Paris Commune - Knowledge

3651:, but were stopped, arrested and expelled from the city by national guardsmen who supported the Republic. On 22 March, when the news of the seizure of power by the Paris Commune reached Lyon, socialist and revolutionary members of the National Guard met and heard a speech by a representative of the Paris Commune. They marched to the city hall, occupied it, and established a Commune of fifteen members, of whom eleven were militant revolutionaries. They arrested the mayor and the prefect of the city, hoisted a red flag over the city hall, and declared support for the Paris Commune. A delegate from the Paris Commune, Charles Amouroux, spoke to an enthusiastic crowd of several thousand people in front of the city hall. However, the following day the national guardsmen from other neighborhoods gathered at the city hall, held a meeting, and put out their own bulletin, declaring that the takeover was a "regrettable misunderstanding," and declared their support for the government of the Republic. On 24 March, the four major newspapers of Lyon also repudiated the Commune. On 25 March, the last members of the Commune resigned and left the city hall peacefully. The Commune had lasted only two days. 2118:, began a systematic siege and a heavy bombardment of the fort that lasted three days and three nights. At the same time Cissey sent a message to Colonel Megy, with the permission of Marshal MacMahon, offering to spare the lives of the fort's defenders, and let them return to Paris with their belongings and weapons, if they surrendered the fort. Colonel Megy gave the order, and during the night of 29–30 April, most of the soldiers evacuated the fort and returned to Paris. But news of the evacuation reached the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Commune. Before General Cissey and the Versailles army could occupy the fort, the National Guard rushed reinforcements there and re-occupied all the positions. General Cluseret, commander of the National Guard, was dismissed and put in prison. General Cissey resumed the intense bombardment of the fort. The defenders resisted until the night of 7–8 May, when the remaining national guardsmen in the fort, unable to withstand further attacks, decided to withdraw. The new commander of the National Guard, 2861:. The official army report by General Félix Antoine Appert mentioned only Army casualties, which amounted, from April through May, to 877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing. The report assessed information on Communard casualties only as "very incomplete". The issue of casualties during the Bloody Week arose at a National Assembly hearing on 28 August 1871, when Marshal MacMahon testified. Deputy M. Vacherot told him, "A general has told me that the number killed in combat, on the barricades, or after the combat, was as many as 17,000 men." MacMahon responded, "I don't know what that estimate is based upon; it seems exaggerated to me. All I can say is that the insurgents lost a lot more people than we did." Vacherot continued, "Perhaps this number applies to all of the siege, and to the fighting at Forts d'Issy and Vanves." MacMahon replied, "the number is exaggerated." Vacherot persisted, "It was General Appert who gave me that information. Perhaps he meant both dead and wounded." MacMahon replied, "That's a different matter." 3661:, and demanded a plebiscite for the establishment of a Commune. Revolutionary members of the National Guard and a unit of regular army soldiers supporting the Republic were both outside the city. The prefect, an engineer named de L'Espée, was meeting with a delegation from the National Guard in his office when a shot was fired outside, killing a worker. The national guardsmen stormed the city hall, capturing the prefect. In the resulting chaos, more shots were fired and the prefect was killed. The National Guard members quickly established an executive committee, sent soldiers to occupy the railway station and telegraph office, and proclaimed a Commune, with elections to be held on 29 March. However, on the 26th, the more moderate republican members of the National Guard disassociated themselves from the Commune. An army unit entered the city on the morning of 28 March and went to the city hall. The few hundred revolutionary national guardsmen still at the city hall dispersed quietly, without any shots being fired. 1212:. An ardent republican and fierce disciplinarian, he had helped suppress the armed uprising of June 1848 against the Second Republic. Because of his republican beliefs, he had been arrested by Napoleon III and exiled, and had only returned to France after the downfall of the Empire. He was particularly hated by the national guardsmen of Montmartre and Belleville because of the severe discipline he imposed during the siege of Paris. Earlier that day, dressed in civilian clothes, he had been trying to find out what was going on, when he was recognized by a soldier and arrested, and brought to the building at rue des Rosiers. At about 5:30 on 18 March, the angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Doctor 3680:, to see what would happen. The revolutionary commission soon split into two factions, one in the city hall and the other in the prefecture, each claiming to be the legal government of the city. On 4 April, General Espivent, with six to seven thousand regular soldiers supported by sailors and National Guard units loyal to the Republic, entered Marseille, where the Commune was defended by about 2,000 national guardsmen. The regular army forces laid siege to the prefecture, defended by about 400 national guardsmen. The building was bombarded by artillery and then stormed by the soldiers and sailors. About 30 soldiers and 150 insurgents were killed. As in Paris, insurgents captured with weapons in hand were executed, and about 900 others were imprisoned. Gaston Cremieux was arrested, condemned to death in June 1871, and executed five months later. 164: 120: 4285: 3043:

Communards. At the beginning of April, he moved to Brussels to take care of the family of his son, who had just died. On 9 April, he wrote, "In short, this Commune is as idiotic as the National Assembly is ferocious. From both sides, folly." He wrote poems that criticized both the government and the Commune's policy of taking hostages for reprisals, and condemned the destruction of the Vendôme Column. On 25 May, during the Bloody Week, he wrote: "A monstrous act; they've set fire to Paris. They've been searching for firemen as far away as Brussels." But after the repression, he offered to give sanctuary to members of the Commune, which, he said, "was barely elected, and of which I never approved." He became the most vocal advocate of an amnesty for exiled Communards, finally granted in the 1880s.

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the Prussians. On the establishment of the Commune, she joined the National Guard. She offered to shoot Thiers, and suggested the destruction of Paris by way of vengeance for its surrender. In December 1871, she was brought before the 6th council of war and charged with offences including trying to overthrow the government, encouraging citizens to arm themselves, and herself using weapons and wearing a military uniform. Defiantly, she vowed to never renounce the Commune, and dared the judges to sentence her to death. According to court records, Michel told the court, "Since it seems that every heart that beats for freedom has no right to anything but a little slug of lead, I demand my share. If you let me live, I shall never cease to cry for vengeance." Michel was sentenced to

3322: 1143:, d'Aurelle de Paladines, and Vinoy, who argued that the move was premature, because the army had too few soldiers, was undisciplined and demoralized, and that many units had become politicized and were unreliable. Vinoy urged that they wait until Germany had released the French prisoners of war, and the army returned to full strength. Thiers insisted that the planned operation must go ahead as quickly as possible, to have the element of surprise. If the seizure of the cannon was not successful, the government would withdraw from the centre of Paris, build up its forces, and then attack with overwhelming force, as they had done during the uprising of June 1848. The Council accepted his decision, and Vinoy gave orders for the operation to begin the next day. 2925:. Du Camp had witnessed the last days of the Commune, went inside the Tuileries Palace shortly after the fires were put out, witnessed the executions of Communards by soldiers, and the bodies in the streets. He studied the question of the number of dead, and studied the records of the office of inspection of the Paris cemeteries, which was in charge of burying the dead. Based on their records, he reported that between 20 and 30 May, 5,339 Communard corpses had been taken from the streets or Paris morgue to the city cemeteries for burial. Between 24 May and 6 September, the office of inspection of cemeteries reported that an additional 1,328 corpses were exhumed from temporary graves at 48 sites, including 754 corpses inside the old quarries near 2544: 2287: 1249: 1367:. Other candidates who were elected, including about twenty moderate republicans and five radicals, refused to take their seats. In the end, the council had just 60 members. Nine of the winners were Blanquists (some of whom were also from the International); twenty-five, including Delescluze and Pyat, classified themselves as "Independent Revolutionaries"; about fifteen were from the International; the rest were from a variety of radical groups. One of the best-known candidates, Clemenceau, received only 752 votes. The professions represented in the council were 33 workers; five small businessmen; 19 clerks, accountants and other office staff; twelve journalists; and a selection of workers in the liberal arts. 20 members were 3063:] are still meeting and the summary executions continue, less numerous, it's true. The sound of firing squads, which one still hears in the mournful city, atrociously prolongs the nightmare ... Paris is sick of executions. It seems to Paris that they're shooting everyone. Paris is not complaining about the shooting of the members of the Commune, but of innocent people. It believes that, among the pile, there are innocent people, and that it's time that each execution is preceded by at least an attempt at a serious inquiry ... When the echoes of the last shots have ceased, it will take a great deal of gentleness to heal the million people suffering nightmares, those who have emerged, shivering from the fire and massacre." 2213: 2850: 2718: 2484: 2405:, the celebrated "Red Virgin of Montmartre", who had already participated in many battles outside the city. She was seized by regular soldiers and thrown into the trench in front of the barricade and left for dead. She escaped and soon afterwards surrendered to the army, to prevent the arrest of her mother. The battalions of the National Guard were no match for the army; by midday on the 23rd the regular soldiers were at the top of Montmartre, and the tricolor flag was raised over the Solferino tower. The soldiers captured 42 guardsmen and several women, took them to the same house on rue des Rosier where generals Clement-Thomas and Lecomte had been executed, and shot them. On the 2384: 3057:, reported on the fall of the Commune, and was one of the first reporters to enter the city during Bloody Week. On 25 May he reported: "Never in civilised times has such a terrible crime ravaged a great city... The men of the Hôtel de Ville could not be other than assassins and arsonists. They were beaten and fled like robbers from the regular army, and took vengeance upon the monuments and houses.... The fires of Paris have pushed over the limit the exasperation of the army. ...Those who burn and who massacre merit no other justice than the gunshot of a soldier." But on 1 June, when the fighting was over, his tone had changed, "The court martials [ 2800:, where they were held in extremely crowded and unsanitary conditions until they could be tried. More than half of the prisoners, 22,727, were released before trial for extenuating circumstances or on humanitarian grounds. Since Paris had been officially under a state of siege during the Commune, the prisoners were tried by military tribunals. Trials were held for 15,895 prisoners, of whom 13,500 were found guilty. Ninety-five were sentenced to death; 251 to forced labour; 1,169 to deportation, usually to New Caledonia; 3,147 to simple deportation; 1,257 to solitary confinement; 1,305 to prison for more than a year; and 2,054 to prison for less than a year. 1809: 1160: 3868:, the famous "Red Virgin", was sentenced to transportation to a penal colony in New Caledonia, where she served as a schoolteacher. She received amnesty in 1880, and returned to Paris, where she resumed her career as an activist and anarchist. She was arrested in 1880 for leading a mob that pillaged a bakery, was imprisoned, then pardoned. She was arrested several more times, and once was freed with the intervention of Georges Clemenceau. She died in 1905, and was buried near her close friend and colleague during the Commune, Théophile Ferré, the man who had signed the death warrant for the archbishop of Paris and other hostages. 2050: 2312:. The Versailles forces enjoyed a centralised command and had superior numbers. Equally important, they had learned the tactics of street fighting from 1848 and earlier uprisings. They avoided making frontal attacks on Commune barricades. They tunnelled through walls of neighbouring houses to establish positions above the barricades, and gradually worked their way around and behind them, usually forcing the Communards to withdraw without a fight. The majority of the barricades in Paris were abandoned without combat. On the morning of 22 May, the regular army occupied a large area from the Porte Dauphine; to the 3168:: the Commune was, he said, the first "dictatorship of the proletariat", a state run by workers and in the interests of workers. But Marx and Engels also analyzed what they perceived to be the weaknesses or errors of the commune, including its inability to link up with the rest of the French people, its failure to completely re-organize state machinery, its Central Committee passing over power too soon to the representative assembly, its failure to immediately pursue the retreating bourgeois, and the failure to recognize the possibility that France and Prussia would unite against the commune. 587:, had been growing in influence with hundreds of societies affiliated to it across France. In early 1867, Parisian employers of bronze-workers attempted to de-unionise their workers. This was defeated by a strike organised by the International. Later in 1867, a public demonstration in Paris was answered by the dissolution of its executive committee and the leadership being fined. Tensions escalated: Internationalists elected a new committee and put forth a more radical programme, the authorities imprisoned their leaders, and a more revolutionary perspective was taken to the International's 3251:, but he offered no evidence to support his claim. Lissagaray also claimed that the artillery fire by the French army was responsible for probably half of the fires that consumed the city during the Bloody Week. However, photographs of the ruins of the Tuileries Palace, the Hotel de Ville, and other prominent government buildings that burned show that the exteriors were untouched by cannon fire, while the interiors were completely gutted by fire; and prominent Communards such as Jules Bergeret, who escaped to live in New York, proudly claimed credit for the most famous acts of arson. 2784: 2041:. High religious officials had been arrested: Archbishop Darboy, the Vicar General Abbé Lagarde, and the Curé of the Madeleine Abbé Deguerry. The policy of holding hostages for possible reprisals was denounced by some defenders of the Commune, including Victor Hugo, in a poem entitled "No Reprisals" published in Brussels on 21 April. On 12 April, Rigault proposed to exchange Archbishop Darboy and several other priests for the imprisoned Blanqui. Thiers refused the proposal. On 14 May, Rigault proposed to exchange 70 hostages for the extreme-left leader, and Thiers again refused. 2253: 1152: 2759: 1358:

campaign. Thiers' government in Versailles urged Parisians to abstain from voting. When the voting was finished, 233,000 Parisians had voted, out of 485,000 registered voters, or forty-eight percent. In upper-class neighborhoods many abstained from voting: 77 percent of voters in the 7th and 8th arrondissements; 68 percent in the 15th, 66 percent in the 16th, and 62 percent in the 6th and 9th. But in the working-class neighborhoods, turnout was high: 76 percent in the 20th arrondissement, 65 percent in the 19th, and 55 to 60 percent in the 10th, 11th, and 12th.

1224:, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. As soon as he heard the news of the uprising, he made his way to the railway station, where national guardsmen were already stopping and checking the identity of departing passengers. A sympathetic station manager hid him in his office and helped him board a train, and he escaped the city. While he was at the railway station, national guardsmen sent by the Central Committee arrived at his house looking for him. 3156:(1871), written during the Commune, praised the Commune's achievements, and described it as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat. Marx wrote that, "Working men's Paris, with its Commune, will be forever celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new society. Its martyrs are enshrined in the great heart of the working class. Its exterminators, history has already nailed to that eternal pillory from which all of the prayers of their priest will not avail to redeem them." 1930:. The National Guard troops were quickly repulsed by the Army, with a loss of about twelve soldiers. One officer of the Versailles army, a surgeon from the medical corps, was killed; the National Guardsmen had mistaken his uniform for that of a gendarme. Five national guardsmen were captured by the regulars; two were Army deserters and two were caught with their weapons in their hands. General Vinoy, the commander of the Paris Military District, had ordered any prisoners who were deserters from the Army to be shot. The commander of the regular forces, Colonel 1399:

Executive Commission. One of the first measures passed declared that military conscription was abolished, that no military force other than the National Guard could be formed or introduced into the capital, and that all healthy male citizens were members of the National Guard. The new system had one important weakness: the National Guard now had two different commanders. They reported to both the Central Committee of the National Guard and to the Executive Commission, and it was not clear which one was in charge of the inevitable war with Thiers' government.

1942:. They advanced on the morning of 3 April—without cavalry to protect the flanks, without artillery, without stores of food and ammunition, and without ambulances—confident of rapid success. They passed by the line of forts outside the city, believing them to be occupied by national guardsmen. In fact the army had re-occupied the abandoned forts on 28 March. The National Guard soon came under heavy artillery and rifle fire; they broke ranks and fled back to Paris. Once again national guardsmen captured with weapons were routinely shot by army units. 2804: 2465:, connected to the Tuileries, was also set on fire and entirely destroyed. The rest of the Louvre was saved by the efforts of the museum curators and fire brigades. The consensus of later historians is that most of the major fires were started by the National Guard and several organised Communard groups; but that few if any fires were started by women. In addition to public buildings, the National Guard also started fires at the homes of a number of residents associated with the regime of Napoleon III, such as that of historian and playwright 2111:, south of the city near the Porte de Versailles, which blocked the route of the Army into Paris. The fort's garrison was commanded by Leon Megy, a former mechanic and a militant Blanquist, who had been sentenced to 20 years of hard labour for killing a policeman. After being freed he had led the takeover of the prefecture of Marseille by militant revolutionaries. When he came back to Paris, he was given the rank of colonel by the Central Committee of the National Guard, and the command of Fort Issy on 13 April. 2188: 2976: 2373: 15589: 13432: 4366: 1695: 9984: 2604: 830:, called new demonstrations at the Hôtel de Ville against General Trochu and the government. Fifteen thousand demonstrators, some of them armed, gathered in front of the Hôtel de Ville in pouring rain, calling for the resignation of Trochu and the proclamation of a commune. Shots were fired from the Hôtel de Ville, one narrowly missing Trochu, and the demonstrators crowded into the building, demanding the creation of a new government, and making lists of its proposed members. 2904: 3676:

Guard, expecting they would support the government; but, instead, the national guardsmen, as in Paris, stormed the city hall and took the mayor and prefect prisoner. They declared a Commune, led by a commission of six members, later increased to twelve, composed of both revolutionaries and moderate socialists. The military commander of Marseille, General Henry Espivent de la Villeboisnet, withdrew his troops from the city, along with many city government officials, to

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crowd. General Lecomte tried to withdraw, and then ordered his soldiers to load their weapons and fix bayonets. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of Clemenceau. General Lecomte and his staff officers were seized by the guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard under the command of captain

15552: 1237: 201: 180: 140: 52: 602:, wrote in his diary in February: "Every night isolated barricades were thrown up, constructed for the most part out of disused conveyances, especially omnibuses, a few shots were fired at random, and scenes of disorder were taken part in by a few hundreds of persons, mostly quite young". He noted, however, that "working-men, as a class, took no part in the proceedings." A coup was attempted in early 1870, but tensions eased significantly after the 9974: 1395:, who had been elected to both Commune and National Assembly. Seeing the more radical political direction of the new Commune, Tirard and some twenty republicans decided it was wisest to resign from the Commune. A resolution was also passed, after a long debate, that the deliberations of the council were to be secret, since the Commune was effectively at war with the government in Versailles and should not make its intentions known to the enemy. 1216:, who examined the bodies shortly afterwards, found forty bullets in Clément-Thomas's body and nine in Lecomte's back. By late morning, the operation to recapture the cannons had failed, and crowds and barricades were appearing in all the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. General Vinoy ordered the army to pull back to the Seine, and Thiers began to organise a withdrawal to Versailles, where he could gather enough troops to take back Paris. 12384: 4352: 801: 7484: 2876:, could not find the source Lissagaray cited for the city payment for seventeen thousand burials, and Lissagaray provided no evidence that thousands of Communards were cremated or buried outside Paris. "It is no exaggeration," Lissagaray concluded, "to say twenty thousand, a number admitted by the officers." But neither MacMahon or Appert had "admitted" that twenty thousand were killed, they both said the number was exaggerated. 1340: 10132: 2690:

took them first to the city hall of the 20th arrondissement; the Commune leader of that district refused to allow his city hall to be used as a place of execution. Clavier and Gois took them instead to Rue Haxo. The procession of hostages was joined by a large and furious crowd of national guardsmen and civilians who insulted, spat upon, and struck the hostages. Arriving at an open yard, they were lined up against a wall and

1846: 4394: 2820:, who had proposed the destruction of the column in Place Vendôme. They were tried by a panel of seven senior army officers. Ferré was sentenced to death, and Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison, and later ordered to pay the cost of rebuilding the column. Courbet was given a lighter sentence than other Commune leaders; six months in prison and a fine of five hundred Francs. Serving part of his sentence in the 1479: 15601: 15577: 13444: 4380: 837:, issuing orders and decrees to his followers, intent upon establishing his own government. While the formation of the new government was taking place inside the Hôtel de Ville, however, units of the National Guard and the Garde Mobile loyal to General Trochu arrived and recaptured the building without violence. By three o'clock, the demonstrators had been given safe passage and left, and the brief uprising was over. 3811: 15564: 2595:, the Archbishop of Paris, and three priests. The governor of the prison, M. François, refused to give up the Archbishop without a specific order from the Commune. Genton sent a deputy back to the Prosecutor, who wrote "and especially the archbishop" on the bottom of his note. Archbishop Darboy and five other hostages were promptly taken out into the courtyard of the prison, lined up against the wall, and shot. 2868:, who had fought on the barricades during Bloody Week, and had gone into exile in London, wrote a highly popular and sympathetic history of the Commune. At the end, he wrote: "No one knows the exact number of victims of the Bloody Week. The chief of the military justice department claimed seventeen thousand shot." This was inaccurate; Appert made no such claim, he referred only to prisoners. "The municipal 2240:

received the message from General Dombrowski that the army was inside the city. He asked for reinforcements and proposed an immediate counterattack. "Remain calm," he wrote, "and everything will be saved. We must not be defeated!". When they had received this news, the members of the Commune executive returned to their deliberations on the fate of Cluseret, which continued until eight o'clock that evening.

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convicted by the jury would become "hostages of the people of Paris." Article 5 stated, "Every execution of a prisoner of war or of a partisan of the government of the Commune of Paris will be immediately followed by the execution of a triple number of hostages held by virtue of article four." Prisoners of war would be brought before a jury, which would decide if they would be released or held as hostages.

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of the Commune, executed one group of four prisoners, before he himself was captured and shot by an army patrol. On 24 May, a delegation of national guardsmen and Gustave Genton, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, came to the new headquarters of the Commune at the city hall of the 11th arrondissement and demanded the immediate execution of the hostages held at the prison of

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of the Commune. Several of the other Commune leaders, including Brunel, were wounded, and Pyat had disappeared. Delescluze offered Wroblewski the command of the Commune forces, which he declined, saying that he preferred to fight as a private soldier. At about seven-thirty, Delescluze put on his red sash of office, walked unarmed to the barricade on the

580:), in Lyon and Paris in the 1830s. Many Parisians, especially workers and the lower-middle classes, supported a democratic republic. A specific demand was that Paris should be self-governing with its own elected council, something enjoyed by smaller French towns but denied to Paris by a national government wary of the capital's unruly populace. 3006:, an ardent republican who had taken part in the 1848 revolution, took the opposite view. She wrote "The horrible adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over all the city halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions and the food supplies." Soon after the Commune began, 556:, various members of the middle and upper classes departed the city. At the same time, there was an influx of refugees from parts of France occupied by the Germans. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from the lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support. 3184:. For Lenin, the Communards "underestimated the significance of direct military operations in civil war; and instead of launching a resolute offensive against Versailles that would have crowned its victory in Paris, it tarried and gave the Versailles government time to gather the dark forces and prepare for the blood-soaked week of May". 3574:" stated, "It is necessary to institute a system of general elections, like that of the Paris Commune, for electing members to the cultural revolutionary groups and committees and delegates to the cultural revolutionary congresses." During the phase of the Cultural Revolution where mass political mobilization was trending downward, the 3439:. By taking up arms, they spread their ideas faster and more forcefully than they would have with the written word. The historian Zoe Baker writes that "while a person must find, buy, and read a book or newspaper for it to radicalise them, an insurrection rapidly gains the attention of large numbers of people, including 1824:. On 2 April, soon after the Commune was established, it voted a decree accusing the Catholic Church of "complicity in the crimes of the monarchy." The decree declared the separation of church and state, confiscated the state funds allotted to the Church, seized the property of religious congregations, and ordered that 3619:, as of 2021, supporters of the Paris Commune view it as "a springtime of hope bloodily repressed by the forces of conservatism", while members of the political right view the Commune as "a time of chaos and class vengeance. They remembered the killings of priests and the burning of landmarks like the Hôtel de Ville." 2355:. Barricades had not been prepared in advance; some nine hundred barricades were built hurriedly out of paving stones and sacks of earth. Many other people prepared shelters in the cellars. The first serious fighting took place on the afternoon of the 22nd, an artillery duel between regular army batteries on the 1677:

national guardsmen who were themselves Bank of France employees. Some Communards wanted to appropriate the bank's reserves to fund social projects, but Jourde resisted, explaining that without the gold reserves the currency would collapse and all the money of the Commune would be worthless. The Commune appointed

2591:, hesitated and then wrote a note: "Order to the Citizen Director of La Roquette to execute six hostages." Genton asked for volunteers to serve as a firing squad, and went to the La Roquette prison, where many of the hostages were being held. Genton was given a list of hostages and selected six names, including 549:

enterprises; most were employed in small industries in textiles, furniture and construction. There were also 115,000 servants and 45,000 concierges. In addition to the native French population, there were about 100,000 immigrant workers and political refugees, the largest number being from Italy and Poland.

2173:. "I lack artillerymen and workers to hold off the catastrophe." On 19 May, while the Commune executive committee was meeting to judge the former military commander Cluseret for the loss of the Issy fortress, it received word that the forces of Marshal MacMahon were within the fortifications of Paris. 3179:

Lenin, like Marx, considered the Commune a living example of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". But he criticised the Communards for not having done enough to secure their position, highlighting two errors in particular. The first was that the Communards "stopped half way ... led astray by dreams

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Later, however, in private, Marx expressed a different, more critical view of the Commune. In 1881, in a letter to a Dutch friend, Nieuwenhaus, he wrote: "The Commune was simply the rebellion of a city in exceptional circumstances, and furthermore, the majority of the Commune was in no way socialist,

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The officers of the National Guard were elected by the soldiers, and their leadership qualities and military skills varied widely. Gustave Cluseret, the commander of the National Guard until his dismissal on 1 May, had tried to impose more discipline in the force, disbanding many unreliable units and

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In Paris, members of the Military Commission and the executive committee of the Commune, as well as the Central Committee of the National Guard, met on 1 April. They decided to launch an offensive against the Army in Versailles within five days. The attack was first launched on the morning of 2 April

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In Paris, hostility was growing between the elected republican mayors, including Clemenceau, who believed that they were legitimate leaders of Paris, and the Central Committee of the National Guard. On 22 March, the day before the elections, the Central Committee declared that it, not the mayors, was

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The extreme-left members of the Central Committee, led by the Blanquists, demanded an immediate march on Versailles to disperse the Thiers government and to impose their authority on all of France; but the majority first wanted to establish a more solid base of legal authority in Paris. The Committee

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and other strategic points, at Montmartre a crowd gathered and continued to grow, and the situation grew increasingly tense. The horses that were needed to take the cannon away did not arrive, and the army units were immobilized. As the soldiers were surrounded, they began to break ranks and join the

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Between 11 and 19 January 1871, the French armies had been defeated on four fronts and Paris was facing a famine. General Trochu received reports from the prefect of Paris that agitation against the government and military leaders was increasing in the political clubs and in the National Guard of the

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in May, 2021, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of The Commune. Citing cemetery and police records which she said had not been consulted by Tombs and other earlier historians, she wrote that "more than ten thousand" and "certainly fifteen thousand" Communards had been killed in the "Bloody Week".

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On 28 May, the regular army captured the remaining positions of the Commune, which offered little resistance. In the morning, the regular army captured La Roquette prison and freed the remaining 170 hostages. The army took 1,500 prisoners at the National Guard position on Rue Haxo, and 2,000 more at

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to Napoleon III, was defended by a garrison of some three hundred National Guard with thirty cannon placed in the garden. They had been engaged in a day-long artillery duel with the regular army. At about seven in the evening, the commander of the garrison, Jules Bergeret, gave the order to burn the

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The first reaction of many of the National Guard was to find someone to blame, and Dombrowski was the first to be accused. Rumours circulated that he had accepted a million francs to give up the city. He was deeply offended by the rumours. They stopped when Dombrowski died two days later from wounds

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wrote, "Thus we citizens of Paris are placed between two terrible laws; the law of suspects brought back by the Commune and the law on rapid executions which will certainly be approved by the Assembly. They are not fighting with cannon shots, they are slaughtering each other with decrees." About one

1937:

Despite this first failure, Commune leaders were still convinced that, as at Montmartre, French army soldiers would refuse to fire on national guardsmen. They prepared a massive offensive of 27,000 national guardsmen who would advance in three columns. They were expected to converge at the end of 24

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as the Commissioner of the Bank of France, and he arranged for the Bank to loan the Commune 400,000 francs a day. This was approved by Thiers, who felt that to negotiate a future peace treaty the Germans were demanding war reparations of five billion francs; the gold reserves would be needed to keep

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had been moved out of Paris for safety in August 1870, in addition to 88 million francs in gold coins and 166 million francs in banknotes. When the Thiers government left Paris in March, they did not have the time or the reliable soldiers to take the money with them. The reserves were guarded by 500

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as the head of the Commission of Finance. A former clerk of a notary, accountant in a bank and employee of the city's bridges and roads department, Jourde maintained the Commune's accounts with prudence. Paris's tax receipts amounted to 20 million francs, with another six million seized at the Hôtel

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At the same time as the demonstration in Paris, the leaders of the Government of National Defence in Bordeaux had concluded that the war could not continue. On 26 January, they signed a ceasefire and armistice, with special conditions for Paris. The city would not be occupied by the Germans. Regular

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Edwin Child, a young Londoner working in Paris, noted that during the Commune, "the women behaved like tigresses, throwing petroleum everywhere and distinguishing themselves by the fury with which they fought". However, it has been argued in recent research that these famous female arsonists of the

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Engels echoed his partner, maintaining that the absence of a standing army, the self-policing of the "quarters", and other features meant that the Commune was no longer a "state" in the old, repressive sense of the term. It was a transitional form, moving towards the abolition of the state as such.

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During the course of the 25th, the insurgents lost the city hall of the 13th arrondissement and moved to a barricade on Place Jeanne-d'Arc, where 700 were taken prisoner. Wroblewski and some of his men escaped to the city hall of the 11th arrondissement, where he met Delescluze, the chief executive

2582:

Amid the news of the growing number of executions carried out by the army in different parts of the city, the Communards carried out their own executions as a desperate and futile attempt at retaliation. Raoul Rigaut, the chairman of the Committee of Public Safety, without getting the authorisation

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Once the fighting began inside Paris, the strong neighborhood loyalties that had been an advantage of the Commune became something of a disadvantage: instead of an overall planned defence, each "quartier" fought desperately for its survival, and each was overcome in turn. The webs of narrow streets

2272:

In the name of this glorious France, mother of all the popular revolutions, permanent home of the ideas of justice and solidarity which should be and will be the laws of the world, march at the enemy, and may your revolutionary energy show him that someone can sell Paris, but no one can give it up,

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When he received the news from Dombrowski that the army was inside Paris, the Commune leader Delescluze refused to believe it, and refused to ring the bells to warn the city until the following morning. The trial of Gustave Cluseret, the former commander, was still going on at the Commune when they

1881:

on 4 September calling for the demolition of the column. In October, he had called for a new column, made of melted-down German cannons, "the column of peoples, the column of Germany and France, forever federated." Courbet was elected to the Council of the Commune on 16 April, after the decision to

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was an important participant in the Paris Commune, though she was not formally introduced to anarchist doctrines until her exile after the Commune. Initially she worked as an ambulance woman, treating those injured on the barricades. During the Siege of Paris, she untiringly preached resistance to

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A partial amnesty was granted on 3 March 1879, allowing 400 of the 600 deportees sent to New Caledonia to return, and 2,000 of the 2,400 prisoners sentenced in absentia. A general amnesty was granted on 11 July 1880, allowing the remaining 543 condemned prisoners, and 262 sentenced in absentia, to

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in Paris, he was allowed an easel and paints, but he could not have models pose for him. He did a famous series of still-life paintings of flowers and fruit. He was released, but was unable to pay for the rebuilding of the column. He went into exile in Switzerland and died before making a payment.

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and La Roquette prison. They were given brief trials before the military tribunal, sentenced to death, and then delivered to Père Lachaise. There they were lined up in front of the same wall and executed in groups, and then buried with them in a common grave. This group include one woman, the only

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TO ARMS! That Paris be bristling with barricades, and that, behind these improvised ramparts, it will hurl again its cry of war, its cry of pride, its cry of defiance, but its cry of victory; because Paris, with its barricades, is undefeatable ...That revolutionary Paris, that Paris of great days,

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The final offensive on Paris by MacMahon's army began on Sunday, 21 May. On the front line in the southwest, soldiers camped just outside the city learned from an agent inside the walls that the National Guard had withdrawn from one section of the city wall at Point-du-Jour, and the fortifications

1950:

Commune leaders responded to the execution of prisoners by the Army by passing a new order on 5 April—the Decree on Hostages. Under the decree, any person accused of complicity with the Versailles government could be immediately arrested, imprisoned and tried by a special jury of accusation. Those

1912:

In Versailles, Thiers had estimated that he needed 150,000 men to recapture Paris, and that he had only about 20,000 reliable first-line soldiers, plus about 5,000 gendarmes. He worked rapidly to assemble a new and reliable regular army. Most of the soldiers were prisoners of war who had just been

1259:

In February, while the national government had been organising in Bordeaux, a new rival government had been organised in Paris. The National Guard had not been disarmed as per the armistice, and had on paper 260 battalions of 1,500 men each, a total of 390,000 men. Between 15 and 24 February, some

1227:

On the advice of General Vinoy, Thiers ordered the evacuation to Versailles of all the regular forces in Paris, some 40,000 soldiers, including those in the fortresses around the city; the regrouping of all the army units in Versailles; and the departure of all government ministries from the city.

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Clemenceau, a friend of several revolutionaries, tried to negotiate a compromise; some cannons would remain in Paris and the rest go to the army. However, neither Thiers nor the National Assembly accepted his proposals. The chief executive wanted to restore order and national authority in Paris as

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from Brittany was inside the building to defend it in case of an assault. The demonstrators presented their demands that the military be placed under civil control, and that there be an immediate election of a commune. The atmosphere was tense, and in the middle of the afternoon, gunfire broke out

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from the points of view of a police officer and a Communard whose lives are intertwined by the murder of a child and love for an Italian woman called Miss Pecci. The novel begins with the discovery of the corpse of a woman dumped in the Seine and the subsequent investigation in which the two main

3034:

I come from Paris, and I do not know whom to speak to. I am suffocated. I am quite upset, or rather out of heart. The sight of the ruins is nothing compared to the great Parisian insanity. With very rare exceptions, everybody seemed to me only fit for the strait-jacket. One half of the population

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A contingent of several dozen national guardsmen led by Antoine Clavier, a commissaire, and Emile Gois, a colonel of the National Guard, arrived at La Roquette prison and demanded, at gunpoint, the remaining hostages there: ten priests, thirty-five policemen and gendarmes, and two civilians. They

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Following the model proposed by the more radical members, the new government had no president, no mayor, and no commander in chief. The Commune began by establishing nine commissions, similar to those of the National Assembly, to manage the affairs of Paris. The commissions in turn reported to an

927:

By early January 1871, Bismarck and the Germans themselves were tired of the prolonged siege. They installed seventy-two 120- and 150-mm artillery pieces in the forts around Paris and on 5 January began to bombard the city day and night. Between 300 and 600 shells hit the centre of the city every

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At two in the morning on 24 May, Brunel and his men went to the Hôtel de Ville, which was still the headquarters of the Commune and of its chief executive, Delescluze. Wounded men were being tended in the halls, and some of the National Guard officers and Commune members were changing from their

1128:, which further inflamed Parisian radical opinion. Thiers also decided to move the National Assembly and government from Bordeaux to Versailles, rather than to Paris, to be farther away from the pressure of demonstrations, which further enraged the National Guard and the radical political clubs. 548:

Of the two million people in Paris in 1869, according to the official census, there were about 500,000 industrial workers, or fifteen percent of all the industrial workers in France, plus another 300,000–400,000 workers in other enterprises. Only about 40,000 were employed in factories and large

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addressed a meeting of workers in Marseille and called upon them to take up arms and to support the Paris Commune. Parades of radicals and socialists took to the street, chanting "Long live Paris! Long live the Commune!" On 23 March, the Prefect of the city called a mass meeting of the National

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The Commune continued to inspire strong emotions, even 150 years later. On May 29, 2021, a procession of Catholics honouring the memory of the Archbishop of Paris and the other hostages shot by the Commune in its final days was attacked and dispersed by participants from a far-left anti-fascist

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made a new study of the Paris cemetery records and placed the total number killed between 6,000 and 7,000, estimating around 1,400 of those to have been executed and the rest being killed in combat or dying from wounds received during the fighting. Jacques Rougerie, who had earlier accepted the

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In a new 1896 edition, Lissagaray wrote that the twenty thousand estimate included those killed not only in Paris, but also in the other Communes that broke out in France at the same time, and those killed in fighting outside Paris before the Bloody Week. Several historians repeated versions of

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Since every able-bodied man in Paris was obliged to be a member of the National Guard, the Commune on paper had an army of about 200,000 men on 6 May; the actual number was much lower, probably between 25,000 and 50,000 men. At the beginning of May, 20 percent of the National Guard was reported

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had been elected the honorary President of the Commune, but was in prison for its duration. He was given a sentence in a penal colony in 1872, but because of his health the sentence was changed to imprisonment. He was elected Deputy of Bordeaux in April 1879, but was disqualified. After he was

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The battles resumed at daylight on 24 May, under a sky black with smoke from the burning palaces and ministries. There was no co-ordination or central direction on the Commune side; each neighborhood fought on its own. The National Guard disintegrated, with many soldiers changing into civilian

1828:

cease religious education and become secular. Over the next seven weeks, some two hundred priests, nuns and monks were arrested, and twenty-six churches were closed to the public. At the urging of the more radical newspapers, National Guard units searched the basements of churches, looking for

1219:

On the afternoon of 18 March, following the government's failed attempt to seize the cannons at Montmartre, the Central Committee of the National Guard ordered the three battalions to seize the Hôtel de Ville, where they believed the government was located. They were not aware that Thiers, the

1357:

The elections of 26 March elected a Commune council of 92 members, one for every 20,000 residents. Ahead of the elections, the Central Committee and the leaders of the International gave out their lists of candidates, mostly belonging to the extreme left. The candidates had only a few days to

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tended to support the national government, while those from the working-class neighbourhoods were far more radical and politicised. Guardsmen from many units were known for their lack of discipline; some units refused to wear uniforms, often refused to obey orders without discussing them, and

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as the contemporary forms of the Commune and wrote: "We are only dwarves perched on the shoulders of those giants." He celebrated by dancing in the snow in Moscow on the day that his Bolshevik government was more than two months old, surpassing the Commune. The ministers and officials of the

1983:

By April, as MacMahon's forces steadily approached Paris, divisions arose within the Commune about whether to give absolute priority to military defence, or to political and social freedoms and reforms. The majority, including the Blanquists and the more radical revolutionaries, supported by

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blamed Thiers for his short-sightedness. At the news that the government had failed to have the cannons seized he wrote in his diary, "He touched off the fuse to the powder keg. Thiers is premeditated thoughtlessness." On the other hand, he was critical of the Commune but sympathetic to the

765:—marched to the centre of the city and demanded that a new government, a Commune, be elected. They were met by regular army units loyal to the Government of National Defence, and the demonstrators eventually dispersed peacefully. On 5 October, 5,000 protesters marched from Belleville to the 8246:(length: 24 minutes, 55 seconds); Dramatic historical evocation of the Paris Commune, and its Bloody Week, featuring numerous documents, photographs, and drawings, animated with special effects, and underscored with music, describing major events of the Commune, while presenting its leaders 3175:

socialists' opposition to the Communist conception of conquest of power and of a temporary transitional state: the anarchists were in favour of general strike and immediate dismantlement of the state through the constitution of decentralised workers' councils, as those seen in the Commune.

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palace. The walls, floors, curtains and woodwork were soaked with oil and turpentine, and barrels of gunpowder were placed at the foot of the grand staircase and in the courtyard, then the fires were set. The fire lasted 48 hours and gutted the palace, except for the southernmost part, the

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described it as the "declaration of China's twentieth-century Paris Commune." In the Cultural Revolution's early period, the spontaneity of everyday life and mass political participation during the Paris Commune became lessons to be learned. For example, the 8 August 1966 "Decision of the

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stormed the cemetery. Savage fighting followed around the tombs until nightfall, when the last Communards were taken prisoner. The captured guardsmen were taken to the wall of the cemetery and shot. Another group of prisoners, consisting of officers of the National guard, was collected at

1921:

in Italy under Napoleon III, and who had been seriously wounded at the Battle of Sedan. He was highly popular both within the army and in the country. By 30 March, less than two weeks after the Army's Montmartre rout, it began skirmishing with the National Guard on the outskirts of Paris.

1320:

On 22 March 1871, demonstrators holding banners declaring them to be "Friends of Peace" were blocked from entering the Place Vendôme by guardsmen who, after being fired on, opened fire on the crowd. At least 12 people were killed and many wounded. The event was labeled the Massacre in the

2579:, and other locations around Paris. The hands of captured prisoners were examined to see if they had fired weapons. The prisoners gave their identity, sentence was pronounced by a court of two or three gendarme officers, the prisoners were taken out and sentences immediately carried out. 450:("bloody week") beginning on 21 May 1871. The national forces still loyal to the government either killed in battle or executed an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Communards, though one unconfirmed estimate from 1876 put the toll as high as 20,000. In its final days, the Commune executed the 1873:, was one of the most prominent civic events during the Commune. It was voted on 12 April by the executive committee of the Commune, which declared that the column was "a monument of barbarism" and a "symbol of brute force and false pride." The idea had originally come from the painter 1836:

Early in May, some of the political clubs began to demand the immediate execution of Archbishop Darboy and the other priests in the prison. The Archbishop and a number of priests were executed during Bloody Week, in retaliation for the execution of Commune soldiers by the regular army.

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Women played an important role in both the initiation and the governance of the Commune, though women could not vote in the Commune elections and there were no elected women members of the Commune itself. Their participation included building barricades and caring for wounded fighters.

730: 3627:

Soon after the Paris Commune took power in Paris, revolutionary and socialist groups in several other French cities tried to establish their own communes. The Paris Commune sent delegates to the large cities to encourage them. The longest-lasting commune outside Paris was that of

3724:, no Commune was declared, but from 3 to 5 April revolutionary National Guard soldiers blockaded the city hall, mortally wounded an army colonel, and briefly prevented a regular army unit from being sent to Paris to fight the Commune, before being themselves disarmed by the army. 1307:. At eight in the morning the next day, the Central Committee was meeting in the Hôtel de Ville. By the end of the day, 20,000 national guardsmen camped in triumph in the square in front of the Hôtel de Ville, with several dozen cannons. A red flag was hoisted over the building. 3741:

on August 30, 1871. He was replaced by the more conservative Patrice MacMahon in 1873. In his final years, Thiers became an ally of the republicans against the constitutional monarchists in the Assembly. When he died in 1877, his funeral was a major political event. Historian

2646:. Delescluze and the remaining leaders of the Commune, about 20 in all, were at the city hall of the 13th arrondissement on Place Voltaire. A bitter battle took place between about 1,500 national guardsmen from the 13th arrondissement and the Mouffetard district, commanded by 1260:

500 delegates elected by the National Guard began meeting in Paris. On 15 March, just before the confrontation between the National Guard and the regular army over the cannons, 1,325 delegates of the federation of organisations created by the National Guard elected a leader,

2122:, issued a terse bulletin: "The tricolor flag flies over the fort of Issy, abandoned yesterday by the garrison." The abandonment of the fort led the Commune to dismiss Rossel, and replace him with Delescluze, a fervent Communard but a journalist with no military experience. 1733:. Their offices were invaded and closed by crowds of the Commune's supporters. After 18 April other newspapers sympathetic to Versailles were also closed. The Versailles government, in turn, imposed strict censorship and prohibited any publication in favour of the Commune. 2795:

The French Army officially recorded the capture of 43,522 prisoners during and immediately after Bloody Week. Of these, 1,054 were women, and 615 were under the age of 16. They were marched in groups of 150 or 200, escorted by cavalrymen, to Versailles or the Camp de

1179:, and the National Guard; one guardsman, named Turpin, was shot, later dying. Word of the shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighbourhood, along with others including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers. 1010:

The national government in Bordeaux called for national elections at the end of January, held just ten days later on 8 February. Most electors in France were rural, Catholic and conservative, and this was reflected in the results; of the 645 deputies assembled in

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Several popular British and American novelists of the late 19th century depicted the Commune as a tyranny against which Anglo-Americans and their aristocratic French allies heroically pitted themselves. Among the most well-known of these anti-Commune novels are

2957:

in July 1863, the deadliest battle of the American Civil War, a total of 7,863 soldiers, both Confederate and Union, were killed, or about half as many as the estimated Commune casualties. The number may have equalled or exceeded the number executed during the

1567:, the right of divorce for women, the right to secular education, and professional education for girls. They also demanded suppression of the distinction between married women and concubines, and between legitimate and illegitimate children. They advocated the 1199:. The officers were pelted with rocks, struck, threatened, and insulted by the crowd. In the middle of the afternoon, Lecomte and the other officers were taken to 6 rue des Rosiers by members of a group calling themselves the Committee of Vigilance of the 18th 1890:". The first effort to pull down the column failed, but at 5:30 in the afternoon the column broke from its base and shattered into three pieces. The pedestal was draped with red flags, and pieces of the statue were taken to be melted down and made into coins. 2098:

officer, who was appointed commander of the Commune forces on the right bank of the Seine. On 5 May, he was appointed commander of the Commune's whole army. Dombrowski held this position until 23 May, when he was killed while defending the city barricades.

1494:, a washer woman, picked up a gun during the battles of May 22–23rd and said, "You cowardly crew! Go and Fight! If I'm killed it will be because I've done some killing first!" She was arrested as an incendiary, but there is no documentation that she was a 840:

On 3 November, city authorities organized a plebiscite of Parisian voters, asking if they had confidence in the Government of National Defence. "Yes" votes totalled 557,996, while 62,638 voted "no". Two days later, municipal councils in each of the twenty

387:

by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on March 18. They killed two French army generals and refused to accept the authority of the Third Republic, instead attempting to establish an independent government.

469:). Thousands of other Commune members, including several of the leaders, fled abroad, mostly to England, Belgium and Switzerland. All the surviving prisoners and exiles received pardons in 1880 and could return home, where some resumed political careers. 3798:

Some leaders of the Commune, including Delescluze, died on the barricades, but most of the others survived and lived long afterwards, and some of them resumed political careers in France. Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were sent to the

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As the Germans surrounded the city, radical groups saw that the Government of National Defence had few soldiers to defend itself, and launched the first demonstrations against it. On 19 September, National Guard units from the main working-class

652:. Clemenceau tried to negotiate a compromise between the Commune and the government, but neither side trusted him; he was considered extremely radical by the provincial deputies of rural France, but too moderate by the leaders of the Commune. 1518:. While carrying back the laundry she was given by the guardsmen, she carried away the body of her lover, Jean Guy, who was a butcher's apprentice. There were reports in various newspapers of female arsonists, but evidence remains weak. The 1432:. Despite internal differences, the council began to organise public services for the city which at the time consisted of two million residents. It also reached a consensus on certain policies that tended towards a progressive, secular, and 1279:. The first vote of the new Central Committee was to refuse to recognise the authority of General D'Aurelle de Paladines, the official commander of the National Guard appointed by Thiers, or of General Vinoy, the Military Governor of Paris. 3607:

in Montmartre; New Caledonia is where thousands of Communards were deported after the Commune was suppressed. The city's plans to commemorate the Commune proved controversial, evoking protest from right-wing members of the city council.

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and the Madeleine, and National Guard batteries on the terrace of the Tuileries Palace. On the same day, the first executions of National Guard soldiers by the regular army inside Paris took place; some sixteen prisoners captured on the

532:

In 1871, France was deeply divided between the large rural, Catholic, and conservative population of the French countryside and the more republican and radical cities of Paris, Marseille, Lyon and a few others. In the first round of the

1387:; a proposal to send delegates to other cities to help launch communes there; and a resolution declaring that membership in the Paris Commune was incompatible with being a member of the National Assembly. This was aimed particularly at 1762:

published from 1790 until 1794; after its first issue on 6 March, it was briefly closed by General Vinoy, but it reappeared until 23 May. It specialised in humour, vulgarity and extreme abuse against the opponents of the Commune.

1098:, Buttes-Chaumont and Montmartre, to keep them away from the regular army and to defend the city against any attack by the national government. Thiers was equally determined to bring the cannons under national-government control. 1038:(Philippe's supporters) and moderately conservative. They were led by Adolphe Thiers, who was elected in 26 departments, the most of any candidate. There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and 4051:(2016) depicts the survival of fictional opera singer Lilliet Berne during the siege of Paris. The novel's heroine also interacts with several notable figures of the day, including George Sand and the Empress Eugénie de Montijo. 1282:

Late on 18 March, when they learned that the regular army was leaving Paris, units of the National Guard moved quickly to take control of the city. The first to take action were the followers of Blanqui, who went quickly to the

1094:, paid for by the Paris public via a subscription, remained in the city. The new Central Committee of the National Guard, now dominated by radicals, decided to put the cannons in parks in the working-class neighborhoods of 2952:

The number killed during the "Bloody Week", usually estimated at ten to fifteen thousand or possibly more, was extraordinarily high by historical standards. Eight years before the Bloody Week, during the three days of the

1371:. All were men; women were not allowed to vote. The winners were announced on 27 March, and a large ceremony and parade by the National Guard was held the next day in front of the Hôtel de Ville, decorated with red flags. 3632:, from 23 March to 4 April, which was suppressed with the loss of thirty soldiers and one hundred and fifty insurgents. None of the other Communes lasted more than a few days, and most ended with little or no bloodshed. 3230:

2011), described the Communards as "brigands", "assassins", and "scoundrels"; "I have no time now to express my detestation ... hey threaten to destroy Paris and bury everybody in its ruins before they will surrender."

2061:

By the end of the Commune, 43,522 prisoners were captured, 7,000 to 8,000 Communards had gone into exile abroad, and an estimated 10 to 15,000 Communards were killed, giving a total Commune force of about 65,000 men.

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of ... establishing a higher justice in the country ... such institutions as the banks, for example, were not taken over". Secondly, he thought their "excessive magnanimity" had prevented them from "destroying" the

465:. More than half of the prisoners were released immediately. Around 15,000 were tried in court, 13,500 of whom were found guilty, 95 were sentenced to death, 251 to forced labor, and 1,169 to deportation (mostly to 2815:

A separate and more formal trial was held beginning 7 August for the Commune leaders who survived and had been captured, including Théophile Ferré, who had signed the death warrant for the hostages, and the painter

1175:, where the largest collection of cannons, 170 in number, were located. A small group of revolutionary national guardsmen were already there, and there was a brief confrontation between the brigade led by General 3843:, was condemned to death in absentia in 1873, and went into exile in England. After the general amnesty in 1881 he returned to Paris, and in March 1888 was elected to the National Assembly for the department of 2161:. Dombrowski reported that the soldiers he had sent to defend the ramparts of the city between Point du Jour and Porte d'Auteuil had retreated to the city; he had only 4,000 soldiers left at la Muette, 2,000 at 2053:

A barricade constructed by the Commune in April 1871 on the Rue de Rivoli near the Hotel de Ville. The figures are blurred due to the camera's lengthy exposure time, an effect commonly seen in early photographs.

2999:, "...the bleeding has been done thoroughly, and a bleeding like that, by killing the rebellious part of a population, postpones the next revolution... The old society has twenty years of peace before it..." 3160:

and could not have been. With a little bit of good sense, they might, however, have obtained a compromise with Versailles favourable to the mass of the people, which was in fact the only real possibility."

1102:

quickly as possible, and the cannons became a symbol of that authority. The Assembly also refused to prolong the moratorium on debt collections imposed during the war; and suspended two radical newspapers,

1042:, who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable. Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included 3195:

Similarly to Lenin's analysis, Mao wrote that there were two reasons for the Commune's failure: (1) it lacked a united and disciplined party to lead it, and (2) it was too benevolent towards its enemies.

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was a strong supporter of the Commune. He saw the Commune as above all a "rebellion against the State," and commended the Communards for rejecting not only the State but also revolutionary dictatorship.

2828:

In October 1871 a commission of the National Assembly reviewed the sentences; 310 of those convicted were pardoned, 286 had their sentences reduced, and 1,295 commuted. Of the 270 condemned to death—175

2065:

The National Guard had hundreds of cannons and thousands of rifles in its arsenal, but only half of the cannons and two-thirds of the rifles were ever used. There were heavy naval cannons mounted on the

877:, and found that none of them were willing to support France against the Germans. He reported to the government that there was no alternative to negotiating an armistice. He travelled to German-occupied 2853:

When the battle was over, Parisians buried the bodies of the Communards in temporary mass graves. They were quickly moved to the public cemeteries, where between 6,000 and 7,000 Communards were buried.

2733:

and Jean-Baptiste Montaudon launched an attack on the National Guard artillery on the heights of the Buttes-Chaumont. The heights were captured at the end of the afternoon by the first regiment of the

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In 2021, Paris commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Commune with "a series of exhibitions, lectures and concerts, plays and poetry readings" lasting from March through May. The Mayor of Paris,

3458:, near the location of the cannon park and where General Clément-Thomas and General Lecomte were killed, specifying that it be erected to "expiate the crimes of the Commune". A plaque and a church, 916:

froze for three weeks. Parisians suffered shortages of food, firewood, coal and medicine. The city was almost completely dark at night. The only communication with the outside world was by balloon,

3313:

goes so far as to say Thiers deliberately ordered Paris to be evacuated in order to incite part of the population to rise up and eventually have a pretext for crushing Paris as a rebellious force.

2987:

was the most prominent artist to take part in the Commune, and was an enthusiastic participant and supporter, though he criticised its executions of suspected enemies. On the other side, the young

1061:. He was considered to be the candidate most likely to bring peace and to restore order. Long an opponent of the Prussian war, Thiers persuaded parliament that peace was necessary. He travelled to 663:

of ten persons each. Each cell operated independently and was unaware of the members of the other groups, communicating only with their leaders by code. Blanqui had written a manual on revolution,

2300:

Despite the appeals, only fifteen to twenty thousand persons, including many women and children, responded. The forces of the Commune were outnumbered five-to-one by the army of Marshal MacMahon.

2014:

feared that a more authoritarian government would destroy the kind of social republic they wanted to achieve. Soon, the Council of the Commune voted, with strong opposition, for the creation of a

1882:

tear down the column had already been made. The ceremonial destruction took place on 16 May. In the presence of two battalions of the National Guard and the leaders of the Commune, a band played "

3818:

became one of the most influential members of the Commune and its Committee for Public Safety. He went into exile during the Bloody Week, was later amnestied and elected to the National Assembly.

3592:

was also inspired by Paris Commune and said the Commune had been overthrown because the proletariat had failed to exercise dictatorship over the bourgeoisie. He would not make the same mistake.

644:

Of the radical and revolutionary groups in Paris at the time of the Commune, the most conservative were the "radical republicans". This group included the young doctor and future prime minister

8491: 4188:

in 2000, and as with most of Watkins' films uses ordinary people instead of actors to create a documentary effect. Some participants were the children of cast members from Watkin's masterpiece

3764:, leader of the regular army that crushed the Commune, served as the president of the Third Republic from 1873 to 1879. When he died in 1893, he was buried with the highest military honours at 1548: 897:, and enormous reparations. The Government of National Defence decided to continue the war and raise a new army to fight the Germans. The newly organized French armies won a single victory at 7230: 5500: 2232:

of the Porte de Saint-Cloud, La Muette and the Porte de Versailles from inside. By four o'clock in the morning, fifty thousand soldiers had passed into the city, and advanced as far as the

1829:

evidence of alleged sadism and criminal practices. More extreme elements of the National Guard carried out mock religious processions and parodies of religious services. Some churches, like

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Another French historian, Paul Lidsky, argues that Thiers felt urged by mainstream newspapers and leading intellectuals to take decisive action against 'the social and democratic vermin' (

3075:

said that "a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organization of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions, including the

2694:. National guardsmen in the crowd opened fire along with the firing squad. The hostages were shot from all directions, then beaten with rifle butts and stabbed with bayonets. According to 3395:

wrote: "In 1917 we thought that we would form a commune, an association of workers, and that we would put an end to bureaucracy...That is a goal that we are still far from reaching." The

1893:

On 12 May a crowd organised by the Commune destroyed the residence of Adolphe Thiers, the leader of the Third Republic, on Place Saint-Georges. Proposed by Henri Rochefort, editor of the

4789: 1800:

wrote for the paper. The editors wrote, "We are against the National Assembly, but we are not for the Commune. That which we defend, that which we love, that which we admire, is Paris."

1303:, as well as the Ministry of Justice. That night, the National Guard occupied the offices vacated by the government; they quickly took over the Ministries of Finance, the Interior, and 3716:

were taken over by revolutionary national guardsmen on 24 March, but handed back to the army without fighting on 27 March. There was a similar short-lived takeover of the city hall in

1934:, went further and ordered that all four prisoners be summarily shot. The practice of shooting prisoners captured with weapons became common in the bitter fighting in the weeks ahead. 1857:. After the end of the Commune, Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison and later ordered to pay for putting the column back up. He could never pay, and died soon after in exile. 12518: 9673: 2500:

clothes and fleeing the city, leaving between 10,000 and 15,000 Communards to defend the barricades. Delescluze moved his headquarters from the Hôtel de Ville to the city hall of the

7194: 1736:

At the same time, the number of pro-Commune newspapers and magazines published in Paris during the Commune expanded exponentially. The most popular of the pro-Commune newspapers was

1354:, which were occupied by more radical national guardsmen. "We are caught between two bands of crazy people," Clemenceau complained, "those sitting in Versailles and those in Paris." 920:, or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. Rumours and conspiracy theories abounded. Because supplies of ordinary food ran out, starving denizens ate most of the city 1348:

the legitimate government of Paris. It declared that Clemenceau was no longer the Mayor of Montmartre, and seized the city hall there, as well as the city halls of the 1st and 2nd

1139:, commander of the regular army units in Paris. Thiers announced a plan to send the army the next day to take charge of the cannons. The plan was initially opposed by War Minister 961:

between the two sides; each side blamed the other for firing first. Six demonstrators were killed, and the army cleared the square. The government quickly banned two publications,

3243:, may have been exaggerated or a myth. Lissagaray claimed that because of this myth, hundreds of working-class women were murdered in Paris in late May, falsely accused of being 2872:," Lissagaray continued, "paid for the burial of seventeen thousand bodies; but a large number of persons were killed or cremated outside of Paris." Later historians, including 1379:

The new Commune held its first meeting on 28 March in a euphoric mood. The members adopted a dozen proposals, including an honorary presidency for Blanqui; the abolition of the

2496:

uniforms into civilian clothes and shaving their beards, preparing to escape from the city. Delescluze ordered everyone to leave the building, and Brunel's men set it on fire.

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Communists, left-wing socialists, anarchists, and others have seen the Commune as a model for, or a prefiguration of, a liberated society, with a political system based on

2224:

were undefended. An army engineer crossed the moat and inspected the empty fortifications, and immediately telegraphed the news to Marshal MacMahon, who was with Thiers at

1648:, was one of those who symbolised the active participation of a small number of women in the insurrectionary events. A women's battalion of the National Guard defended the 1559:, was also active in the Women's Union. Believing that the situation of women could only be improved through a global struggle against capitalism, the association demanded 1311:

officially lifted the state of siege, named commissions to administer the government, and called elections for 23 March. They also sent a delegation of mayors of the Paris

5184: 1264:(who was in Italy and respectfully declined the title), and created a Central Committee of 38 members, which made its headquarters in a school on the rue Basfroi, between 7564: 2228:. MacMahon promptly gave orders, and two battalions passed through the fortifications without meeting resistance. The Versailles forces were able to swiftly capture the 1220:

government, and the military commanders were at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the gates were open and there were few guards. They were also unaware that Marshal

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Marxist critics attacked du Camp and his book; Collette Wilson called it "a key text in the construction and promulgation of the reactionary memory of the Commune" and

245:

6,667 confirmed killed and buried; unconfirmed estimates from 10 to 15,000 to as high as 20,000 dead. 43,000 were taken prisoner, and 6,500 to 7,500 self-exiled abroad.

6295:

Pivot, Sylvain, "La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire." December 2003. La revue des Anciens Élèves de l'École Nationale d'Administration"

3030:, "As for the Commune, which is about to die out, it is the last manifestation of the Middle Ages." On 10 June, when the Commune was finished, Flaubert wrote to Sand: 2837:, succeeded in slipping out of Paris before the end of the battle, and went into exile; some 3,500 going to England, 2,000–3,000 to Belgium, and 1,000 to Switzerland. 2458:. Bergeret sent a message to the Hotel de Ville: "The last vestiges of royalty have just disappeared. I wish that the same will happen to all the monuments of Paris." 1163:

The killing of Generals Clément-Thomas (above) and Lecomte by national guardsmen on 18 March sparked the armed conflict between the French Army and the National Guard.

625:

Paris was the traditional home of French radical movements. Revolutionaries had gone into the streets and overthrown their governments during the popular uprisings of

2770:

Derroja, near Père Lachaise. A handful of barricades at rue Ramponneau and Avenue de Tourville held out into the middle of the afternoon, when all resistance ceased.

1970:. The National Assembly in Versailles responded to the decree the next day; it passed a law allowing military tribunals to judge and punish suspects within 24 hours. 9254: 2268:

On the morning of 22 May, bells finally were rung around the city, and Delescluze, as delegate for war of the Commune, issued a proclamation, posted all over Paris:

659:, a charismatic professional revolutionary who had spent most of his adult life in prison. He had about a thousand followers, many of them armed and organized into 3827:, who had been a former military leader of the Commune, and member of the Committee of Public safety. On the Commune he organised the destruction of the column in 1913:

released by the Germans, following the terms of the armistice. Others were sent from military units in all of the provinces. To command the new army, Thiers chose

1665:

de Ville. The expenses of the Commune were 42 million, the largest part going to pay the daily salary of the National Guard. Jourde first obtained a loan from the

954:

At midday on 22 January, three or four hundred National Guards and members of radical groups—mostly Blanquists—gathered outside the Hôtel de Ville. A battalion of

9034: 8135: 721:

demanded the right to elect their own officers. The members of the National Guard from working-class neighbourhoods became the main armed force of the Commune.

15716: 10030: 6127:

Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183

716:, numbering about 300,000 men. They also had very little training or experience. They were organised by neighbourhoods; those from the upper- and middle-class 4339:(episode 27, screened 10 December 1972), shipowner James Onedin is lured into the Commune in pursuit of a commercial debt and finds himself under heavy fire. 3303:

wrote, "even though we were to drown this uprising in blood, were we to bury it under the ruins of the burning city, there would be no room for compromise."

2029:, it began to make several arrests, usually on suspicion of treason, intelligence with the enemy, or insults to the Commune. Those arrested included General 1192: 488:. Well and good, gentlemen, do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat." 6471: 3804: 1775: 1125: 4553: 3858:

released from prison, he continued his career as an agitator. He died after giving a speech in Paris in January 1881. Like Adolphe Thiers, he is buried in

2437: 2337: 1269: 4556:[The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy] (in French). Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871. Archived from 3469:(Our Lady of the Hostages) on Rue Haxo mark the place where fifty hostages, including priests, gendarmes and four civilians, were shot by a firing squad. 1661: 15711: 14128: 2070:, but few national guardsmen were trained to use them. Between the end of April and 20 May, the number of trained artillerymen fell from 5,445 to 2,340. 272: 6331: 13941: 7518:"In his later years, the story of the Commune so gripped Morris's imagination that it provided the climax for his long poem, "The Pilgrims of Hope"... 4088:, the Commune provides the historical context to Karl Marx's revolutionary struggles, and is depicted "as a symbol of an unfinished political project." 6885: 442:

had little more than two months to achieve their respective goals before the national French Army suppressed the Commune at the end of May during the

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By 20 September 1870, the German army had surrounded Paris and was camped just 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) from the French front lines. The regular

7220: 5807: 5495: 3567: 2833:—25 were shot, including Ferré and Gustave Genton, who had selected the hostages for execution. Thousands of Communards, including leaders such as 689:'s command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in 2219:, a Polish exile and former military officer, was one of the few capable commanders of the National Guard. He was killed early in the Bloody Week. 2037:, alleged to have caused the assassination of revolutionaries in December 1851—as well as more recent commanders of the National Guard, including 912:

Everyday life for Parisians became increasingly difficult during the siege. In December, temperatures dropped to −15 °C (5 °F), and the

7253: 3271: 1436:. Because the Commune met on fewer than sixty days before it was suppressed, only a few decrees were actually implemented. The decrees included: 818:

since August, had surrendered. The news arrived the same day of the failure of another attempt by the French army to break the siege of Paris at

3657:. On 24 March, inspired by the news from Paris, a crowd of republican and revolutionary workers and national guardsmen invaded the city hall of 15481: 12752: 6690: 4773: 564:

The Commune resulted in part from growing discontent among the Paris workers. This discontent can be traced to the first worker uprisings, the

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Deux mois de prison sous la Commune; suivi de détails authentiques sur l'assassinat de Mgr l'archevêque de Paris (3e éd.) / par Paul Perny,...

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On 17 March 1871, there was a meeting of Thiers and his cabinet, who were joined by Paris mayor Jules Ferry, National Guard commander General

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20,000 figure, wrote in 2014, "the number ten thousand victims seems today the most plausible; it remains an enormous number for the time."

10819: 7178: 2022:(1793–94). Because of the implications carried by its name, many members of the Commune opposed the Committee of Public Safety's creation. 1575:, or legal brothels). The Women's Union also participated in several municipal commissions and organised cooperative workshops. Along with 6618: 5952: 15696: 11467: 5473: 1778:, which was both violently anti-Versailles and critical of the faults and excesses of the Commune. The most popular republican paper was 866: 7504: 7460: 2896:

said that Lissagaray's estimate demonstrated ruling-class brutality: "20,000 killed in the streets... Lessons: bourgeoisie will stop at

12317: 10023: 2320:, where General Cissey established his headquarters; to the Porte de Vanves. In a short time the 5th corps of the army advanced toward 994: 598:

incensed Parisians, and the arrests of journalists critical of the Emperor did nothing to quiet the city. The German military attaché,

7422: 15641: 12762: 12696: 10440: 8699: 6993: 3691: 3026:! But our good Frenchmen hasten to pull down their house as soon as the chimney takes fire..." Near the end of the Commune, Flaubert 6566: 6490: 5909:, Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires 3208:

National Guard commander Jules Bergeret escaped Paris during the Bloody Week and went into exile in New York, where he died in 1905.

13208: 12513: 2650:, a Polish exile who had participated in the uprising against the Russians, against three brigades commanded by General de Cissey. 591:. The International had considerable influence even among unaffiliated French workers, particularly in Paris and the large cities. 6247:

Baker, A. R. (2021). The Personality of Paris: Landscape and Society in the Long-nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing, pg 421

13156: 8525: 8285: 3505: 3370:. The Commune was regarded with admiration and awe by later Communist and leftist leaders. Vladimir Lenin identified the Russian 2706: 981:

soldiers would give up their arms, but would not be taken into captivity. Paris would pay an indemnity of 200 million francs. At

265: 5164: 3708:. There were attempts to establish Communes in other cities. A radical government briefly took charge in the industrial town of 2212: 15636: 14072: 12757: 11322: 9074: 9059: 8976: 7560: 5440: 1640:, close to the IWA activists, and founder of a cooperative bakery in 1867, also fought during the Commune and the Bloody Week. 773:

of the First International, marched to the centre chanting 'Long Live the Commune!", but they also dispersed without incident.

8216: 6986:"No. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles" 4599:"annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], 4284: 2401:

The garrison of one barricade, at Chaussee Clignancourt, was defended in part by a battalion of about thirty women, including

1361:

A few candidates, including Blanqui (who had been arrested when outside Paris, and was in prison in Brittany), won in several

769:, demanding immediate municipal elections and rifles. On 8 October, several thousand soldiers from the National Guard, led by 15686: 13332: 11402: 10845: 10016: 8827: 8118: 8092: 8041: 7993: 7955: 7896: 7873: 7833: 7696: 7454: 7141: 7102: 7060: 6741: 6721: 6666: 6524: 6165: 5434: 5335: 4783: 4707:, pp. 264–270, citing remarks by Frederick Engels, London, on the 20th anniversary of the Paris Commune, March 18, 1891. 3281:, Thiers had no other option to restore the unity of a country fractured by an overwhelming defeat and innumerable factions. 2962:

during the French Revolution, when, following June 1793, 16,594 official death sentences were carried out throughout France.

2765:, one of the leaders of the Commune, was captured and shot by soldiers at Montmartre on 28 May, the last day of the uprising. 2517: 2200: 603: 7702: 7295: 5401: 2618:

barricades, and held three-fifths of Paris. MacMahon had his headquarters at the Quai d'Orsay. The insurgents held only the

1853:

during the Paris Commune. The column's destruction fulfilled an official proposition made the previous September by painter

15681: 14077: 12742: 11797: 11216: 9458: 6988:[No. 1262 – Information report by Mr. Bernard Accoyer made on behalf of the information mission on memory issues]. 3643:

had a long history of worker's movements and uprisings. On 28 September 1870, even before the Paris Commune, the anarchist

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had a strongly republican mayor and a tradition of revolutionary and radical movements. On 22 March, socialist politician

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in Moscow was (and still is) decorated with red banners from the Commune, brought to Moscow in 1924 by French communists.

3321: 3267:. As he put it, "the exile of so many extremists enabled the new Republic to develop in a peaceful and orderly fashion." 2991:

described the Commune as "A committee of assassins, a band of hooligans , a government of crime and madness." The diarist

2741:, defended by about 200 men. At 6:00 in the evening, the army used cannon to demolish the gates and the First Regiment of 1627: 784:

line connecting Paris with the rest of France had been cut by the Germans on 27 September. On 6 October, Defense Minister

13481: 12435: 11957: 11897: 10541: 9181: 8944: 8600: 8590: 8313: 7155: 4448: 2340:. Little resistance was encountered in the west of Paris, but the army moved forward slowly and cautiously, in no hurry. 484:. Engels wrote: "Of late, the Social-Democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the words: 451: 4601:

Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871

3897:, whose poem "Sur une barricade", written on 11 June 1871 and published in 1872 in a collection of poems under the name 3480:. Memorial commemorations are held at the cemetery every year in May to remember the Commune. Another plaque behind the 804:

Revolutionary units of the National Guard briefly seized the Hôtel de Ville on 31 October 1870, but the uprising failed.

11392: 10226: 9029: 8197: 8067: 6778: 6441: 5263: 5033: 4833: 4518: 3712:, from 24 to 27 March, but left without violence when confronted by the army. The city hall, prefecture and arsenal of 2543: 2309: 2286: 1954:

Under the new decree, a number of prominent religious leaders were promptly arrested, including the Abbé Deguerry, the

1918: 665: 258: 13823: 8162: 3464: 2304:

that made entire districts nearly impregnable in earlier Parisian revolutions had in the centre been replaced by wide

1752: 1700: 1457:

free return by pawnshops of all workmen's tools and household items, valued up to 20 francs, pledged during the siege;

1248: 921: 15651: 13286: 9903: 9567: 9001: 8986: 7974: 7787: 7765: 7744: 7665: 7635: 7531: 7188: 6945: 6861: 6807: 6352: 6265: 5379: 4841: 3035:

longs to hang the other half, which returns the compliment. That is clearly to be read in the eyes of the passers-by.

3023: 2424:, one of the original leaders of the Commune, took cans of oil and set fire to buildings near the rue Royale and the 2015: 588: 545:. In Paris, however, the republican candidates dominated, winning 234,000 votes against 77,000 for the Bonapartists. 3484:

marks the site of a mass grave of Communards shot by the army. Their remains were later reburied in city cemeteries.

504:

was captured. When the news reached Paris the next day, shocked and angry crowds came out into the streets. Empress

15701: 15473: 13874: 13307: 12737: 10683: 10188: 9898: 9749: 9699: 9269: 9110: 9064: 8372: 7947: 6447: 3274:, who writes that "the crushing of the communards was ultimately to facilitate the advent of the Third Republic." 2936:

called it "the bible of the anti-Communard literature." In 2012, however, supporting du Camp's research, historian

2416:

On the same day, having had little success fighting the army, units of national guardsmen began to take revenge by

1788:, which condemned both Thiers and the killing of generals Lecomte and Clement-Thomas by the Communards. Its editor 1196: 534: 7913: 6468: 2849: 2717: 2074:

making soldiers live in barracks instead of at home. He recruited officers with military experience, particularly

1466:

if it were deserted by its owner; the Commune, nonetheless, recognised the previous owner's right to compensation;

15726: 15568: 14217: 13931: 13779: 12747: 12568: 12232: 11947: 8306: 8205: 3140: 2682:

at the Buttes-Chaumont and Père-Lachaise, from which they continued to bombard the regular army forces along the

1132: 1024: 865:, the leader of the National Assembly conservatives, had toured Europe, consulting with the foreign ministers of 481: 13080: 4557: 2425: 15671: 14871: 14761: 14067: 13369: 12237: 9289: 8864: 7370: 6920: 6832: 5178: 4301: 2413:; 300 prisoners captured with their weapons were shot there, the largest of the mass executions of the rebels. 1878: 521: 400: 39: 14686: 8142:

Collection de caricatures et de charges pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre et de la révolution de 1870–1871

8136:

Collection de caricatures et de charges pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre et de la révolution de 1870–1871

4016:

protagonists, Grondin and Tarpagnan, are involved. The title is drawn from the eponymous Communard newspaper,

2483: 1317:, led by Clemenceau, to negotiate with Thiers in Versailles to obtain a special independent status for Paris. 1209: 822:, with heavy losses. On 31 October, the leaders of the main revolutionary groups in Paris, including Blanqui, 814:

On 28 October, the news arrived in Paris that the 160,000 soldiers of the French army at Metz, which had been

15721: 14440: 14197: 13794: 13523: 13379: 12508: 11812: 11787: 11253: 11113: 10508: 10183: 9667: 9212: 8832: 8773: 8768: 6328: 2383: 2343:

No one had expected the army to enter the city, so only a few large barricades were already in place, on the

1454:

granting of pensions to the unmarried companions and children of national guardsmen killed in active service;

985:'s request, Bismarck agreed not to disarm the National Guard, so that order could be maintained in the city. 845:

voted to elect mayors; five councils elected radical opposition candidates, including Delescluze and a young

736:

led several thousand National Guard soldiers to march to the Hôtel de Ville chanting "Long Live the Commune!"

20: 10131: 8854: 3511: 15706: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15537: 15512: 15434: 14480: 13401: 13317: 13259: 13198: 12619: 12528: 12147: 12107: 11823: 11792: 11083: 10990: 10795: 10703: 10445: 9714: 9560: 9540: 9279: 8758: 8595: 6877: 4229: 4185: 4147:(first performed at Hebbel am Ufer in 2010), the final part of a tetralogy dealing with failed revolutions. 3848: 3746:

reported that a million Parisians lined the streets; the funeral procession was led by republican deputies

3367: 3263:

considers that Thiers tackled the crisis in a ruthless but successful way, thus giving a solid base to the

2643: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2501: 2478: 2030: 1830: 1813: 1532:, the Hotel de Ville and other landmarks, the reports of women participating were exaggerated at the time. 649: 553: 8096: 4775:

A Field Marshal's Memoirs: From the Diary, Correspondence and Reminiscences of Alfred, Count von Waldersee

2675: 15532: 15225: 14460: 14269: 14227: 13720: 13337: 13055: 12553: 12287: 11807: 11163: 10890: 10804: 10203: 9758: 9397: 9117: 8991: 8981: 8729: 8570: 8518: 8434: 8347: 8278: 8239: 8191: 6234: 3144: 3076: 2639: 2635: 1522:

reported that soldiers arrested 13 women who allegedly threw petrol into houses. There were rumours that

1463: 1392: 937: 909:

to break out of Paris was defeated with a loss of 4,000 soldiers, compared with 1,700 German casualties.

412: 324: 14415: 11108: 10978: 4605:

Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection

4156: 3582:

group in Hunan province) modeled its ideology on the radically egalitarian nature of the Paris Commune.

2647: 2513: 1485:, anarchist and famed "Red Virgin of Montmartre", became an important part of the legend of the Commune. 1213: 15486: 15330: 14841: 14666: 13693: 13364: 12357: 11997: 11782: 11427: 11287: 11175: 10450: 10114: 9888: 9308: 9229: 8996: 8906: 8885: 8585: 8575: 8565: 8029: 7446: 6799: 4533: 3447: 2865: 2698:, a defender of the Commune, a total of 63 people were executed by the Commune during the bloody week. 2695: 2429: 2417: 2344: 1717:

From 21 March, the Central Committee of the National Guard banned the major pro-Versailles newspapers,

1589: 1421: 886: 513: 462: 14562: 11712: 8227: 15676: 14706: 14641: 14542: 13710: 12795: 12727: 12187: 11802: 11482: 11477: 10958: 10946: 10824: 10768: 10743: 10693: 10628: 10558: 10256: 9862: 9652: 9488: 9244: 9159: 9132: 9049: 8844: 8689: 8466: 8260:; After opening credits, at 03:37 begins with extensive scenes of the 1871 Siege and Commune of Paris 8157: 7814:

The paradise of association: Political culture and popular organizations in the Paris Commune of 1871

6630: 4523: 3535: 3351: 3278: 3015: 1821: 1710: 1440:

remission of rents owed for the entire period of the siege (during which payment had been suspended);

1066: 717: 701:, new recruits with little training or experience. 17,000 of them were Parisian, and 73,000 from the 630: 606:. The war with Prussia, initiated by Napoleon III in July, was initially met with patriotic fervour. 6659:

Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949–1966)

6410: 6391: 3958:

is set against the background of the Franco-Prussian War, the Battle of Sedan and the Paris Commune.

3859: 3755: 3492: 3473: 2738: 2711: 2655: 2049: 1808: 1159: 780:

launched a series of armed attacks to break the German siege, with heavy losses and no success. The

15691: 14851: 14711: 14344: 14133: 13869: 12202: 12162: 12112: 11977: 11567: 11472: 11397: 11386: 11282: 11231: 10923: 10809: 10608: 9069: 9039: 8644: 8427: 8379: 7133: 7094: 5697: 5521: 4174: 3779: 3363: 2926: 2691: 2607: 2505: 2491:, the headquarters of the Commune, attacked by the Versailles Army and burned by the National Guard 1931: 1304: 1187: 1016: 902: 842: 827: 319: 309: 184: 11602: 8153: 7722: 3481: 2821: 2488: 2082:; they played a prominent role in the last days of the Commune. One of these officers was General 2025:

The committee was given extensive powers to hunt down and imprison enemies of the Commune. Led by

1585:, which served free food for indigents, and then fought during the Bloody Week on the barricades. 1547:, a young Russian exile and member of the Russian section of the First International, created the 766: 15631: 15605: 14552: 14187: 13926: 13818: 13705: 13600: 13474: 13391: 12706: 12599: 12428: 12272: 11962: 11932: 11877: 11872: 11103: 10883: 10861: 10814: 10534: 10251: 9913: 9325: 9207: 9154: 9100: 9054: 8743: 8459: 7586: 6703:

Eye-witness accounts quoted in 'Paris under Siege' by Joanna Richardson p. 197 (see bibliography)

4418: 4114: 3347: 3152: 3116: 3019: 2912: 2509: 2158: 1599: 1334: 1296: 1241: 1106: 1086:

A contemporary sketch of women and children helping take two National Guard cannons to Montmartre

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provided many of the most disciplined soldiers and several of the senior leaders of the Commune.

660: 368: 205: 148: 60: 11647: 9826: 4473: 3983:

is set during the Paris Commune and contrasts the savagery of the werewolf with the savagery of

3698:. An insurrection was planned for late May or early June 1871; the plan was abandoned following 3648: 2348: 2333: 1797: 833:

Blanqui, the leader of the most radical faction, established his own headquarters at the nearby

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received on the barricades. His last reported words were: "Do they still say I was a traitor?"

1572: 758: 472:

Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of

15245: 8033: 5327: 5320: 4028:. The book itself is supposedly his account. Painter Gustave Courbet also makes an appearance. 3900: 2610:, last military leader of the Commune, was shot dead after he stood atop a barricade, unarmed. 2562: 1544: 1208:

At 5:00 in the afternoon, the National Guard had captured another important prisoner: General

621:, leader of the Commune's far-left faction, was imprisoned for the entire time of the Commune. 15025: 14891: 14656: 14621: 14581: 14329: 14150: 13654: 13590: 13342: 13161: 12649: 12498: 12478: 12347: 12157: 12137: 12097: 12082: 11927: 11907: 11687: 11462: 11437: 11380: 11330: 10778: 10723: 10588: 10578: 10573: 10383: 10289: 10178: 10148: 10040: 9954: 9893: 9662: 9647: 9602: 9355: 9345: 9137: 8961: 8869: 8804: 7440: 7052: 6975:

Baker, Zoe. “Chapter Six: Insurrectionist Anarchism.” Means and Ends, AK Press, 2023, p. 204.

5947: 5371: 5170: 4423: 4294: 3979: 3854: 3738: 3264: 3027: 2783: 2751:

recorded execution of a woman by the army during the Bloody Week. The wall is now called the

2734: 2666:

On the afternoon of 26 May, after six hours of heavy fighting, the regular army captured the

2521: 2095: 1870: 1384: 1274: 1058: 693:, surrounded by the Germans. The regulars were thus supported by around 5,000 firemen, 3,000 656: 618: 517: 376: 124: 7419: 6608: 3612:

procession, also commemorating the Commune anniversary, outside the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

2225: 2166: 2125:

Bitter fighting followed, as MacMahon's army worked their way systematically forward to the

1748:, which was published from 22 February until 23 May. Another highly popular publication was 1491: 505: 15130: 14836: 14791: 14676: 14445: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14118: 13921: 13859: 13605: 13538: 13505: 13501: 13291: 13281: 13218: 13213: 13110: 13090: 12711: 12701: 12683: 12488: 12402: 12263: 12252: 12242: 12227: 12217: 12167: 12122: 12102: 12052: 12032: 12027: 12007: 12002: 11987: 11982: 11967: 11952: 11937: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11867: 11857: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11773: 11587: 11557: 11547: 11303: 11277: 10460: 9796: 9637: 9380: 8921: 8859: 8748: 8639: 8406: 8339: 4468: 4413: 4012: 3942:, between 1878 and 1880, the complete novels being published only in 1886, after his death. 3554: 3388: 3104: 3100: 2954: 2808: 2667: 2615: 2588: 2466: 2252: 2170: 2134: 1939: 1292: 1265: 1253: 1062: 1057:

On 17 February the new parliament elected the 74-year-old Thiers as chief executive of the

819: 815: 781: 694: 599: 509: 294: 8167: 7620:

The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police

6985: 5426:

Nonfiction Book Review: Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune by John Merriman

3289: 2758: 2568: 2428:. Following the example set by Brunel, guardsmen set fire to dozens of other buildings on 1151: 524:

with the intention of continuing the war. The Prussian army marched swiftly toward Paris.

8: 15646: 15335: 15160: 15135: 14816: 14636: 14591: 14500: 14490: 14400: 14390: 14369: 14339: 14237: 14177: 14019: 14014: 14009: 13996: 13967: 13884: 13801: 13757: 13752: 13745: 13396: 13312: 13241: 13228: 13203: 13176: 13166: 13085: 12970: 12845: 12772: 12732: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12642: 12627: 12523: 12468: 12337: 12222: 12212: 12197: 12177: 12172: 12152: 12132: 12127: 12092: 12087: 12077: 12057: 12012: 11992: 11912: 11902: 11832: 11727: 11617: 11498: 11412: 11375: 11350: 11317: 11292: 11259: 11248: 11068: 11058: 10973: 10941: 10854: 10783: 10483: 10246: 10241: 10198: 10072: 10067: 9872: 9734: 9729: 9709: 9694: 9617: 9583: 9463: 9420: 9340: 9294: 9171: 9164: 9144: 9105: 9017: 8809: 8778: 8753: 8719: 8621: 8616: 8331: 8222: 8175: 8023: 7646: 6614: 6487: 6205: 4812: 4756: 4408: 4260: 4222: 4190: 4033: 3911:' sequence of poems, "The Pilgrims of Hope" (1885), features a climax set in the Commune. 3571: 3558: 3550: 3477: 3359: 3227: 3222: 2752: 2722: 2584: 2537: 2410: 2233: 2229: 2216: 2138: 2083: 1959: 1564: 1425: 1020: 898: 809: 702: 584: 541:

candidates supporting Napoleon III, while 3,350,000 had voted for the republicans or the

364: 168: 43: 15125: 15070: 14557: 8253: 5837:, 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, 3844: 3687: 2479:

24 May: Burning of Hotel de Ville; executions of Communards, the archbishop and hostages

2154: 1759: 1460:

postponement of commercial debt obligations, and the abolition of interest on the debts;

15556: 15517: 15255: 15210: 15195: 14980: 14751: 14518: 14465: 14425: 14294: 14284: 14263: 14103: 14004: 13946: 13832: 13774: 13688: 13548: 13528: 13513: 13467: 13416: 13374: 13347: 13252: 13188: 13183: 13171: 12940: 12860: 12604: 12421: 12395: 12207: 12192: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12037: 11972: 11922: 11917: 11702: 11627: 11442: 11432: 11335: 11271: 11237: 11191: 10527: 10231: 10193: 10173: 9724: 9375: 9320: 9274: 9122: 9088: 8672: 8141: 6684: 6304: 4478: 4234: 4072: 3771: 3355: 3327: 3172: 2992: 2730: 2683: 2448: 1666: 1536: 1261: 1051: 906: 850: 834: 777: 750: 686: 645: 638: 14935: 13075: 11572: 10299: 9801: 9786: 4817:. London, S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan & co. pp. 7–9. 4761:. London, S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan & co. pp. 3–6. 3905:, honours the bravery of a twelve-year-old Communard being led to the execution squad. 2803: 2317: 1887: 1686:

and other Marxists, who felt the Commune should have confiscated the bank's reserves.

1528:

were paid 10 francs per house. While it was clear that communard arsonists burned the

399:, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-century schools. These policies included the 391:

The Commune governed Paris for two months, establishing policies that tended toward a

15370: 15310: 15095: 14806: 14547: 14435: 14430: 14232: 14047: 14026: 13906: 13864: 13767: 13678: 13635: 13615: 13575: 13543: 13236: 13193: 13015: 12905: 12895: 12825: 12654: 12543: 12538: 12503: 12473: 12367: 12297: 12142: 12047: 11942: 11657: 11527: 11312: 11265: 11028: 10905: 10758: 10618: 10329: 10121: 10099: 9944: 9766: 9719: 9627: 9521: 9503: 9498: 9483: 9468: 9407: 9370: 9284: 9217: 9195: 9176: 9044: 8971: 8794: 8694: 8580: 8560: 8537: 8387: 8201: 8114: 8088: 8063: 8047: 8037: 7989: 7970: 7951: 7930: 7924: 7892: 7869: 7829: 7779: 7761: 7740: 7692: 7661: 7631: 7527: 7450: 7366: 7184: 7147: 7137: 7108: 7098: 7066: 7056: 6941: 6916: 6857: 6828: 6803: 6774: 6737: 6717: 6672: 6662: 6520: 6437: 6348: 6308: 6261: 6161: 5430: 5375: 5331: 5259: 5174: 4847: 4837: 4779: 4508: 4272: 4202: 3987: 3787: 3699: 3443:, and puts them in a position where they must take a side in the ongoing struggle." 3440: 3103:. Following the 1871 Paris Commune, the anarchist movement, as with the whole of the 2889: 2830: 2742: 2671: 2658:, climbed to the top and showed himself to the soldiers, and was promptly shot dead. 2572: 2552: 2406: 2361: 2196: 2191:

Map of Paris Commune and the ″bloody week″, drawn according with Michèle Audin, (fr)

2182: 2162: 1975:

hundred hostages, including the Archbishop, were shot by the Commune before its end.

1789: 1637: 1183: 1095: 882: 742: 445: 314: 13025: 13000: 12865: 8233: 5424: 3774:, the mayor of Montmartre at the beginning of the Commune, became the leader of the 3325:

The red banner from the Commune brought to Moscow by French communists in June 1924.

1862: 1850: 1140: 15593: 15581: 15454: 15320: 15305: 15280: 15260: 15090: 15020: 14930: 14901: 14886: 14861: 14821: 14811: 14776: 14771: 14716: 14691: 14681: 14651: 14611: 14420: 14405: 14354: 14334: 14202: 14182: 14091: 13740: 13683: 13610: 13580: 13448: 13436: 13327: 13135: 13035: 12930: 12875: 12830: 12820: 12805: 12691: 12594: 12563: 12388: 12277: 11717: 11662: 11577: 11447: 11422: 11365: 11340: 11243: 11185: 11153: 11138: 11073: 11013: 10983: 10963: 10931: 10895: 10878: 10866: 10773: 10733: 10643: 10638: 10493: 10398: 10168: 10163: 10104: 9997: 9987: 9977: 9959: 9836: 9632: 9435: 9387: 9259: 9234: 8724: 8420: 8147: 8100: 8080: 7807: 7682: 7363:

La naissance du mouvement ouvrier à Besançon – la Première internationale 1869–1872

4463: 4443: 4428: 4385: 4371: 4357: 3928: 3761: 3539: 3428: 3371: 3331: 3217: 3128: 3007: 2869: 2470: 2444: 2115: 2079: 2038: 1914: 1825: 1644:, the famed "Red Virgin of Montmartre" (see photo), who would later be deported to 1568: 1529: 1433: 1221: 762: 477: 428: 304: 209: 188: 14646: 14631: 10413: 8897: 8736: 6880:[The responsibility of the press in the repression of the Paris Commune]. 5467: 4458: 4198:

was shot on film by Odd-Geir Saether, the Norwegian cameraman from the Munch film.

3828: 3658: 3084: 2762: 1576: 1300: 1299:, while other units occupied the former headquarters of the National Guard at the 1047: 785: 770: 733: 15325: 15295: 15105: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15015: 15005: 15000: 14985: 14955: 14881: 14741: 14721: 14696: 14626: 14586: 14475: 14470: 14349: 14314: 14309: 14304: 13979: 13936: 13837: 13700: 13563: 13558: 12960: 12900: 12890: 12885: 12815: 12584: 12558: 12533: 12493: 12483: 12458: 12327: 11737: 11637: 11632: 11612: 11582: 11537: 11532: 11522: 11487: 11360: 11211: 11033: 11008: 10936: 10713: 10593: 10378: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10294: 10284: 10236: 10153: 10079: 9821: 9806: 9771: 9607: 9530: 9493: 9478: 9473: 9415: 9330: 8890: 8631: 8413: 8212: 7917: 7729: 7717:

Gould, Roger V. "Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871."

7686: 7426: 7287: 6516: 6494: 6475: 6427: 6414: 6395: 6335: 6170: 5956: 5504: 5477: 5396: 4335: 4249: 4211: 4206: 3952: 3803:

of New Caledonia. The convicts included about one thousand Communards, including

3791: 3695: 3672: 3644: 3339: 3306: 3213: 3132: 3088: 3072: 3011: 2984: 2959: 2944:

The debate was still underway in 2021. A new book was published by mathematician

2817: 2701: 2525: 2356: 2294: 2087: 2019: 1927: 1883: 1874: 1854: 1682:

the franc stable and pay the indemnity. Jourde's actions were later condemned by

1560: 874: 789: 626: 497: 416: 404: 355: 343: 299: 14671: 11692: 11512: 8876: 8185: 6506: 4493: 4025: 3921: 1745: 746: 15414: 15355: 15315: 15300: 15265: 15230: 15220: 15200: 15190: 15180: 15140: 15120: 15060: 15010: 14970: 14945: 14940: 14866: 14796: 14661: 14606: 14455: 14222: 14207: 14138: 14057: 13762: 13276: 13130: 13070: 13040: 12925: 12920: 12840: 12835: 12810: 12463: 12342: 12332: 11592: 11507: 11417: 11133: 11128: 11118: 11053: 11023: 10738: 10668: 10623: 10603: 10598: 10488: 10373: 10324: 10158: 10109: 9949: 9841: 9811: 9791: 9781: 9684: 9679: 9622: 9453: 9448: 9440: 9264: 9222: 8799: 8257: 7519: 6600: 6312: 4830:

French socialists before Marx: workers, women and the social question in France

4483: 4121: 4048: 3962: 3908: 3871: 3832: 3734: 3531: 2988: 2916: 2893: 2592: 2556: 2146: 1963: 1678: 1673: 1636:

and Paule Minck, as well as of the Russian section of the First International.

1615: 1552: 1540: 1429: 1322: 1176: 1028: 1003: 870: 862: 634: 455: 380: 15419: 15050: 14726: 8483: 8474: 8249: 7595: 7070: 4433: 3246: 3238: 2975: 2329: 435:

currents, among other socialist types, played important roles in the Commune.

15620: 15444: 15285: 15275: 15240: 15215: 15185: 15115: 15110: 15045: 15040: 14960: 14896: 14876: 14786: 14766: 14746: 14596: 14364: 14299: 14289: 14257: 14108: 14096: 14062: 13972: 13958: 13911: 13553: 13411: 13125: 13105: 13095: 13020: 12975: 12955: 12945: 12870: 12850: 11752: 11707: 11672: 11652: 11607: 11562: 11457: 11407: 11148: 11093: 10678: 10673: 10653: 10393: 10349: 10344: 9939: 9908: 9831: 9776: 9535: 9365: 9149: 8837: 8075: 7934: 7783: 7508:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 675–676. 7495: 7490: 7257: 7254:"After 150 years, the legacy of the Paris Commune continues to divide France" 7151: 7112: 6912: 6676: 4851: 4503: 4498: 4453: 4399: 4319: 4315: 4268: 4181: 4151: 4133: 4107: 4008: 3865: 3765: 3747: 3604: 3579: 3432: 3392: 3335: 3216:, writing in his personal diary which is quoted at length in noted historian 3095: 2945: 2885: 2529: 2462: 2433: 2402: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2352: 2313: 2282:

does its duty; the Commune and the Committee of Public Safety will do theirs!

2261: 2257: 2075: 2034: 2026: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1482: 1448: 1388: 1380: 1284: 917: 577: 565: 466: 392: 372: 14856: 10354: 8051: 5029: 4438: 3945: 3815: 3046: 2834: 2811:, who handed over six hostages for execution, was executed in November 1871. 2187: 1971: 1694: 1505: 1497: 1035: 823: 15385: 15365: 15360: 15350: 15290: 15165: 15030: 14756: 14736: 14731: 14701: 14601: 14123: 13789: 13725: 13322: 13115: 13065: 13060: 13050: 13030: 12985: 12980: 12965: 12855: 12790: 12589: 12548: 12292: 12282: 11757: 11682: 11622: 11597: 11542: 11196: 11158: 11123: 10648: 10583: 10418: 10408: 10403: 10388: 9983: 9816: 9739: 9689: 9612: 9249: 8954: 8911: 8711: 8682: 8365: 8179: 8106: 7388: 7225: 7046: 4488: 4256: 4085: 4080: 3996: 3875: 3800: 3596: 3436: 3424: 3413: 2937: 2881: 2873: 2747: 2661: 2603: 2576: 2533: 2325: 2321: 2119: 1967: 1607: 1513: 1444: 1136: 1113: 698: 501: 14995: 8211:"Caricatures of the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune (1870–71)": 7885:

L'année terrible: La guerre franco-prussienne (septembre 1870 – mars 1871)

7773: 7127: 7088: 6878:"La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris" 4620:

Tombs, Robert, "How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? A Revision".

4267:, showed a split-screen entry connecting the work of 1970s Left filmmaker 2903: 2670:. The National Guard still held parts of the 3rd Arrondissement, from the 669:, to give guidance to his followers. Though their numbers were small, the 15449: 15439: 15390: 15380: 15375: 15345: 15175: 15150: 15145: 15100: 14965: 14906: 14846: 14801: 14616: 14523: 14485: 14410: 14359: 14279: 14031: 13730: 13640: 13568: 13406: 13140: 13120: 12995: 12990: 12950: 12935: 12880: 12785: 11762: 11732: 11722: 11677: 11552: 11143: 11098: 11063: 10753: 10663: 10503: 9867: 8916: 8819: 8664: 8019: 7852: 7129:

The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis

5166:

Art, War and Revolution in France, 1870–1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality

4240: 4064: 4038: 3894: 3840: 3783: 3751: 3743: 3589: 3575: 3499:

There are several locations named after the Paris Commune. Including the

3181: 3139:, tried to draw major theoretical lessons (in particular as regards the " 3039: 3003: 2858: 2729:

On the morning of 27 May, the regular army soldiers of Generals Grenier,

2679: 2126: 2067: 1793: 1611: 1603: 1556: 1368: 1043: 1039: 999: 982: 682: 595: 542: 538: 408: 384: 130: 12519:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 10008: 7889:

The Terrible Year: The Franco-Prussian War (September 1870 – March 1871)

7550:, Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (1989), (pp. 4, 13) 6431: 3346:

The Paris Commune inspired other uprisings named or called Communes: in

1288: 614: 15459: 15395: 15065: 15055: 14975: 14113: 13984: 13849: 13808: 13784: 13659: 13620: 13010: 13005: 12915: 12910: 12322: 12307: 12302: 11747: 11221: 10871: 10748: 10718: 10613: 10089: 9934: 9425: 8654: 8452: 6488:

Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune

4011:-winning novel is an account of the tumultuous events of 1871, told in 3974: 3824: 3810: 3709: 3562: 3455: 3396: 3254: 3188: 3165: 3120: 2737:. One of the last remaining strongpoints of the National Guard was the 2395: 2130: 1996:

of Vermersch, supported giving the military priority. The publications

1866: 1720: 1669:, then paid the bills from the city account, which was soon exhausted. 1236: 1172: 1167:

Early in the morning of 18 March, two brigades of soldiers climbed the

1054:. This group was dominant in Paris, where they won 37 of the 42 seats. 1015:

on February, about 400 favoured a constitutional monarchy under either

846: 670: 439: 375:

radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the

144: 51: 9552: 7910: 7221:"Vive la Commune? The working-class insurrection that shook the world" 2447:, which had been the residence of most of the monarchs of France from 15507: 15502: 15429: 15250: 15035: 14990: 14925: 14781: 14385: 14324: 14212: 14082: 13953: 13879: 13844: 13668: 13595: 13533: 13491: 13386: 13100: 13045: 12800: 12609: 12444: 12362: 12312: 11642: 11206: 10763: 10658: 10550: 10498: 10478: 10057: 9973: 9929: 8763: 7905:

Price, R. D. "Ideology and Motivation in the Paris Commune of 1871."

6770: 4232:

has made two films directly or indirectly influenced by the Commune:

3836: 3668: 3647:

and socialist Paul Clusaret led an unsuccessful attempt to seize the

3629: 3600: 3417: 3377: 3285: 2305: 2108: 1782: 1728: 1683: 800: 754: 473: 432: 424: 396: 57: 2857:

Historians have long debated the number of Communards killed during

1820:

From the beginning, the Commune had a hostile relationship with the

15527: 15522: 15424: 14950: 13894: 13889: 13854: 13715: 13625: 13357: 13352: 13246: 12637: 11667: 11226: 10910: 10728: 10455: 7442:

France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer

5803:

Proclamation de Delescluze. delegue a la Guerre, au peuple de Paris

3717: 3713: 3616: 1706: 1339: 1012: 894: 706: 420: 9674:

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs

8492:

Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés

7489:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5032:(in French). Aubervilliers: Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique. 4170:

Of the numerous films set in the Commune, particularly notable is

1845: 1412: 988: 15340: 15235: 14155: 13630: 13585: 12632: 12352: 10568: 10084: 9642: 9597: 8677: 8545: 7600: 4264: 3721: 3677: 3585: 3543: 3519: 3204: 2018:, modelled on and named after the committee that carried out the 1899:, on 6 April, it was not voted upon by the Commune until 10 May. 1478: 1006:, the chief executive of the French Government during the Commune 458:, and about one hundred hostages, mostly gendarmes and priests. 8503: 8263: 7561:"Marx as Flawed, Manic, and One of Us: a Review of Marx Returns" 4554:"Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy" 3758:, where one of the final battles of the Commune had been fought. 3690:

originated from the emergence of unions, including a section of

1955: 1146: 1082: 729: 655:

The most extreme revolutionaries in Paris were the followers of

250: 100:

Disbanding of the second National Guard by the French government

15270: 15205: 13916: 12780: 11517: 11452: 8966: 8534: 6347:

Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885. Paris. Gallimard (1972).

3527: 3515: 2983:

French writers and artists had strong views about the Commune.

2797: 2788: 2614:

By the end of 24 May, the regular army had cleared most of the

2555:

of captured Communard soldiers by the army continued. Informal

2273:

or conquer it! The Commune counts on you, count on the Commune!

2142: 2078:

who had fled to France in 1863, after the Russians quelled the

1091: 890: 856: 163: 119: 15600: 15576: 13443: 9993: 6746: 5493:

François Bodinaux, Dominique Plasman, Michèle Ribourdouille. "

4379: 3487: 2702:

27–28 May: Final battles; executions at Père-Lachaise Cemetery

1549:

Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and Care of the Wounded

697:, and 15,000 sailors. The regulars were also supported by the 508:, the acting Regent, fled the city, and the government of the 13900: 11742: 9846: 8172:, a collection of writings by Marx and Engels on the subject. 8111:

Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune

6574:(6th ed.). Paris: Foreign Languages Press. p. 127. 5998: 3136: 2392: 2150: 1766:

A republican press also flourished, including such papers as

1343:

The celebration of the election of the Commune, 28 March 1871

1168: 1034:

Of the 200 republicans in the new parliament, 80 were former

913: 878: 648:, who was a member of the National Assembly and Mayor of the 571: 360: 359:) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in 13459: 12413: 10519: 6938:

The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought

6661:. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham. p. 423. 6231:

Paris and the Commune, 1871–1878: The Politics of Forgetting

5919: 5917: 5915: 5277: 5275: 4892: 4890: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4041:

sets chapter 17 against the background of the Paris Commune.

3083:

Varlin, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and

2911:

Between 1878 and 1880, a French historian and member of the

1416:

The Commune returns workmen's tools pawned during the siege.

792:

to try to organise national resistance against the Germans.

9239: 8649: 6959: 6957: 6407: 6388: 5199: 5010: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4669: 4667: 3640: 3124: 2755:, and is the site of annual commemorations of the Commune. 2247: 1469:

prohibition of fines imposed by employers on their workmen.

1069:

were waiting, and on 24 February the armistice was signed.

690: 7758:

Die Pariser Kommune: Erfolg und Scheitern einer Revolution

7376: 7343: 7331: 7319: 6370: 4698: 3862:, where one of the last battles of the Commune was fought. 3476:

where 147 Communards were executed, commonly known as the

3450:

decreed a law on 24 July 1873 for the construction of the

2368:

23 May: Battle for Montmartre; burning of Tuileries Palace

1090:

At the end of the war, 400 obsolete muzzle-loading bronze

537:

held under the French Empire, 4,438,000 had voted for the

512:

swiftly collapsed. Republican and radical deputies of the

7291: 6123: 6121: 6082: 6034: 6022: 5986: 5974: 5929: 5912: 5742: 5718: 5665: 5653: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5368:

Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871

5287: 5272: 5235: 5084: 4962: 4950: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4887: 4875: 4858: 4654: 4652: 4271:

with contemporary shots of the Paris Commune at the 11th

3059: 633:, as well as subsequent failed attempts such as the 1832 7288:"Paris Commune: The revolt dividing France 150 years on" 6954: 6856:] (in French). Paris: François Maspéro. p. 72. 6546: 6106: 5786: 5784: 5759: 5757: 5630: 5628: 4681: 4664: 4607:] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875 3823:

The most remarkable comeback was that of Commune leader

3164:

He used the famous term later taken up by Lenin and the

2662:

26 May: Capture of Place de la Bastille; more executions

1182:

While the Army had succeeded in securing the cannons at

19:

For the Paris Commune during the French Revolution, see

8062:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 7625: 7394: 7365:, Besançon, Cahier d'Études comtoises, 1990, 83 pages ( 7090:

Everyday life in the North Korean revolution, 1945–1950

6613:. Vol. 13. Translated by Isaacs, Bernard. Moscow: 6433:

Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements

6329:

Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand

6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6210: 5108: 5060: 5048: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4579: 4577: 4575: 3549:

The Paris Commune was a recurring theme during China's

2524:. Most of the Palais de Justice was destroyed, but the 724: 7676:

Surmounting the barricades: women in the Paris Commune

7400: 6322: 6118: 6094: 4998: 4938: 4649: 4139:

Berlin performance group Showcase Beat le Mot created

2678:, and the National Guard still had artillery at their 2540:

were extinguished without causing significant damage.

2504:. More public buildings were set afire, including the 2409:, soldiers seized the formidable barricade around the 2387:

Fires lit by the Commune during the night of May 23–24

2277:

The Committee of Public Safety issued its own decree:

2145:

opened fire on the western neighbourhoods of the city—

559: 6270: 6058: 6010: 5962: 5815: 5781: 5769: 5754: 5730: 5677: 5625: 5553: 5541: 5299: 5223: 4986: 4974: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4288:

Soviet stamp of 1971 marking the Commune's centenary.

3212:

The American Ambassador in Paris during the Commune,

2773: 1907: 1539:, following earlier attempts in 1789 and 1848. Thus, 1464:

right of employees to take over and run an enterprise

1295:. Four battalions crossed the Seine and captured the 7775:

The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71

6633:

and Lenin Internet Archive; originally published in

6282: 6046: 5211: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5096: 5072: 4736: 4710: 4643:

La Semaine Sanglante, Mai 1871, Legendes et Conmptes

4572: 4347: 3255:

Academic dispute over Thiers' handling of the crisis

2044: 1840: 1579:, Nathalie Lemel created the cooperative restaurant 4098:At least three plays have been set in the Commune: 3938:

Jacques Vingtras: L'Enfant, Le Bachelier, L'insurgé

3847:. He took his seat on the extreme Left; he died at 3107:, was decapitated and severely crippled for years. 2970: 2193:

La Semaine sanglante, mai 1871, légendes et comptes

1902: 383:from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the 8192:Association Les Amis de la Commune de Paris (1871) 5882:. Vol. 17 (14th ed.). 1956. p. 293. 5351:Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory 5319: 4629: 3193:The Importance of Commemorating the Paris Commune. 2551:As the army continued its methodical advance, the 1614:and finally became the wife of Blanquist activist 1588:Paule Minck opened a free school in the Church of 1424:during its brief existence and used the socialist 8085:Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune 6796:The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 4626:, September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704. 4255:Moinak Biswas, Indian filmmaker and professor of 4007:deals with the rise and fall of the Commune. The 3423:The Communards inspired many anarchists, such as 2420:symbolising the government. The guardsmen led by 2391:On 23 May the next objective of the army was the 2107:One of the key strategic points around Paris was 461:43,522 Communards were taken prisoner, including 395:, anti-religious system of their own self-styled 15618: 8186:The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution 7596:"'জ্বলন্ত শব্দের পথ' (Across the Burning Track)" 4594: 4592: 3737:was formally elected the first President of the 3568:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1926:by five battalions who crossed the Seine at the 1816:was briefly turned into a Socialist women's club 1205:, who demanded that they be tried and executed. 1077: 496:On 2 September 1870, France was defeated in the 379:in September 1870 (under French chief executive 7866:The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871) 7828:] (in French). Paris: La Decouverte/Poche. 7548:Olin Levi Warner's Defense of the Paris Commune 7524:William Morris : Romantic to Revolutionary 6420: 4100: 3893:Among the first to write about the Commune was 3874:, the last surviving communard, settled in the 3147:") from the limited experience of the Commune. 2129:. On 20 May, MacMahon's artillery batteries at 1287:and took charge of the gunpowder stored in the 989:Adolphe Thiers; parliamentary elections of 1871 705:. These included twenty battalions of men from 609: 480:, who described it as the first example of the 8240:Documentary (in French): Commune de Paris (LA) 7737:Adolphe Thiers ou De la nécessité en politique 7438: 6716:, Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages 6568:Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer 4318:adapted Vautrin's novel (listed above) into a 4180:, which runs for 5¾ hours and was directed by 2598: 1374: 1252:Barricades during the Paris Commune, near the 924:'s animals, then resorted to feeding on rats. 15717:States and territories disestablished in 1871 13475: 12429: 10535: 10024: 9568: 8519: 8279: 7862:L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) 7048:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 7016:An Exercise in Terror: the Paris Commune 1871 5256:Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie 4589: 4299: 4248:includes an appearance by French philosopher 4216: 4209:wrote and directed, in 1929, the silent film 3971:, is in part set in Paris during the Commune. 3407: 2364:were given a summary hearing, and then shot. 2260:during Bloody Week, whose defenders included 1624:with André Léo. She was also a member of the 1402: 1231: 1147:Failed seizure attempt and government retreat 576:was a Lyonnais silk worker, often working on 413:right of employees to take over an enterprise 266: 8895: 8874: 8734: 8022:(1988). "The Paris Commune and its Legacy". 7688:The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy 7214: 7212: 6906: 6822: 6149:A History of Modern France. Vol 2: 1799–1861 5465: 4324: 4172: 4141: 4126: 4112: 4018: 4001: 3984: 3950: 3936: 3926: 3898: 3491:A plaque honours the dead of the Commune in 3382: 3297: 3244: 3236: 3051: 2920: 2560: 2547:Execution of Communards by Versailles troops 2453: 2207: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1894: 1833:, were turned into socialist meeting clubs. 1780: 1768: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1718: 1698: 1625: 1619: 1593: 1580: 1523: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1362: 1349: 1312: 1200: 1118: 1104: 971: 963: 955: 947:working-class neighbourhoods of Belleville, 857:Negotiations with the Germans; continued war 569: 443: 431:(a mix of reformism and revolutionism), and 77:(2 months, 1 week and 3 days) 6940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. 6469:The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State 6166:"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel" 5489: 5487: 5485: 2979:View of the Rue de Rivoli after Bloody Week 16:Revolutionary city council of Paris of 1871 15712:States and territories established in 1871 13482: 13468: 12436: 12422: 12318:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 10542: 10528: 10031: 10017: 9575: 9561: 8526: 8512: 8286: 8272: 8163:Paris Commune Archive at Anarchist Archive 7842: 7819: 7681: 7355: 6752: 6689:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6004: 5114: 5090: 4675: 4069:The Red Republic: A Romance of the Commune 3375:Bolshevik government were given the title 2721:Execution of Communards at Père-Lachaise ( 2176: 1713:, about to be torn down by the Communards. 995:French legislative election, February 1871 977:of Pyat, and arrested 83 revolutionaries. 901:on 10 November, but an attempt by General 889:Chancellor demanded the cession of all of 407:, the remission of rent, the abolition of 273: 259: 242:877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing 50: 10038: 7285: 7209: 6154: 4771: 3622: 931: 795: 712:The largest armed force in Paris was the 363:from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the 8256:(length: 2 hours, 12 minutes); Music by 8252:(released: 26 January 1976) directed by 7964: 7941: 7494: 6963: 6552: 6426: 6408:11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune 6160: 6112: 5482: 5422: 5365: 5322:Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris 5241: 4956: 4944: 4814:The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 4758:The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 4704: 4658: 4616: 4614: 4283: 3831:, as well the demolition of the home of 3809: 3486: 3320: 3270:This view is shared by French historian 3203: 3171:The other point of disagreement was the 2974: 2902: 2848: 2802: 2782: 2757: 2716: 2705: 2602: 2542: 2482: 2382: 2376:Communards defending a barricade on the 2371: 2285: 2251: 2248:22 May: Barricades, first street battles 2211: 2186: 2048: 1844: 1807: 1693: 1477: 1411: 1338: 1247: 1235: 1158: 1150: 1081: 998: 799: 728: 613: 13937:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought 9582: 7969:(in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. 7655: 7644: 7439:Aldrich, Robert; Connell, John (2006). 6935: 6793: 6389:4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune 6216: 5515: 5253: 4827: 4742: 4311:), which is based on the Paris Commune. 4309:In the Bright Sunshine, Heavy with Love 4221:) about the Paris Commune. It features 3381:, which was borrowed directly from the 3316: 2778: 2102: 1473: 15619: 13942:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path 11323:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 10441:International Workingmen's Association 8018: 7882: 7859: 7734: 7626:De la Croix de Castries, René (1983). 7542: 7540: 7406: 7382: 7349: 7337: 7325: 7281: 7279: 7218: 7082: 7080: 6847: 6736:, Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages 6652: 6650: 6648: 6505: 6376: 6228: 6100: 6088: 6064: 6040: 6028: 6016: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5935: 5923: 5821: 5790: 5775: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5634: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5229: 5217: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5102: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4881: 4869: 4721: 4692: 4583: 4333:In the long-running British TV series 3692:International Workingmen's Association 1551:on 11 April 1871. The feminist writer 15482:International socialist organizations 13463: 13333:Mass killings under communist regimes 12417: 10523: 10012: 9556: 8507: 8267: 8250:Movie (in Polish): Jarosław Dąbrowski 7983: 7843:Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (2012) . 7820:Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (2000) . 7816:(University of Michigan Press, 1996). 7771: 7197:from the original on 11 November 2023 7176: 7044: 6656: 6599: 6564: 6481: 6276: 6182:from the original on 19 December 2015 6052: 5763: 5706:from the original on 20 February 2014 5394: 5361: 5359: 5205: 5036:from the original on 14 November 2022 5016: 4810: 4754: 4640: 4611: 3295:Even a moderate daily newspaper like 2587:. The new prosecutor of the Commune, 1945: 676: 354: 254: 8105: 7922: 7790:from the original on 30 January 2022 7567:from the original on 5 December 2018 7251: 6929: 6764: 6617:(published 1972). pp. 475–478. 6450:from the original on 14 January 2014 6076: 5317: 4084:by the British writer and filmmaker 3420:carried part of a Communard banner. 3079:Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the 2195:, Libertalia publ., Montreuil 2021, 1328: 725:Siege of Paris; first demonstrations 15563: 7660:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 7537: 7276: 7180:Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare 7086: 7077: 6827:. Collins Educational. p. 95. 6645: 6581:from the original on 3 October 2022 5859:Milza, Pierre, "La Commune", p. 391 4449:Historiography of the Paris Commune 3199: 2884:("...As many as twenty thousand"), 2440:, rue de Lille, and other streets. 1803: 1502:(female arsonist). She worked as a 560:Radicalisation of the Paris workers 13: 15697:Riots and civil disorder in France 8060:The Paris Commune: A Brief History 8011: 7891:] (in French). Paris: Perrin. 7868:] (in French). Paris: Perrin. 7705:from the original on 29 March 2017 7463:from the original on 6 August 2020 7298:from the original on 19 April 2021 7264:from the original on 19 April 2021 7233:from the original on 19 April 2021 7125: 6621:from the original on 12 March 2018 5518:The Paris Commune: A Brief History 5443:from the original on 15 March 2016 5404:from the original on 11 April 2016 5356: 5187:from the original on 10 March 2021 4792:from the original on 10 March 2021 4519:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877 2880:Lissagaray's estimate, among them 2774:Communard prisoners and casualties 2336:and General Clichant occupied the 1908:Failure of the march on Versailles 1420:The Commune adopted the discarded 1155:A Battery in the Montmartre Hills. 666:Instructions for an Armed Uprising 419:churches and schools were closed. 14: 15738: 13287:Criticism of communist party rule 9904:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution 8533: 8293: 8129: 7760:. Frankfurt 1979. Campus Verlag. 7429:" (PDF). IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie. 7286:Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2021). 6996:from the original on 19 July 2011 6936:Harding, Neil (4 December 2006). 6260:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. 5429:. Basic Books. pp. 156–157. 3778:in the National Assembly. He was 3553:. When students put up the first 3014:did not go into Revolution after 2045:Composition of the National Guard 1978: 1841:Destruction of the Vendôme Column 1655: 1628:Comité de vigilance de Montmartre 583:Socialist movements, such as the 280: 15642:1871 disestablishments in France 15599: 15587: 15575: 15562: 15551: 15550: 13442: 13430: 13308:21st-century communist theorists 12382: 11356:International Conference of Rome 11346:International Conference of Rome 10130: 9992: 9982: 9972: 9899:Fields, Factories, and Workshops 9748: 8373:Declaration to the French People 7988:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. 7948:Presses universitaires de France 7579: 7553: 7526:. London : PM Press, 2013. 7512: 7482: 7475: 7432: 7412: 7310: 7245: 7170: 7158:from the original on 27 May 2024 7119: 7038: 7025: 7008: 6978: 6969: 6900: 6888:from the original on 22 May 2020 6870: 6841: 6816: 6787: 6758: 6726: 6706: 6697: 6593: 6558: 6533: 6499: 6462: 6436:. The World Publishing Company. 6401: 6382: 6358: 6341: 6298: 6250: 6241: 6222: 6194: 6142: 6130: 5896:Folio Society London 1982 p. 185 5258:. Paris: Larousse. p. 226. 4419:Castilian War of the Communities 4392: 4378: 4364: 4350: 3694:, in connection with the future 3472:A plaque also marks the wall in 3288:), 'those abominable ruffians' ( 2971:Contemporary artists and writers 2807:The Commune's deputy prosecutor 1903:War with the national government 1072: 951:, Montmartre, and Gros-Caillou. 199: 178: 162: 138: 118: 15406: 14917: 14573: 14534: 14510: 14218:Dictatorship of the proletariat 12569:Dictatorship of the proletariat 10365: 10276: 8206:Northwestern University Library 8176:Karl Marx and the Paris Commune 8148:La Commune de 1871 by JP Achard 8138:, Heidelberg University Library 7756:Haupt, Gerhard; Hausen, Karin: 7219:Conman, Julian (7 March 2021). 7177:Short, Philip (25 April 2013). 6907:Morris, T.; Murphy, D. (2000). 6850:Les écrivains contre la Commune 6823:Morris, T.; Murphy, D. (2000). 6317:Pages from the Goncourt Journal 6070: 5941: 5899: 5886: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5827: 5796: 5689: 5640: 5528: 5509: 5455: 5416: 5388: 5344: 5311: 5247: 5156: 5022: 4834:McGill-Queen's University Press 4821: 4804: 4765: 4748: 4727: 3141:dictatorship of the proletariat 2310:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 2094:), a Polish noble and a former 1025:Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 527: 486:Dictatorship of the Proletariat 482:dictatorship of the proletariat 14461:Organizational self-management 11468:Australian Anarchist Centenary 11393:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8865:Government of National Defense 8219:, Cambridge University Library 8144:, Cambridge University Library 7849:History of the Commune of 1871 7845:Histoire de la Commune de 1871 7826:History of the Commune of 1871 7822:Histoire de la Commune de 1871 7630:. Librarie Academique Perrin. 7611: 5496:On les disait 'pétroleuses'... 4772:Waldersee, Alfred von (2019). 4546: 4530:named after the Paris Commune. 3878:in 1928 where he died in 1942. 3087:and Louise Michel." Anarchist 2157:—with shells falling close to 1962:, and the archbishop of Paris 1879:Government of National Defence 1760:similar paper of the same name 1571:(obtaining the closing of the 1543:, a socialist bookbinder, and 1391:, the republican mayor of the 522:Government of National Defence 401:separation of church and state 1: 15637:1871 establishments in France 14441:Free association of producers 14198:Critique of political economy 13489: 12509:Critique of political economy 12443: 11109:Decentralized planned economy 10549: 10509:Critique of political economy 8774:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 8769:War of the Spanish Succession 8242:(released: 1951) directed by 6151:, Penguin Books, 1965. p. 215 5850:Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351 4540: 3882: 3066: 2844: 2461:The Richelieu library of the 2291:A street in Paris in May 1871 1078:Dispute over cannons of Paris 38:Part of the aftermath of the 15687:Left-wing populism in France 15538:Socialist calculation debate 15513:Economic calculation problem 14481:Socialist mode of production 13402:Socialist mode of production 13318:Anti-communist mass killings 13260:Workers of the world, unite! 12529:Proletarian internationalism 10704:Proletarian internationalism 9715:Proletarian internationalism 8058:Eichner, Carolyn J. (2022). 7719:American Sociological Review 7395:De la Croix de Castries 1983 5699:Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 4733:Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75 3835:and the expiatory chapel to 3782:during the pivotal years of 3728: 3572:Great Proletarian Revolution 3501:Place de la Commune-de-Paris 2426:rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré 2114:The army commander, General 2031:Edmond-Charles de Martimprey 1869:, topped by a statue of the 1407: 1133:Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines 610:Radicals and revolutionaries 535:1869 parliamentary elections 7: 15682:Far-left politics in France 15606:Organized Labour portal 14335:Socialisation of production 13370:Marx's theory of alienation 11403:1919 United States bombings 7851:] (in French). London: 7252:Vock, Ido (18 March 2021). 6854:Writers against the Commune 6714:The War Against Paris: 1871 6235:Manchester University Press 5538:(ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594 4828:Pilbeam, Pamela M. (2000). 4343: 4302:Al gran sole carico d'amore 3667:. Even before the Commune, 3145:withering away of the state 2965: 2599:25 May: Death of Delescluze 2528:survived. Fires set at the 1865:honouring the victories of 1375:Organisation and early work 1210:Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas 938:January 1871 Paris uprising 709:, who spoke little French. 415:deserted by its owner. All 10: 15743: 14842:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin 14667:Victor Prosper Considerant 12358:Situationist International 11428:Spanish Revolution of 1936 11288:Self-managed social center 10451:Spanish Revolution of 1936 9889:Anarchism and Other Essays 9255:French subdivisions by GDP 9002:2022 presidential election 8987:2017 presidential election 8030:Princeton University Press 7965:Rougerie, Jacques (2004). 7942:Rougerie, Jacques (2014). 7447:Cambridge University Press 7045:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 7033:A History of Modern France 7022:, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1989 6990:www.assemblee-nationale.fr 6800:Cambridge University Press 6565:Sison, Jose Maria (2020). 5905:Rene Heron de Villefosse, 5702:. Wydawnictwo Literackie. 4534:Fires at the Paris Commune 4143:Paris 1871 Bonjour Commune 4092: 3839:. He escaped Paris during 3512:Straße der Pariser Kommune 3110: 3071:The anarchist philosopher 2866:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 2696:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 2180: 2016:Committee of Public Safety 1966:, who was confined at the 1938:hours at the gates of the 1590:Saint Pierre de Montmartre 1422:French Republican Calendar 1403:Administration and actions 1332: 1232:National Guard takes power 992: 935: 861:In September and October, 807: 776:Later in October, General 594:The killing of journalist 491: 18: 15546: 15495: 15472: 15404: 14915: 14707:William Batchelder Greene 14642:Francisco Largo Caballero 14571: 14532: 14508: 14499: 14378: 14168: 14040: 13995: 13817: 13653: 13512: 13499: 13425: 13300: 13269: 13227: 13149: 12771: 12720: 12682: 12618: 12577: 12451: 12377: 12262: 11822: 11772: 11497: 11483:Really Really Free Market 11478:1999 Seattle WTO protests 11302: 11174: 11082: 11046: 10999: 10922: 10853: 10844: 10794: 10769:Temporary autonomous zone 10694:Permanent autonomous zone 10629:Consensus decision-making 10557: 10469: 10431: 10363: 10274: 10265: 10212: 10139: 10128: 10048: 9968: 9922: 9881: 9863:Insurrectionary anarchism 9855: 9757: 9746: 9653:Consensus decision-making 9590: 9516: 9406: 9316: 9307: 9203: 9194: 9096: 9087: 9025: 9016: 8937: 8818: 8787: 8759:Second Hundred Years' War 8710: 8663: 8630: 8609: 8601:Liberalism and radicalism 8553: 8544: 8467:Federated Legion of Women 8444: 8398: 8357: 8323: 8301: 8158:Marxists Internet Archive 8087:. New York: Basic Books. 7926:Gustave Courbet – peintre 7812:Johnson, Martin Phillip. 7804:The Paris commune of 1871 7656:Edwards, Stewart (1971). 6631:Marxists Internet Archive 6543:, English Edition of 1871 5868:Lissagaray (1896), p. 318 5516:Eichner, Carolyn (2022). 4524:Pamyat Parizhskoy Kommuny 3915: 3887: 3352:Hungary (March–July 1919) 3081:libertarian collectivists 3053:Le Sémaphore de Marseille 2929:, for a total of 6,667. 2907:Communards killed in 1871 2561: 2208:21 May: Army enters Paris 1877:, who had written to the 1831:Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois 1814:Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois 1672:The gold reserves of the 1569:abolition of prostitution 1240:A barricade thrown up by 1065:, where Bismarck and the 816:surrounded by the Germans 631:French Revolution of 1848 290: 236: 223: 154: 110: 67: 56:A barricade thrown up by 49: 37: 32: 21:Paris Commune (1789–1795) 15652:19th-century revolutions 14852:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz 14345:Socialist market economy 12554:Workers' self-management 11473:Carnival Against Capital 11398:Bavarian Soviet Republic 11387:Manifesto of the Sixteen 11283:Radical environmentalism 11232:Independent Media Center 11164:Workers' self-management 10609:Autonomous social center 10446:Revolutions of 1917–1923 10204:Workers' self-management 9030:Administrative divisions 8380:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 7772:Horne, Alistair (2012). 7728:28 November 2020 at the 7648:Les Convulsions de Paris 7645:du Camp, Maxime (1881). 7134:Harvard University Press 7095:Cornell University Press 6605:"Lessons of the Commune" 6338:. online-literature.com. 6229:Wilson, Colette (2007). 5522:Rutgers University Press 5370:. New Haven and London: 5326:. W. W. Norton. p. 5254:de Jode, M.Cara (2011). 5169:. New Haven and London: 4645:(in French). Libertalia. 4279: 3780:Prime Minister of France 2995:wrote, three days after 2927:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont 2922:Les Convulsions de Paris 2648:Walery Antoni Wróblewski 2608:Louis Charles Delescluze 2559:were established at the 2522:Church of Saint-Eustache 2418:burning public buildings 2092:Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski 1932:Georges Ernest Boulanger 1689: 1618:, founded the newspaper 1610:, who declined to marry 1214:Jean Casimir Félix Guyon 1017:Henri, Count of Chambord 903:Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot 843:arrondissements of Paris 828:Louis Charles Delescluze 371:had defended Paris, and 15702:Sieges involving France 14563:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 14553:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 14233:Equality of opportunity 14188:Criticism of capitalism 13932:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 13689:Left-wing laissez-faire 13392:Revolutionary socialism 12600:Socialization (Marxism) 11104:Cost the limit of price 10252:Participatory economics 10095:Chalieu-Montal Tendency 9914:Post-Scarcity Anarchism 9250:Franc (former currency) 8855:Coup of 2 December 1851 8828:Long nineteenth century 8228:Encyclopædia Britannica 7916:3 February 2021 at the 7883:Milza, Pierre (2009b). 7860:Milza, Pierre (2009a). 7735:Guiral, Pierre (1986). 7505:Encyclopædia Britannica 7425:9 November 2017 at the 7316:Le Figaro, May 30, 2021 7035:, p. 215. Penguin Books 7031:Cobban, Alfred (1965), 6794:Plessis, Alain (1985). 6657:Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). 6541:The Civil War in France 6478:, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871 6474:3 February 2014 at the 6413:22 January 2022 at the 6394:22 January 2022 at the 5880:Encyclopædia Britannica 5423:Merriman, John (2014). 5366:Merriman, John (2014). 4641:Audin, Michele (2021). 4164: 4150:New York theatre group 3814:The popular journalist 3401:dreadnought battleship 3311:France 1848–1945, vol.I 3153:The Civil War in France 3117:participatory democracy 2787:Communard prisoners at 1861:The destruction of the 1705:looks at the statue of 1652:during the repression. 1600:Church of Saint-Sulpice 1535:Some women organised a 1335:Commune Council (Paris) 1293:Orléans railway station 1195:at the ballroom of the 942:Armistice of Versailles 835:Prefecture of the Seine 552:During the war and the 367:of 1870–71, the French 356:[kɔ.myndəpa.ʁi] 15727:Revolutionary communes 15226:José Carlos Mariátegui 15171:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 15156:Martin Luther King Jr. 14832:Luis Emilio Recabarren 14827:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 14762:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin 14451:Labor-time calculation 14416:Decentralized planning 14320:Proletarian revolution 14275:State-owned enterprise 14193:Criticism of socialism 11898:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10709:Propaganda of the deed 10699:Prefigurative politics 10689:Participatory politics 10634:Conscientious objector 10340:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 10335:Francesc Pi i Maragall 10227:Decentralized planning 10063:Collectivist anarchism 9705:Prefigurative politics 9658:Co-operative economics 9270:Science and technology 8927:Provisional Government 8896: 8875: 8735: 8004:The Paris Commune 1871 7986:La Guerre Contre Paris 7984:Tombs, Robert (2009). 7923:Riat, Georges (1906). 7658:The Paris Commune 1871 7622:(Pantheon Books, 2010) 6601:Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 6512:The Women Incendiaries 6319:(Oxford, 1962), p. 194 5949:The Paris Commune 1871 5696:Zdrada, Jerzy (1973). 5466: 5030:"Mayer Simon, Charles" 4811:March, Thomas (1896). 4755:March, Thomas (1896). 4623:The Historical Journal 4528:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 4514:Republic of Tarnobrzeg 4325: 4300: 4289: 4217: 4173: 4142: 4127: 4113: 4101: 4067:and in the same year, 4045:The Queen of the Night 4019: 4002: 3985: 3951: 3937: 3927: 3899: 3860:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3819: 3756:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3623:Other communes of 1871 3496: 3493:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3474:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3452:Basilica of Sacré-Cœur 3412:. In the years of the 3408: 3383: 3356:Canton (December 1927) 3348:Moscow (December 1905) 3343: 3298: 3245: 3237: 3209: 3052: 3049:, as a journalist for 3037: 2980: 2921: 2919:, wrote a new history 2908: 2854: 2812: 2792: 2766: 2739:Père Lachaise Cemetery 2726: 2714: 2656:Place du Château-d'Eau 2611: 2548: 2492: 2454: 2388: 2380: 2297: 2284: 2275: 2265: 2264:and a unit of 30 women 2220: 2204: 2091: 2058:absent without leave. 2054: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1919:fighting the Austrians 1895: 1858: 1817: 1781: 1769: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1699: 1626: 1620: 1594: 1581: 1524: 1512: 1504: 1496: 1486: 1417: 1363: 1350: 1344: 1313: 1256: 1245: 1201: 1164: 1156: 1119: 1105: 1087: 1007: 972: 964: 956: 932:Uprising and armistice 805: 796:Uprising of 31 October 759:Faubourg Saint-Antoine 737: 622: 589:1868 Brussels Congress 570: 444: 347: 155:Commanders and leaders 75:18 March – 28 May 1871 15672:Communist revolutions 15569:Socialism WikiProject 15331:Léopold Sédar Senghor 15026:Cornelius Castoriadis 14892:Alfred Russel Wallace 14657:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 14622:Louis Auguste Blanqui 14582:Stephen Pearl Andrews 14411:Cooperative ownership 13927:Maoism–Third Worldism 13343:Intentional community 12479:Collective leadership 12348:Libertarian socialism 11463:Kate Sharpley Library 11438:Red inverted triangle 11381:High Treason Incident 11371:Congress of Amsterdam 10779:Voluntary association 10589:Anti-authoritarianism 10579:Anarchist criminology 10574:Anarchist Black Cross 10384:Cornelius Castoriadis 10290:Stephen Pearl Andrews 10179:Egalitarian community 10149:Anti-authoritarianism 10041:Libertarian socialism 9955:Libertarian socialism 9894:The Conquest of Bread 9873:Synthesis federations 9663:Egalitarian community 9603:Anti-authoritarianism 8348:January 1871 uprising 8332:October 1870 uprising 8154:Paris Commune Archive 7691:. London: Bookmarks. 7563:. 17 September 2018. 7183:. John Murray Press. 7053:Duke University Press 6848:Lidsky, Paul (1982). 6765:Bury, J.P.T. (2003). 6734:Unruly Women of Paris 6610:Lenin Collected Works 6334:22 March 2014 at the 5959:, Robert Tombs, p. 11 5503:26 March 2009 at the 5476:12 March 2007 at the 5462:Women and the Commune 5372:Yale University Press 5318:Robb, Graham (2010). 5171:Yale University Press 5163:Milner, John (2000). 4424:Gustave Paul Cluseret 4287: 4061:A Girl of the Commune 3980:The Werewolf of Paris 3977:'s 1933 horror novel 3855:Louis Auguste Blanqui 3813: 3739:French Third Republic 3599:, planted a memorial 3490: 3460:Notre-Dame-des-Otages 3441:those who cannot read 3324: 3207: 3032: 2978: 2906: 2852: 2822:Sainte-Pélagie Prison 2806: 2786: 2761: 2735:French Foreign Legion 2720: 2709: 2692:shot in groups of ten 2606: 2546: 2486: 2386: 2375: 2289: 2279: 2270: 2255: 2215: 2190: 2096:Imperial Russian Army 2052: 1848: 1811: 1697: 1481: 1415: 1385:military conscription 1342: 1251: 1239: 1162: 1154: 1085: 1002: 803: 788:departed the city by 732: 657:Louis Auguste Blanqui 619:Louis Auguste Blanqui 617: 237:Casualties and losses 15722:Rebellions in France 15594:Communism portal 15582:Socialism portal 15533:Socialism by country 15131:Pablo Iglesias Posse 14837:Henri de Saint-Simon 14792:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky 14446:Industrial democracy 14253:History of socialism 14248:History of communism 14243:History of anarchism 13449:Socialism portal 13437:Communism portal 13292:Criticism of Marxism 13282:Communist propaganda 12712:Fourth International 12702:Second International 12489:Communist revolution 12389:Anarchism portal 11793:Fictional characters 11278:Radical cheerleading 10461:New social movements 9856:Organizational forms 9827:Ricardo Flores Magón 9797:Buenaventura Durruti 9075:World Heritage Sites 8992:Coronavirus pandemic 8169:On the Paris Commune 7909:15#1 (1972): 75–86. 7674:Eichner, Carolyn J. 7136:. pp. 145–146. 7132:. Cambridge, Mass.: 7126:Wu, Yiching (2014). 6635:Zagranichnaya Gazeta 6493:10 July 2009 at the 6202:On the Paris Commune 6164:(July–August 2004). 5395:Perny, Paul (1871). 5173:. pp. 143–145. 4474:Eugène Edine Pottier 4414:Crimes de la commune 4225:'s first film score. 4115:Die Tage der Commune 4057:Woman of the Commune 3649:Hôtel de Ville, Lyon 3555:big character poster 3536:Công xã Paris Square 3317:Influence and legacy 3299:le Drapeau tricolore 3228:Simon & Schuster 3101:penal transportation 2997:La Semaine Sanglante 2955:Battle of Gettysburg 2779:Prisoners and exiles 2668:Place de la Bastille 2632:20th arrondissements 2510:Prefecture de Police 2103:Capture of Fort Issy 1940:Palace of Versailles 1798:François-Victor Hugo 1573:maisons de tolérance 1474:Feminist initiatives 1297:prefecture of police 1266:Place de la Bastille 1254:Place de la Concorde 637:and the uprising of 600:Alfred von Waldersee 15707:Socialism in France 15667:Communism in France 15662:Anarchist uprisings 15657:Anarchism in France 15336:George Bernard Shaw 15246:François Mitterrand 15161:Alexandra Kollontai 15136:Jayaprakash Narayan 14817:Constantin Pecqueur 14637:Philippe Buonarroti 14592:John Goodwyn Barmby 14491:Workplace democracy 14401:Calculation in kind 14391:Anarchist economics 14340:Socialist economics 14238:Equality of outcome 14178:Anarchist economics 13885:Ho Chi Minh Thought 13758:Libertarian Marxism 13753:Left-libertarianism 13397:Socialist economics 13313:Anti anti-communism 13242:Red flag (politics) 12707:Third International 12697:First International 12524:Market abolitionism 12469:Class consciousness 12338:Left-libertarianism 11413:Kronstadt rebellion 11351:Trial of the Thirty 11318:Revolutions of 1848 11260:No gods, no masters 11069:Synthesis anarchism 11059:Anarcho-syndicalism 11047:Types of federation 10484:Left-libertarianism 10247:Market abolitionism 10242:Inclusive Democracy 10073:Anarcho-syndicalism 10068:Anarchist communism 9710:Primitive communism 9695:Market abolitionism 9618:Class consciousness 9584:Anarchist communism 9213:Automotive industry 8997:2021 labor protests 8754:Peace of Westphalia 8622:History of Normandy 8617:History of Brittany 8236:on Encyclopedia.com 8208:Special Collections 8025:Anarchist Portraits 7678:(Indiana UP, 2004). 7618:Butterworth, Alex. 7420:Rapport annuel 2010 7397:, pp. 422–461. 7385:, pp. 173–176. 7352:, pp. 165–170. 7340:, pp. 160–162. 7328:, pp. 158–160. 6884:(in French). 2017. 6755:, pp. 277–278. 6615:Progress Publishers 6379:, pp. 457–460. 6256:Sears, Stephen W., 6206:Progress Publishers 6091:, pp. 436–437. 6043:, pp. 413–414. 6031:, pp. 411–412. 6007:, pp. 355–356. 5995:, pp. 404–407. 5983:, pp. 403–404. 5955:22 May 2020 at the 5938:, pp. 397–398. 5926:, pp. 396–397. 5892:Joanna Richardson, 5839:La Commune de Paris 5751:, pp. 379–380. 5727:, pp. 327–330. 5674:, pp. 345–350. 5662:, pp. 346–347. 5622:, pp. 141–152. 5610:, pp. 138–139. 5598:, pp. 296–298. 5586:, pp. 294–296. 5574:, pp. 350–354. 5353:by Timothy McCarthy 5296:, pp. 118–119. 5284:, pp. 109–113. 4971:, pp. 420–421. 4935:, pp. 420–425. 4923:, pp. 257–259. 4911:, pp. 212–213. 4899:, pp. 206–213. 4884:, pp. 143–165. 4872:, pp. 143–145. 4695:, pp. 431–432. 4409:Canton of Cartagena 4261:Jadavpur University 4223:Dmitri Shostakovich 4034:The Prague Cemetery 4013:free indirect style 3968:The Old Wives' Tale 3851:the following year. 3807:and Louise Michel. 3754:. He was buried in 3559:May 16 Notification 3551:Cultural Revolution 3409:Parizhskaya Kommuna 3223:The Greater Journey 3022:, nor Russia after 2634:, and parts of the 2563:École Polytechnique 2502:11th arrondissement 2430:rue Saint-Florentin 2345:rue Saint-Florentin 2217:Jaroslav Dombrowski 2084:Jaroslav Dombrowski 1917:, who had won fame 1849:Destruction of the 1595:Club de la Victoire 1545:Élisabeth Dmitrieff 1430:republican tricolor 1383:; the abolition of 1193:Simon Charles Mayer 885:on 1 November. The 810:1870 Paris uprising 650:18th arrondissement 585:First International 518:new French Republic 452:Archbishop of Paris 365:Franco-Prussian War 185:Louis C. Delescluze 169:Patrice de MacMahon 44:Franco-Prussian War 15518:Marxist philosophy 15435:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 15256:Gamal Abdel Nasser 15211:Alasdair MacIntyre 14981:Simone de Beauvoir 14752:Ferdinand Lassalle 14519:Tommaso Campanella 14466:Production for use 14426:Economic democracy 14295:Mode of production 14285:Left-wing politics 14264:The Internationale 13947:Xi Jinping Thought 13417:Worker cooperative 13375:National communism 13348:Left-wing politics 13253:The Internationale 12605:Economic democracy 12288:Anti-globalization 11958:Dominican Republic 11783:Anarcho-punk bands 11443:Labadie Collection 11433:Barcelona May Days 11336:Cantonal rebellion 11272:Property is theft! 11238:The Internationale 11192:Anarchist bookfair 10991:Without adjectives 10846:Schools of thought 10232:Economic democracy 10194:Worker cooperative 10174:Economic democracy 9725:Worker cooperative 9280:Telecommunications 8982:2015 Paris attacks 8845:Revolution of 1848 8673:Visigothic Kingdom 8213:Virtual exhibition 8198:Digital collection 8006:(Routledge, 2014). 7944:La Commune de 1871 7907:Historical Journal 7651:. Paris: Hachette. 7361:Michel Cordillot, 7087:Kim, Suzy (2016). 6305:Edmond de Goncourt 6162:Anderson, Benedict 6079:, pp. 120–122 5833:Da Costa, Gaston, 5766:, pp. 320–321 4778:. Borodino Books. 4290: 4228:British filmmaker 4201:Soviet filmmakers 4073:Robert W. Chambers 3934:, wrote a trilogy 3820: 3805:Henri de Rochefort 3772:Georges Clemenceau 3720:(23–28 March). In 3497: 3416:, the spaceflight 3344: 3334:third from right, 3328:Kliment Voroshilov 3210: 3173:anti-authoritarian 3028:wrote to her again 3018:, nor Italy after 2993:Edmond de Goncourt 2981: 2913:Académie française 2909: 2855: 2841:return to France. 2813: 2793: 2767: 2731:Paul de Ladmirault 2727: 2715: 2684:Canal Saint-Martin 2612: 2553:summary executions 2549: 2518:Porte-Saint-Martin 2512:, the theatres of 2493: 2389: 2381: 2338:Gare Saint-Lazaire 2298: 2266: 2226:Fort Mont-Valérien 2221: 2205: 2055: 2033:, the governor of 1946:Decree on Hostages 1859: 1818: 1715: 1660:The Commune named 1492:Joséphine Marchais 1487: 1418: 1393:2nd arrondissement 1345: 1270:Rue de la Roquette 1262:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1257: 1246: 1165: 1157: 1088: 1052:Georges Clemenceau 1008: 969:of Delescluze and 905:on 29 November at 851:Georges Clemenceau 806: 778:Louis Jules Trochu 763:Faubourg du Temple 738: 677:Defenders of Paris 646:Georges Clemenceau 623: 206:Jarosław Dąbrowski 96:Revolt suppressed 15614: 15613: 15487:Socialist parties 15468: 15467: 15371:Ram Manohar Lohia 15311:Gaetano Salvemini 15096:Mikhail Gorbachev 14807:Antonie Pannekoek 14436:Equal opportunity 14431:Economic planning 14164: 14163: 14053:African-Caribbean 14041:Regional variants 13768:Council communism 13636:Saint-Simonianism 13457: 13456: 13237:Hammer and sickle 12728:Communist Parties 12544:Stateless society 12539:Social revolution 12504:Communist society 12474:Classless society 12411: 12410: 12368:Spontaneous order 12298:Anti-war movement 11803:Jewish anarchists 11313:French Revolution 11266:Popular education 11042: 11041: 10759:Spontaneous order 10619:Classless society 10517: 10516: 10427: 10426: 10330:Antonie Pannekoek 10122:Utopian socialism 10100:Council communism 10006: 10005: 9945:Council communism 9882:Theoretical works 9767:Alexander Berkman 9720:Stateless society 9628:Classless society 9550: 9549: 9512: 9511: 9303: 9302: 9190: 9189: 9182:Political parties 9118:Foreign relations 9083: 9082: 9012: 9011: 8795:French Revolution 8749:Thirty Years' War 8730:Absolute monarchy 8695:Kingdom of France 8591:Foreign relations 8571:Political history 8501: 8500: 8435:Butte-aux-Cailles 8388:Semaine sanglante 8120:978-1-78168-839-7 8113:. London: Verso. 8093:978-0-465-02017-1 8043:978-0-691-04753-9 7995:978-2-0802-4351-5 7957:978-2-13-062078-5 7929:. Paris: Floury. 7898:978-2-262-02498-7 7875:978-2-262-03073-5 7835:978-2-70-714520-8 7802:Jellinek, Frank. 7739:. Paris: Fayard. 7698:978-1-90-519214-4 7683:Gluckstein, Donny 7456:978-0-521-03036-6 7143:978-0-674-41985-8 7104:978-1-5017-0568-7 7062:978-1-4780-1218-4 6909:Europe, 1870–1991 6767:France, 1814–1940 6742:978-0-8014-8318-9 6722:978-0-521-28784-5 6668:978-0-8223-7461-9 6526:978-1-931859-46-2 6309:Jules de Goncourt 5907:Histoire de Paris 5894:Paris under Siege 5536:Selected Writings 5436:978-0-465-02017-1 5337:978-0-393-06724-8 5244:, pp. 58–60. 5069:, pp. 18–19. 5057:, pp. 16–18. 4959:, pp. 40–41. 4785:978-1-163-18135-5 4509:Strandzha Commune 4293:Italian composer 4273:Shanghai Biennale 4203:Grigori Kozintsev 4184:. It was made in 4160:in 2004 and 2008. 4037:, Italian author 3988:Semaine Sanglante 3788:Versailles Treaty 3786:, and signed the 3700:Semaine sanglante 3448:National Assembly 3389:Lenin's Mausoleum 3358:, most famously, 3290:Countess of Ségur 3105:workers' movement 2890:Benedict Anderson 2672:Carreau du Temple 2573:Luxembourg Palace 2506:Palais de Justice 2455:Pavillon de Flore 2349:Avenue de l'Opéra 2334:Place de l'Étoile 2201:978-2-37729-176-2 2183:Semaine sanglante 2133:, Mont-Valerian, 2068:ramparts of Paris 1790:Auguste Vacquerie 1638:Victorine Brocher 1537:feminist movement 1329:Council elections 1244:on 18 March 1871. 883:Otto von Bismarck 604:plebiscite in May 514:National Assembly 446:semaine sanglante 333: 332: 325:Butte-aux-Cailles 315:Semaine sanglante 249: 248: 106: 105: 63:on 18 March 1871. 15734: 15677:Anti-clericalism 15604: 15603: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15580: 15579: 15566: 15565: 15554: 15553: 15455:Yanis Varoufakis 15408: 15321:Jean-Paul Sartre 15306:Bertrand Russell 15281:Sylvia Pankhurst 15261:Jawaharlal Nehru 15126:Dolores Ibárruri 15091:Einar Gerhardsen 15071:Alexander Dubček 15021:Nikolai Bukharin 14931:Salvador Allende 14919: 14902:Wilhelm Weitling 14887:Suzanne Voilquin 14872:William Thompson 14862:Lysander Spooner 14822:Georgi Plekhanov 14812:Giovanni Pascoli 14777:Errico Malatesta 14772:Helen Macfarlane 14717:Alexander Herzen 14692:Friedrich Engels 14687:Prosper Enfantin 14682:W. E. B. Du Bois 14652:Edward Carpenter 14612:Eduard Bernstein 14575: 14558:Sylvain Maréchal 14536: 14512: 14506: 14505: 14471:Public ownership 14421:Direct democracy 14406:Common ownership 14370:Workers' council 14355:State capitalism 14270:Internationalism 14203:Critique of work 14183:Anti-revisionism 13860:Marxism–Leninism 13694:Left-wing market 13651: 13650: 13611:Social democracy 13494: 13484: 13477: 13470: 13461: 13460: 13447: 13446: 13435: 13434: 13433: 13338:Internationalism 13328:Communitarianism 12692:Communist League 12595:Common ownership 12564:World revolution 12514:Free association 12438: 12431: 12424: 12415: 12414: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12278:Anti-consumerism 12273:Anti-corporatism 11423:Amakasu Incident 11366:Strandza Commune 11341:Haymarket affair 11244:Jewish anarchism 11186:A las Barricadas 11154:Social ownership 11139:Market socialism 11114:Free association 11074:Union of egoists 10851: 10850: 10784:Workers' council 10774:Union of egoists 10734:Security culture 10644:Decentralization 10639:Critique of work 10544: 10537: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10494:Social democracy 10399:Takis Fotopoulos 10367: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10199:Workers' control 10184:Free association 10169:Decentralization 10164:Common ownership 10134: 10105:Frankfurt School 10043: 10033: 10026: 10019: 10010: 10009: 9996: 9986: 9976: 9960:Social anarchism 9837:Errico Malatesta 9752: 9735:Workers' council 9730:Workers' control 9668:Free association 9638:Common resources 9633:Common ownership 9577: 9570: 9563: 9554: 9553: 9314: 9313: 9230:Economic history 9201: 9200: 9094: 9093: 9023: 9022: 8901: 8880: 8779:Seven Years' War 8744:Wars of Religion 8740: 8725:House of Bourbon 8720:Early modern era 8700:Fundamental laws 8576:Military history 8551: 8550: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8505: 8504: 8494: 8487: 8478: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8391: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8350: 8343: 8334: 8316: 8309: 8288: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8124: 8101:Robert O. Paxton 8055: 7999: 7980: 7967:Paris libre 1871 7961: 7938: 7902: 7879: 7856: 7839: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7755: 7750: 7721:(1991): 716–729 7714: 7712: 7710: 7671: 7652: 7641: 7606: 7605: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7544: 7535: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7436: 7430: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7283: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6825:Europe 1870–1991 6820: 6814: 6813: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6769:(6th ed.). 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6732:Gay Gullickson, 6730: 6724: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6688: 6680: 6654: 6643: 6642: 6628: 6626: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6573: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6503: 6497: 6485: 6479: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6428:Woodcock, George 6424: 6418: 6405: 6399: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6366:L'Année Terrible 6362: 6356: 6345: 6339: 6326: 6320: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5835:La Commune vecue 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5808:Journal officiel 5800: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5513: 5507: 5491: 5480: 5472:, 19 March 2005 5471: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5363: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5007:, pp. 9–11. 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4856: 4855: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4638: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4587: 4581: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4464:Medieval commune 4444:Paschal Grousset 4429:Gustave Flourens 4402: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4388: 4386:Socialism portal 4383: 4382: 4374: 4372:Communism portal 4369: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4358:Anarchism portal 4355: 4354: 4353: 4328: 4326:Le Cri du Peuple 4305: 4297:wrote the opera 4220: 4178: 4145: 4130: 4118: 4104: 4022: 4020:Le Cri du Peuple 4005: 4003:Le Cri du Peuple 3991: 3956: 3940: 3932: 3929:Le Cri du Peuple 3904: 3901:L'Année terrible 3845:Bouches-du-Rhône 3762:Patrice MacMahon 3688:Besançon Commune 3588:, the leader of 3540:Ho Chi Minh City 3509: 3478:Communards' Wall 3468: 3429:Errico Malatesta 3411: 3387:of the Commune. 3386: 3360:Petrograd (1917) 3332:Grigory Zinoviev 3301: 3250: 3242: 3218:David McCullough 3200:Other commentary 3055: 3010:wrote to Sand, " 3008:Gustave Flaubert 2924: 2870:council of Paris 2753:Communards' Wall 2723:Communards' Wall 2710:Last battles at 2566: 2565: 2457: 2445:Tuileries Palace 2411:Madeleine church 2328:, while General 2116:Ernest de Cissey 2080:January Uprising 2039:Gustave Cluseret 2013: 2011:Le Cri du Peuple 2007: 2001: 1995: 1993:Le Père Duchesne 1989: 1960:Madeleine church 1915:Patrice MacMahon 1898: 1826:Catholic schools 1804:Anti-clericalism 1786: 1772: 1758:, inspired by a 1756: 1742: 1740:Le Cri du Peuple 1732: 1724: 1704: 1631: 1623: 1597: 1584: 1530:Tuileries Palace 1527: 1517: 1509: 1501: 1434:social democracy 1428:rather than the 1366: 1353: 1316: 1278: 1222:Patrice MacMahon 1204: 1122: 1110: 1107:Le Cri du Peuple 975: 967: 959: 685:in Paris, under 575: 478:Friedrich Engels 449: 429:social democracy 358: 353: 348:Commune de Paris 285: 275: 268: 261: 252: 251: 216: 214: 204: 203: 202: 193: 183: 182: 181: 171: 167: 166: 143: 142: 141: 123: 122: 69: 68: 54: 30: 29: 15742: 15741: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15732: 15731: 15692:May 1871 events 15617: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15598: 15588: 15586: 15574: 15542: 15491: 15464: 15400: 15326:Arthur Scargill 15296:Pierre Renaudel 15106:Antonio Gramsci 15086:Muammar Gaddafi 15081:Faiz Ahmad Faiz 15076:Albert Einstein 15016:Aristide Briand 15006:Murray Bookchin 15001:Grace Lee Boggs 14986:Walter Benjamin 14956:Chiang Kai-shek 14936:Inejirō Asanuma 14911: 14882:Benjamin Tucker 14742:Peter Kropotkin 14722:Thomas Hodgskin 14697:Charles Fourier 14677:Théodore Dézamy 14627:Philippe Buchez 14587:Mikhail Bakunin 14567: 14543:Gracchus Babeuf 14528: 14495: 14476:Social dividend 14374: 14350:Socialist state 14315:Post-capitalism 14310:Planned economy 14305:Nationalization 14170: 14160: 14036: 13991: 13821: 13813: 13711:Insurrectionary 13657: 13649: 13515: 13508: 13495: 13490: 13488: 13458: 13453: 13441: 13431: 13429: 13421: 13296: 13265: 13223: 13145: 12767: 12716: 12678: 12614: 12585:Planned economy 12573: 12559:World communism 12534:Labour movement 12494:Communist state 12484:Communist party 12459:Anti-capitalism 12447: 12442: 12412: 12407: 12383: 12381: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12328:Labour movement 12258: 12257: 12256: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11488:Occupy movement 11361:Ferrer movement 11298: 11297: 11296: 11212:Escuela Moderna 11170: 11169: 11168: 11078: 11038: 10995: 10959:Insurrectionary 10918: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10714:Refusal of work 10599:Anti-militarism 10594:Anti-capitalism 10553: 10548: 10518: 10513: 10472: 10465: 10433: 10423: 10379:Murray Bookchin 10359: 10320:Herbert Marcuse 10315:Gustav Landauer 10310:Peter Kropotkin 10305:Thomas Hodgskin 10300:Joseph Déjacque 10295:Mikhail Bakunin 10285:Charles Fourier 10268: 10261: 10237:Guild socialism 10215: 10208: 10154:Anti-capitalism 10142: 10135: 10126: 10080:Guild socialism 10050: 10044: 10039: 10037: 10007: 10002: 9964: 9918: 9877: 9851: 9822:Peter Kropotkin 9807:Iosif Bleikhman 9802:Sébastien Faure 9787:Joseph Déjacque 9772:Murray Bookchin 9753: 9744: 9608:Anti-capitalism 9586: 9581: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9526: 9508: 9489:Public holidays 9402: 9361:Life expectancy 9299: 9186: 9079: 9008: 8977:Great Recession 8950:Fourth Republic 8945:1900 to present 8933: 8850:Second Republic 8814: 8783: 8706: 8659: 8626: 8605: 8540: 8532: 8502: 8497: 8490: 8481: 8472: 8465: 8460:Commune Council 8458: 8451: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8394: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8353: 8346: 8337: 8330: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8044: 8014: 8012:Further reading 8009: 8002:Tombs, Robert. 7996: 7977: 7958: 7918:Wayback Machine 7899: 7876: 7836: 7793: 7791: 7753: 7747: 7730:Wayback Machine 7708: 7706: 7699: 7668: 7638: 7628:Monsieur Thiers 7614: 7609: 7594: 7591:Wayback Machine 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7545: 7538: 7517: 7513: 7498:, ed. (1911). " 7483: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7457: 7437: 7433: 7427:Wayback Machine 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7360: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7284: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7217: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7144: 7124: 7120: 7105: 7085: 7078: 7063: 7055:. p. 144. 7043: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7014:Gregor Dallas, 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6882:Le vent se lève 6876: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6802:. p. 173. 6792: 6788: 6781: 6773:. p. 108. 6763: 6759: 6753:Lissagaray 2012 6751: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6682: 6681: 6669: 6655: 6646: 6639:Foreign Gazette 6624: 6622: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6517:Haymarket Books 6504: 6500: 6495:Wayback Machine 6486: 6482: 6476:Wayback Machine 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6444: 6425: 6421: 6415:Wayback Machine 6406: 6402: 6396:Wayback Machine 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6346: 6342: 6336:Wayback Machine 6327: 6323: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6171:New Left Review 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6136:Milza, Pierre, 6135: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6005:Lissagaray 2000 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5957:Wayback Machine 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5533: 5529: 5514: 5510: 5505:Wayback Machine 5492: 5483: 5478:Wayback Machine 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5115:Gluckstein 2006 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5091:Gluckstein 2006 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995:, pp. 8–9. 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4844: 4826: 4822: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4682: 4676:Lissagaray 2000 4674: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4639: 4630: 4619: 4612: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4560:on 4 March 2016 4552: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4336:The Onedin Line 4282: 4250:Jacques Derrida 4212:The New Babylon 4207:Leonid Trauberg 4167: 4128:Le Printemps 71 4095: 3961:British writer 3918: 3890: 3885: 3792:Alsace-Lorraine 3731: 3696:Jura Federation 3673:Gaston Cremieux 3645:Mikhail Bakunin 3625: 3603:tree native to 3570:concerning the 3503: 3462: 3340:Nikolay Antipov 3326: 3319: 3307:Theodore Zeldin 3257: 3214:Elihu Washburne 3202: 3133:Mikhail Bakunin 3113: 3089:Mikhail Bakunin 3073:George Woodcock 3069: 2985:Gustave Courbet 2973: 2968: 2960:Reign of Terror 2847: 2818:Gustave Courbet 2809:Théophile Ferré 2781: 2776: 2704: 2676:Arts-et-Metiers 2664: 2601: 2589:Théophile Ferré 2557:military courts 2526:Sainte-Chapelle 2481: 2467:Prosper Mérimée 2370: 2318:École Militaire 2295:Maximilien Luce 2256:A barricade on 2250: 2210: 2185: 2179: 2105: 2047: 2020:Reign of Terror 1981: 1948: 1928:Pont de Neuilly 1910: 1905: 1888:Chant du Départ 1884:La Marseillaise 1875:Gustave Courbet 1855:Gustave Courbet 1843: 1822:Catholic Church 1806: 1776:Henri Rochefort 1753:Le Père Duchêne 1744:, published by 1701:Le Père Duchêne 1692: 1667:Rothschild Bank 1662:François Jourde 1658: 1476: 1410: 1405: 1377: 1364:arrondissements 1351:arrondissements 1337: 1331: 1314:arrondissements 1272: 1242:national guards 1234: 1188:Buttes-Chaumont 1149: 1126:Henri Rochefort 1080: 1075: 997: 991: 944: 936:Main articles: 934: 875:Austria-Hungary 859: 812: 798: 741:neighbourhoods— 727: 718:arrondissements 679: 612: 562: 530: 520:, and formed a 516:proclaimed the 498:Battle of Sedan 494: 351: 336: 335: 334: 329: 286: 281: 279: 219: 210: 200: 198: 197: 189: 179: 177: 161: 160: 147: 139: 137: 125:French Republic 117: 87: 76: 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15740: 15730: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15632:1870s in Paris 15629: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15608: 15596: 15584: 15572: 15560: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15499: 15497: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15489: 15484: 15478: 15476: 15470: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15415:Pedro Castillo 15411: 15409: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15356:E. P. Thompson 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15316:Bernie Sanders 15313: 15308: 15303: 15301:B. T. Ranadive 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15266:Ernst Niekisch 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15231:Adrien Marquet 15228: 15223: 15221:Nelson Mandela 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15201:Rosa Luxemburg 15198: 15193: 15191:Vladimir Lenin 15188: 15183: 15181:Henri Lefebvre 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15141:Russell Jacoby 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15121:Saddam Hussein 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15061:Eugene V. Debs 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15011:Bertolt Brecht 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14971:Henri Barbusse 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14946:Clement Attlee 14943: 14941:Hafez al-Assad 14938: 14933: 14928: 14922: 14920: 14913: 14912: 14910: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14867:Fred M. Taylor 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14797:William Morris 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14662:James Connolly 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14607:Edward Bellamy 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14578: 14576: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14548:Victor d'Hupay 14545: 14539: 14537: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14521: 14515: 14513: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14456:Labour voucher 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14223:Egalitarianism 14220: 14215: 14210: 14208:Class struggle 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14174: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14136: 14134:In one country 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14075: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14017: 14007: 14001: 13999: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13961: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13857: 13847: 13842: 13841: 13840: 13829: 13827: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13792: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13763:Left communism 13755: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13681: 13676: 13665: 13663: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13520: 13518: 13510: 13509: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13487: 13486: 13479: 13472: 13464: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13439: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13355: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13304: 13302: 13301:Related topics 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13277:Anti-communism 13273: 13271: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13256: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12777: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12664: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12630: 12624: 12622: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12464:Class conflict 12461: 12455: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12441: 12440: 12433: 12426: 12418: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12399: 12392: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12343:Libertarianism 12340: 12335: 12333:Left communism 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12264:Related topics 12260: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12233:United Kingdom 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11948:Czech Republic 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11603:González Prada 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11418:Makhnovshchina 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11331:Hague Congress 11328: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11268: 11263: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11134:Labour voucher 11131: 11129:Give-away shop 11126: 11121: 11119:General strike 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11054:Affinity group 11050: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11024:Post-anarchist 11021: 11016: 11011: 11005: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10947:Social ecology 10944: 10934: 10928: 10926: 10924:Post-classical 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10903: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10859: 10857: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10744:Social ecology 10741: 10739:Self-ownership 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10669:Horizontalidad 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10624:Class struggle 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10604:Affinity group 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10547: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10524: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10489:Libertarianism 10486: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10437: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10374:Michael Albert 10370: 10368: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10325:William Morris 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10281: 10279: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10159:Class conflict 10156: 10151: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10110:Freudo-Marxism 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10082: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10054: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10013: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9990: 9980: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9950:Left communism 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9923:Related topics 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9842:Albert Meltzer 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9812:Luigi Galleani 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9792:Clarissa Dixon 9789: 9784: 9782:Emilio Covelli 9779: 9774: 9769: 9763: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9685:General strike 9682: 9680:Give-away shop 9677: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9623:Class struggle 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9580: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9445:Cultural icons 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9412: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9265:Stock exchange 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9065:National parks 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9040:Climate change 9037: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8962:Fifth Republic 8959: 8958: 8957: 8947: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8870:Third Republic 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8805:First Republic 8802: 8800:Napoleonic era 8797: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8716: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8692: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8675: 8669: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8645:Greek colonies 8642: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8488: 8479: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8344: 8335: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8314:Historiography 8310: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8258:Wojciech Kilar 8247: 8244:Robert Ménégoz 8237: 8231: 8220: 8209: 8202:research guide 8195: 8189: 8183: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8131: 8130:External links 8128: 8126: 8125: 8119: 8103: 8081:Merriman, John 8078: 8068:978-1978827684 8056: 8042: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8000: 7994: 7981: 7975: 7962: 7956: 7939: 7920: 7903: 7897: 7880: 7874: 7857: 7840: 7834: 7817: 7810: 7800: 7769: 7751: 7745: 7732: 7715: 7697: 7679: 7672: 7666: 7653: 7642: 7636: 7623: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7604:. 5 July 2019. 7578: 7552: 7546:Albert Boime, 7536: 7520:E. P. Thompson 7511: 7496:Chisholm, Hugh 7474: 7455: 7449:. p. 46. 7431: 7411: 7409:, p. 366. 7399: 7387: 7375: 7354: 7342: 7330: 7318: 7309: 7275: 7244: 7208: 7189: 7169: 7142: 7118: 7103: 7097:. p. 33. 7076: 7061: 7037: 7024: 7007: 6977: 6968: 6966:, p. 264. 6953: 6946: 6928: 6921: 6915:. p. 95. 6899: 6869: 6862: 6840: 6833: 6815: 6808: 6786: 6780:978-0415316002 6779: 6757: 6745: 6725: 6712:Robert Tombs, 6705: 6696: 6667: 6644: 6592: 6557: 6555:, p. 269. 6545: 6532: 6525: 6498: 6480: 6461: 6443:978-0140168211 6442: 6419: 6400: 6381: 6369: 6364:Hugo, Victor, 6357: 6340: 6321: 6313:Robert Baldick 6297: 6281: 6279:, p. 421. 6269: 6249: 6240: 6233:. Manchester: 6221: 6219:, p. 303. 6209: 6193: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6115:, p. 120. 6105: 6103:, p. 440. 6093: 6081: 6069: 6067:, p. 414. 6057: 6055:, p. 360. 6045: 6033: 6021: 6019:, p. 410. 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5971:, p. 401. 5961: 5940: 5928: 5911: 5898: 5885: 5870: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5826: 5824:, p. 386. 5814: 5795: 5793:, p. 394. 5780: 5778:, p. 381. 5768: 5753: 5741: 5739:, p. 337. 5729: 5717: 5688: 5686:, p. 317. 5676: 5664: 5652: 5650:, 8 April 1871 5639: 5637:, p. 153. 5624: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5562:, p. 253. 5552: 5550:, p. 250. 5540: 5527: 5508: 5481: 5454: 5435: 5415: 5387: 5380: 5374:. p. 81. 5355: 5343: 5336: 5310: 5308:, p. 129. 5298: 5286: 5271: 5265:978-2035848406 5264: 5246: 5234: 5232:, p. 103. 5222: 5210: 5198: 5179: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5093:, p. 231. 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4983:, p. 421. 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4886: 4874: 4857: 4842: 4836:. p. 33. 4820: 4803: 4784: 4764: 4747: 4735: 4726: 4709: 4697: 4680: 4678:, p. 383. 4663: 4661:, p. 118. 4648: 4628: 4610: 4588: 4586:, p. 319. 4571: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526:a town in the 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4484:Arthur Rimbaud 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4389: 4375: 4361: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4331: 4322:, also called 4314:Comics artist 4312: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4253: 4226: 4199: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4148: 4137: 4122:Bertolt Brecht 4094: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4076: 4052: 4049:Alexander Chee 4042: 4029: 3999:'s 1998 novel 3995:French writer 3993: 3972: 3965:'s 1908 novel 3963:Arnold Bennett 3959: 3948:'s 1892 novel 3943: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3909:William Morris 3906: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3872:Adrien Lejeune 3869: 3863: 3852: 3833:Adolphe Thiers 3796: 3795: 3769: 3759: 3735:Adolphe Thiers 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3703: 3681: 3662: 3652: 3624: 3621: 3557:following the 3532:Czech Republic 3510:in Paris, the 3482:Hôtel de Ville 3399:renamed their 3368:Shanghai, 1967 3364:Shanghai, 1927 3318: 3315: 3265:Third Republic 3256: 3253: 3201: 3198: 3112: 3109: 3068: 3065: 2989:Anatole France 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2917:Maxime Du Camp 2894:Vladimir Lenin 2846: 2843: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2743:naval infantry 2703: 2700: 2663: 2660: 2600: 2597: 2593:Georges Darboy 2489:Hôtel de Ville 2480: 2477: 2369: 2366: 2249: 2246: 2234:Champs-Élysées 2209: 2206: 2178: 2177:"Bloody Week" 2175: 2127:walls of Paris 2104: 2101: 2046: 2043: 1980: 1979:Radicalisation 1977: 1964:Georges Darboy 1947: 1944: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1896:Le Mot d'Ordre 1863:Vendôme Column 1851:Vendôme Column 1842: 1839: 1812:The Church of 1805: 1802: 1770:Le Mot d'Ordre 1711:Vendôme column 1709:on top of the 1691: 1688: 1679:Charles Beslay 1674:Bank of France 1657: 1656:Bank of France 1654: 1616:Victor Jaclard 1606:. The Russian 1555:, a friend of 1541:Nathalie Lemel 1514:Enfants perdus 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1441: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1376: 1373: 1330: 1327: 1323:Rue de la Paix 1233: 1230: 1202:arrondissement 1177:Claude Lecomte 1148: 1145: 1141:Adolphe Le Flô 1120:Le Mot d'Ordre 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1067:German Emperor 1059:Third Republic 1029:Louis Philippe 1004:Adolphe Thiers 990: 987: 957:Gardes Mobiles 933: 930: 918:carrier pigeon 863:Adolphe Thiers 858: 855: 808:Main article: 797: 794: 767:Hôtel de Ville 726: 723: 714:National Guard 687:General Trochu 678: 675: 635:June Rebellion 611: 608: 578:Jacquard looms 561: 558: 554:Siege of Paris 529: 526: 500:, and Emperor 493: 490: 456:Georges Darboy 381:Adolphe Thiers 377:Third Republic 369:National Guard 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 288: 287: 278: 277: 270: 263: 255: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 221: 220: 218: 217: 195: 174: 172: 157: 156: 152: 151: 149:National Guard 135: 134: 133: 113: 112: 108: 107: 104: 103: 102: 101: 93: 89: 88: 85: 83: 79: 78: 73: 65: 64: 61:National Guard 47: 46: 40:Siege of Paris 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15739: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15627:Paris Commune 15625: 15624: 15622: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15595: 15585: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15561: 15559: 15558: 15549: 15548: 15545: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15475: 15474:Organizations 15471: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15445:Lula da Silva 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15403: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15286:Fred Paterson 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15276:George Orwell 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15241:Salama Moussa 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15216:Nestor Makhno 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15196:György Lukács 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186:Claude Lefort 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15116:Eric Hobsbawm 15114: 15112: 15111:Safdar Hashmi 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15046:Jeremy Corbyn 15044: 15042: 15041:G. D. H. Cole 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14961:Deng Xiaoping 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14914: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14897:Josiah Warren 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14877:Pyotr Tkachev 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14787:Louise Michel 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14767:Pierre Leroux 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14747:Paul Lafargue 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14647:Étienne Cabet 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14632:Georg Büchner 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14597:Enrico Barone 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14570: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14531: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14516: 14514: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14365:Welfare state 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14300:Nanosocialism 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14290:Mixed economy 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14265: 14261: 14259: 14258:Impossibilism 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14228:Equal liberty 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14167: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14098: 14097:Eurocommunism 14095: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14039: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14002: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13978: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13960: 13959:Neo-Stalinism 13957: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13912:Khrushchevism 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13902: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13820: 13819:Authoritarian 13816: 13810: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13706:Individualist 13704: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13656: 13652: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13601:Revolutionary 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13485: 13480: 13478: 13473: 13471: 13466: 13465: 13462: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13438: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13412:War communism 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13268: 13261: 13257: 13254: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13136:Moufawad-Paul 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12721:Organisations 12719: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12439: 12434: 12432: 12427: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12379: 12376: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12238:United States 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998:French Guiana 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11825: 11821: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11775: 11771: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11408:Biennio Rosso 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327:Paris Commune 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11149:Mutual credit 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11094:Communization 11092: 11091: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10884:Philosophical 10882: 10880: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10862:Individualist 10860: 10858: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10805:Animal rights 10803: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10674:Individualism 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10654:Direct action 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10545: 10540: 10538: 10533: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10468: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10430: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10414:Daniel Guérin 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10394:G. D. H. Cole 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10362: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10350:Rudolf Rocker 10348: 10346: 10345:Wilhelm Reich 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10273: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10257:Socialization 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10211: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10138: 10133: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10047: 10042: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10011: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9940:Communization 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9909:Now and After 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832:Nestor Makhno 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9777:Carlo Cafiero 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9751: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9578: 9573: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9326:Birth control 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9101:Constitutions 9099: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8898:Années folles 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Second Empire 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838:July Monarchy 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8737:Ancien Régime 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340:Affiche Rouge 8336: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8295:Paris Commune 8289: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8259: 8255: 8254:Bohdan Poręba 8251: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8234:Paris Commune 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8223:Paris Commune 8221: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8107:Ross, Kristin 8104: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8076:David A. Bell 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8028:. Princeton: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7976:2-02-055465-8 7972: 7968: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7766:3-593-32607-8 7763: 7759: 7752: 7748: 7746:2-213-01825-1 7742: 7738: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7667:0-413-28110-8 7663: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7637:2-262-00299-1 7633: 7629: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7533: 7532:9781604868418 7529: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7491:public domain 7478: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7435: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7351: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7280: 7263: 7259: 7258:New Statesman 7255: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7213: 7196: 7192: 7190:9781444780307 7186: 7182: 7181: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7081: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7020:History Today 7017: 7011: 6995: 6992:(in French). 6991: 6987: 6981: 6972: 6965: 6964:Rougerie 2004 6960: 6958: 6949: 6947:9781139053600 6943: 6939: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6865: 6863:9782707113412 6859: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6836: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6809:9780521358569 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6700: 6692: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6577: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6554: 6553:Rougerie 2004 6549: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6507:Thomas, Édith 6502: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6465: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6417:, 1 June 1871 6416: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6398:, 25 May 1871 6397: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6354: 6353:2-07-036141-1 6350: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6266:0-395-86761-4 6263: 6259: 6253: 6244: 6237:. p. 20. 6236: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6113:Rougerie 2014 6109: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5646:Zola, Emile, 5643: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5381:9780465020171 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5242:Rougerie 2014 5238: 5231: 5226: 5220:, p. 97. 5219: 5214: 5208:, Chapter 18. 5207: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5153:, p. 77. 5152: 5147: 5141:, p. 45. 5140: 5135: 5129:, p. 35. 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5105:, p. 76. 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5081:, p. 19. 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5019:, Chapter 17. 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4957:Rougerie 2014 4953: 4947:, p. 39. 4946: 4945:Rougerie 2014 4941: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4843:9780773583856 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4730: 4724:, p. 65. 4723: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4705:Rougerie 2004 4701: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4659:Rougerie 2014 4655: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:January Storm 4502: 4500: 4499:Paul Verlaine 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Élisée Reclus 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Édouard Manet 4457: 4455: 4454:Paul Lafargue 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4400:France portal 4390: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4362: 4359: 4348: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4320:graphic novel 4317: 4316:Jacques Tardi 4313: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4274: 4270: 4269:Ritwik Ghatak 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4218:Novyy Vavilon 4214: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4182:Peter Watkins 4179: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4157:Paris Commune 4153: 4152:The Civilians 4149: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4134:Arthur Adamov 4131: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4108:Nordahl Grieg 4105: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4009:Prix Goncourt 4006: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3866:Louise Michel 3864: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849:Saint-Gratien 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829:Place Vendome 3826: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776:Radical Party 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766:Les Invalides 3763: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748:Leon Gambetta 3745: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659:Saint-Étienne 3656: 3655:Saint-Étienne 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3618: 3615:According to 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605:New Caledonia 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433:Carlo Cafiero 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3336:Avel Enukidze 3333: 3330:is at right, 3329: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3279:David Thomson 3275: 3273: 3272:Alain Plessis 3268: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3096:Louise Michel 3093: 3090: 3086: 3085:Elisée Reclus 3082: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:On 23 April, 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2963: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2946:Michele Audin 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Alfred Cobban 2883: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2785: 2771: 2764: 2763:Eugène Varlin 2760: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2712:Père-Lachaise 2708: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:Latin Quarter 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Louvre Palace 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434:rue de Rivoli 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:Louise Michel 2399: 2397: 2394: 2385: 2379: 2378:rue de Rivoli 2374: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2353:rue de Rivoli 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2332:occupied the 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314:Champ de Mars 2311: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2262:Louise Michel 2259: 2258:Place Blanche 2254: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2165:, and 200 at 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2035:Les Invalides 2032: 2028: 2027:Raoul Rigault 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1792:was close to 1791: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1722: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1650:Place Blanche 1647: 1646:New Caledonia 1643: 1642:Louise Michel 1639: 1635: 1634:Louise Michel 1632:, along with 1630: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1577:Eugène Varlin 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:wage equality 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1520:Paris Journal 1516: 1515: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1484: 1483:Louise Michel 1480: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443:abolition of 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389:Pierre Tirard 1386: 1382: 1381:death penalty 1372: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1341: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301:Place Vendôme 1298: 1294: 1291:, and to the 1290: 1286: 1285:Latin Quarter 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1197:Chateau-Rouge 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1153: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1073:Establishment 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1048:Léon Gambetta 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1027:(grandson of 1026: 1022: 1019:(grandson of 1018: 1014: 1005: 1001: 996: 986: 984: 978: 976: 974: 968: 966: 958: 952: 950: 943: 939: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 881:and met with 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 854: 852: 848: 844: 838: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 811: 802: 793: 791: 787: 786:Léon Gambetta 783: 779: 774: 772: 771:Eugène Varlin 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 735: 734:Eugène Varlin 731: 722: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 667: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 620: 616: 607: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 581: 579: 574: 573: 567: 566:Canut revolts 557: 555: 550: 546: 544: 540: 536: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510:Second Empire 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 467:New Caledonia 464: 459: 457: 453: 448: 447: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:self-policing 402: 398: 394: 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373:working-class 370: 366: 362: 357: 349: 345: 341: 340:Paris Commune 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 284: 283:Paris Commune 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 256: 253: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232:25,000–50,000 231: 228: 227: 222: 215: 213: 207: 196: 194: 192: 186: 176: 175: 173: 170: 165: 159: 158: 153: 150: 146: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 109: 99: 98: 97: 94: 91: 90: 86:Paris, France 84: 81: 80: 74: 71: 70: 66: 62: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 33:Paris Commune 31: 26: 22: 15567: 15555: 15386:Clara Zetkin 15366:Leon Trotsky 15361:Ernst Toller 15351:R. H. Tawney 15291:Karl Polanyi 15166:James Larkin 15031:Noam Chomsky 14757:Pyotr Lavrov 14737:Karl Kautsky 14732:Mother Jones 14712:Charles Hall 14702:Emma Goldman 14672:Claire Démar 14602:August Bebel 14396:Basic income 13899: 13775:Luxemburgism 13726:Neozapatismo 13674:Collectivist 13524:21st century 13365:LGBTQ rights 13323:Anti-fascism 13209:Soviet Union 12590:Gift economy 12549:Wage slavery 12401: 12394: 12380: 12293:Anti-statism 12283:Anti-fascism 12188:South Africa 11688:Pi i Margall 11385: 11236: 11197:Anarcho-punk 11184: 11159:Wage slavery 11124:Gift economy 11019:Postcolonial 11001:Contemporary 10954:Independence 10901:Collectivist 10820:Love and sex 10649:Deep ecology 10584:Anationalism 10419:Chris Pallis 10409:Robin Hahnel 10404:Paul Goodman 10389:Noam Chomsky 10115:Situationism 9817:Emma Goldman 9740:Wage slavery 9690:Gift economy 9613:Anti-statism 9431:Coat of arms 9421:Architecture 9393:Social class 9351:Homelessness 9336:Demographics 9290:Trade unions 9223:Central bank 9165:criminal law 9128:Human rights 9111:presidential 8955:Algerian War 8938:Contemporary 8912:Vichy France 8907:World War II 8877:Belle Époque 8810:First Empire 8712:Early Modern 8683:West Francia 8482: 8473: 8386: 8366:Lyon Commune 8338: 8294: 8226: 8188:by Paul Dorn 8180:C.L.R. James 8168: 8110: 8084: 8059: 8024: 8020:Avrich, Paul 8003: 7985: 7966: 7943: 7925: 7906: 7888: 7884: 7865: 7861: 7848: 7844: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7803: 7792:. Retrieved 7774: 7757: 7736: 7718: 7707:. Retrieved 7687: 7675: 7657: 7647: 7627: 7619: 7599: 7587:Ghostarchive 7585:Archived at 7581: 7569:. Retrieved 7555: 7547: 7523: 7514: 7503: 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7441: 7434: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7362: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7312: 7300:. Retrieved 7266:. Retrieved 7247: 7235:. Retrieved 7226:The Guardian 7224: 7199:. Retrieved 7179: 7172: 7160:. Retrieved 7128: 7121: 7089: 7047: 7040: 7032: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7010: 6998:. Retrieved 6989: 6980: 6971: 6937: 6931: 6908: 6902: 6890:. Retrieved 6881: 6872: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6824: 6818: 6795: 6789: 6766: 6760: 6748: 6733: 6728: 6713: 6708: 6699: 6658: 6638: 6634: 6629:– via 6623:. Retrieved 6609: 6595: 6583:. Retrieved 6567: 6560: 6548: 6540: 6535: 6511: 6501: 6483: 6464: 6452:. 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Wells 15346:Sun Yat-sen 15176:Jack Layton 15151:Kim Il Sung 15146:Kim Jong-il 15101:Maxim Gorky 15051:Marcel Déat 14966:Jiang Zemin 14907:Oscar Wilde 14847:George Sand 14802:Robert Owen 14727:Jean Jaurès 14617:Louis Blanc 14524:Thomas More 14486:Technocracy 14360:Trade union 14330:Revisionism 14280:Land reform 14151:Third World 14078:Nationalist 13865:Brezhnevism 13838:Nechayevism 13780:Mao-Spontex 13746:Syndicalist 13736:Communalism 13731:Platformism 13684:Free-market 13655:Libertarian 13641:Technocracy 13591:Nationalist 13569:Syndicalism 13407:Trade union 13199:Philippines 12650:Pre-Marxist 12643:Libertarian 12203:Switzerland 12163:Puerto Rico 12148:Philippines 12113:New Zealand 12108:Netherlands 11978:El Salvador 11813:Periodicals 11376:Tragic Week 11249:Lifestylism 11144:Mutual bank 11099:Cooperative 11064:Platformism 11014:Free-market 10942:Primitivist 10825:Nationalism 10754:Somatherapy 10664:Freethought 10504:Syndicalism 10432:Significant 10222:Communalism 9868:Platformism 9541:WikiProject 9356:Immigration 9346:Health care 9208:Agriculture 9160:enforcement 8917:Free France 8886:World War I 8833:Restoration 8820:Late Modern 8690:Middle Ages 8665:Middle Ages 8650:Celtic Gaul 8484:Pétroleuses 8428:Fort d'Issy 8194:(in French) 8150:(in French) 8032:. pp. 7853:Verso Books 7778:. 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Posadas 15066:John Dewey 15056:Guy Debord 14976:Jyoti Basu 14857:Eugène Sue 14171:and issues 14169:Key topics 14146:Sri Lankan 14119:Melanesian 14114:Indonesian 14063:Bolivarian 13985:Lassallism 13973:Tkachevism 13850:Bolshevism 13824:from above 13809:Third camp 13785:Trotskyism 13660:from below 13626:Icarianism 13621:Fourierism 13606:Scientific 13539:Democratic 13514:Schools of 13016:Berlinguer 12906:Khrushchev 12323:Dual Power 12308:Autonomism 12303:Autarchism 11963:East Timor 11933:Costa Rica 11878:Bangladesh 11873:Azerbaijan 11583:Feyerabend 11222:Freeganism 10872:Illegalist 10810:Capitalism 10749:Sociocracy 10719:Revolution 10684:Mutual aid 10614:Black bloc 10355:Otto Rühle 10189:Mutual aid 10090:Autonomism 10051:of thought 9935:Autonomism 9700:Mutual aid 9484:Philosophy 9469:Literature 9381:secularism 9177:Parliament 8972:2005 riots 8922:Liberation 8788:Revolution 8655:Roman Gaul 8640:Prehistory 8596:Journalism 8453:Communards 8407:Courbevoie 8324:Precursors 8307:Chronology 7571:4 December 7371:2251604197 7093:. 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Roy 14996:Léon Blum 14991:Tony Benn 14926:Tariq Ali 14782:Karl Marx 14386:Adhocracy 14325:Reformism 14213:Democracy 14083:Chiangist 14073:Communist 14020:communism 14015:anarchism 14010:Christian 13997:Religious 13954:Stalinism 13880:Guevarism 13870:Castroism 13845:Blanquism 13721:Mutualism 13679:Communist 13669:Anarchism 13596:Reformist 13564:Labourism 13534:Communist 13492:Socialism 13387:Red Scare 13270:Criticism 13150:By region 13131:Hatherley 12961:Althusser 12896:Togliatti 12846:Kollontai 12841:Luxemburg 12826:Pannekoek 12821:Malatesta 12816:Kropotkin 12672:Christian 12667:Religious 12662:Primitive 12628:Anarchist 12610:Use value 12578:Economics 12445:Communism 12363:Socialism 12313:Communism 12248:Venezuela 12183:Singapore 12118:Nicaragua 12043:Indonesia 12023:Hong Kong 12018:Guatemala 11863:Australia 11853:Argentina 11824:By region 11808:Musicians 11713:Santillán 11663:Malatesta 11633:Kropotkin 11613:Guillaume 11293:Symbolism 11207:DIY ethic 11084:Economics 11029:Post-left 10974:Christian 10969:Religious 10906:Communist 10891:Mutualist 10855:Classical 10815:Education 10764:Squatting 10724:Rewilding 10659:Free love 10551:Anarchism 10499:Socialism 10479:Communism 10058:Anarchism 9998:Socialism 9988:Communism 9978:Anarchism 9930:Anarchism 9341:Education 9295:Transport 9145:Judiciary 9106:Elections 9060:Mountains 9018:Geography 8764:Louis XIV 8554:Overviews 7946:. 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the 421:Feminist 417:Catholic 320:Rue Haxo 224:Strength 82:Location 15341:Sukarno 15236:Mao Dun 14124:Mexican 14109:Israeli 14068:Chinese 14048:African 14027:Islamic 13922:Dengism 13631:Owenism 13616:Utopian 13586:Marxian 13576:Liberal 13544:Ethical 13516:thought 13506:Outline 13502:History 13380:Romania 13229:Symbols 13219:Vietnam 13214:Sumatra 13157:Britain 13126:Prashad 13106:Graeber 13086:Gilmore 13071:Sankara 13061:Hampton 12996:Guevara 12946:Nkrumah 12926:Padmore 12886:Gramsci 12856:Trotsky 12831:Du Bois 12791:Meslier 12684:History 12655:Utopian 12633:Marxism 12499:Commune 12403:Outline 12353:Marxism 12253:Vietnam 12243:Uruguay 12228:Ukraine 12218:Tunisia 12168:Romania 12123:Nigeria 12103:Morocco 12053:Ireland 12033:Iceland 12028:Hungary 12008:Germany 12003:Georgia 11988:Finland 11983:Estonia 11968:Ecuador 11953:Denmark 11938:Croatia 11893:Bolivia 11888:Belgium 11883:Belarus 11868:Austria 11858:Armenia 11848:Andorra 11843:Algeria 11838:Albania 11758:Yarchuk 11733:Tolstoy 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