromide
245:Douglas Chamberlain
230:Notable Individuals
2905:legislation.gov.uk
2881:. 23 December 2009
2829:. 26 December 2009
2811:. 8 December 2008.
2463:on 2 February 2007
2417:on 18 October 2007
2054:on 12 October 2010
2004:on 7 October 2011.
1294:"Malcolm Woollard"
855:Highland PICT Team
837:
786:
709:Patient assessment
579:general sales list
532:
385:
140:
106:St. John Ambulance
52:
3202:
3201:
2971:on 26 April 2013.
2855:. 14 January 2010
2520:on 6 October 2011
2229:978-1-119-72428-5
1753:. 11 January 2019
1475:. 15 October 2018
1282:. 9 January 2019.
1219:10.18745/th.15437
583:prescription lnly
564:Scope of practice
556:HART paramedic -
550:USAR paramedic -
334:St John Ambulance
186:operating theatre
174:examination board
117:Agenda for Change
113:Agenda for Change
102:British Red Cross
16:(Redirected from
3222:
3009:around the world
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2967:. Archived from
2960:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2944:. Archived from
2943:
2934:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2616:. 3 August 2004.
2606:
2600:
2599:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2516:. Archived from
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2456:. Archived from
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2410:. Archived from
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2338:. Archived from
2337:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2292:. Archived from
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2241:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2165:. Archived from
2160:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2129:. Archived from
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2083:. Archived from
2078:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1997:. Archived from
1996:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1823:"Will Broughton"
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:researchgate.net
1290:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1211:uhra.herts.ac.uk
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:. Archived from
1098:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
997:
996:
989:
983:
982:
975:
969:
968:
966:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
933:
927:
926:
925:on 21 July 2011.
924:
917:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
887:
764:. Currently the
692:controlled drugs
339:
61:. This includes
21:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3154:
3010:
3004:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2775:. 2 April 2009.
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2652:on 4 March 2016
2644:
2643:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2568:
2564:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2451:"Archived copy"
2449:
2448:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:"Archived copy"
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2345:on 3 March 2010
2342:
2335:
2333:"Archived copy"
2331:
2330:
2326:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2299:on 3 March 2010
2296:
2289:
2287:"Archived copy"
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1979:. 30 June 2005.
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:. 12 March 2020
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1847:Holland, Matt.
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1827:www.bucks.ac.uk
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1541:www.hpac-uk.org
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1445:www.hpac-uk.org
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1264:. 19 July 2018.
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1042:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1004:
1000:
991:
990:
986:
977:
976:
972:
964:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
935:
934:
930:
922:
915:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
889:
888:
884:
879:
866:Cycle responder
850:BASICS Scotland
846:
825:
778:
688:
626:for pain relief
577:. They include
571:
566:
507:paramedics and
500:
458:
431:
377:
372:
351:
337:
330:
306:
290:
258:
232:
217:
167:
158:
145:
132:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:United Kingdom
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:United Kingdom
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2935:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2866:
2840:
2814:
2796:
2778:
2760:
2735:
2722:WhatDoTheyKnow
2706:
2679:(9168): 1935.
2663:
2637:
2634:. 6 July 2004.
2619:
2601:
2582:(9): 240–246.
2562:
2531:
2508:(6): 256–259.
2488:
2442:
2396:
2370:
2324:
2278:
2261:
2228:
2208:
2183:
2147:
2111:
2093:
2090:on 6 May 2009.
2065:
2039:
2025:
2007:
1990:Newton, Andy.
1982:
1964:
1942:
1916:
1898:Davies, Elen.
1890:
1865:
1839:
1814:
1789:
1764:
1751:WhatDoTheyKnow
1738:
1713:
1683:
1658:
1633:
1608:
1578:
1566:www.sja.org.uk
1553:
1528:
1516:www.sja.org.uk
1503:
1486:
1473:Health Careers
1457:
1432:
1407:
1381:
1356:
1342:
1317:
1303:
1285:
1267:
1249:
1237:www.tees.ac.uk
1224:
1197:
1184:
1148:
1123:
1093:
1056:(3): 379–385.
1033:
1015:
998:
995:. NHS Careers.
984:
981:. NHS Careers.
970:
953:
928:
904:
881:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
857:
852:
845:
842:
824:
821:
820:
819:
816:
811:
808:
802:
777:
774:
758:
757:
754:
749:
746:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
672:
669:
666:
655:
652:
649:
646:
628:
627:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:Hydrocortisone
599:
596:
593:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
554:
548:
545:
544:HEMS paramedic
542:
499:
496:
495:
494:
487:
480:
473:
457:
454:
430:
427:
426:
425:
418:
411:
404:
376:
373:
371:
368:
350:
347:
329:
326:
305:
302:
289:
286:
257:
254:
253:
252:
248:
241:
231:
228:
216:
213:
166:
163:
157:
154:
144:
141:
131:
128:
48:Dunoon Stadium
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3194:United States
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3150:United States
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2951:on 9 May 2006
2947:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2880:
2876:
2870:
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