2845:
improving gait speed, the base of support, stride length, and trunk and arm-swing movement. Strategies include using assistive equipment (pole walking and treadmill walking), verbal cueing (manual, visual, and auditory), exercises (marching and PNF patterns), and altering environments (surfaces, inputs, open vs. closed). Strengthening exercises have shown improvements in strength and motor function for people with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity with mild to moderate PD, but reports show an interaction between strength and the time the medications were taken. Therefore, people with PD should perform exercises 45 minutes to one hour after medications when they are capable. Deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial in improving chest-wall mobility and vital capacity decreased by a forward flexed posture and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced PD. Exercise may improve constipation. Whether exercise reduces physical fatigue in PD remains unclear.
1983:
3702:
3587:
1526:
3153:
3711:
1517:
2026:. The Queen Square Brain Bank criteria require slowness of movement (bradykinesia) plus either rigidity, resting tremor, or postural instability. Other possible causes of these symptoms need to be ruled out. Finally, three or more of the following supportive symptoms are required during onset or evolution: unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, the clinical course of at least ten years and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa. Assessment of
1951:(BBB) and release more proinflammatory cytokines, like interferon-γ (IFNγ), TNFα, and IL-1β. Mast cell degranulation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine release is implicated in BBB breakdown in PD. Another immune cell implicated in PD are peripheral monocytes and have been found in the substantia nigra of people with PD. These monocytes can lead to more dopaminergic connection breakdown. In addition, monocytes isolated from people with Parkinson's disease express higher levels of the PD-associated protein, LRRK2, compared with non-PD individuals via
2458:, due to its notable risk of complications. However, levodopa-related dyskinesias still correlate more strongly with the duration and severity of the disease than the duration of levodopa treatment. A careful consideration of the risks and benefits of starting treatment is crucial to optimize patient outcomes. In the middle stages of Parkinson's disease, the primary aim is to reduce patient symptoms. Episodes of medication overuse or any sudden withdrawals from medication must be promptly managed. If medications prove ineffective, surgery (such as
134:
69:
3013:, prognistication can be difficult and prognoses can be highly variable. On average, life expectancy is reduced in those with Parkinson's, with younger age of onset resulting in greater life expectancy decreases. Although PD subtype categorization is controversial, the 2017 Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative study identified three broad scorable subtypes of increasing severity and more rapid progression: mild-motor predominant, intermediate, and diffuse malignant. Mean years of survival post diagnosis were 20.2, 13.1, and 8.1.
2186:
3057:
703:
14020:
2812:. DBS of the globus pallidus interna improves motor function, while DBS of the thalamic DBS improves tremor, but has little impact on bradykinesia or rigidity. DBS of the subthalamic nucleus is usually avoided if a history of depression or neurocognitive impairment is present. DBS of the subthalamic nucleus is associated with a reduction in medication. Pedunculopontine nucleus DBS remains experimental at present. Generally, DBS is associated with 30–60% improvement in motor score evaluations.
2715:, an enzyme that breaks down dopamine. They have been found to help alleviate motor symptoms when used as monotherapy (on their own); when used in conjunction with levodopa, time spent in the off phase is reduced. Selegiline has been shown to delay the need for beginning levodopa, suggesting that it might be neuroprotective and slow the progression of the disease. An initial study indicated that selegiline in combination with levodopa increased the risk of death, but this has been refuted.
712:
1212:
3144:
3556:
3429:
3381:
2511:
81:
3716:
3715:
3712:
2765:
3717:
107:
3230:
3714:
2269:
3471:
95:
2591:
state"), and phases with poor response to medication and increased PD symptoms ("off state"). Using lower doses of levodopa may reduce the risk and severity of these levodopa-induced complications. A former strategy, called "drug holidays", to reduce levodopa-related dyskinesia and fluctuations was to withdraw levodopa medication for some time, which can bring on dangerous side-effects such as
2608:
2797:, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication lacking severe neuropsychiatric problems. Other less common surgical therapies involve intentional formation of lesions to suppress overactivity of specific
2550:
2170:(CBS). PSP predominantly involves rigidity, early falls, bulbar symptoms, and vertical gaze restriction; it can be associated with frontotemporal dementia symptoms. CBS involves asymmetric parkinsonism, dystonia, alien limb, and myoclonic jerking. Presentation timelines and associated symptoms can help differentiate similar movement disorders from idiopathic Parkinson disease.
2014:
and ruled out appropriately to begin a different treatment and disease progression (anti-Parkinson's medications are typically less effective at controlling symptoms in
Parkinson-plus syndromes). Faster progression rates, early cognitive dysfunction or postural instability, minimal tremor, or symmetry at onset may indicate a Parkinson-plus disease rather than PD itself.
3663:(COMT – the enzyme that converts L-DOPA to dopamine). No safety concerns have been reported but the approaches have largely failed in phase two clinical trials. The delivery of GAD showed promise in phase two trials in 2011, but while effective at improving motor function, was inferior to DBS. Follow-up studies in the same cohort have suggested persistent improvement.
2631:. Tolcapone has been available for but its usefulness is limited by possible liver damage complications requiring liver-function monitoring. Entacapone and opicapone cause little alteration to liver function. Licensed preparations of entacapone contain entacapone alone or in combination with carbidopa and levodopa. Opicapone is a once-daily COMT inhibitor.
1084:. It is associated with dopaminergic drugs used to treat the motor symptoms, higher morbidity, mortality, a decrease in health-promoting behaviors, and longer nursing home stays. Additionally, it correlates with depression and may herald onset of dementia in advanced stages. Unlike other psychotic forms, PDP typically presents with a clear
1019:. Some of them, such as depression and anxiety, are known to precede characteristic motor signs by up to several years and may herald the development of PD, while most of them worsen as the disease progresses. Research indicates that patients with more severe motor symptoms are at higher risk for any NPS. Conversely, NPS can worsen PD.
2935:. In advanced stages, additional intake of low-protein products such as bread or pasta is recommended for similar reasons. To minimize interaction with proteins, levodopa should be taken 30 minutes before meals. At the same time, regimens for PD restrict proteins during breakfast and lunch, allowing protein intake in the evening.
2691:) are useful for people in the initial stages and possibly to control off states in those in advanced states. Due to an increased risk of cardiac fibrosis with ergot-derived dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, lisuride, and pergolide), they should only be considered for adjunct therapy to levodopa.
855:, and secondarily to bone fractures, thus, reduced mobility and quality of life. PI is absent in the initial stages and usually occurs 10–15 years after first diagnosis. Within the first three years after disease onset, PI may indicate atypical parkinsonism. Together with bradykinesia and rigidity, it is responsible for the
3210:—began expanding Parkinson's description, adding bradykinesia as one of the four cardinal symptoms. In 1877, Charcot renamed the disease after Parkinson, as not all patients displayed the tremor suggested by "shaking palsy". Subsequent neurologists who made early advances to the understanding of Parkinson's include
2919:(prolonged emptying of stomach contents). A balanced diet, based on periodical nutritional assessments, is recommended, and should be designed to avoid weight loss or gain and minimize the consequences of gastrointestinal dysfunction. As the disease advances, swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) may appear. Using
3419:
A study based on 2017 data estimated the US economic PD burden at $ 51.9 billion, including direct medical costs of $ 25.4 billion and $ 26.5 billion in indirect and non-medical costs. The projected total economic burden surpasses $ 79 billion by 2037. These findings highlight the
3107:
Relative to Europe and North
America, disease prevalence is lower in Africa—especially sub-Saharan Africa—but similar in Latin America. Although China is predicted to have nearly half of the global Parkinson's population by 2030, estimates of prevalence in Asia have varied. Potential explanations for
2844:
techniques. As for gait and addressing the challenges associated with the disease such as hypokinesia, shuffling, and decreased arm swing, physiotherapists have a variety of strategies to improve functional mobility and safety. Areas of interest concerning gait during rehabilitation programs focus on
2776:
Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice but the discovery of levodopa has decreased the amount of procedures. Studies have led to great improvements in surgical techniques, so surgery can be used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient. Surgery
2675:
Though dopamine agonists are less effective than levodopa at controlling PD motor symptoms, they are effective enough to manage these symptoms in the first years of treatment. Dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are rare in younger people who have PD, but along with other complications, become more
2930:
Levodopa and proteins use the same transportation system in the intestine and the blood–brain barrier, thereby competing for access. Taking them together results in reduced effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, when levodopa is introduced, excessive protein consumption is discouraged in favour of a
2615:
During the course of PD, affected people can experience a wearing-off phenomenon, where a recurrence of symptoms occurs after a dose of levodopa, but right before their next dose. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a protein that degrades levodopa before it can cross the blood–brain barrier and
2586:
are dopa decarboxylase inhibitors that fail to cross the blood–brain barrier and inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain, reducing side-effects and improving the availability of levodopa for passage into the brain. One of these drugs is usually taken along with levodopa and
2013:
Multiple causes can occur for parkinsonism or diseases that look similar. Stroke, certain medications, and toxins can cause "secondary parkinsonism" and need to be assessed during visit. Parkinson-plus syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy, must be considered
3366:
For some people with PD, masked facial expressions and difficulty moderating facial expressions of emotion or recognizing other people's facial expressions can impact social well-being. As the condition progresses, tremor, other motor symptoms, difficulty communicating, or issues with mobility may
2679:
Dopamine agonists produce side effects, including drowsiness, hallucinations, insomnia, nausea, and constipation. Side effects appear with minimal clinically effective doses giving the physician reason to search for a different drug. Agonists have been related to impulse-control disorders (such as
2831:
with or without physical therapy can be beneficial to maintain and improve mobility, flexibility, strength, gait speed, and quality of life. When an exercise program is performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist, more improvements occur in motor symptoms, mental and emotional functions,
2735:
may be useful as treatment of motor symptoms, but evidence for use is lacking. Anticholinergics should not be used for dyskinesia or motor fluctuations but may be considered topically for drooling. A diverse range of symptoms beyond those related to motor function can be treated pharmaceutically.
1934:
Activated microglia influence the activation of astrocytes, converting their neuroprotective phenotype to a neurotoxic one. Astrocytes in healthy brains serve to protect neuronal connections. In
Parkinson's disease, astrocytes cannot protect the dopaminergic connections in the striatum. Microglia
3748:
In contrast to other neurodegenerative disorders, many
Parkinson's symptoms can be attributed to the loss of a single cell type: mesencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Consequently, DA neuron regeneration is a promising therapeutic approach. Although most initial research sought to generate DA
2835:
In improving flexibility and range of motion for people experiencing rigidity, generalized relaxation techniques such as gentle rocking have been found to decrease excessive muscle tension. Other effective techniques to promote relaxation include slow rotational movements of the extremities and
2639:
Dopamine agonists that bind to dopamine receptors in the brain have similar effects to levodopa. These were initially used as a complementary therapy to levodopa for individuals experiencing levodopa complications (on-off fluctuations and dyskinesias); they are mainly used on their own as first
3681:
that primes the human immune system to destroy alpha-synuclein, PD01A, entered clinical trials and a phase one report in 2020 suggested safety and tolerability. In 2018, an antibody, PRX002/RG7935, showed preliminary safety evidence in stage I trials supporting continuation to stage II trials.
2037:
When PD diagnoses are checked by autopsy, movement disorders experts are found on average to be 79.6% accurate at initial assessment and 83.9% accurate after refining diagnoses at follow-up examinations. When clinical diagnoses performed mainly by nonexperts are checked by autopsy, the average
2590:
Prolonged use of levodopa is associated with the development of complications, such as involuntary movements (dyskinesias) and fluctuations in the impact of the medication. When fluctuations occur, a person can cycle through phases with good response to medication and reduced PD symptoms ("on
2595:
and is discouraged. Most people with PD eventually need levodopa and later develop levodopa-induced fluctuations and dyskinesias. Adverse effects of levodopa, including dyskinesias, may mistakenly influence people affected by the disease and sometimes their healthcare professionals to delay
2116:
scans. It has shown high agreement with clinical diagnoses of PD. Reduced dopamine-related activity in the basal ganglia can help exclude drug-induced
Parkinsonism. This finding is nonspecific and can be seen with both PD and Parkinson-plus disorders. In the United States, DaTSCANs are only
2291:
Exercise—one of the most common recommendations to prevent or delay
Parkinson's—may exert a neuroprotective effect. In animal studies investigating the cellular basis, exercise has been found to increase neurotrophic growth factor expression and to reduce alpha-synuclein expression,
2077:
has shown potential in distinguishing between PD and
Parkinson-plus syndromes, as well as between PD motor subtypes, though its diagnostic value is still under investigation. CT and MRI are used to rule out other diseases that can be secondary causes of parkinsonism, most commonly
2883:
The goal of palliative care is to improve quality of life for both the patient and family by providing relief from the symptoms and stress of illnesses. As
Parkinson's is uncurable, treatments focus on slowing decline and improving quality of life and are therefore palliative.
8137:
Cho SJ, Bae YJ, Kim JM, Kim D, Baik SH, Sunwoo L, et al. (March 2021). "Diagnostic performance of neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging for patients with
Parkinson's disease and factor analysis for its heterogeneity: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
3713:
2832:
daily living activities, and quality of life compared with a self-supervised exercise program at home. Clinical exercises may be an effective intervention targeting overall well-being of individuals with
Parkinson's. Improvement in motor function and depression may happen.
3415:
and nursing homes, while the share coming from medication was substantially lower. Indirect costs are high, due to reduced productivity and the burden on caregivers. In addition to economic costs, PD reduces quality of life of those with the disease and their caregivers.
2562:
Levodopa is usually the first drug of choice when treating Parkinson's disease and has been the most widely used PD treatment since the 1980s. The motor symptoms of PD are the result of reduced dopamine production in the brain's basal ganglia. Dopamine fails to cross the
1650:, pars reticulata and internal globus pallidus. This reduction in inhibition allows the subthalamic nucleus to excite internal globus pallidus and pars reticulata, which in turn inhibit thalamic activity, thereby suppressing excitatory signals to the motor cortex.
3016:
Around 30% of Parkinson's patients develop dementia, and is 12 times more likely to occur in elderly patients of those with severe PD. Dementia is less likely to arise in patients with tremor-dominant PD. Parkinson's disease dementia is associated with a reduced
809:", the tendency of the index finger and thumb to touch and perform a circular movement that reminds of the early pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills. Despite it being the most noticeable sign, tremor is present in only about 70–90 percent of cases.
12892:
Volc D, Poewe W, Kutzelnigg A, Lührs P, Thun-Hohenstein C, Schneeberger A, et al. (July 2020). "Safety and immunogenicity of the α-synuclein active immunotherapeutic PD01A in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, single-blinded, phase 1 trial".
1014:
symptoms (NPS) are common and range from mild disturbances to severe impairment, comprising abnormalities in cognition, mood, behavior, or thought which can interfere with daily activities, reduce quality of life, and increase the risk for admission to a
2826:
Exercise programs are recommended in people with PD and recent reviews (2024) have demonstrated their efficacy. Some evidence shows that speech or mobility problems can improve with rehabilitation, although studies are scarce and of low quality. Regular
2855:
in people with PD after exercising with manual putty. Improvements in both manual dexterity and strength can have a favorable impact on people with Parkinson's disease, fostering increased independence in daily activities that require grasping objects.
833:, also referred to as rigor or "stiffness", is the increased resistance during passive mobilization of a limb affecting up to 89 percent of cases. It usually occurs after onset of tremor and bradykinesia on one or both sides of the body and can lead to
3367:
interfere with social engagement, causing individuals with PD to feel isolated. Public perception and awareness of PD symptoms such as shaking, hallucinating, slurring speech, and being off balance is lacking in some countries and can lead to stigma.
9377:
Yan Z, Wang W, Tao X, Cheng W, Zuo G, Chen Z, et al. (November 2022). "High-dose versus low-dose inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) in patients with Parkinson disease for the treatment of OFF episodes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
2616:
COMT inhibitors allow for more levodopa to cross. They are normally used in the management of later symptoms, but can be used in conjunction with levodopa/carbidopa when a person is experiencing the wearing off-phenomenon with their motor symptoms.
2887:
Palliative care should be involved earlier, rather than later, in the disease course. Palliative care specialists can help with physical symptoms, emotional factors such as loss of function and jobs, depression, fear, and existential concerns.
558:
has been used to reduce severe motor symptoms when drugs are ineffective. There is little evidence for treatment of the non-movement-related symptoms, such as sleep disturbances and mood instability. The average life expectancy is near-normal.
3124:, as well as agricultural regions of California, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Texas: collectively termed the "PD belt". It is hypothesized that this is due to localized environmental factors like herbicides, pesticides, and industrial waste.
10757:
Fox CM, Ramig LO, Ciucci MR, Sapir S, McFarland DH, Farley BG (November 2006). "The science and practice of LSVT/LOUD: neural plasticity-principled approach to treating individuals with Parkinson disease and other neurological disorders".
1841:; individuals at this stage may be asymptomatic or have early nonmotor symptoms (such as loss of sense of smell or some sleep or automatic dysfunction). As the disease progresses, Lewy bodies develop in the substantia nigra, areas of the
7064:
Zamanian MY, Parra RM, Soltani A, Kujawska M, Mustafa YF, Raheem G, et al. (June 2023). "Targeting Nrf2 signaling pathway and oxidative stress by resveratrol for Parkinson's disease: an overview and update on new developments".
2493:
A 2020 Cochrane review found no certain evidence that cognitive training is beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease, dementia or mild cognitive impairment. The findings are based on low certainty evidence of seven studies.
3787:
has emerged as the most successful medication and was approved for medical use in the United States in 2019. It is approved as an add-on treatment to the levodopa/carbidopa regime. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are also of interest.
2209:. Differential diagnosis can be narrowed down with careful history and physical exam (especially focused on the sequential onset of specific symptoms), progression of the disease, and response to treatment. Some key symptoms:
2381:—have been proposed to be neuroprotective; animal and cell studies have shown that urate can prevent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Although longitudinal studies observe a slight decrease in PD risk among those who consume
3436:
The birthday of James Parkinson, 11 April, has been designated as World Parkinson's Day. A red tulip was chosen by international organizations as the symbol of the disease in 2005; it represents the 'James Parkinson' tulip
4261:
Leite Silva AB, Gonçalves de Oliveira RW, Diógenes GP, de Castro Aguiar MF, Sallem CC, Lima MP, et al. (February 2023). "Premotor, nonmotor and motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A new clinical state of the art".
3248:
Although Parkinson is typically credited with the first detailed description of PD, many previous texts reference some of the disease's clinical signs. In his essay, Parkinson himself acknowledged partial descriptions by
2009:
is usually considered final proof that the person had PD. The clinical course of the illness over time may diverge from PD, requiring that presentation is periodically reviewed to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis.
819:, beginning, and executing, resulting in overall slowed movement with reduced amplitude which affects sequential and simultaneous tasks. Hence, it interferes with daily activities such as dressing, feeding and bathing.
966:. All gastrointestinal features can be severe enough to cause discomfort, endanger health, and complicate disease management. Despite being related to each other, the exact mechanism of these symptoms remains unknown.
3496:
was diagnosed with PD at 29 years old, and has used his diagnosis to increase awareness of the disease. To illustrate the effects of the disease, Fox has appeared without medication in television roles and before the
3076:
has increased, Parkinson's disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The total number is predicted to rise to over 12 million patients by 2040. Some label this a
2891:
Along with offering emotional support to both the affected person and family, palliative care addresses goals of care. People with PD may have difficult decisions to make as the disease progresses, such as wishes for
2718:
Common side effects are nausea, dizziness, insomnia, sleepiness, and (in selegiline and rasagiline) orthostatic hypotension. MAO-Bs are known to increase serotonin and cause a potentially dangerous condition known as
2243:– This can at first look like parkinsonism, but has key differentiators. In essential tremor, the tremor gets worse with action (improves in PD), a lack of other symptoms is common in PD, and normal DatSCAN is seen.
1853:. These brain sites are the main places of neuronal degeneration in PD, but Lewy bodies may be protective from cell death (with the abnormal protein sequestered or walled off). Other forms of alpha-synuclein (e.g.
12583:
10493:
Dereli EE, Yaliman A (April 2010). "Comparison of the effects of a physiotherapist-supervised exercise programme and a self-supervised exercise programme on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease".
2687:. Secondary effects such as confusion and hallucinations are common, individuals receiving apomorphine treatment should be closely monitored. Two dopamine agonists administered through skin patches (lisuride and
15902:
15883:
15868:
2441:
classifies the degree of pathology in patients with Parkinson's disease into six stages that correlate with early, middle, and late presentations of the disease. Treatment in the first stage aims for an optimal
2021:
to ease and standardize the diagnostic process, especially in the early stages of the disease. The most widely known criteria come from the UK Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders and the U.S.
15784:
12305:
About 1.5 million Americans have received a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, but only 5 to 10 percent learn of it before age 40, according to the National Parkinson Foundation. Davis Phinney was among the
1902:
share genetic variations and molecular pathways. Some autoimmune diseases may even increase one's risk of developing PD, up to 33% in one study. Autoimmune diseases linked to protein expression profiles of
1161:(SDB), many of which can be worsened by medication. RBD may begin years prior to the initial motor symptoms. Individual presentation of symptoms vary, although most of people affected by PD show an altered
2875:. Few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of OT, and their quality is poor, although with some indication that it may improve motor skills and quality of life for the duration of the therapy.
12175:
2181:
is similar in cause for both vascular parkinsonism and idiopathic PD, and so present with similar symptoms. Differentiation can be made with careful bedside examination, history evaluation, and imaging.
3195:. Parkinson described three cardinal symptoms: tremor, postural instability and "paralysis" (undistinguished from rigidity or bradykinesia), and speculated that the disease was caused by trauma to the
3044:, which worsens with disease progession and can hinder communication. Additionally, over 80% of PD patients develop dysphagia: consequent inhalation of gastric and oropharyngeal secretions can lead to
10299:
Ernst M, Folkerts AK, Gollan R, Lieker E, Caro-Valenzuela J, Adams A, et al. (April 2024). "Physical exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis".
3306:
written by Ferenc Pápai Páriz in 1690, some 120 years before Parkinson. Although Páriz correctly described all four cardinal signs, it was only published in Hungarian and was not widely distributed.
9004:
Moosa S, Martínez-Fernández R, Elias WJ, Del Alamo M, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS (September 2019). "The role of high-intensity focused ultrasound as a symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease".
1274:
PD, in a narrow sense, can be seen as a genetic disease; heritability is estimated to lie between 22 and 40 percent, across different ethnicities. Around 15 percent of diagnosed individuals have a
3643:
Gene therapy typically involves the use of a noninfectious virus to shuttle genetic material into a part of the brain. Approaches have involved the expression of growth factors to prevent damage (
12849:
Hitti FL, Yang AI, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Baltuch GH (September 2019). "Human gene therapy approaches for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: An overview of current and completed clinical trials".
3760:
Both fetal and iPSC-derived DA neurons have been transplanted into patients in clinical trials. Although some patients see improvements, the results are highly variable. Adverse effects, such as
2403:. Certain medications may also be used to provide symptomatic relief and improve the patient's quality of life. The medications used in Parkinson's disease work by either increasing endogenous
8232:"The diagnostic accuracy of dopamine transporter SPECT imaging to detect nigrostriatal cell loss in patients with Parkinson's disease or clinically uncertain parkinsonism: a systematic review"
3032:
The incidence rate of falls in Parkinson's patients is approximately 45 to 68%, thrice that of healthy individuals, and half of such falls result in serious secondary injuries. Falls increase
14599:
Fabbri M, Rascol O, Foltynie T, Carroll C, Postuma RB, Porcher R, et al. (2024). "Advantages and Challenges of Platform Trials for Disease Modifying Therapies in Parkinson's Disease".
2288:. However, several factors have been found to be associated with a decreased risk. The identification and mechanistic analysis of these factors may guide the development of new therapies.
1230:
factors. Nonetheless, the most significant risk factor is age with a prevalence of 1 percent in those aged over 65 and approximately 4.3 percent in age over 85. Genetic components comprise
841:
pain as the disease progresses. As of 2024, it remains unclear whether rigidity is caused by a distinct biomechanical process or if it is the manifestation of another cardinal sign of PD.
2302:
is strongly associated with a decreased risk, reducing the chance of developing PD by 40–60%. Various tobacco and smoke components have been hypothesized to be neuroprotective, including
5366:
Chendo I, Silva C, Duarte GS, Prada L, Voon V, Ferreira JJ (21 January 2022). "Frequency and Characteristics of Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
2611:
COMT metabolizes levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa. COMT inhibitors help stop this reaction, allowing for more levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier and become dopamine where it is needed.
2599:
Levodopa is available in oral, inhalation, and infusion form; inhaled levodopa can be used when oral levodopa therapy has reached a point where "off" periods have increased in length.
9831:
Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Rossi C, Bonuccelli U (December 2009). "Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, neurobiology and management".
1915:
infections can trigger autoimmune reactions to alpha-synuclein, perhaps through molecular mimicry of viral proteins. Alpha-synuclein, and its aggregate form, Lewy bodies, can bind to
16987:
15008:
Zhu J, Cui Y, Zhang J, Yan R, Su D, Zhao D, et al. (2024). "Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson's disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
3452:, which has distributed more than $ 115 million for research and nearly $ 50 million for education and advocacy programs since its founding in 1957 by William Black; the
2155:
or MSA usually has early onset of autonomic dysfunction (such as orthostasis), and may have autonomic predominance, cerebellar symptom predominance, or Parkinsonian predominance.
2049:(CT) scans of people with PD usually appear normal. Magnetic resonance imaging has become more accurate in diagnosis of the disease over time, specifically through iron-sensitive
12944:
8094:
Mahlknecht P, Krismer F, Poewe W, Seppi K (April 2017). "Meta-analysis of dorsolateral nigral hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging as a marker for Parkinson's disease".
2640:
therapy for the motor symptoms of PD with the aim of delaying the initiation of levodopa therapy, thus delaying the onset of levodopa's complications. Dopamine agonists include
12960:"Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti-α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
7944:
Rizzo G, Copetti M, Arcuti S, Martino D, Fontana A, Logroscino G (February 2016). "Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3606:(drugs that target the causes or damage) are approved for Parkinson's, so this is a major focus of Parkinson's research. Active research directions include the search for new
15634:
Chua WY, Wang JD, Chan CK, Chan L, Tan E (September 2024). "Risk of aspiration pneumonia and hospital mortality in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
14104:
Wallace ER, Segerstrom SC, van Horne CG, Schmitt FA, Koehl LM (2022). "Meta-Analysis of Cognition in Parkinson's Disease Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Progression".
2574:
Only 5–10% of levodopa crosses the blood–brain barrier. Much of the remainder is metabolized to dopamine elsewhere in the body, causing a variety of side-effects, including
12083:
2571:
of dopamine, levodopa, can pass through to the brain where it is readily converted to dopamine. Administration of levodopa temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms of PD.
805:(cycles per second). PD tremor tends to occur in the hands, but can affect other parts of the body, such as legs, arms, tongue, or lips, as well. It is often described as "
17373:
17368:
870:. This latter may occur prior to other typical symptoms, but the exact neurobiological mechanism, and therefore possible connections with other symptoms, remains unknown.
535:
can support the diagnosis. Usual onset is in people over 60 years of age, of whom about one percent are affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed "early-onset PD".
12575:
10078:
Hasnain M, Vieweg WV, Baron MS, Beatty-Brooks M, Fernandez A, Pandurangi AK (July 2009). "Pharmacological management of psychosis in elderly patients with parkinsonism".
2399:
Despite ongoing research efforts, Parkinson's disease has no known cure. Patients are typically managed by a holistic approach that combines lifestyle modifications with
17385:
17363:
2912:
care. Palliative-care team members can help answer questions and guide people with PD on these complex and emotional topics to help them make decisions based on values.
11015:"Are there differences in the prevalence of palliative care-related problems in people living with advanced cancer and eight non-cancer conditions? A systematic review"
8037:"The 'swallow tail' appearance of the healthy nigrosome - a new accurate test of Parkinson's disease: a case-control and retrospective cross-sectional MRI study at 3T"
6392:
Bloem BR, Boonstra TA (December 2023). "The inadequacy of current pesticide regulations for protecting brain health: the case of glyphosate and Parkinson's disease".
3112:, and life expectancy. Although PD incidence and prevalence may vary by race and ethnicity, significant disparities in care, diagnosis, and study participation limit
2474:
dopa pumps may be useful. Late-stage Parkinson's disease presents challenges requiring a variety of treatments, including those for psychiatric symptoms particularly
1387:
is difficult due to the disease's often decade-long prodromal period. Most noteworthy environmental factors include pesticide exposure and contact with heavy metals.
6678:"Double Trouble: Association of Malignant Melanoma with Sporadic and Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease and Asymptomatic Carriers of Related Genes: A Brief Report"
1047:
is characterized by emotional indifference and arises in about 46 percent of cases. Diagnosis is difficult, as it may become indistinct from symptoms of depression.
421:
and non-motor systems of the body. The symptoms usually emerge slowly, and, as the disease progresses, non-motor symptoms become more common. Usual symptoms include
17935:
16536:
15490:
Fereshtehnejad SM, Zeighami Y, Dagher A, Postuma RB (July 2017). "Clinical criteria for subtyping Parkinson's disease: biomarkers and longitudinal progression".
12455:
3302:) of a disease with symptoms of tremor, stiffness, staring, and stooped posture. In 2009, a systematic description of PD was found in the Hungarian medical text
2143:
Secondary parkinsonism – The multiple causes of parkinsonism can be differentiated through careful history, physical examination, and appropriate imaging. Other
2023:
13269:
Bhattacharyya KB (2017). "Chapter One - Hallmarks of Clinical Aspects of Parkinson's Disease Through Centuries". In Bhatia KP, Chaudhuri KR, Stamelou M (eds.).
12544:
3509:
showed signs of PD when he was 38, but was undiagnosed until he was 42, and has been called the "world's most famous Parkinson's patient". Whether he had PD or
2676:
common with older age at onset. Thus, dopamine agonists are the preferred initial treatment for younger-onset PD, and levodopa is preferred for older-onset PD.
620:
The loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra initially presents as movement abnormalities, leading to Parkinson's further categorization as a
2683:
Apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD. It is administered only by intermittent injections or continuous
10539:"The Impact of Mind-body Exercises on Motor Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
14630:"Alcohol Use Disorder, Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Interplay Between Oxidative Stress, Neuroimmune Response and Excitotoxicity"
3465:
2237:– levodopa resistance, cognitive predominance before motor symptoms, and fluctuating cognitive symptoms, (visual hallucinations are common in this disease)
12126:
7430:
Tan EK, Chao YX, West A, Chan LL, Poewe W, Jankovic J (June 2020). "Parkinson disease and the immune system - associations, mechanisms and therapeutics".
4827:
França M, Parada Lima J, Oliveira A, Rosas MJ, Vicente SG, Sousa C (September 2023). "Visuospatial memory profile of patients with Parkinson's disease".
3420:
need for interventions to reduce PD incidence, delay disease progression, and alleviate symptom burden that may reduce the future economic burden of PD.
2435:. The patient's age at disease onset as well as the stage of the disease often help determine which of the aforementioned drug groups is most effective.
2057:
sequences at a magnetic field strength of at least 3T, both of which can demonstrate absence of the characteristic 'swallow tail' imaging pattern in the
1672:
neurons that modulate the previously described pathways. Consequently, dopaminergic dysfunction in these systems can disrupt their respective components—
1114:
Cognitive disturbances can occur in early stages or before diagnosis, and increase in prevalence and severity with duration of the disease. Ranging from
13189:
12195:
6121:
Khani M, Cerquera-Cleves C, Kekenadze M, Wild Crea P, Singleton AB, Bandres-Ciga S (May 2024). "Towards a Global View of Parkinson's Disease Genetics".
1193:. Seborrheic dermatitis is recognized as a premotor feature that indicates dysautonomia and demonstrates that PD can be detected not only by changes of
7244:
Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, et al. (June 2010). "Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle".
6264:
Lashuel HA (July 2020). "Do Lewy bodies contain alpha-synuclein fibrils? and Does it matter? A brief history and critical analysis of recent reports".
4299:"Age at Onset Influences Progression of Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms during the Early Stage of Parkinson's Disease: A Monocentric Retrospective Study"
3072:
was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson's. Consequently, as
16732:
14075:
Hansen D, Ling H, Lashley T, Holton JL, Warner TT (April 2019). "Review: Clinical, neuropathological and genetic features of Lewy body dementias".
12421:
3979:"Global Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability of Parkinson's Disease in 204 Countries/Territories From 1990 to 2019"
2808:
Four areas of the brain have been treated with neural stimulators in PD. These are the globus pallidus interna, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and
2005:. They assess motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rest tremors, etc.) using clinical diagnostic criteria. The finding of Lewy bodies in the midbrain on
12292:
5794:
3691:
3068:
As of 2024, Parkinson's is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total number of cases. As of 2023, global
815:
is often considered the most important feature of Parkinson's disease and is also present in atypical parkinsonism. It describes difficulties in
16727:
16036:
16265:
12261:
11930:
2412:
2173:
Vascular parkinsonism is the phenomenon of the presence of Parkinson's disease symptoms combined with findings of vascular events (such as a
1861:, may in fact be the toxic forms of the protein. In people with dementia, a generalized presence of Lewy bodies is common in cortical areas.
352:
791:
Four motor symptoms are considered as cardinal signs in PD: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, collectively known as
16529:
1880:
activity. Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra is typically observed in conjunction with the protein inclusions. It may be related to
692:
15342:"The synaptic pathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia"
7336:"Subsequent risks of Parkinson disease in patients with autoimmune and related disorders: a nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden"
2944:
1589:
291:
14983:
Varden R, Walker R, O'Callaghan A (2024). "No trend to rising rates: A review of Parkinson's prevalence studies in the United Kingdom".
5222:
Macías-García P, Rashid-López R, Cruz-Gómez ÁJ, Lozano-Soto E, Sanmartino F, Espinosa-Rosso R, et al. (9 May 2022). Aasly J (ed.).
18407:
18363:
17466:
12936:
6022:"Association of Coffee Consumption and Prediagnostic Caffeine Metabolites With Incident Parkinson Disease in a Population-Based Cohort"
2113:
1692:
circuits (each named for its primary projection area)—leading to symptoms related to movement, attention, and learning in the disease.
777:
among others. In general, motor symptoms such as postural instability and gait abnormalities tend to appear as the disease progresses.
16045:
15181:
Bereczki D (2010). "The description of all four cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease in a Hungarian medical text published in 1690".
18744:
17355:
14412:"Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction"
1893:
1506:
13226:
Torres-Pasillas G, Chi-Castañeda D, Carrillo-Castilla P, Marín G, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Aranda-Abreu GE, et al. (5 June 2023).
3341:, and others. Anticholinergics and surgery were the only treatments until the use of levodopa, which, although first synthesized by
18222:
17839:
17652:
14570:
Singh A, Tripathi P, Singh S (2021). "Neuroinflammatory responses in Parkinson's disease: relevance of Ibuprofen in therapeutics".
10397:
10201:
10064:
9120:
8915:
7737:
2038:
accuracy is 73.8%. Overall, 80.6% of PD diagnoses are accurate, and 82.7% of diagnoses using the Brain Bank criteria are accurate.
801:
is the most common presenting sign and may appear at rest as well as during intentional movement with a frequency between 4–6
6578:"Spatial lipidomics reveals brain region-specific changes of sulfatides in an experimental MPTP Parkinson's disease primate model"
3489:
In the 21st century, the diagnosis of Parkinson's among notable figures has increased the public's understanding of the disorder.
2151:
involves motor symptoms with early onset of cognitive dysfunction and hallucinations which precede motor symptoms. Alternatively,
17632:
17345:
16522:
12095:
9946:"Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in early Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of 17 randomised trials involving 3525 patients"
2871:(OT) aims to promote health and quality of life by helping people with the disease to participate in a large percentage of their
2326:
is also strongly associated with neuroprotection. In laboratory models, caffeine has been shown to be neuroprotective due to its
7383:"Herpes zoster correlates with increased risk of Parkinson's disease in older people: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan"
1588:
Three major pathways connect the basal ganglia to other brain areas: direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathway, all part of the
17958:
17325:
16998:
3638:
3453:
1809:
is suggested as another significant mechanism in disease progression. It is characterized by cell death through high levels of
12322:
3084:
This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and
17350:
16982:
16480:
14833:
Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, Luciano MS, Tanner C (2024). "The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease".
13679:
13654:
13635:
13616:
13597:
13560:
13513:
13466:
13435:
13414:
13395:
13368:
13341:
13314:
13287:
13161:
10911:
10409:
10213:
10058:
9247:
9114:
8927:
8859:
7731:
5593:
4069:
667:. Neurodegenerative diseases that feature parkinsonism but have distinct features are grouped under the separate umbrella of
12519:
4704:
18754:
17188:
17176:
16638:
11986:
9559:
6162:"Identification of 27 allele-specific regulatory variants in Parkinson's disease using a massively parallel reporter assay"
2821:
2394:
2358:
1982:
15080:
Lees AJ (2007). "Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthday".
13334:
Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders
12149:
1410:
causes one in five cases, implying an association with the onset of PD. Risk is increased by co-exposure to, for example,
18419:
17567:
16262:
15917:
13645:
Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R (2007). "Pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease". In Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (eds.).
6304:"DNA repair and neurological disease: From molecular understanding to the development of diagnostics and model organisms"
1959:
by the liver, another protein commonly found in people with PD, that can lead to an increase in peripheral inflammation.
1788:
10434:"The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8330:
3851:
2147:
can have similar movement symptoms but have a variety of associated symptoms. Some of these are also synucleinopathies.
2050:
18734:
18729:
17669:
17644:
17479:
17407:
17340:
16895:
16029:
11886:
10653:
Barichella M, Cereda E, Pezzoli G (October 2009). "Major nutritional issues in the management of Parkinson's disease".
7701:
3870:
3545:
2280:
As of 2024, no disease-modifying therapies exist that reverse or slow neurodegeneration, processes respectively termed
13447:"Chapter 8: Considerations for Patient and Target Selection in Deep Brain Stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease"
12447:
4501:
2259:– levodopa resistance, restrictive vertical gaze, specific MRI findings, and early and different postural difficulties
18455:
18275:
18173:
17110:
16913:
12552:
3449:
3133:
2463:
2066:
2062:
17:
15659:
Won JH, Byun SJ, Oh B, Park SJ, Seo HG (September 2007). "Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease".
1285:
As of 2024, around 90 genetic risk variants across 78 genomic loci have been identified. Notable risk genes include
18547:
17784:
17755:
17696:
16497:
11904:
8281:
2031:
1970:
and colon problems years before motor issues arise. Alpha-synuclein is produced in the gut and may migrate via the
1920:
1351:
1206:
1041:
which is more prevalent in PD. Nonetheless, suicidal attempts themselves are lower than in the general population.
476:, but a few contributing factors have been identified. Pathophysiology is characterized by progressively expanding
57:
Parkinson disease, idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy
31:
18724:
13987:"Behavioural interventions for swallowing in subjects with Parkinson's disease: A mixed methods systematic review"
7589:"Review for "Parkinson's disease and intensive exercise therapy — An updated systematic review and meta-analysis""
4922:"Behavioural interventions for swallowing in subjects with Parkinson's disease: A mixed methods systematic review"
1821:
One mechanism causing brain cell death results from abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein bound to
1222:
As of 2024, the underlying cause of PD is unknown, yet is assumed to be influenced primarily by an interaction of
17789:
17584:
17509:
17229:
10938:
Ghoche R (December 2012). "The conceptual framework of palliative care applied to advanced Parkinson's disease".
3219:
3183:
published the first comprehensive medical description of the disease as a neurological syndrome in his monograph
3104:
to be just 30%. The influence of multiple genetic and environmental factors complicates epidemiological efforts.
2054:
1119:
1099:
1037:, memory problems, or altered appetite, share similarities with psychiatric signs caused by PD. It may result in
625:
442:
205:
35:
14340:"Association of Parkinson's disease to Parkinson's plus syndromes, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's dementia"
14309:
Bologna M, Truong D, Jankovic J (2022). "The etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological spectrum of parkinsonism".
12708:
Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, et al. (March 2017). "Parkinson disease".
12118:
12038:
10852:"The national agenda for quality palliative care: the National Consensus Project and the National Quality Forum"
4582:
3088:. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson's are likely a result of
1094:(ICD) can be seen in approximately 19 percent of all patients and, in the context of PD, are grouped along with
984:
within the first three minutes after raising to an upright position that can be seen in 30–50 percent of cases.
18442:
18227:
18198:
17459:
16744:
16720:
16550:
12548:
3825:
Defined as the onset of development of recurrent falls, wheelchair dependence, dementia, or facility placement.
3754:
3731:
2741:
2680:
increased sexual activity, eating, gambling, and shopping) more strongly than other antiparkinson medications.
2592:
2256:
2202:
2163:
279:
15521:"The elephant in the room: critical reflections on mortality rates among individuals with Parkinson's disease"
13700:"A multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors for Parkinson's disease"
4402:
2923:
for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating may be useful; both measures reduce the risk of choking.
18739:
17968:
17686:
17662:
17423:
17308:
17224:
17166:
16936:
16715:
16452:
16295:
16090:
16022:
14496:
Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA (2016). "The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention".
13297:
Dissanayaka NN (8 March 2021). "Chapter 9: Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease". In Byrne GJ, Panchana NA (eds.).
12016:
11960:
5454:"Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis: Recommendations From an Expert Panel"
3502:
3445:
3089:
2905:
2860:
15109:
Louis ED (1997). "The shaking palsy, the first forty-five years: a journey through the British literature".
13741:
Caballol N, Martí MJ, Tolosa E (September 2007). "Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson disease".
12576:"Robin Williams had dementia with Lewy bodies – so, what is it and why has it been eclipsed by Alzheimer's?"
9897:"Different Generations of Type-B Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside"
6729:"Association between gout and the development of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5503:"Impulse control disorders associated with dopaminergic drugs: A disproportionality analysis using vigibase"
2193:
Parkinson-plus syndrome – Multiple diseases can be considered part of the Parkinson's plus group, including
18631:
18168:
17701:
17546:
17392:
16766:
16231:
14455:"Depletion of dopamine in Parkinson's disease and relevant therapeutic options: A review of the literature"
10113:
3660:
3288:
3215:
3170:
2915:
Muscles and nerves that control the digestive process may be affected by PD, resulting in constipation and
2749:
2118:
2109:
1701:
1654:
1146:
1106:
and difficulty to control impulsive urges and are positively correlated with the use of dopamine agonists.
1058:
1033:
and is more prevalent in women. The diagnosis can be challenging since some symptoms of depression such as
933:
466:
299:
13552:
13505:
13458:
7618:"Transneuronal Propagation of Pathologic α-Synuclein from the Gut to the Brain Models Parkinson's Disease"
5747:"A review of the gastrointestinal, olfactory, and skin abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease"
5544:"Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Profile, Protective and Risk Factors"
3169:, credited as the first to comprehensively describe it. Patient Pierre D. (right) served as the model for
2756:
was approved for the management of PD psychosis. Doxepin and rasagline may reduce physical fatigue in PD.
765:
Non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by up to 20 years. These include constipation,
17876:
17674:
16902:
16203:
13541:"Chapter 3: Pathological mechanisms and clinical aspects of GBA1 mutation-associated Parkinson's disease"
10894:
Lorenzl S, Nübling G, Perrar KM, Voltz R (2013). "Palliative treatment of chronic neurologic disorders".
6160:
Farrow SL, Gokuladhas S, Schierding W, Pudjihartono M, Perry JK, Cooper AA, et al. (February 2024).
3727:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3262:
2451:
2432:
2311:
2018:
1347:
1154:
1102:(DDS) within the broader spectrum of impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICB). They are characterized by
774:
659:. These four symptoms are not exclusive to Parkinson's and can occur in many other conditions, including
550:. As the disease progresses, these medications become less effective and produce a side effect marked by
18689:
12413:
7102:"Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Dopamine Oxidation Products"
3116:
and lead to conflicting results. Within the United States, high rates of PD have been identified in the
823:
involved in bradykinesia lead to the characteristic reduced facial expression known as "masked face" or
18626:
17541:
17380:
16930:
16602:
12284:
9689:"Stalevo 150 mg/37.5 mg/200 mg Film-coated Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
6727:
Fazlollahi A, Zahmatyar M, Alizadeh H, Noori M, Jafari N, Nejadghaderi SA, et al. (October 2022).
3345:
in 1911, did not enter clinical use until 1967. By the late 1980s deep brain stimulation introduced by
1359:
1158:
867:
586:
10233:
Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, et al. (February 2011).
5224:"Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Clinically Defined Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Review of Literature"
4653:
Becker D, Maric A, Schreiner SJ, Büchele F, Baumann CR, Waldvogel D (2 December 2022). Ahmed S (ed.).
3448:, which has provided more than $ 180 million in care, research, and support services since 1982,
1955:. In addition, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, can lead to the production of
1479:
is also strongly implicated as a risk factor. Additionally, although the underlying cause is unknown,
18636:
18605:
17983:
17866:
17452:
17330:
17298:
17272:
17250:
17099:
16678:
8183:"Neuroimaging Detectable Differences between Parkinson's Disease Motor Subtypes: A Systematic Review"
6885:"Basal ganglia for beginners: the basic concepts you need to know and their role in movement control"
3533:
2234:
2206:
1928:
1275:
1115:
1022:
629:
578:
410:
275:
12388:
9136:"Cognitive training interventions for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease"
5403:"Emerging role of psychosis in Parkinson's disease: From clinical relevance to molecular mechanisms"
4780:"Peripheral neuropathy in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and functional impact on gait and balance"
18684:
18600:
18595:
18292:
18255:
18247:
18065:
18034:
17775:
17760:
17397:
17171:
16585:
16305:
16100:
15931:
13540:
13493:
12253:
10114:"FDA approves first drug to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease"
7029:
Chen R, Gu X, Wang X (April 2022). "α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease and advances in detection".
3518:
3330:
3117:
2897:
2809:
2366:
2002:
1709:
1643:
1628:
1620:
1091:
925:
751:
668:
524:
14381:
Olfatia N, Shoeibia A, Litvanb I (2019). "Progress in the treatment of Parkinson-Plus syndromes".
11938:
8807:
Connolly BS, Lang AE (30 April 2014). "Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review".
5661:
Dodet P, Houot M, Leu-Semenescu S, Corvol JC, Lehéricy S, Mangone G, et al. (February 2024).
4655:"Onset of Postural Instability in Parkinson's Disease Depends on Age rather than Disease Duration"
3672:
1250:. Timing of exposure factor may influence the progression or severity of certain stages. However,
988:
can impair the perfusion of organs situated above the heart, particularly the brain, resulting in
133:
18621:
18128:
17978:
17973:
17930:
17747:
17402:
17335:
17091:
16909:
16761:
16751:
16595:
16485:
14866:
Deliz JR, Tanner CM, Gonzalez-Latapi P (2024). "Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease: An Update".
12958:
Jankovic J, Goodman I, Safirstein B, Marmon TK, Schenk DB, Koller M, et al. (October 2018).
7768:
Armstrong MJ, Okun MS (February 2020). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review".
7157:
4963:"Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management"
3656:
3652:
3006:
2837:
2564:
2479:
2246:
2198:
2152:
2144:
1948:
1768:
1705:
1624:
1062:
1034:
969:
943:
937:
572:
295:
196:
16514:
15690:"Risk and mortality of aspiration pneumonia in Parkinson's disease: a nationwide database study"
12656:
McFarthing K, Rafaloff G, Baptista M, Mursaleen L, Fuest R, Wyse RK, et al. (24 May 2022).
11210:"Risk and mortality of aspiration pneumonia in Parkinson's disease: a nationwide database study"
9212:
7535:"Altered Gut Microbiota Related to Inflammatory Responses in Patients With Huntington's Disease"
2070:
554:. Diet and certain forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms.
18499:
18138:
18029:
17963:
17871:
17267:
17259:
17214:
16890:
16862:
15311:
Fahn S (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease".
9240:
Levodopa pharmacokinetics – from stomach to brain: A study on patients with Parkinson's disease
6676:
Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bougea A, Papagiannakis N, Antonelou R, Pachi I, et al. (July 2023).
5166:"Apathy and Anxiety in De Novo Parkinson's Disease Predict the Severity of Motor Complications"
4728:"Diagnostic value of micrographia in Parkinson's disease: a study with [I]FP-CIT SPECT"
4604:
Asci F, Falletti M, Zampogna A, Patera M, Hallett M, Rothwell J, et al. (September 2023).
3777:
3648:
3498:
3321:
in 1938. The underlying changes in dopamine signaling were identified in the 1950s, largely by
3202:
There was little discussion or investigation of the "shaking palsy" until 1861, when Frenchman
3121:
3093:
3041:
2778:
2471:
2459:
2347:
2331:
1862:
1476:
1150:
912:
is known to be present in up to 55 percent of PD patients. While it is responsible for most of
903:
879:
755:
664:
582:
555:
414:
332:
270:
15971:
13667:
7895:
Mustafa HI, Fessel JP, Barwise J, Shannon JR, Raj SR, Diedrich A, et al. (January 2012).
6883:
Rocha GS, Freire MA, Britto AM, Paiva KM, Oliveira RF, Fonseca IA, et al. (August 2023).
6345:"Towards a methodological uniformization of environmental risk studies in Parkinson's disease"
4606:"Rigidity in Parkinson's disease: evidence from biomechanical and neurophysiological measures"
4473:
4045:
3880:
3701:
3152:
1525:
992:. This can eventually lead to fainting and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality.
18694:
18427:
18307:
18214:
18193:
17282:
17156:
16974:
16952:
16867:
16790:
16700:
16687:
16612:
16070:
15877:
15605:
Murueta-Goyena A, Muiño O, Gómez-Esteban JC (March 2017). "Dementia in Parkinson's disease".
14716:
Grotewolda N, Albina RL (2024). "Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease".
13228:"Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates"
13140:
Jenner P (2014). "An overview of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease".
5936:
5788:
4726:
Eklund M, Nuuttila S, Joutsa J, Jaakkola E, Mäkinen E, Honkanen EA, et al. (July 2022).
3314:
2568:
2213:
2194:
2178:
2167:
1787:, and especially mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage triggers neuroinflammatory responses via
1569:
1182:
1123:
909:
895:
852:
446:
201:
15039:"The history of Parkinson's disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies"
13607:
Dickson DV (2007). "Neuropathology of movement disorders". In Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (eds.).
10978:
Wilcox SK (January 2010). "Extending palliative care to patients with Parkinson's disease".
10235:"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues"
9944:
Ives NJ, Stowe RL, Marro J, Counsell C, Macleod A, Clarke CE, et al. (September 2004).
8957:"Revisiting the Medical Management of Parkinson's Disease: Levodopa versus Dopamine Agonist"
8474:"Therapeutic Interventions for Vascular Parkinsonism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7475:"Polarization of the effects of autoimmune and neurodegenerative risk alleles in leukocytes"
6302:
Abugable AA, Morris JL, Palminha NM, Zaksauskaite R, Ray S, El-Khamisy SF (September 2019).
4297:
De Carolis L, Galli S, Bianchini E, Rinaldi D, Raju M, Caliò B, et al. (January 2023).
4239:
2619:
Three COMT inhibitors are used to treat adults with PD and end-of-dose motor fluctuations –
916:
and pain in PD, its role in postural instability and motor impairment is poorly understood.
538:
No cure is known; treatment aims to mitigate symptoms. Initial treatment typically includes
18519:
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18188:
18008:
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17589:
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16291:
16277:
16110:
16082:
13425:
11734:
8850:
Olanow CW, Stocchi F, Lang AE (2011). "The non-motor and non-dopaminergic features of PD".
8048:
7486:
6576:
Kaya I, Nilsson A, Luptáková D, He Y, Vallianatou T, Bjärterot P, et al. (July 2023).
4778:
Corrà MF, Vila-Chã N, Sardoeira A, Hansen C, Sousa AP, Reis I, et al. (January 2023).
4536:
3764:
arising from excess dopamine release by the transplanted tissues, have also been observed.
3626:
3510:
3223:
3045:
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2769:
2483:
2105:
1689:
1665:
1374:
1322:
1227:
996:
963:
844:
747:
644:
434:
209:
163:
15239:
Coffey RJ (2009). "Deep brain stimulation devices: a brief technical history and review".
14024:
14019:
3317:
reported that the substantia nigra was the main brain structure affected, corroborated by
2135:
can help locate denervation of the muscles of the heart which can support a PD diagnosis.
8:
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18569:
18551:
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18504:
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18237:
18085:
18077:
17856:
17834:
17562:
17148:
16795:
16650:
16590:
16200:
16145:
15906:
14675:"Calcium channel blockers and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
14410:
Calabresi P, Mechelli A, Natale G, Volpicelli-Daley L, Di Lazzaro G, Ghiglieri V (2023).
9334:
Aquino CC, Fox SH (January 2015). "Clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced complications".
8429:
Gupta D, Kuruvilla A (December 2011). "Vascular parkinsonism: what makes it different?".
7811:
Poewe W, Wenning G (November 2002). "The differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease".
7616:
Kim S, Kwon SH, Kam TI, Panicker N, Karuppagounder SS, Lee S, et al. (August 2019).
6026:
5012:"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Current and Potential Therapeutics"
3739:
3411:
The costs of PD to society are high; in 2007, the largest share of direct cost came from
3334:
3203:
3162:
2872:
2790:
2712:
2339:
2327:
2148:
1810:
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1516:
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1314:
1095:
454:
303:
15757:
15732:
15588:
15563:
15545:
15520:
15294:
15269:
15210:
Blonder LX (2018). "Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson's disease".
14771:
14746:
14699:
14674:
14479:
14454:
14364:
14339:
14032:
Islam MS, Azim F, Saju H, Zargaran A, Shirzad M, Kamal M, et al. (September 2021).
14023: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
13626:
Fung VS, Thompson PD (2007). "Rigidity and spasticity". In Tolosa E, Jankovic E (eds.).
13445:
Dallapiazza RF, De Vloo PD, Fomenko A, Lee DJ, Hamani C, Munhoz RP, et al. (2018).
11757:
11738:
11722:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11360:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11291:
11289:
10801:
Dixon L, Duncan D, Johnson P, Kirkby L, O'Connell H, Taylor H, et al. (July 2007).
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10395:
10219:
10199:
10046:
10044:
9664:"Comtess 200 mg film-coated Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
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9100:
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8913:
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Dorsey ER, Zafar M, Lettenberger SE, Pawlik ME, Kinel D, Frissen M, et al. (2023).
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6479:
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6369:
6344:
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3569:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3532:, the American actor and comedian, had been diagnosed with PD, but his autopsy revealed
3505:, which he founded in 2000, has raised over $ 2 billion for Parkinson's research. Boxer
3394:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2567:
so it cannot be taken as a medicine to boost the brain's depleted levels of dopamine. A
2532:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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between symptom control and medication side effects. For example, the administration of
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or, alternatively, atypical parkinsonian disorders. Parkinson's disease can result from
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14553:
14527:"Chasing Protection in Parkinson's Disease: Does Exercise Reduce Risk and Progression?"
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13190:"FDA approves new add-on drug to treat off episodes in adults with Parkinson's disease"
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Ferrell B, Connor SR, Cordes A, Dahlin CM, Fine PG, Hutton N, et al. (June 2007).
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10783:
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disorders associated with PD. Speech therapy and specifically LSVT may improve speech.
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2382:
2229:
1963:
1956:
1899:
1677:
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to subthalamic nucleus, modulating basal ganglia activity with rapid excitatory input.
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633:
520:
242:
142:
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14846:
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14338:
Prajjwal P, Kolanu ND, Reddy YB, Ahmed A, Marsool MD, Santoshi K, et al. (2024).
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11014:
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10851:
9970:
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9912:
9844:
9801:
9481:
8972:
8346:
7848:"The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease"
7312:
7153:"Editor's evaluation: Lipid hydroperoxides promote sarcopenia through carbonyl stress"
6405:
5864:
4033:
3456:, founded in 1961; and the European Parkinson's Disease Association, founded in 1992.
3313:
described microscopic particles in affected brains, later named Lewy bodies. In 1919,
1869:, characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, are uncommon unless the person has dementia.
1088:. It might overlap with other psychiatric symptoms, making the diagnosis challenging.
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11723:"Exploring public perceptions and awareness of Parkinson's disease: A scoping review"
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10708:"Systematic review on strength training in Parkinson's disease: an unsolved question"
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6480:"Metal Exposure and Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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4873:"Treatment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies"
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4010:
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3918:
3907:"Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders"
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3326:
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2828:
2711:) increase the amount of dopamine in the basal ganglia by inhibiting the activity of
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1438:
1038:
887:
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621:
257:
178:
122:
17444:
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15911:
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Neurology-related videos, including several showing people with Parkinson's disease.
14628:
Kamal H, Tan GC, Ibrahim SF, Shaikh MF, Mohamed IN, Mohamed RM, et al. (2020).
13578:
13531:
13484:
13324:
13278:
Cooper G, Eichhorn G, Rodnitzky RL (2008). "Parkinson's disease". In Conn PM (ed.).
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Schweitzer JS, Song B, Herrington TM, Park TY, Lee N, Ko S, et al. (May 2020).
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12373:
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10692:
10523:
9817:
9363:
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Miguel-Puga A, Villafuerte G, Salas-Pacheco J, Arias-Carrión O (22 September 2017).
8458:
7367:
5710:
Niemann N, Billnitzer A, Jankovic J (January 2021). "Parkinson's disease and skin".
5519:
5502:
5452:
Pahwa R, Isaacson SH, Small GW, Torres-Yaghi Y, Pagan F, Sabbagh M (December 2022).
2385:—possibly due to alcohol's urate-increasing effect—alcohol abuse may increase risk.
68:
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14156:
14146:
14135:"Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease"
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9908:
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9797:
9751:
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9598:
9531:
9485:
9477:
9430:
9421:
Paik J (June 2020). "Levodopa Inhalation Powder: A Review in Parkinson's Disease".
9387:
9343:
9294:
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9284:
9155:
9151:
9147:
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7494:
7473:
Raj T, Rothamel K, Mostafavi S, Ye C, Lee MN, Replogle JM, et al. (May 2014).
7439:
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Connie T, Aderinola TB, Ong TS, Goh MKO, Erfianto B, Purnama B (12 December 2022).
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Dommershuijsen LJ, Darweesh SK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kluger BM, Bloem BR (October 2023).
14266:"Infectious Etiologies of Parkinsonism: Pathomechanisms and Clinical Implications"
13225:
10991:
9714:"Ongentys 50 mg hard capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
4836:
4525:"Quantitative Measurement of Rigidity in Parkinson´s Disease: A Systematic Review"
2798:
2369:(CCB) may also have a protective effect, with a 22% risk decrease found in a 2024
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9134:
Orgeta V, McDonald KR, Poliakoff E, Hindle JV, Clare L, Leroi I (February 2020).
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2299:
2285:
1998:
1990:
1616:
1608:
1454:
1328:
1259:
1231:
989:
951:
899:
610:
606:
543:
528:
513:
501:
450:
390:
360:
263:
18574:
15985:
15054:
12658:"Parkinson's Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2022 Update"
12344:
Jones JM (December 2004). "Great shakes: famous people with Parkinson disease".
11990:
11822:"Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson's disease in the U.S"
11820:
Yang W, Hamilton JL, Kopil C, Beck JC, Tanner CM, Albin RL, et al. (2020).
11165:
10251:
9961:
9713:
9663:
9567:
8471:
7398:
4057:
3329:. In 1997, alpha-synuclein was found to be the main component of Lewy bodies by
2768:
Placement of an electrode into the brain: the head is stabilised in a frame for
2249:– levodopa resistance, rapidly progressive, autonomic failure, stridor, present
1919:. Microglia can proliferate and be over-activated by alpha-synuclein binding to
18509:
18450:
18374:
18183:
18150:
18133:
18123:
17183:
17132:
16960:
16669:
16546:
16491:
16460:
16234:
15705:
15579:
15536:
14879:
14583:
14427:
14195:
14117:
12817:
12607:"The Disease Modification Conundrum in Parkinson's Disease: Failures and Hopes"
11861:
11721:
Crooks S, Carter G, Wilson CB, Wynne L, Stark P, Doumas M, et al. (2023).
11400:
11225:
11141:
11129:
9434:
9391:
8230:
Suwijn SR, van Boheemen CJ, de Haan RJ, Tissingh G, Booij J, de Bie RM (2015).
8151:
7078:
6985:
6935:
6901:
6845:
6745:
6643:
6593:
6360:
6177:
5809:
5678:
5469:
5334:
5129:
4978:
4743:
3801:
3784:
3529:
3493:
3474:
3412:
3338:
3322:
3292:
3258:
3254:
3241:
3108:
these geographic differences include genetic variation, environmental factors,
3037:
2864:
2424:
2411:(L-dopa) is the most effective for motor symptoms and is often combined with a
2250:
2083:
1967:
1912:
1866:
1830:
1596:
1194:
1138:
1054:
973:
820:
816:
624:. In 30% of cases, disease progression leads to the cognitive decline known as
516:
and environmental mechanisms, medications, lifestyle, and previous conditions.
348:
186:
16002:
15947:
15896:
15618:
15357:
14956:
14806:
14690:
14322:
13882:
13865:
13446:
13306:
13109:
13048:
12623:
11837:
11388:
10010:
9602:
8540:
8396:
8248:
8012:
7995:
7551:
7443:
7042:
6277:
5888:"Unraveling Parkinson's Disease Neurodegeneration: Does Aging Hold the Clues?"
5221:
4275:
3995:
1025:
is the most common NPS and occurs in nearly half of all patients. It features
958:(prevalence up to 82 percent). Complications resulting from dysphagia include
702:
18718:
18543:
18494:
17812:
17209:
17161:
17031:
16800:
16756:
16607:
16135:
16014:
15990:
15748:
14790:"Caffeine and Parkinson's Disease: Multiple Benefits and Emerging Mechanisms"
14646:
14543:
14282:
14180:"Viruses, parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease: the past, present and future"
13069:"Personalized iPSC-Derived Dopamine Progenitor Cells for Parkinson's Disease"
13012:
12060:
11347:
11345:
10898:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 118. Elsevier. pp. 133–139.
10507:
9257:
8869:
8686:
8490:
8181:
Boonstra JT, Michielse S, Temel Y, Hoogland G, Jahanshahi A (February 2021).
7688:
6694:
4522:
4315:
3522:
3514:
3310:
3188:
3187:. He presented six clinical cases, including three he had observed afar near
2916:
2641:
2438:
2370:
2094:
2087:
2074:
1986:
1908:
1877:
1721:
1685:
1577:
1557:
1553:
1174:
1073:
947:
770:
660:
497:
493:
287:
250:
15892:
14003:
13986:
13244:
13227:
12150:"Michael J. Fox talks funding breakthrough research for Parkinson's disease"
11908:
11890:
11552:
11054:
Casey G (August 2013). "Parkinson's disease: a long and difficult journey".
10340:"Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?"
10282:
10280:
7781:
7671:
7498:
7167:
7152:
5419:
4938:
4921:
4795:
4621:
2805:
involves surgical destruction of the globus pallidus to control dyskinesia.
1825:
in damaged cells. This insoluble protein accumulates inside neurons forming
1141:
are common in PD and affect about two thirds of all patients. They comprise
711:
80:
18397:
18178:
17730:
16705:
16575:
16558:
16398:
16383:
16328:
16301:
16058:
16049:
15766:
15723:
15680:
15651:
15626:
15597:
15554:
15511:
15503:
15482:
15447:
15375:
15332:
15303:
15285:
15260:
15231:
15223:
15202:
15173:
15101:
15072:
15029:
15000:
14975:
14930:
14887:
14858:
14825:
14780:
14737:
14708:
14665:
14620:
14591:
14562:
14517:
14488:
14445:
14402:
14373:
14330:
14301:
14256:
14213:
14170:
14125:
14096:
14067:
14012:
13977:
13934:
13891:
13856:
13813:
13762:
13733:
13570:
13523:
13476:
13378:
13171:
13102:
12993:
12914:
12870:
12835:
12778:
12729:
12691:
12642:
12504:
12365:
11855:
11806:
11785:
Findley LJ (September 2007). "The economic impact of Parkinson's disease".
11766:
11704:
11685:
11243:
11067:
11040:
10999:
10959:
10921:
10877:
10836:
10779:
10743:
10684:
10574:
10555:
10515:
10469:
10373:
10324:
10270:
10179:
10142:
Elbers RG, Verhoef J, van Wegen EE, Berendse HW, Kwakkel G (October 2015).
10099:
10028:
9979:
9930:
9852:
9809:
9765:
9649:
9633:
9610:
9560:"Tasmar 100 mg Tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) – (emc)"
9545:
9499:
9442:
9399:
9355:
9315:
9308:
9169:
9087:
9025:
8990:
8828:
8820:
8737:
8558:
8509:
8450:
8415:
8364:
8267:
8216:
8159:
8115:
8080:
8021:
7965:
7930:
7832:
7789:
7697:
7651:
7570:
7516:
7451:
7416:
7359:
7320:
7265:
7212:
7137:
7118:
7086:
7050:
7003:
6947:
6920:
6864:
6813:
6764:
6713:
6662:
6611:
6562:
6513:
6464:
6445:
6413:
6378:
6329:
6285:
6250:
6195:
6146:
6059:
5998:
5921:
5872:
5821:
5780:
5731:
5696:
5647:
5579:
5528:
5487:
5438:
5387:
5352:
5303:
5259:
5240:
5199:
5147:
5098:
5047:
4996:
4947:
4906:
4854:
4813:
4761:
4690:
4671:
4639:
4568:
4459:
4441:
4388:
4353:"Tremor in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Advanced Therapies"
4334:
4283:
4100:
4014:
3963:
3922:
3906:
3750:
3611:
3607:
3506:
3478:
3342:
3318:
3101:
2893:
2753:
2527:
2189:
Hot Cross Bun sign that is commonly found in MRI of multiple system atrophy
2132:
2079:
2058:
1966:, an area of the body highly implicated in PD. People with PD have altered
1952:
1947:
to T cells. CD4+ T cells, activated by this process, are able to cross the
1944:
1924:
1884:, protein aggregation, and neuronal death, but the mechanisms are obscure.
1858:
1792:
1760:
1729:
1725:
1673:
1658:
1636:
1484:
1422:
1247:
1127:
1016:
929:
860:
812:
806:
792:
786:
739:
731:
679:, in which there is no clearly identifiable cause. The latter, also called
656:
640:
568:
438:
426:
418:
174:
167:
155:
15564:"Prognostic factors for falls in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review"
15404:
15130:
15122:
14940:"Parkinson's disease in China: a forty-year growing track of bedside work"
14151:
13838:
13780:"Repairing the Brain: Cell Replacement Using Stem Cell-Based Technologies"
13084:
11342:
11301:
10771:
10581:
8922:(Technical report). London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 59–100.
8609:
7881:
7863:
6495:
6429:"Mercury and Parkinson's Disease: Promising Leads, but Research Is Needed"
6231:
5501:
De Wit LE, Wilting I, Souverein PC, van der Pol P, Egberts TC (May 2022).
5164:
Hinkle JT, Perepezko K, Gonzalez LL, Mills KA, Pontone GM (January 2021).
4523:
Ferreira-Sánchez MD, Moreno-Verdú M, Cano-de-la-Cuerda R (February 2020).
3977:
Ou Z, Pan J, Tang S, Duan D, Yu D, Nong H, et al. (7 December 2021).
3048:. Aspiration pneumonia is responsible for 70% of deaths in those with PD.
2407:
levels or by directly mimicking dopamine's effect on the patient's brain.
1898:
The neuroimmune interaction is heavily implicated in PD pathology. PD and
18382:
18113:
17844:
17594:
16664:
16625:
16567:
16446:
16418:
16403:
16393:
16273:
16175:
16165:
16140:
16096:
15997:
15966:
15831:
15473:
15457:"Prognosis in chronic progressive neurologic disease: a narrative review"
15456:
13024:
13000:
12721:
11262:
10432:
Goodwin VA, Richards SH, Taylor RS, Taylor AH, Campbell JL (April 2008).
10277:
9589:
Scott LJ (September 2016). "Opicapone: A Review in Parkinson's Disease".
9520:"Neurological and psychiatric management using COMT inhibitors: A review"
9466:"Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Future Developments"
8766:
8764:
8597:
7203:
7186:
6627:"Biological links between traumatic brain injury and Parkinson's disease"
4184:
3651:-family growth factor), and enzymes such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (
3196:
2924:
2901:
2802:
2665:
2661:
2649:
2583:
2467:
2420:
2378:
2159:
2061:
substantia nigra. In a meta-analysis, absence of this pattern was highly
1971:
1940:
1806:
1756:
1733:
1669:
1282:, although harboring one of these mutations may not lead to the disease.
1262:
features, hence lowering the risk of PD. About 85 percent of cases occur
1211:
1103:
959:
913:
891:
614:
505:
232:
15270:"Frederic Lewy: how the two World Wars changed his life, work, and name"
14264:
Limphaibool N, Iwanowski P, Holstad MJ, Kobylarek D, Kozubski W (2019).
14178:
Leta V, Urso D, Batzu L, Lau YH, Mathew D, Boura I, et al. (2022).
13207:
11105:
10724:
9871:
9859:
8355:
7587:
Gamborg M, Hvid LG, Dalgas U, Langeskov-Christensen M (3 October 2021).
5079:
5028:
4845:
4424:
Bologna M, Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A (March 2020).
18699:
18392:
18297:
17998:
17723:
17718:
17514:
16775:
16645:
16438:
16434:
16408:
16363:
16353:
16338:
16242:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16106:
14912:
14409:
14238:
13795:
12753:"Update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease"
12751:
Heinzel S, Berg D, Gasser T, Chen H, Yao C, Postuma RB (October 2019).
12673:
10460:
9068:
8198:
7335:
6795:
6544:
5980:
5963:
De Miranda BR, Goldman SM, Miller GW, Greenamyre JT, Dorsey ER (2022).
5903:
5663:"Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease, an early and multiple problem"
5560:
5379:
5181:
4160:
4039:
4021:
3622:
agents. To aid in earlier diagnosis, research criteria for identifying
3428:
3069:
3061:
2841:
2737:
2732:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2688:
2653:
2624:
2129:
2101:
1873:
1764:
1541:
1411:
1362:
838:
830:
743:
648:
590:
551:
462:
430:
339:
159:
106:
15672:
15643:
15518:
15324:
15155:
15093:
14762:
14612:
14355:
14088:
13754:
13715:
12769:
12752:
11123:
10675:
10666:
10450:
10433:
10396:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
10200:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
10045:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
9347:
9101:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
9017:
8914:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
8776:
8761:
8645:
8380:"Tauopathy and Movement Disorders-Unveiling the Chameleons and Mimics"
8107:
7718:
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, ed. (2006).
7586:
7351:
6159:
6134:
6120:
4961:
Warnecke T, Schäfer KH, Claus I, Del Tredici K, Jost WH (March 2022).
4888:
4549:
4221:
4204:
4076:
3954:
3937:
3525:, former paramount leader of China, had advanced Parkinson's disease.
3143:
18652:
18584:
18402:
17861:
17599:
17524:
16885:
16836:
16824:
16807:
16739:
16442:
16373:
16348:
16333:
16283:
16252:
16247:
16170:
16155:
15977:
14832:
14747:"Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease?"
11576:
11370:
11324:
11295:
11256:
10617:
10605:
10593:
9003:
8523:
Levin J, Kurz A, Arzberger T, Giese A, Höglinger GU (February 2016).
8035:
Schwarz ST, Afzal M, Morgan PS, Bajaj N, Gowland PA, Auer DP (2014).
6066:
5937:"Environmental Risk Factors of Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review"
5278:"Anxiety: An ignored aspect of Parkinson's disease lacking attention"
4369:
4172:
3797:
3644:
3615:
3482:
3270:
3261:, and others. Possible earlier but incomplete descriptions include a
3207:
3033:
3022:
2745:
2657:
2645:
2628:
2620:
2579:
2443:
2416:
2362:
2351:
2217:
2185:
2073:
can discriminate individuals with Parkinson's from healthy subjects.
2027:
1916:
1850:
1846:
1822:
1800:
1772:
1713:
1612:
1600:
1450:
1442:
1426:
1391:
1384:
1343:
1278:, from which 5–10 percent can be attributed to a causative risk gene
1243:
1085:
1069:
1030:
981:
955:
824:
458:
367:
246:
238:
127:
15860:
14263:
14034:"Pesticides and Parkinson's disease: Current and future perspective"
11330:
11153:
9785:
8587:
8585:
7299:
Hirsch EC (December 2009). "Iron transport in Parkinson's disease".
7257:
5847:
Morris HR, Spillantini MG, Sue CM, Williams-Gray CH (January 2024).
4130:
4112:
4068:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFWallaceSegerstromvan_HorneSchmitt2021 (
3563:
Parts of this article (those related to this subsection) need to be
3388:
Parts of this article (those related to this subsection) need to be
3244:(pictured), details a disease with strikingly parkinsonian symptoms.
2764:
18387:
18057:
18024:
17950:
17360:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
17065:
17057:
17023:
16877:
16780:
16466:
16456:
16378:
16150:
16078:
16067:
15733:"Hypokinetic Dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review"
15489:
13698:
Binde CD, Tvete IF, Gåsemyr J, Natvig B, Klemp M (September 2018).
13351:
Lanska DJ (2010). "Chapter 33: The history of movement disorders".
12655:
11667:
Prenger MT, Madray R, Van Hedger K, Anello M, MacDonald PA (2020).
11099:
8788:
8621:
8525:"The Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Atypical Parkinsonism"
3623:
3438:
3350:
3078:
2782:
2669:
2404:
2323:
2303:
2221:
2090:
1904:
1854:
1842:
1737:
1632:
1565:
1545:
1480:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1378:
1279:
1255:
1251:
1223:
1178:
1142:
1081:
1077:
1026:
594:
489:
485:
318:
314:
12012:
11964:
11612:
6301:
3291:
texts may include references to PD, including a discussion in the
94:
16544:
14103:
13121:
13036:
12448:"Robin Williams' widow speaks: Depression didn't kill my husband"
11860:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
11083:
11081:
11079:
11077:
10543:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
10537:
Jin X, Wang L, Liu S, Zhu L, Loprinzi PD, Fan X (December 2019).
8725:
8703:
8701:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8633:
8582:
8229:
7381:
Lai SW, Lin CH, Lin HF, Lin CL, Lin CC, Liao KF (February 2017).
7031:
Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
5846:
5541:
5500:
5060:
4063:
3678:
3266:
2909:
2295:
2225:
2046:
2006:
1936:
1780:
1604:
1446:
1403:
1332:
1190:
1065:. Anxiety is known to cause deterioration in the symptoms of PD.
977:
883:
834:
766:
598:
500:. The cause of this cell death is poorly understood but involves
182:
15925:
15922:
15604:
15561:
11588:
11171:
11147:
11135:
9242:. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press. p. 10.
8657:
8329:
McCann H, Stevens CH, Cartwright H, Halliday GM (January 2014).
6829:"Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease"
6726:
5061:
Skjærbæk C, Knudsen K, Horsager J, Borghammer P (January 2021).
5010:
Han MN, Finkelstein DI, McQuade RM, Diwakarla S (January 2022).
4136:
3229:
866:
Other common motor signs include a slurred and quiet voice, and
18105:
17920:
17104:
16845:
16812:
15887:
15872:
15800:
15137:
13991:
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
12957:
12848:
11406:
11274:
10232:
10077:
9176:
8328:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8306:
6675:
6529:"Trichloroethylene: An Invisible Cause of Parkinson's Disease?"
6478:
Zhao Y, Ray A, Portengen L, Vermeulen R, Peters S (July 2023).
4960:
4926:
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
4296:
4205:"Pose-Based Gait Analysis for Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease"
4106:
3192:
2575:
2450:
in this stage may be delayed in favor of other agents, such as
2447:
2408:
2315:
2174:
1549:
1494:
1355:
1197:, but tissue abnormalities outside the nervous system as well.
1044:
847:(PI) is typical in the later stages of the disease, leading to
798:
735:
652:
539:
509:
422:
385:
344:
151:
15383:
Guridi J, Lozano AM (1997). "A brief history of pallidotomy".
13494:"Chapter 6: The Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease"
11189:
11177:
11074:
10141:
9830:
8698:
8669:
8180:
5451:
5009:
4826:
3659:), tyrosine hydroxylase (the enzyme that produces L-DOPA) and
3470:
3064:, possibly due to exposure to pesticides and industrial waste.
2373:
of almost 3 million CCB users. Higher blood concentrations of
1493:
infection can prevent the absorption of some drugs, including
18542:
17883:
11666:
10705:
9213:"Recommendations Parkinson's disease in adults Guidance NICE"
9133:
7243:
6968:
Bingham CS, Petersen MV, Parent M, McIntyre CC (March 2023).
6967:
6780:"Effects of Helicobacter pylori on Levodopa Pharmacokinetics"
6526:
5660:
4423:
3250:
3097:
2793:. DBS involves the implantation of a medical device called a
2374:
2273:
1776:
1239:
1235:
1072:(PDP) is present in around 20 percent of cases and comprises
995:
Other autonomic-related symptoms include excessive sweating,
802:
15267:
15140:"Pierre D. and the first photographs of Parkinson's disease"
14938:
Li G, Ma J, Cui S, He Y, Xiao Q, Liu J, et al. (2019).
14673:
Lin J, Pang D, Li C, Ou R, Yu Y, Cui Y, et al. (2024).
14132:
13670:. In Lisak RP, Truong DD, Carroll WM, Bhidayasiri R (eds.).
13444:
13066:
11558:
11528:
10803:"Occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease"
10286:
8916:"Symptomatic pharmacological therapy in Parkinson's disease"
8852:
Parkinson's Disease: Non-Motor and Non-Dopaminergic Features
8303:
7533:
Du G, Dong W, Yang Q, Yu X, Ma J, Gu W, et al. (2020).
7063:
7010:
6970:"Evolving characterization of the human hyperdirect pathway"
5542:
Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bayram E, Litvan I, Marras C (May 2021).
5163:
4777:
4725:
4190:
2607:
1242:
among others, while environmental risks include exposure to
18056:
14982:
14598:
13355:. 3. Vol. 95. History of Neurology. pp. 501–546.
13299:
Anxiety in Older People: Clinical and Research Perspectives
12545:"LBDA Clarifies Autopsy Report on Comedian, Robin Williams"
11268:
10431:
8603:
8093:
7894:
6087:
5319:"The Neuropsychiatry of Parkinson Disease: A Perfect Storm"
4652:
3757:(iPSCs)—have become an increasingly popular tissue source.
3025:, increased mortality, and a higher probability of needing
1465:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1339:
1053:
develop in around 43 percent of cases. The most common are
30:"Parkinson's" redirects here. For the medical journal, see
15562:
Murueta-Goyena A, Muiño O, Gómez-Esteban JC (April 2024).
14865:
13941:
13213:
13187:
11648:
11518:
11516:
11394:
11351:
11307:
7280:
6827:
Zhou ZD, Yi LX, Wang DQ, Lim TM, Tan EK (September 2023).
6215:
Variants and Parkinson Disease: Mechanisms and Treatments"
5807:
5276:
Khatri DK, Choudhary M, Sood A, Singh SB (November 2020).
4603:
4088:
3610:
of the disease and studies of the potential usefulness of
3485:
to urge increased funding for Parkinson's research in 2002
3060:
Agricultural areas are associated with higher Parkinson's
2549:
2121:
approved to distinguish PD or Parkinsonian syndromes from
1642:
The indirect pathway projects inhibition from striatum to
15787:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
14744:
13866:"The future of stem cell therapies for Parkinson disease"
13863:
13386:
O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ (2007). "Parkinson's Disease".
13115:
13054:
13030:
13018:
13006:
11458:
11456:
11208:
Won JH, Byun SJ, Oh BM, Park SJ, Seo HG (23 March 2021).
10893:
10849:
10706:
Ramazzina I, Bernazzoli B, Costantino C (31 March 2017).
10404:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 135–146.
10298:
10208:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 101–111.
10053:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 113–133.
9109:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 147–151.
8749:
8692:
8615:
7943:
6477:
6090:"Genetics of Parkinson's disease: Dominant forms and GBA"
6088:
Salles PA, Tirapegui JM, Chaná-Cuevas P (22 March 2024).
6072:
5965:"Preventing Parkinson's Disease: An Environmental Agenda"
5808:
Vertes AC, Beato MR, Sonne J, Khan Suheb MZ (June 2023).
5709:
4351:
Abusrair AH, Elsekaily W, Bohlega S (13 September 2022).
4202:
3886:
3173:' widely distributed illustration of Parkinson's disease.
2553:
LCE pills, containing Levodopa, carbidopa, and entacapone
2319:
1829:, known as Lewy bodies. These bodies first appear in the
1784:
1767:
of dopamine tends to fail, leading to elevated levels of
1534:
Neurochemical circuits with (left) and without (right) PD
1487:
in the blood are associated with an increased risk while
15411:
14337:
13942:
Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB (February 2020).
12891:
12707:
12063:. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
11989:. American Parkinson Disease Association. Archived from
11501:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11471:
11111:
10800:
5275:
4350:
4166:
2777:
for PD can be divided in two main groups – lesional and
2596:
treatment, which reduces potential for optimal results.
2497:
No standard treatment for PD-associated anxiety exists.
1664:
The striatum and other basal ganglia structures contain
18329:
15138:
Lewis PA, Plun-Favreau H, Rowley M, Spillane J (2020).
14074:
13697:
11720:
11513:
11376:
10652:
9877:
9463:
9321:
8522:
8034:
7726:. London: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 29–47.
4148:
4082:
4052:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
3734:(iPSCs) for use in Parkinson's and other diseases: the
2927:
can be used to deliver food directly into the stomach.
2268:
2024:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
795:. However, other motor-associated symptoms are common.
14380:
13545:
Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects
13498:
Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects
13451:
Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects
13427:
Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects
13273:. International Review of Neurobiology. pp. 1–23.
11862:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
11600:
11453:
11443:
11441:
11439:
9943:
7672:"Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis"
7472:
7224:
7222:
6882:
6575:
5365:
4178:
2587:
is available combined with levodopa in the same pill.
1724:
and other structures inside a neuron, for example the
1623:(GPi). This inhibition reduces GABAergic signaling to
17474:
14894:
14627:
14495:
14308:
13864:
Parmar M, Grealish S, Henchcliffe C (February 2020).
13821:
Panicker N, Ge P, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (April 2021).
13553:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch3
13506:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch6
13459:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch8
13404:
13385:
12750:
11819:
11636:
11624:
11564:
11540:
11489:
11468:
11424:
11412:
11336:
11012:
10623:
10611:
10599:
10587:
8794:
8782:
8770:
8743:
8713:
8651:
8576:
5935:
Jaaffar FS, Aizuddin AN, Ahmad N (21 February 2024).
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5063:"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease"
4118:
1997:
Physician's initial assessment is typically based on
15850:
15414:"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease"
15412:
Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W (May 2021).
13901:"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease"
13899:
Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W (May 2021).
13644:
9894:
9865:
9518:
Akhtar MJ, Yar MS, Grover G, Nath R (January 2020).
7333:
5934:
1974:
to the brainstem, and then to the substantia nigra.
932:, are associated with a variety of symptoms such as
14524:
13740:
11436:
11159:
10756:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9517:
8639:
8627:
8591:
7334:Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (23 December 2011).
7219:
7099:
6625:Delic V, Beck KD, Pang KC, Citron BA (April 2020).
5316:
3911:
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
3536:, highlighting difficulties in accurate diagnosis.
2781:(DBS). Target areas for DBS or lesions include the
2490:is provided to improve a person's quality of life.
2108:in the basal ganglia can be directly measured with
1130:, and disrupted perception and estimation of time.
17492:
15268:Sousa-Santos PE, Pozzobon PM, Teixeira IL (2024).
14569:
14133:Dolgacheva LP, Zinchenko VP, Goncharov NV (2022).
12799:
12217:Matthews W (April 2006). "Ali's Fighting Spirit".
12015:. European Parkinson's Disease Association. 2010.
10144:"Interventions for fatigue in Parkinson's disease"
8731:
7852:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
7713:
7711:
7676:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
7615:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5206:
3796:Neurodegeneration is proposed to originate in the
3441:, registered in 1981 by a Dutch horticulturalist.
2292:neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
15212:Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine
14897:"The Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic"
13944:"The genetic architecture of Parkinson's disease"
13777:
13665:
13127:
13042:
12285:"For the Phinney Family, a Dream and a Challenge"
11013:Moens K, Higginson IJ, Harding R (October 2014).
10040:
10038:
9992:
9273:"Recent advances in treating Parkinson's disease"
9049:
8849:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
4395:
3935:
3876:
3466:List of people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease
882:can lead to changes in sensation that include an
562:
74:A. 1880s illustration of Parkinson's disease (PD)
18716:
17901:
15633:
15339:
14715:
14452:
14177:
13301:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–156.
13060:
11963:. Parkinson's Disease Foundation. Archived from
11594:
11195:
10973:
10971:
10969:
10889:
10887:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10427:
10425:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10189:
9883:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8707:
8680:
8663:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7228:
7016:
4919:
4142:
4027:
3783:) have been explored for Parkinson's. Of these,
3749:neuron precursor cells from fetal brain tissue,
3517:, diagnosed with Parkinson's at 40, started the
1700:Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a protein involved in
1646:(GPe), reducing its GABAergic inhibition of the
639:The four cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's—
609:due to the abnormal accumulation of the protein
14895:Dorsey ER, Sherer T, Okun MS, Bloem BR (2018).
14745:Rose KN, Schwarzschild MS, Gomperts SN (2024).
13491:
13424:Stoker TB, Greenland JC, eds. (December 2018).
13188:Office of the Commissioner (20 February 2020).
12937:"World's first Parkinson's vaccine is trialled"
12520:"How Lewy body dementia gripped Robin Williams"
12441:
12439:
11889:. GlaxoSmithKline. 1 April 2009. Archived from
11780:
11778:
11776:
9783:
9376:
9045:
9043:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8316:
7708:
7582:
7580:
7429:
7239:
7237:
7180:
7178:
6942:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
6933:
6777:
6297:
6295:
6019:
5951:
5941:International Journal of Public Health Research
5816:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1857:) that are not aggregated into Lewy bodies and
940:, excessive sweating, or urinary incontinence.
18674:
16044:
15730:
15687:
15454:
15007:
14679:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
11987:"American Parkinson Disease Association: Home"
11716:
11714:
11280:
11183:
11172:Murueta-Goyena, Muiño & Gómez-Esteban 2024
11148:Murueta-Goyena, Muiño & Gómez-Esteban 2017
11136:Murueta-Goyena, Muiño & Gómez-Esteban 2017
11087:
10933:
10931:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10383:
10137:
10135:
10035:
9513:
9511:
9509:
8428:
7744:
5271:
5269:
5114:"Orthostatic Hypotension in Parkinson Disease"
3938:"The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease"
3353:, France, emerged as an additional treatment.
2253:, cerebellar ataxia, and specific MRI findings
1876:and lysosomal systems dysfunction and reduced
868:handwriting that progressively becomes smaller
17460:
16530:
16030:
15658:
13268:
12802:"Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases"
12703:
12701:
12176:"Muhammad Ali's Message: Keep Moving Forward"
11867:
11207:
10966:
10884:
10629:
10536:
10492:
10422:
10186:
9779:
9777:
9775:
8800:
7980:
7767:
7658:
6826:
6426:
6391:
6342:
6208:
5885:
5310:
5111:
4870:
4094:
3976:
3666:
2162:, rather than alpha-synuclein. These include
1635:, thereby promoting their projections to the
15737:The Medical Bulletin of Sisle Etfal Hospital
15382:
12436:
11773:
11660:
11618:
9040:
8876:
8806:
8136:
7810:
7577:
7532:
7380:
7234:
7175:
6520:
6292:
5323:The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
5317:Weintraub D, Mamikonyan E (September 2019).
4705:"Postural Instability (Balance & Falls)"
3692:Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease
3513:is unresolved. Cyclist and Olympic medalist
2276:may decrease risk of developing Parkinson's.
2086:, as well as less-frequent entities such as
2069:for the disease. A meta-analysis found that
1317:inheritance. Additionally, mutations in the
683:Parkinson's, makes up some 85–90% of cases.
17249:
15043:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
14672:
14139:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
13296:
13183:
13181:
11711:
10928:
10807:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10380:
10301:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10148:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10132:
10047:"Non-motor features of Parkinson's disease"
9999:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9740:"Medical management of Parkinson's disease"
9506:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9182:
9140:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9052:"Review: management of Parkinson's disease"
8843:
8755:
6020:Zhao Y, Yunjia L, Hilde K (23 April 2024).
5793:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
5619:
5266:
3594:conducting Parkinson's research aboard the
2963:Severe cognitive or movement abnormalities
2863:(LSVT) is one of the most widely practiced
2034:can be helpful in diagnosing dysautonomia.
1590:cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
1383:Identifying environmental risk factors and
1266:, meaning that there is no family history.
859:characterized by short shuffling steps and
762:, behavior, sleep patterns, and cognition.
605:region of the brain. It is classified as a
292:fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
18364:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
17631:
17467:
17453:
16537:
16523:
16037:
16023:
14868:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
13647:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13628:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13609:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13590:Parkinson's disease and movement disorders
13405:Simon RP, Greenberg D, Aminoff MJ (2017).
12800:Sudhakar V, Richardson RM (January 2019).
12698:
12604:
11559:Sousa-Santos, Pozzobon & Teixeira 2024
10331:
9772:
9737:
9464:Tambasco N, Romoli M, Calabresi P (2018).
8377:
7897:"Dysautonomia: perioperative implications"
7028:
6778:Nyholm D, Hellström PM (2 February 2021).
6427:Torrey EF, Simmons W (16 September 2023).
5744:
4242:. National Health Service. 3 November 2022
4191:Dolgacheva, Zinchenko & Goncharov 2022
2338:, which modulates dopaminergic signaling,
2114:single-photon emission computed tomography
1887:
1200:
132:
15756:
15713:
15587:
15544:
15472:
15437:
15365:
15293:
15163:
15062:
14965:
14955:
14937:
14920:
14815:
14805:
14770:
14698:
14655:
14645:
14552:
14542:
14478:
14435:
14363:
14291:
14281:
14246:
14203:
14160:
14150:
14057:
14002:
13967:
13924:
13881:
13846:
13823:"The cell biology of Parkinson's disease"
13803:
13723:
13539:Stoker TB, Torsney KM, Barker RA (2018).
13243:
13092:
12983:
12825:
12768:
12681:
12632:
12622:
12494:
12479:"The terrorist inside my husband's brain"
11905:"National Parkinson Foundation – Mission"
11845:
11756:
11746:
11694:
11684:
11382:
11233:
11030:
10867:
10826:
10733:
10723:
10674:
10564:
10554:
10477:
10459:
10449:
10363:
10260:
10250:
10169:
10159:
10018:
9969:
9920:
9755:
9644:(11 Suppl 4): S51–52, discussion S53–56.
9535:
9489:
9333:
9298:
9288:
9159:
9077:
9067:
8980:
8548:
8499:
8489:
8405:
8395:
8354:
8257:
8247:
8206:
8070:
8060:
8011:
7996:"Imaging approaches to Parkinson disease"
7920:
7871:
7687:
7641:
7600:
7560:
7550:
7528:
7526:
7506:
7406:
7202:
7166:
7127:
7117:
6993:
6910:
6900:
6854:
6844:
6803:
6754:
6744:
6703:
6693:
6652:
6642:
6601:
6552:
6503:
6454:
6444:
6368:
6319:
6240:
6230:
6185:
6105:
6049:
6039:
5988:
5911:
5849:"The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease"
5770:
5686:
5637:
5569:
5559:
5518:
5477:
5428:
5418:
5342:
5293:
5249:
5239:
5189:
5137:
5088:
5078:
5037:
5027:
4986:
4937:
4896:
4844:
4803:
4751:
4680:
4670:
4629:
4558:
4548:
4449:
4378:
4368:
4324:
4314:
4220:
4004:
3994:
3953:
3846:
3844:
3842:
2578:, vomiting, and orthostatic hypotension.
2138:
1653:The hyperdirect pathway is an additional
1342:, is thought to be primarily responsible
1325:, are found in 5–10 percent of PD cases.
693:Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease
18627:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
18223:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
15455:Corcoran J, Kluger BM (September 2023).
15180:
14220:
13704:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
13500:. Codon Publications. pp. 109–128.
13214:Blauwendraat, Nalls & Singleton 2020
13178:
12476:
12216:
11669:"Social Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease"
11534:
11507:
11395:Deliz, Tanner & Gonzalez-Latapi 2024
11352:Deliz, Tanner & Gonzalez-Latapi 2024
11308:Deliz, Tanner & Gonzalez-Latapi 2024
9784:Samii A, Nutt JG, Ransom BR (May 2004).
9188:
9103:"Palliative care in Parkinson's disease"
8954:
7845:
7669:
7100:Chakrabarti S, Bisaglia M (April 2023).
6934:Young CB, Reddy V, Sonne J (July 2023).
5886:Coleman C, Martin I (16 December 2022).
4154:
3585:
3469:
3427:
3228:
3055:
2945:Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale
2763:
2606:
2548:
2357:Although findings have varied, usage of
2267:
2184:
1981:
1611:of the striatum, which sends inhibitory
1483:is documented to be associated with PD.
1210:
15807:Stanford Parkinson's Community Outreach
15209:
14787:
14077:Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
13606:
13116:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
13055:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
13031:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
13019:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
13007:Parmar, Grealish & Henchcliffe 2020
12573:
12517:
12445:
12414:"Parkinson's experts sent to help Deng"
12148:Burleson N, Breen K (9 November 2023).
12116:
11784:
11546:
11522:
10337:
10067:from the original on 24 September 2010.
9631:
9123:from the original on 24 September 2010.
8719:
8693:Rose, Schwarzschild & Gomperts 2024
8616:Rose, Schwarzschild & Gomperts 2024
7740:from the original on 24 September 2010.
7286:
7150:
6263:
6073:Rose, Schwarzschild & Gomperts 2024
5400:
4357:Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
3807:
3738:of one such iSPC differentiated into a
3685:
2158:Other Parkinson-plus syndromes involve
1962:Peripheral inflammation can affect the
14:
18717:
17326:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
16999:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
15238:
13350:
13139:
12386:
12251:
12119:"'It's the gift that keeps on taking'"
11654:
11606:
11019:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
10977:
10937:
10856:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
9993:Crosby N, Deane KH, Clarke CE (2003).
9270:
9056:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
7993:
7523:
7298:
6878:
6876:
6874:
5112:Palma JA, Kaufmann H (February 2020).
3904:
3852:"Parkinson's Disease Information Page"
3839:
3629:of the disease have been established.
3454:American Parkinson Disease Association
3356:
3040:. Around 90% of those with PD develop
2486:. In the final stages of the disease,
1989:neuron with Lewy body (arrowhead) and
1894:Parkinson's disease and gut-brain axis
1507:Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
1165:at some point of disease progression.
898:may arise and lead to difficulties in
472:Most cases of Parkinson's disease are
18673:
18541:
18476:
18328:
18055:
17900:
17810:
17630:
17491:
17448:
16518:
16018:
15809:. Stanford University School Medicine
15108:
15036:
13649:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13630:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13611:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13592:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13543:. In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
13496:. In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
13449:. In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
13331:
12951:
12424:from the original on 30 November 2023
12389:"China's Deng Xiaoping Is Dead at 92"
12343:
12282:
12264:from the original on 17 November 2016
12081:
11462:
11447:
11418:
11269:Varden, Walker & O'Callaghan 2024
11053:
10896:Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology
9588:
9237:
7184:
6618:
6083:
6081:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5159:
5157:
4920:Winiker K, Kertscher B (March 2023).
4866:
4864:
4773:
4771:
4346:
4344:
4234:
4232:
3892:
1791:(DAMPs), resulting in aggregation of
686:
17811:
17177:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
16566:
15607:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
15310:
15183:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
15079:
14985:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
14525:Crotty GF, Schwarzschild MA (2020).
14383:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
14311:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
13142:International Review of Neurobiology
12851:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
12586:from the original on 4 November 2016
12458:from the original on 4 November 2015
12325:from the original on 11 January 2012
12295:from the original on 6 November 2014
12173:
11873:
11787:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
11642:
11630:
11582:
11570:
11495:
11483:
11430:
10980:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
10940:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
9833:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
9634:"COMT inhibitors and liver toxicity"
9420:
8378:Ganguly J, Jog M (5 November 2020).
8335:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
8187:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
7704:from the original on 19 August 2015.
7301:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
6631:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
5712:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
5594:"Parkinson's Disease Sleep Problems"
5170:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
4179:Olfatia, Shoeibia & Litvanb 2019
3936:Sveinbjornsdottir S (October 2016).
3791:
3549:
3539:
3528:At the time of his suicide in 2014,
3374:
2851:exercise has been shown to increase
2634:
2504:
2359:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2128:Iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine
1789:damage-associated molecular patterns
632:, PDD is one of the two subtypes of
18330:Physiological and physical behavior
13690:
13588:Tolosa E, Jankovic E, eds. (2007).
13073:The New England Journal of Medicine
12947:from the original on 23 April 2015.
12129:from the original on 8 October 2013
12019:from the original on 15 August 2010
11887:"Parkinson's – 'the shaking palsy'"
9995:"Amantadine in Parkinson's disease"
9895:Alborghetti M, Nicoletti F (2019).
8577:Simon, Greenberg & Aminoff 2017
6871:
6209:Smith L, Schapira AH (April 2022).
4871:Palma JA, Kaufmann H (March 2018).
4426:"Evolving concepts on bradykinesia"
4119:Bologna, Truong & Jankovic 2022
4107:Stanford University School Medicine
3639:Gene therapy in Parkinson's disease
3444:Advocacy organizations include the
2694:
2017:Medical organizations have created
1816:
1173:PD is associated with a variety of
1006:
523:, usually motor-related, found via
469:may also arise in advanced stages.
27:Long-term neurodegenerative disease
24:
18276:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
17670:Emotional and behavioral disorders
17408:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
15731:Atalar MS, Oguz O, Genc G (2023).
14718:Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
14634:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
13154:10.1016/B978-0-12-801022-8.00003-9
12551:. 10 November 2014. Archived from
12358:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000145284.79746.B3
12147:
12039:"Notable Figures with Parkinson's"
10904:10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00010-X
8529:Deutsches Arzteblatt International
6078:
5835:
5801:
5154:
4861:
4768:
4341:
4229:
3240:), a Chinese text credited to the
2878:
2602:
1712:. In PD, it can be overexpressed,
1500:
25:
18766:
18456:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
17111:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
16914:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
15824:
14453:Ramesh SD, Arachchige AS (2023).
13666:Truong DD, Bhidayasiri R (2016).
11937:. 18 January 1960. Archived from
11160:Caballol, Martí & Tolosa 2007
11032:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.11.009
10869:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.024
10202:"Surgery for Parkinson's disease"
9913:10.2174/1570159X16666180830100754
9482:10.2174/1570159X15666170510143821
9050:Pedrosa DJ, Timmermann L (2013).
8973:10.2174/1570159X14666151208114634
8783:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
8771:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
8744:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
8652:Ascherio & Schwarzschild 2016
7187:"A review of Parkinson's disease"
6889:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
5282:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
3767:
3283:, and a discussion of tremors by
2958:Mean years post-diagnosis until:
2822:Management of Parkinson's disease
2815:
2464:high-intensity focused ultrasound
2395:Management of Parkinson's disease
1795:, and therefore, fueling further
1552:within, among other regions, the
1460:Other chemical compounds include
1128:slowed cognitive processing speed
962:, malnutrition, weight loss, and
730:The defining symptoms affect the
512:. Other possible factors involve
496:, a system involved in voluntary
18745:Diseases named after discoverers
17756:X-linked intellectual disability
17131:For more detailed coverage, see
17109:For more detailed coverage, see
17080:For more detailed coverage, see
17046:For more detailed coverage, see
16997:For more detailed coverage, see
15397:10.1097/00006123-199711000-00029
15253:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00620.x
15195:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.11.006
15022:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107015
14993:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107015
14730:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107026
14395:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.006
14038:Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy
14018:
13778:Henchcliffe C, Parmar M (2018).
13492:Greenland JC, Barker RA (2018).
13336:(2nd ed.). Elsevier/Mosby.
13219:
13133:
12929:
12885:
12863:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.07.018
12842:
12793:
12744:
12649:
12598:
12567:
12537:
12511:
12470:
12406:
12380:
12337:
12311:
12276:
12245:
12231:10.1097/01222928-200602020-00004
12210:
12192:10.1097/01222928-200602020-00003
12167:
12141:
12110:
12075:
12053:
12031:
12005:
11979:
11953:
11923:
11897:
11879:
11813:
11799:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.06.003
11201:
11047:
11006:
10952:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.06.012
10843:
10794:
10750:
10699:
10530:
10486:
10292:
10226:
10106:
10080:The American Journal of Medicine
10071:
9986:
9937:
9866:Tolosa & Katzenschlager 2007
9824:
9731:
9706:
9681:
9656:
9625:
9582:
9552:
9457:
9414:
9370:
9327:
9264:
9231:
9127:
9094:
8997:
8948:
8732:Singh, Tripathi & Singh 2021
8516:
8465:
8443:10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130051
8422:
8371:
8322:
8274:
8223:
8174:
8130:
8087:
8028:
7937:
7888:
7839:
7804:
7720:"Diagnosing Parkinson's Disease"
7609:
6484:American Journal of Epidemiology
5724:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.017
5507:European Neuropsychopharmacology
5401:Zhang S, Ma Y (September 2022).
5016:Journal of Personalized Medicine
4240:"Parkinson's disease - Symptoms"
3819:
3709:
3700:
3554:
3521:in 2004 to support PD research.
3459:
3379:
3361:
3151:
3142:
2509:
2032:electrochemical skin conductance
1524:
1515:
1368:
750:. Other symptoms may affect the
710:
701:
105:
93:
79:
67:
17585:Intermittent explosive disorder
17510:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
15010:The Lancet: Healthy Longetivity
14944:Translational Neurodegeneration
14531:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
13985:Winiker K, Kertscher B (2023).
12710:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
12611:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
12518:Robbins R (30 September 2016).
11585:, p. S500—S501, S504–S505.
10760:Seminars in Speech and Language
10712:Clinical Interventions in Aging
8640:Crotty & Schwarzschild 2020
8628:Crotty & Schwarzschild 2020
8592:Crotty & Schwarzschild 2020
7466:
7423:
7374:
7327:
7292:
7144:
7093:
7057:
7022:
6961:
6927:
6833:Translational Neurodegeneration
6820:
6771:
6720:
6669:
6569:
6471:
6420:
6385:
6343:Santos-Lobato BL (April 2024).
6336:
6257:
6202:
6153:
6114:
6013:
5962:
5928:
5879:
5738:
5703:
5654:
5613:
5586:
5535:
5520:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.01.113
5494:
5445:
5394:
5359:
5105:
5054:
5003:
4954:
4913:
4820:
4719:
4697:
4646:
4597:
4575:
4516:
4494:
4466:
4417:
4290:
4254:
4196:
3632:
3546:Research in Parkinson's disease
3051:
2744:or memantine for dementia, and
2346:, and inflammation. Prescribed
2055:susceptibility weighted imaging
1736:which are involved in neuronal
1657:pathway that projects from the
1583:
1100:dopamine dysregulation syndrome
952:immoderate production of saliva
724:(more obvious in the side view)
18228:Dissociative identity disorder
17493:Adult personality and behavior
16453:Adenosine receptor antagonists
15775:
15688:Corcoran J, Kluger BM (2021).
14901:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
14227:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
14184:Journal of Neural Transmission
14050:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101966
13784:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
13409:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
13353:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
13332:Ferri FF (2010). "Chapter P".
13256:
12662:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
12574:McKeith IG (6 November 2015).
12549:Lewy Body Dementia Association
12477:Williams SS (September 2016).
12420:. Hong Kong. 26 January 1995.
10819:10.1002/14651858.CD002813.pub2
10313:10.1002/14651858.CD013856.pub3
10161:10.1002/14651858.CD010925.pub2
10120:(Press release). 29 April 2016
9738:Goldenberg MM (October 2008).
9290:10.12688/f1000research.10100.1
9152:10.1002/14651858.cd011961.pub2
8331:"α-Synucleinopathy phenotypes"
8291:. Food and Drug Administration
7846:Gibb WR, Lees AJ (June 1988).
6974:Brain Structure & Function
6784:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
6533:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
5969:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
5892:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
5745:Almikhlafi MA (January 2024).
5368:Journal of Parkinson's Disease
4829:Applied Neuropsychology. Adult
4732:Journal of Neural Transmission
3970:
3929:
3898:
3755:induced pluripotent stem cells
3732:induced pluripotent stem cells
3511:parkinsonism related to boxing
3450:Parkinson's Disease Foundation
3134:History of Parkinson's disease
2726:
2593:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
2500:
2312:monoamine oxidase B inhibitors
2257:Progressive supranuclear palsy
2203:progressive supranuclear palsy
2164:progressive supranuclear palsy
1993:-positive Lewy neurite (right)
1927:, bringing about a release of
1775:and causes cellular damage to
1576:which plays a central role in
577:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a
563:Classification and terminology
280:progressive supranuclear palsy
13:
1:
17424:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
17309:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
17167:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
15636:European Journal of Neurology
15461:Annals of Palliative Medicine
15430:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00030-2
14847:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01419-8
14510:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30230-7
13960:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30287-X
13917:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00030-2
13361:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7
13128:Henchcliffe & Parmar 2018
13043:Henchcliffe & Parmar 2018
12907:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30136-8
12446:Gallman S (4 November 2015).
12387:Mufson S (20 February 1997).
10992:10.12968/hmed.2010.71.1.45969
10624:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
10612:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
10600:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
10588:O'Sullivan & Schmitz 2007
9845:10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70847-8
9802:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16305-8
8579:, p. page number needed.
8347:10.1016/S1353-8020(13)70017-8
7813:European Journal of Neurology
7593:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
7313:10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70816-8
6936:"Neuroanatomy, Basal Ganglia"
6406:10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00255-3
5865:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01478-2
5622:"Sleep and Parkinson Disease"
5118:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
4837:10.1080/23279095.2023.2256918
3905:Koh J, Ito H (January 2017).
3877:Truong & Bhidayasiri 2016
3661:catechol-O-methyl transferase
3503:The Michael J. Fox Foundation
3481:(center) speaking before the
3446:National Parkinson Foundation
3296:
3234:
3185:An Essay on the Shaking Palsy
3165:(left) named the disease for
3090:gene-environment interactions
2906:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2861:Lee Silverman voice treatment
2388:
2263:
1695:
1540:Main pathological feature is
1207:Causes of Parkinson's disease
519:Diagnosis is mainly based on
32:Parkinson's Disease (journal)
18632:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
18169:Generalized anxiety disorder
17902:Neurological and symptomatic
17547:Sexual relationship disorder
17393:Progressive muscular atrophy
15832:"The Lancet Neurology Video"
15340:Schulz-Schaeffer WJ (2010).
15274:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatri
14471:10.3934/Neuroscience.2023017
13870:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
13390:(5th ed.). F.A. Davis.
12976:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1487
12496:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003162
12321:. Davis Phinney Foundation.
11748:10.1371/journal.pone.0291357
11184:Atalar, Oguz & Genc 2023
10356:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab66
10092:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.025
9537:10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103418
8708:Grotewolda & Albina 2024
8681:Grotewolda & Albina 2024
8664:Grotewolda & Albina 2024
8431:Postgraduate Medical Journal
8062:10.1371/journal.pone.0093814
7958:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002350
7913:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823db712
7825:10.1046/j.1468-1331.9.s3.3.x
7634:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.035
7602:10.1111/ane.13579/v1/review2
7151:Cardozo C (September 2023).
7017:Ramesh & Arachchige 2023
6394:The Lancet. Planetary Health
6321:10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102669
6107:10.1016/j.neurop.2024.100153
6041:10.1212/WNL.0000000000209201
5763:10.17712/nsj.2024.1.20230062
5295:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110776
5067:Journal of Clinical Medicine
4028:Ramesh & Arachchige 2023
3832:
3289:traditional Chinese medicine
3021:in people with PD and their
2938:
2836:trunk, rhythmic initiation,
2750:excessive daytime sleepiness
2740:or clozapine for psychosis,
2413:dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
2110:positron emission tomography
1977:
1931:like IL-1β, IFNγ, and TNFα.
1702:synaptic vesicle trafficking
1615:signals to substantia nigra
1346:aggregation. ASyn activates
1147:excessive daytime sleepiness
1120:Parkinson's disease dementia
1109:
1059:generalized anxiety disorder
934:gastrointestinal dysfunction
919:
626:Parkinson's disease dementia
552:involuntary muscle movements
443:Parkinson's disease dementia
300:dopamine-responsive dystonia
86:B. Mild motor-predominant PD
36:Parkinson's (disambiguation)
7:
18755:Neurodegenerative disorders
18408:REM sleep behavior disorder
17877:Seasonal affective disorder
17675:Separation anxiety disorder
16903:Primary progressive aphasia
15055:10.1101/cshperspect.a008862
13827:The Journal of Cell Biology
12117:Brockes E (11 April 2009).
10252:10.1001/archneurol.2010.260
9962:10.1136/bmj.38184.606169.AE
9271:Oertel WH (13 March 2017).
8317:Greenland & Barker 2018
8000:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
7399:10.1097/MD.0000000000006075
7340:Neuro-Degenerative Diseases
5620:Bollu PC, Sahota P (2017).
5407:World Journal of Psychiatry
3728:Argonne National Laboratory
3655:– the enzyme that produces
3596:International Space Station
3423:
3206:—regarded as the father of
3179:In 1817, English physician
2557:
2482:, bladder dysfunction, and
2466:), subcutaneous waking-day
2272:Antioxidant compounds like
1390:In particular, exposure to
1348:ATM serine/threonine kinase
1155:REM sleep behavior disorder
775:REM sleep behavior disorder
372:Near-normal life expectancy
10:
18771:
18675:Symptoms and uncategorized
17776:developmental disabilities
17542:Sexual maturation disorder
17225:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
16931:Posterior cortical atrophy
16752:Striatonigral degeneration
16603:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
16003:Parkinson Disease Overview
15706:10.1038/s41598-021-86011-w
15580:10.1007/s13760-023-02428-2
15537:10.1038/s41531-023-00588-9
14880:10.1007/s11910-024-01339-w
14584:10.1007/s10787-020-00764-w
14428:10.1038/s41419-023-05672-9
14196:10.1007/s00702-022-02536-y
14118:10.1007/s11065-021-09502-7
12818:10.1007/s13311-018-00694-0
12605:Mari Z, Mestre TA (2022).
11931:"Education: Joy in Giving"
11226:10.1038/s41598-021-86011-w
11124:Dommershuijsen et al. 2023
11100:Fereshtehnejad et al. 2017
11088:Corcoran & Kluger 2021
9435:10.1007/s40265-020-01307-x
9392:10.1007/s10072-022-06298-z
8152:10.1007/s00330-020-07240-7
7079:10.1007/s11033-023-08409-1
6986:10.1007/s00429-023-02610-5
6902:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1242929
6846:10.1186/s40035-023-00378-6
6746:10.1186/s12883-022-02874-0
6644:10.1186/s40478-020-00924-7
6624:
6594:10.1038/s41531-023-00558-1
6361:10.1038/s41531-024-00709-y
6178:10.1038/s41531-024-00659-5
5679:10.1038/s41531-024-00642-0
5470:10.1007/s40120-022-00388-y
5335:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.002
5130:10.1016/j.cger.2019.09.002
4979:10.1038/s41531-022-00295-x
4744:10.1007/s00702-022-02517-1
3983:Frontiers in Public Health
3689:
3670:
3667:Neuroprotective treatments
3636:
3543:
3463:
3432:Parkinson's awareness logo
3131:
3127:
2942:
2819:
2759:
2392:
2041:
1891:
1747:A vicious cycle linked to
1504:
1471:
1372:
1360:non-homologous end joining
1269:
1204:
1159:sleep-disordered breathing
873:
784:
690:
587:peripheral nervous systems
566:
29:
18735:Ailments of unknown cause
18730:Aging-associated diseases
18680:
18669:
18645:
18637:Simple-type schizophrenia
18614:
18606:Schizophreniform disorder
18583:
18562:
18558:
18537:
18490:
18472:
18441:
18418:
18372:
18339:
18335:
18324:
18246:
18213:
18161:
18104:
18095:
18076:
18072:
18051:
18017:
17984:Mild cognitive impairment
17969:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
17949:
17911:
17907:
17896:
17867:Major depressive disorder
17820:
17806:
17772:Psychological development
17771:
17746:
17643:
17639:
17626:
17555:
17502:
17498:
17487:
17331:Spinal muscular atrophies
17299:Primary lateral sclerosis
17281:
17258:
17242:
17197:
17157:Intracranial hypertension
17147:
17119:
17090:
17056:
17018:
17007:
16973:
16951:
16937:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
16876:
16686:
16677:
16663:
16623:
16557:
16475:
16427:
16319:
16261:
16230:
16199:
16120:
16066:
16057:
15957:
15854:
15619:10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.012
15358:10.1007/s00401-010-0711-0
14957:10.1186/s40035-019-0162-z
14807:10.3389/fnins.2020.602697
14794:Frontiers in Neuroscience
14691:10.1177/17562864241252713
14323:10.1016/j.jns.2021.120012
13883:10.1038/s41583-019-0257-7
13674:. John Wiley & Sons.
13668:"50: Parkinson's disease"
13307:10.1017/9781139087469.009
12624:10.3389/fnagi.2022.810860
12283:Macur J (26 March 2008).
12252:Tauber P (17 July 1988).
11838:10.1038/s41531-020-0117-1
10398:"Other key interventions"
10011:10.1002/14651858.CD003468
9901:Current Neuropharmacology
9603:10.1007/s40265-016-0623-y
9470:Current Neuropharmacology
8961:Current Neuropharmacology
8541:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0061
8397:10.3389/fneur.2020.599384
8282:"DaTSCAN Approval Letter"
8249:10.1186/s13550-015-0087-1
8013:10.2967/jnumed.108.059998
7670:Jankovic J (April 2008).
7552:10.3389/fimmu.2020.603594
7444:10.1038/s41582-020-0344-4
7432:Nature Reviews. Neurology
7067:Molecular Biology Reports
7043:10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.006
6278:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104876
5810:"Parkinson-Plus Syndrome"
4276:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101834
3996:10.3389/fpubh.2021.776847
3942:Journal of Neurochemistry
3534:dementia with Lewy bodies
2957:
2954:
2950:Prognosis of PD subtypes
2742:cholinesterase inhibitors
2518:This article needs to be
2235:Dementia with Lewy bodies
2207:dementia with Lewy bodies
1929:proinflammatory cytokines
1872:Other mechanisms include
1732:. This aggregation forms
1116:mild cognitive impairment
1092:Impulse-control disorders
972:is the sustained drop of
948:impaired stomach emptying
630:dementia with Lewy bodies
617:within affected neurons.
579:neurodegenerative disease
451:neuropsychiatric problems
411:neurodegenerative disease
384:
376:
366:
338:
324:
309:
276:Dementia with Lewy bodies
269:
256:
231:
223:
215:
195:
141:
121:
61:
53:
48:
18685:Impulse-control disorder
18601:Schizoaffective disorder
18596:Brief reactive psychosis
18293:Mass psychogenic illness
18256:Body dysmorphic disorder
18035:Post-concussion syndrome
17645:Emotional and behavioral
17398:Progressive bulbar palsy
17189:Intracranial hypotension
17172:Choroid plexus papilloma
16586:Herpesviral encephalitis
15749:10.14744/SEMB.2023.29560
15568:Acta Neurologica Belgica
14647:10.3389/fncel.2020.00282
14544:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00186
14416:Cell Death & Disease
14283:10.3389/fneur.2019.00652
13407:Lange Clinical Neurology
13280:Neuroscience in medicine
13261:
12418:South China Morning Post
12346:Southern Medical Journal
12041:. Parkinson's Foundation
11619:Guridi & Lozano 1997
10508:10.1177/0269215509358933
10338:Ahlskog JE (July 2011).
8955:Zhang J, Tan LC (2016).
8491:10.3389/fneur.2017.00481
7994:Brooks DJ (April 2010).
7689:10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
7191:British Medical Bulletin
6695:10.3390/medicina59081360
4707:. Parkinson's Foundation
4585:. Parkinson's Foundation
4504:. Parkinson's Foundation
4405:. Parkinson's Foundation
4316:10.3390/brainsci13020157
4030:, pp. 200–201, 203.
3812:
3519:Davis Phinney Foundation
2904:, wishes for or against
2810:pedunculopontine nucleus
2736:Examples are the use of
2423:). Other agents include
2367:Calcium channel blockers
2365:may be neuroprotective.
2328:antagonistic interaction
2153:multiple systems atrophy
2145:Parkinson-plus syndromes
2084:chronic ischemic insults
2003:neurological examination
1710:neurotransmitter release
1644:external globus pallidus
1621:internal globus pallidus
1168:
1133:
926:autonomic nervous system
780:
669:Parkinson-plus syndromes
613:, which aggregates into
525:neurological examination
437:, collectively known as
18622:Childhood schizophrenia
17974:Frontotemporal dementia
17931:High-functioning autism
17748:Intellectual disability
16910:Frontotemporal dementia
16596:Encephalitis lethargica
15525:npj Parkinson's Disease
14004:10.1111/1460-6984.12865
13672:International Neurology
13388:Physical Rehabilitation
13245:10.3390/neurosci4020013
12943:. London. 7 June 2012.
11826:npj Parkinson's Disease
10496:Clinical Rehabilitation
10287:Dallapiazza et al. 2018
7782:10.1001/jama.2019.22360
7539:Frontiers in Immunology
7499:10.1126/science.1249547
7168:10.7554/elife.85289.sa0
7158:Ageing Research Reviews
6582:npj Parkinson's Disease
6349:npj Parkinson's Disease
6266:Neurobiology of Disease
6166:npj Parkinson's Disease
5765:(inactive 2 May 2024).
5667:npj Parkinson's Disease
5420:10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1127
4967:npj Parkinson's Disease
4939:10.1111/1460-6984.12865
4474:"What Is Bradykinesia?"
4264:Ageing Research Reviews
4131:Limphaibool et al. 2019
3604:disease-modifying drugs
3370:
3100:have found Parkinson's
3007:heterogeneous condition
2971:Mild-motor predominant
2873:daily living activities
2838:diaphragmatic breathing
2522:. The reason given is:
2480:orthostatic hypotension
2247:Multiple system atrophy
2224:, corticosensory loss,
2216:– levodopa-resistance,
2199:multiple system atrophy
2177:). The damaging of the
1888:Neuroimmune interaction
1863:Neurofibrillary tangles
1769:reactive oxygen species
1759:function, particularly
1706:intracellular transport
1201:Causes and risk factors
1063:social anxiety disorder
1035:psychomotor retardation
970:Orthostatic hypotension
944:Gastrointestinal issues
938:orthostatic hypotension
884:impaired sense of smell
589:, characterized by the
573:Parkinson-plus syndrome
435:difficulty with balance
380:8.5 million (2019)
166:(collectively known as
112:D. Diffuse malignant PD
18139:Specific social phobia
18030:Organic brain syndrome
17872:Melancholic depression
17633:Childhood and learning
17215:Hepatic encephalopathy
15286:10.1055/s-0044-1779692
15224:10.1515/jcim-2016-0065
14788:Ren X, Chen J (2020).
14344:Health Science Reports
14270:Frontiers in Neurology
14106:Neuropsychology Review
13453:. Codon Publications.
13430:. Codon Publications.
12174:Brey RL (April 2006).
12082:Davis P (3 May 2007).
11371:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
11325:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
11296:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
11257:Ben-Shlomo et al. 2024
10556:10.3390/ijerph17010031
9839:(Suppl 4): S111–S115.
8821:10.1001/jama.2014.3654
8478:Frontiers in Neurology
8384:Frontiers in Neurology
7307:(Suppl 3): S209–S211.
7119:10.3390/antiox12040955
6094:Neurology Perspectives
3751:pluripotent stem cells
3599:
3499:United States Congress
3486:
3433:
3245:
3233:The Internal Classic (
3074:global life expectancy
3065:
3042:hypokinetic dysarthria
2898:noninvasive ventilator
2779:deep brain stimulation
2773:
2685:subcutaneous infusions
2612:
2554:
2460:deep brain stimulation
2354:may also reduce risk.
2348:adrenergic antagonists
2277:
2190:
2139:Differential diagnosis
1994:
1477:Traumatic brain injury
1219:
1151:restless legs syndrome
946:include constipation,
902:and perception of the
880:sensory nervous system
878:Transformation of the
861:forward-flexed posture
556:Deep brain stimulation
417:that affects both the
415:central nervous system
333:deep brain stimulation
271:Differential diagnosis
34:. For other uses, see
18695:Psychomotor agitation
18485:and substance-related
18428:Postpartum depression
18308:Somatization disorder
18194:Acute stress reaction
17959:AIDS dementia complex
17273:Ataxia–telangiectasia
17230:Static encephalopathy
16953:Mitochondrial disease
16791:Spasmodic torticollis
16701:Basal ganglia disease
16296:+carbidopa/entacapone
16091:+carbidopa/entacapone
15785:"Parkinson's Disease"
15346:Acta Neuropathologica
15123:10.1002/mds.870120638
14152:10.3390/ijms232113043
13948:The Lancet. Neurology
13905:The Lancet. Neurology
13839:10.1083/jcb.202012095
13749:(Suppl 17): S358–66.
13085:10.1056/NEJMoa1915872
12895:The Lancet. Neurology
11621:, pp. 1180–1183.
11595:Schulz-Schaeffer 2010
10772:10.1055/s-2006-955118
10418:on 24 September 2010.
10239:Archives of Neurology
10222:on 24 September 2010.
9786:"Parkinson's disease"
9380:Neurological Sciences
8746:, pp. 1265–1266.
7864:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.745
7229:Schulz-Schaeffer 2010
6232:10.3390/cells11081261
5458:Neurology and Therapy
5228:Behavioural Neurology
4796:10.1093/brain/awac026
4622:10.1093/brain/awad114
4040:Calabresi et al. 2023
3742:are visible at right.
3673:Anti-α-synuclein drug
3589:
3473:
3431:
3315:Konstantin Tretiakoff
3295:'s Internal Classic (
3232:
3220:Samuel Kinnier Wilson
3059:
2865:treatments for speech
2820:Further information:
2767:
2610:
2552:
2271:
2214:Corticobasal syndrome
2195:corticobasal syndrome
2188:
2179:dopaminergic pathways
2168:corticobasal syndrome
2106:dopamine transporters
1985:
1570:nigrostriatal pathway
1449:. On the other hand,
1214:
1183:seborrheic dermatitis
1124:executive dysfunction
956:swallowing difficulty
910:Peripheral neuropathy
896:visuospatial function
665:recreational drug use
488:region that supplies
18740:Cytoskeletal defects
18690:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
18520:Substance dependence
18433:Postpartum psychosis
17979:Huntington's disease
17761:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
17610:Personality disorder
17220:Toxic encephalopathy
16926:Lewy bodies dementia
16046:Antiparkinson agents
15504:10.1093/brain/awx118
15474:10.21037/apm-22-1338
14572:Inflammopharmacology
14221:Langston JW (2017).
13118:, pp. 105, 109.
13057:, pp. 106, 108.
12722:10.1038/nrdp.2017.13
12198:on 27 September 2011
11876:, pp. S327–S334
11686:10.1155/2020/8846544
10590:, pp. 873, 876.
9718:www.medicines.org.uk
9693:www.medicines.org.uk
9668:www.medicines.org.uk
9564:www.medicines.org.uk
9524:Bioorganic Chemistry
8936:on 24 September 2010
8341:(Suppl 1): S62–S67.
6446:10.1155/2023/4709322
5241:10.1155/2022/1213393
4672:10.1155/2022/6233835
4442:10.1093/brain/awz344
4215:(12). MDPI AG: 474.
4167:Prajjwal et al. 2024
3948:(Suppl 1): 318–324.
3808:Notes and references
3686:Cell-based therapies
3046:aspiration pneumonia
3005:As Parkinson's is a
2955:Parkinson's subtype
2869:Occupational therapy
2801:areas. For example,
2770:stereotactic surgery
2731:Other drugs such as
2484:erectile dysfunction
1900:autoimmune disorders
1755:, mitochondria, and
1375:Environmental health
1068:Parkinson's disease
997:urinary incontinence
976:by at least 20 mmHg
964:aspiration pneumonia
845:Postural instability
748:postural instability
655:—are referred to as
645:postural instability
643:(slowed movements),
427:slowness of movement
296:Huntington's disease
210:aspiration pneumonia
164:postural instability
18725:Parkinson's disease
18570:Delusional disorder
18515:Stimulant psychosis
18505:Physical dependence
18359:Rumination syndrome
18261:Conversion disorder
18238:Psychogenic amnesia
18088:with depressed mood
18086:Adjustment disorder
17989:Parkinson's disease
17964:Alzheimer's disease
17857:Atypical depression
17693:Social functioning
17568:Munchausen syndrome
17563:Factitious disorder
17268:Friedreich's ataxia
16651:Meningoencephalitis
16591:Limbic encephalitis
16146:Dihydroergocryptine
13271:Parkinson's Disease
13021:, pp. 103–104.
12524:Scientific American
12393:The Washington Post
11941:on 20 February 2011
11911:on 21 December 2010
11739:2023PLoSO..1891357C
11673:Parkinson's Disease
11657:, pp. 209–210.
11537:, pp. 290–293.
11397:, pp. 164–165.
11056:Nursing New Zealand
10725:10.2147/CIA.S131903
10402:Parkinson's Disease
10206:Parkinson's Disease
10051:Parkinson's Disease
9868:, pp. 110–145.
9796:(9423): 1783–1793.
9185:, pp. 139–156.
9107:Parkinson's Disease
8920:Parkinson's Disease
8854:. Wiley-Blackwell.
8720:Ren & Chen 2020
8695:, pp. 268–269.
8053:2014PLoSO...993814S
7724:Parkinson's Disease
7491:2014Sci...344..519R
7289:, pp. 271–283.
6496:10.1093/aje/kwad082
6433:Parkinson's Disease
6123:Annals of Neurology
5548:Behavioral Sciences
5080:10.3390/jcm10030493
5029:10.3390/jpm12020144
4659:Parkinson's Disease
4541:2020Senso..20..880F
4064:Wallace et al. 2021
3774:adenosine receptors
3740:dopaminergic neuron
3357:Society and culture
3204:Jean-Martin Charcot
3163:Jean-Martin Charcot
3094:concordance studies
2951:
2791:subthalamic nucleus
2713:monoamine oxidase B
2565:blood–brain barrier
2340:synaptic plasticity
2047:Computed tomography
2019:diagnostic criteria
1949:blood brain barrier
1849:, and finally, the
1811:lipid hydroperoxide
1740:and dysfunction of
1648:subthalamic nucleus
1631:(VA) nuclei of the
1574:dopaminergic system
1490:Helicobacter pylori
1485:Low levels of urate
1315:autosomal recessive
1096:compulsive behavior
924:Alterations in the
581:affecting both the
455:sleep abnormalities
399:Parkinson's disease
313:Physical activity,
262:Based on symptoms,
187:sleep abnormalities
49:Parkinson's disease
18589:schizophrenia-like
18233:Dissociative fugue
17682:Movement disorders
17304:Pseudobulbar palsy
17042:Status epilepticus
16993:Multiple sclerosis
16830:Myoclonic epilepsy
16693:movement disorders
16639:Acute disseminated
16581:Viral encephalitis
16502:Never to phase III
15958:External resources
15694:Scientific Reports
15667:(S17): S358–S366.
15661:Scientific Reports
15313:Movement Disorders
15144:Movement Disorders
15111:Movement Disorders
15088:(S17): S327–S334.
15082:Movement Disorders
14913:10.3233/JPD-181474
14841:(10423): 283–292.
14751:Movement Disorders
14601:Movement Disorders
14239:10.3233/JPD-179006
13796:10.3233/JPD-181488
13547:. pp. 45–64.
12757:Movement Disorders
12674:10.3233/JPD-229002
12289:The New York Times
12258:The New York Times
12254:"Ali: Still Magic"
11337:Dorsey et al. 2018
11214:Scientific Reports
11112:Tolosa et al. 2021
10946:(Suppl 3): S2–S5.
10655:Movement Disorders
10438:Movement Disorders
9632:Watkins P (2000).
9336:Movement Disorders
9324:, p. missing.
9069:10.2147/NDT.S32302
9006:Movement Disorders
8604:Fabbri et al. 2024
8199:10.1002/mdc3.13107
8140:European Radiology
8096:Movement Disorders
7819:(Suppl 3): 23–30.
7231:, pp. 131–143
7204:10.1093/bmb/ldn013
6796:10.3233/JPD-202298
6545:10.3233/JPD-225047
5981:10.3233/JPD-212922
5904:10.3233/JPD-223363
5859:(10423): 293–304.
5561:10.3390/bs11050074
5380:10.3233/JPD-212930
5182:10.1002/mdc3.13117
4877:Movement Disorders
4482:. 30 November 2023
4095:Bhattacharyya 2017
4083:Hansen et al. 2019
3600:
3487:
3434:
3349:and colleagues at
3347:Alim Louis Benabid
3263:Nineteenth Dynasty
3246:
3110:health care access
3066:
2993:Diffuse malignant
2949:
2933:Mediterranean diet
2908:, and when to use
2774:
2721:serotonin syndrome
2699:MAO-B inhibitors (
2613:
2555:
2278:
2230:non-fluent aphasia
2191:
2149:Lewy body dementia
2102:metabolic activity
1995:
1957:C-reactive protein
1911:are linked to PD.
1599:projects from the
1354:-repair signaling
1299:autosomal dominant
1220:
1187:bullous pemphigoid
1001:sexual dysfunction
986:Low blood pressure
900:facial recognition
687:Signs and symptoms
634:Lewy body dementia
521:signs and symptoms
467:behavioral changes
243:general anesthesia
100:C. Intermediate PD
18712:
18711:
18708:
18707:
18665:
18664:
18661:
18660:
18533:
18532:
18468:
18467:
18464:
18463:
18320:
18319:
18316:
18315:
18209:
18208:
18047:
18046:
18043:
18042:
18004:Vascular dementia
17926:Asperger syndrome
17892:
17891:
17802:
17801:
17798:
17797:
17736:Tourette syndrome
17622:
17621:
17618:
17617:
17442:
17441:
17438:
17437:
17434:
17433:
17238:
17237:
17143:
17142:
17082:Template:Headache
17048:Template:Epilepsy
16969:
16968:
16943:Vascular dementia
16786:Status dystonicus
16659:
16658:
16634:Encephalomyelitis
16512:
16511:
16315:
16314:
16012:
16011:
15673:10.1002/mds.21677
15644:10.1111/ene.16449
15325:10.1002/mds.22028
15319:(S3): S497–S508.
15241:Artificial Organs
15156:10.1002/mds.27965
15094:10.1002/mds.21684
15037:Goetz CG (2011).
14763:10.1002/mds.29707
14613:10.1002/mds.29899
14504:(12): 1257–1272.
14459:AIMS Neuroscience
14356:10.1002/hsr2.2019
14089:10.1111/nan.12554
13790:(s1): S131–S137.
13755:10.1002/mds.21677
13716:10.1111/bcp.13651
13681:978-1-1187-7736-7
13656:978-0-7817-7881-7
13637:978-0-7817-7881-7
13618:978-0-7817-7881-7
13599:978-0-7817-7881-7
13562:978-0-9944-3816-4
13515:978-0-9944-3816-4
13468:978-0-9944-3816-4
13437:978-0-9944-3816-4
13416:978-1-2598-6172-7
13397:978-0-8036-1247-1
13370:978-0-444-52009-8
13343:978-0-3230-7699-9
13316:978-1-1088-2636-5
13289:978-1-6032-7454-8
13163:978-0-1280-1022-8
13079:(20): 1926–1932.
12970:(10): 1206–1214.
12806:Neurotherapeutics
12770:10.1002/mds.27802
12763:(10): 1464–1470.
12555:on 12 August 2020
12489:(13): 1308–1311.
12352:(12): 1186–1189.
12061:"Michael's Story"
11793:(Suppl): S8–S12.
11407:Lewis et al. 2020
10913:978-0-4445-3501-6
10667:10.1002/mds.22705
10661:(13): 1881–1892.
10451:10.1002/mds.21922
10411:978-1-8601-6283-1
10215:978-1-8601-6283-1
10060:978-1-8601-6283-1
9878:Binde et al. 2018
9597:(13): 1293–1300.
9386:(11): 6233–6241.
9348:10.1002/mds.26125
9322:Binde et al. 2018
9249:978-9-1768-5557-7
9116:978-1-8601-6283-1
9018:10.1002/mds.27779
8929:978-1-8601-6283-1
8861:978-1-4051-9185-2
8815:(16): 1670–1683.
8795:Kamal et al. 2020
8437:(1034): 829–836.
8108:10.1002/mds.26932
7733:978-1-8601-6283-1
7628:(4): 627–641.e7.
7485:(6183): 519–523.
7352:10.1159/000333222
7185:Davie CA (2008).
6400:(12): e948–e949.
6135:10.1002/ana.26905
5626:Missouri Medicine
4889:10.1002/mds.27344
4550:10.3390/s20030880
4222:10.3390/a15120474
3955:10.1111/jnc.13691
3736:action potentials
3718:
3618:transplants, and
3584:
3583:
3540:Clinical research
3409:
3408:
3327:Oleh Hornykiewicz
3300: 425–221 BC
3285:Leonardo da Vinci
3281:Ecclesiastes 12:3
3238: 425–221 BC
3086:decreased smoking
3027:nursing home care
3003:
3002:
2921:thickening agents
2849:Strength training
2829:physical exercise
2635:Dopamine agonists
2547:
2546:
2456:dopamine agonists
2429:dopamine agonists
2344:synapse formation
2314:. Consumption of
2030:function through
1839:pontine tegmentum
1835:medulla oblongata
1797:neuroinflammation
1749:neurodegeneration
1742:neurotransmitters
1716:and subsequently
1556:, more precisely
1462:trichloroethylene
1323:Gaucher's disease
1301:inheritance, and
1051:Anxiety disorders
1039:suicidal ideation
722:Parkinsonian gait
628:(PDD). Alongside
622:movement disorder
548:dopamine agonists
504:aggregation into
396:
395:
357:dopamine agonists
258:Diagnostic method
43:Medical condition
18:Parkinson disease
16:(Redirected from
18762:
18671:
18670:
18560:
18559:
18539:
18538:
18474:
18473:
18349:Anorexia nervosa
18337:
18336:
18326:
18325:
18303:Psychogenic pain
18271:Globus pharyngis
18119:Childhood phobia
18102:
18101:
18074:
18073:
18053:
18052:
17909:
17908:
17898:
17897:
17808:
17807:
17707:Selective mutism
17658:Conduct disorder
17641:
17640:
17628:
17627:
17605:Trichotillomania
17580:Gender dysphoria
17575:Fear of intimacy
17532:Sexual anhedonia
17500:
17499:
17489:
17488:
17476:Mental disorders
17469:
17462:
17455:
17446:
17445:
17256:
17255:
17247:
17246:
17205:Brain herniation
17016:
17015:
16856:Intention tremor
16851:Essential tremor
16716:Postencephalitic
16684:
16683:
16675:
16674:
16564:
16563:
16545:Diseases of the
16539:
16532:
16525:
16516:
16515:
16344:Chlorphenoxamine
16321:Anticholinergics
16064:
16063:
16039:
16032:
16025:
16016:
16015:
15852:
15851:
15846:
15844:
15842:
15819:
15818:
15816:
15814:
15803:"Symptoms of PD"
15797:
15796:
15794:
15792:
15770:
15760:
15727:
15717:
15684:
15655:
15630:
15601:
15591:
15558:
15548:
15515:
15498:(7): 1959–1976.
15486:
15476:
15451:
15441:
15418:Lancet Neurology
15408:
15391:(5): 1169–1180.
15379:
15369:
15336:
15307:
15297:
15264:
15235:
15206:
15177:
15167:
15134:
15117:(6): 1068–1072.
15105:
15076:
15066:
15033:
15004:
14979:
14969:
14959:
14934:
14924:
14891:
14862:
14853: 11123577.
14829:
14819:
14809:
14784:
14774:
14741:
14712:
14702:
14669:
14659:
14649:
14624:
14607:(9): 1468–1477.
14595:
14566:
14556:
14546:
14521:
14498:Lancet Neurology
14492:
14482:
14449:
14439:
14406:
14377:
14367:
14334:
14305:
14295:
14285:
14260:
14250:
14223:"The MPTP Story"
14217:
14207:
14190:(9): 1119–1132.
14174:
14164:
14154:
14129:
14100:
14071:
14061:
14022:
14016:
14006:
13997:(4): 1375–1404.
13981:
13971:
13938:
13928:
13895:
13885:
13860:
13850:
13817:
13807:
13774:
13737:
13727:
13710:(9): 1917–1927.
13691:Journal articles
13685:
13660:
13641:
13622:
13603:
13582:
13535:
13488:
13441:
13420:
13401:
13382:
13347:
13328:
13293:
13282:. Humana Press.
13274:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13223:
13217:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13200:
13185:
13176:
13175:
13137:
13131:
13125:
13119:
13113:
13107:
13106:
13096:
13064:
13058:
13052:
13046:
13040:
13034:
13028:
13022:
13016:
13010:
13004:
12998:
12997:
12987:
12955:
12949:
12948:
12933:
12927:
12926:
12889:
12883:
12882:
12846:
12840:
12839:
12829:
12797:
12791:
12790:
12772:
12748:
12742:
12741:
12705:
12696:
12695:
12685:
12668:(4): 1073–1082.
12653:
12647:
12646:
12636:
12626:
12602:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12580:The Conversation
12571:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12560:
12541:
12535:
12534:
12532:
12530:
12515:
12509:
12508:
12498:
12474:
12468:
12467:
12465:
12463:
12443:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12429:
12410:
12404:
12403:
12401:
12399:
12384:
12378:
12377:
12341:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12330:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12302:
12300:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12249:
12243:
12242:
12214:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12194:. Archived from
12171:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12160:
12145:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12134:
12114:
12108:
12107:
12105:
12103:
12098:on 25 April 2011
12094:. Archived from
12084:"Michael J. Fox"
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12068:
12057:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12046:
12035:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12024:
12009:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11983:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11972:
11957:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11907:. Archived from
11901:
11895:
11894:
11883:
11877:
11871:
11865:
11859:
11849:
11817:
11811:
11810:
11782:
11771:
11770:
11760:
11750:
11718:
11709:
11708:
11698:
11688:
11664:
11658:
11652:
11646:
11640:
11634:
11628:
11622:
11616:
11610:
11604:
11598:
11592:
11586:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11532:
11526:
11520:
11511:
11505:
11499:
11493:
11487:
11481:
11466:
11460:
11451:
11445:
11434:
11428:
11422:
11416:
11410:
11404:
11398:
11392:
11386:
11380:
11374:
11368:
11355:
11349:
11340:
11334:
11328:
11322:
11311:
11305:
11299:
11293:
11284:
11278:
11272:
11266:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11237:
11205:
11199:
11196:Chua et al. 2024
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11163:
11157:
11151:
11145:
11139:
11133:
11127:
11121:
11115:
11109:
11103:
11097:
11091:
11085:
11072:
11071:
11051:
11045:
11044:
11034:
11010:
11004:
11003:
10975:
10964:
10963:
10935:
10926:
10925:
10891:
10882:
10881:
10871:
10847:
10841:
10840:
10830:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10737:
10727:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10678:
10650:
10627:
10621:
10615:
10609:
10603:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10579:
10578:
10568:
10558:
10534:
10528:
10527:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10463:
10453:
10429:
10420:
10419:
10414:. Archived from
10393:
10378:
10377:
10367:
10335:
10329:
10328:
10319: 11001292.
10296:
10290:
10284:
10275:
10274:
10264:
10254:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10218:. Archived from
10197:
10184:
10183:
10173:
10163:
10154:(10): CD010925.
10139:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10075:
10069:
10068:
10042:
10033:
10032:
10022:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9973:
9941:
9935:
9934:
9924:
9892:
9881:
9875:
9869:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9781:
9770:
9769:
9759:
9735:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9724:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9570:on 6 August 2020
9566:. Archived from
9556:
9550:
9549:
9539:
9515:
9504:
9503:
9493:
9476:(8): 1239–1252.
9461:
9455:
9454:
9418:
9412:
9411:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9331:
9325:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9302:
9292:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9238:Maria N (2017).
9235:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9209:
9186:
9183:Dissanayaka 2021
9180:
9174:
9173:
9163:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9081:
9071:
9047:
9038:
9037:
9012:(9): 1243–1251.
9001:
8995:
8994:
8984:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8932:. Archived from
8911:
8874:
8873:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8804:
8798:
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8759:
8753:
8747:
8741:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8705:
8696:
8690:
8684:
8678:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8580:
8574:
8563:
8562:
8552:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8503:
8493:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8426:
8420:
8419:
8409:
8399:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8358:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8286:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8261:
8251:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8210:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8146:(3): 1268–1280.
8134:
8128:
8127:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8074:
8064:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8015:
7991:
7978:
7977:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7924:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7875:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7765:
7742:
7741:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7691:
7667:
7656:
7655:
7645:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7584:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7554:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7510:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7410:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7346:(1–4): 277–284.
7331:
7325:
7324:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7241:
7232:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7206:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7131:
7121:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7073:(6): 5455–5464.
7061:
7055:
7054:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6997:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6914:
6904:
6880:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6848:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6758:
6748:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6697:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6656:
6646:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6490:(7): 1207–1223.
6475:
6469:
6468:
6458:
6448:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6234:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6141: 11060911.
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6085:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6043:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5992:
5960:
5949:
5948:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5898:(8): 2321–2338.
5883:
5877:
5876:
5844:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5792:
5784:
5774:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5599:Cleveland Clinic
5590:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5563:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5464:(4): 1571–1582.
5449:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5413:(9): 1127–1140.
5398:
5392:
5391:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5346:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5273:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5243:
5219:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5031:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4932:(4): 1375–1404.
4917:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4674:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4616:(9): 3705–3718.
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4552:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4502:"Facial Masking"
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4479:Cleveland Clinic
4470:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4370:10.5334/tohm.712
4348:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4318:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4143:Leta et al. 2022
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4042:, pp. 1, 5.
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3848:
3826:
3823:
3720:
3719:
3704:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3301:
3298:
3239:
3236:
3212:Armand Trousseau
3155:
3146:
3114:generalizability
2952:
2948:
2853:manual dexterity
2695:MAO-B inhibitors
2542:
2539:
2533:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2452:MAO-B inhibitors
2433:MAO-B inhibitors
2401:physical therapy
2282:neurorestoration
2241:Essential tremor
2123:essential tremor
2071:neuromelanin-MRI
1882:oxidative stress
1817:Brain cell death
1753:oxidative stress
1629:ventral anterior
1568:, thus impeding
1562:substantia nigra
1528:
1519:
1321:gene, linked to
1163:circadian rhythm
1031:lack of pleasure
1012:Neuropsychiatric
1007:Neuropsychiatric
906:of drawn lines.
894:. Problems with
888:disturbed vision
849:impaired balance
758:nervous system,
714:
705:
603:substantia nigra
544:MAO-B inhibitors
533:neuromelanin MRI
482:substantia nigra
478:nerve cell death
361:MAO-B inhibitors
329:Physical therapy
304:Wilson's disease
284:essential tremor
237:Family history,
137:
136:
109:
97:
83:
71:
46:
45:
21:
18770:
18769:
18765:
18764:
18763:
18761:
18760:
18759:
18715:
18714:
18713:
18704:
18676:
18657:
18641:
18610:
18588:
18579:
18554:
18529:
18486:
18483:substance abuse
18460:
18437:
18414:
18368:
18354:Bulimia nervosa
18331:
18312:
18288:Hypochondriasis
18283:False pregnancy
18266:Ganser syndrome
18248:Somatic symptom
18242:
18205:
18157:
18146:Specific phobia
18091:
18068:
18039:
18013:
17945:
17941:Savant syndrome
17913:Autism spectrum
17903:
17888:
17816:
17794:
17773:
17767:
17742:
17635:
17614:
17590:Dermatillomania
17551:
17537:Sexual anorexia
17494:
17483:
17473:
17443:
17430:
17356:Congenital DSMA
17277:
17234:
17193:
17139:
17127:Sleep disorders
17115:
17092:Cerebrovascular
17086:
17052:
17009:
17003:
16965:
16947:
16872:
16818:Choreoathetosis
16691:
16668:
16655:
16619:
16553:
16543:
16513:
16508:
16507:
16492:Clinical trials
16471:
16423:
16414:Trihexyphenidyl
16389:Phenglutarimide
16369:Etybenzatropine
16359:Diphenhydramine
16311:
16257:
16226:
16195:
16116:
16053:
16043:
16013:
16008:
16007:
15989:
15953:
15952:
15863:
15840:
15838:
15830:
15827:
15822:
15812:
15810:
15801:
15790:
15788:
15783:
15778:
15773:
14233:(S1): S11–S19.
14031:
13984:
13898:
13820:
13693:
13688:
13682:
13657:
13638:
13625:
13619:
13600:
13587:
13563:
13538:
13516:
13469:
13438:
13423:
13417:
13398:
13371:
13344:
13317:
13290:
13277:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13253:
13224:
13220:
13212:
13208:
13198:
13196:
13186:
13179:
13164:
13138:
13134:
13130:, pp. 132.
13126:
13122:
13114:
13110:
13065:
13061:
13053:
13049:
13045:, pp. 134.
13041:
13037:
13033:, pp. 106.
13029:
13025:
13017:
13013:
13009:, pp. 103.
13005:
13001:
12956:
12952:
12935:
12934:
12930:
12890:
12886:
12847:
12843:
12798:
12794:
12749:
12745:
12706:
12699:
12654:
12650:
12603:
12599:
12589:
12587:
12572:
12568:
12558:
12556:
12543:
12542:
12538:
12528:
12526:
12516:
12512:
12475:
12471:
12461:
12459:
12444:
12437:
12427:
12425:
12412:
12411:
12407:
12397:
12395:
12385:
12381:
12342:
12338:
12328:
12326:
12317:
12316:
12312:
12298:
12296:
12281:
12277:
12267:
12265:
12250:
12246:
12215:
12211:
12201:
12199:
12172:
12168:
12158:
12156:
12146:
12142:
12132:
12130:
12115:
12111:
12101:
12099:
12080:
12076:
12066:
12064:
12059:
12058:
12054:
12044:
12042:
12037:
12036:
12032:
12022:
12020:
12011:
12010:
12006:
11996:
11994:
11985:
11984:
11980:
11970:
11968:
11959:
11958:
11954:
11944:
11942:
11929:
11928:
11924:
11914:
11912:
11903:
11902:
11898:
11893:on 14 May 2011.
11885:
11884:
11880:
11872:
11868:
11818:
11814:
11783:
11774:
11733:(9): e0291357.
11719:
11712:
11665:
11661:
11653:
11649:
11645:, p. S501.
11641:
11637:
11633:, p. S497.
11629:
11625:
11617:
11613:
11605:
11601:
11593:
11589:
11581:
11577:
11573:, p. S331.
11569:
11565:
11561:, pp. 1–2.
11557:
11553:
11545:
11541:
11533:
11529:
11525:, pp. 3–4.
11521:
11514:
11506:
11502:
11498:, p. S329.
11494:
11490:
11486:, p. S328.
11482:
11469:
11465:, p. 1069.
11461:
11454:
11446:
11437:
11433:, p. S327.
11429:
11425:
11421:, pp. 1–2.
11417:
11413:
11405:
11401:
11393:
11389:
11381:
11377:
11369:
11358:
11350:
11343:
11335:
11331:
11323:
11314:
11306:
11302:
11294:
11287:
11283:, p. e464.
11281:Zhu et al. 2024
11279:
11275:
11267:
11263:
11255:
11251:
11206:
11202:
11194:
11190:
11182:
11178:
11170:
11166:
11162:, p. S358.
11158:
11154:
11146:
11142:
11134:
11130:
11126:, pp. 2–3.
11122:
11118:
11110:
11106:
11102:, p. 1967.
11098:
11094:
11086:
11075:
11052:
11048:
11011:
11007:
10976:
10967:
10936:
10929:
10914:
10892:
10885:
10848:
10844:
10813:(3): CD002813.
10799:
10795:
10755:
10751:
10704:
10700:
10651:
10630:
10622:
10618:
10610:
10606:
10598:
10594:
10586:
10582:
10535:
10531:
10491:
10487:
10430:
10423:
10412:
10394:
10381:
10336:
10332:
10307:(4): CD013856.
10297:
10293:
10285:
10278:
10231:
10227:
10216:
10198:
10187:
10140:
10133:
10123:
10121:
10112:
10111:
10107:
10076:
10072:
10061:
10043:
10036:
10005:(1): CD003468.
9991:
9987:
9942:
9938:
9893:
9884:
9880:, p. 1924.
9876:
9872:
9864:
9860:
9829:
9825:
9782:
9773:
9750:(10): 590–606.
9736:
9732:
9722:
9720:
9712:
9711:
9707:
9697:
9695:
9687:
9686:
9682:
9672:
9670:
9662:
9661:
9657:
9630:
9626:
9587:
9583:
9573:
9571:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9516:
9507:
9462:
9458:
9419:
9415:
9375:
9371:
9332:
9328:
9320:
9316:
9269:
9265:
9250:
9236:
9232:
9222:
9220:
9211:
9210:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9146:(2): CD011961.
9132:
9128:
9117:
9099:
9095:
9048:
9041:
9002:
8998:
8953:
8949:
8939:
8937:
8930:
8912:
8877:
8862:
8848:
8844:
8805:
8801:
8793:
8789:
8785:, p. 1261.
8781:
8777:
8773:, p. 1263.
8769:
8762:
8756:Lin et al. 2024
8754:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8730:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8706:
8699:
8691:
8687:
8679:
8670:
8666:, pp. 1–2.
8662:
8658:
8654:, p. 1262.
8650:
8646:
8638:
8634:
8630:, pp. 1–2.
8626:
8622:
8618:, p. 1267.
8614:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8590:
8583:
8575:
8566:
8521:
8517:
8470:
8466:
8427:
8423:
8376:
8372:
8327:
8323:
8315:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8236:EJNMMI Research
8228:
8224:
8179:
8175:
8135:
8131:
8092:
8088:
8033:
8029:
7992:
7981:
7942:
7938:
7893:
7889:
7844:
7840:
7809:
7805:
7766:
7745:
7734:
7716:
7709:
7668:
7659:
7614:
7610:
7585:
7578:
7531:
7524:
7471:
7467:
7428:
7424:
7379:
7375:
7332:
7328:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7258:10.1038/nm.2165
7246:Nature Medicine
7242:
7235:
7227:
7220:
7183:
7176:
7149:
7145:
7098:
7094:
7062:
7058:
7027:
7023:
7015:
7011:
6966:
6962:
6952:
6950:
6932:
6928:
6881:
6872:
6825:
6821:
6776:
6772:
6725:
6721:
6674:
6670:
6623:
6619:
6574:
6570:
6525:
6521:
6476:
6472:
6425:
6421:
6390:
6386:
6341:
6337:
6300:
6293:
6262:
6258:
6207:
6203:
6158:
6154:
6119:
6115:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6067:
6018:
6014:
5961:
5952:
5947:(1): 1823–1831.
5933:
5929:
5884:
5880:
5845:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5806:
5802:
5786:
5785:
5743:
5739:
5708:
5704:
5659:
5655:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5540:
5536:
5499:
5495:
5450:
5446:
5399:
5395:
5364:
5360:
5329:(9): 998–1018.
5315:
5311:
5274:
5267:
5220:
5207:
5162:
5155:
5110:
5106:
5059:
5055:
5008:
5004:
4959:
4955:
4918:
4914:
4869:
4862:
4825:
4821:
4776:
4769:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4651:
4647:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4349:
4342:
4295:
4291:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4169:, pp. 1–3.
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4145:, p. 1122.
4141:
4137:
4133:, pp. 1–2.
4129:
4125:
4121:, pp. 1–6.
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4022:
3975:
3971:
3934:
3930:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3794:
3792:Pathophysiology
3781:
3772:Antagonists of
3770:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3726:Researchers at
3723:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3641:
3635:
3620:neuroprotective
3602:As of 2022, no
3592:Alexander Gerst
3580:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3468:
3462:
3426:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3299:
3276:Charaka Samhita
3237:
3181:James Parkinson
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3167:James Parkinson
3158:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3130:
3054:
3019:quality of life
2947:
2941:
2881:
2879:Palliative care
2824:
2818:
2795:neurostimulator
2787:globus pallidus
2762:
2729:
2697:
2637:
2605:
2603:COMT inhibitors
2560:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2488:palliative care
2425:COMT inhibitors
2397:
2391:
2335:
2308:carbon monoxide
2286:neuroprotection
2266:
2175:cerebral stroke
2141:
2044:
1999:medical history
1991:alpha-synuclein
1980:
1896:
1890:
1819:
1771:(ROS) which is
1698:
1625:ventral lateral
1617:pars reticulata
1609:caudate nucleus
1586:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1501:Pathophysiology
1474:
1455:neuroprotective
1425:include mainly
1381:
1371:
1329:Alpha-synuclein
1272:
1260:neuroprotective
1209:
1203:
1171:
1139:Sleep disorders
1136:
1122:, they feature
1112:
1009:
990:lightheadedness
922:
876:
789:
783:
728:
727:
726:
725:
717:
716:
715:
707:
706:
695:
689:
673:genetic factors
611:alpha-synuclein
607:synucleinopathy
575:
565:
529:medical imaging
502:alpha-synuclein
480:originating in
391:James Parkinson
353:AAAD inhibitors
349:COMT inhibitors
264:medical imaging
191:
131:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
102:
101:
98:
89:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
72:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18768:
18758:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18710:
18709:
18706:
18705:
18703:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18681:
18678:
18677:
18667:
18666:
18663:
18662:
18659:
18658:
18656:
18655:
18649:
18647:
18643:
18642:
18640:
18639:
18634:
18629:
18624:
18618:
18616:
18612:
18611:
18609:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18592:
18590:
18581:
18580:
18578:
18577:
18572:
18566:
18564:
18556:
18555:
18535:
18534:
18531:
18530:
18528:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18510:Rebound effect
18507:
18502:
18497:
18491:
18488:
18487:
18470:
18469:
18466:
18465:
18462:
18461:
18459:
18458:
18453:
18451:Hypersexuality
18447:
18445:
18439:
18438:
18436:
18435:
18430:
18424:
18422:
18416:
18415:
18413:
18412:
18411:
18410:
18405:
18400:
18390:
18385:
18379:
18377:
18370:
18369:
18367:
18366:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18345:
18343:
18333:
18332:
18322:
18321:
18318:
18317:
18314:
18313:
18311:
18310:
18305:
18300:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18280:
18279:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18258:
18252:
18250:
18244:
18243:
18241:
18240:
18235:
18230:
18225:
18219:
18217:
18211:
18210:
18207:
18206:
18204:
18203:
18202:
18201:
18196:
18186:
18184:Panic disorder
18181:
18176:
18171:
18165:
18163:
18159:
18158:
18156:
18155:
18154:
18153:
18151:Claustrophobia
18143:
18142:
18141:
18136:
18134:Anthropophobia
18126:
18124:Social anxiety
18121:
18116:
18110:
18108:
18099:
18093:
18092:
18090:
18089:
18082:
18080:
18070:
18069:
18049:
18048:
18045:
18044:
18041:
18040:
18038:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18021:
18019:
18015:
18014:
18012:
18011:
18006:
18001:
17996:
17994:Pick's disease
17991:
17986:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17966:
17961:
17955:
17953:
17947:
17946:
17944:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17917:
17915:
17905:
17904:
17894:
17893:
17890:
17889:
17887:
17886:
17881:
17880:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17859:
17849:
17848:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17821:
17818:
17817:
17804:
17803:
17800:
17799:
17796:
17795:
17793:
17792:
17787:
17781:
17779:
17769:
17768:
17766:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17752:
17750:
17744:
17743:
17741:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17728:
17727:
17726:
17721:
17711:
17710:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17691:
17690:
17689:
17679:
17678:
17677:
17667:
17666:
17665:
17655:
17649:
17647:
17637:
17636:
17624:
17623:
17620:
17619:
17616:
17615:
17613:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17571:
17570:
17559:
17557:
17553:
17552:
17550:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17528:
17527:
17522:
17512:
17506:
17504:
17496:
17495:
17485:
17484:
17480:Classification
17472:
17471:
17464:
17457:
17449:
17440:
17439:
17436:
17435:
17432:
17431:
17429:
17428:
17427:
17426:
17415:
17414:
17413:
17412:
17411:
17410:
17405:
17395:
17390:
17389:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17377:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17358:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17328:
17314:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17287:
17285:
17279:
17278:
17276:
17275:
17270:
17264:
17262:
17253:
17244:
17240:
17239:
17236:
17235:
17233:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17201:
17199:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17191:
17186:
17184:Cerebral edema
17181:
17180:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17153:
17151:
17145:
17144:
17141:
17140:
17138:
17137:
17136:
17135:
17133:Template:Sleep
17123:
17121:
17117:
17116:
17114:
17113:
17107:
17102:
17096:
17094:
17088:
17087:
17085:
17084:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17062:
17060:
17054:
17053:
17051:
17050:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17028:
17026:
17013:
17005:
17004:
17002:
17001:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16979:
16977:
16971:
16970:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16963:
16961:Leigh syndrome
16957:
16955:
16949:
16948:
16946:
16945:
16934:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16922:
16921:
16907:
16906:
16905:
16900:
16899:
16898:
16882:
16880:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16870:
16865:
16860:
16859:
16858:
16853:
16842:
16841:
16840:
16839:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16822:
16821:
16820:
16810:
16805:
16804:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16772:
16771:
16770:
16769:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16749:
16748:
16747:
16737:
16736:
16735:
16725:
16724:
16723:
16718:
16713:
16697:
16695:
16688:Extrapyramidal
16681:
16672:
16670:encephalopathy
16661:
16660:
16657:
16656:
16654:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16642:
16641:
16630:
16628:
16621:
16620:
16618:
16617:
16616:
16615:
16605:
16600:
16599:
16598:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16572:
16570:
16561:
16555:
16554:
16547:nervous system
16542:
16541:
16534:
16527:
16519:
16510:
16509:
16506:
16505:
16504:
16503:
16500:
16489:
16483:
16477:
16476:
16473:
16472:
16470:
16469:
16464:
16461:istradefylline
16450:
16431:
16429:
16425:
16424:
16422:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16325:
16323:
16317:
16316:
16313:
16312:
16310:
16309:
16299:
16281:
16270:
16268:
16259:
16258:
16256:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16239:
16237:
16228:
16227:
16225:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16208:
16206:
16197:
16196:
16194:
16193:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16159:
16158:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16129:
16127:
16118:
16117:
16115:
16114:
16104:
16094:
16075:
16073:
16061:
16055:
16054:
16042:
16041:
16034:
16027:
16019:
16010:
16009:
16006:
16005:
15994:
15974:
15962:
15961:
15959:
15955:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15939:
15928:
15914:
15899:
15880:
15864:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15855:Classification
15849:
15848:
15826:
15825:External links
15823:
15821:
15820:
15798:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15771:
15743:(2): 163–170.
15728:
15685:
15656:
15631:
15602:
15574:(2): 395–406.
15559:
15516:
15487:
15467:(5): 952–962.
15452:
15424:(5): 385–397.
15409:
15380:
15352:(2): 131–143.
15337:
15308:
15280:(3): 001–002.
15265:
15247:(3): 208–220.
15236:
15207:
15189:(4): 290–293.
15178:
15150:(3): 389–391.
15135:
15106:
15077:
15049:(1): a008862.
15034:
15005:
14980:
14935:
14892:
14874:(6): 163–179.
14863:
14830:
14785:
14757:(2): 267–272.
14742:
14713:
14670:
14625:
14596:
14567:
14522:
14493:
14465:(3): 200–231.
14450:
14407:
14378:
14335:
14306:
14261:
14218:
14175:
14130:
14112:(1): 149–160.
14101:
14083:(7): 635–654.
14072:
14029:
13982:
13954:(2): 170–178.
13939:
13911:(5): 385–397.
13896:
13876:(2): 103–115.
13861:
13818:
13775:
13738:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13686:
13680:
13663:
13662:
13661:
13655:
13642:
13636:
13623:
13617:
13598:
13585:
13584:
13583:
13561:
13536:
13514:
13489:
13467:
13436:
13421:
13415:
13402:
13396:
13383:
13369:
13348:
13342:
13329:
13315:
13294:
13288:
13275:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13252:
13251:
13238:(2): 134–151.
13218:
13206:
13177:
13162:
13132:
13120:
13108:
13059:
13047:
13035:
13023:
13011:
12999:
12964:JAMA Neurology
12950:
12928:
12901:(7): 591–600.
12884:
12841:
12812:(1): 166–175.
12792:
12743:
12697:
12648:
12597:
12566:
12536:
12510:
12469:
12435:
12405:
12379:
12336:
12310:
12275:
12244:
12209:
12166:
12140:
12109:
12074:
12052:
12030:
12004:
11993:on 10 May 2012
11978:
11967:on 15 May 2011
11952:
11922:
11896:
11878:
11866:
11812:
11772:
11710:
11659:
11647:
11635:
11623:
11611:
11609:, p. 507.
11599:
11597:, p. 131.
11587:
11575:
11563:
11551:
11539:
11527:
11512:
11510:, p. 290.
11500:
11488:
11467:
11452:
11435:
11423:
11411:
11409:, p. 389.
11399:
11387:
11383:Li et al. 2019
11375:
11373:, p. 285.
11356:
11354:, p. 165.
11341:
11329:
11327:, p. 284.
11312:
11310:, p. 166.
11300:
11298:, p. 286.
11285:
11273:
11261:
11259:, p. 283.
11249:
11200:
11188:
11186:, p. 163.
11176:
11174:, p. 395.
11164:
11152:
11140:
11128:
11116:
11114:, p. 385.
11104:
11092:
11090:, p. 956.
11073:
11046:
11025:(4): 660–677.
11005:
10965:
10927:
10912:
10883:
10862:(6): 737–744.
10842:
10793:
10766:(4): 283–299.
10749:
10698:
10628:
10626:, p. 880.
10616:
10614:, p. 877.
10604:
10602:, p. 879.
10592:
10580:
10529:
10502:(4): 352–362.
10485:
10444:(5): 631–640.
10421:
10410:
10379:
10350:(3): 288–294.
10330:
10291:
10276:
10225:
10214:
10185:
10131:
10105:
10086:(7): 614–622.
10070:
10059:
10034:
9985:
9936:
9907:(9): 861–873.
9882:
9870:
9858:
9823:
9771:
9730:
9705:
9680:
9655:
9624:
9581:
9551:
9505:
9456:
9429:(8): 821–828.
9413:
9369:
9326:
9314:
9263:
9248:
9230:
9187:
9175:
9126:
9115:
9093:
9039:
8996:
8967:(4): 356–363.
8947:
8928:
8875:
8860:
8842:
8799:
8787:
8775:
8760:
8748:
8736:
8724:
8712:
8697:
8685:
8668:
8656:
8644:
8632:
8620:
8608:
8596:
8581:
8564:
8515:
8464:
8421:
8370:
8321:
8302:
8273:
8222:
8193:(2): 175–192.
8173:
8129:
8102:(4): 619–623.
8086:
8027:
8006:(4): 596–609.
7979:
7952:(6): 566–576.
7936:
7907:(1): 205–215.
7901:Anesthesiology
7887:
7858:(6): 745–752.
7838:
7803:
7776:(6): 548–560.
7743:
7732:
7707:
7682:(4): 368–376.
7657:
7608:
7576:
7522:
7465:
7438:(6): 303–318.
7422:
7373:
7326:
7291:
7279:
7252:(6): 653–661.
7233:
7218:
7197:(1): 109–127.
7174:
7143:
7092:
7056:
7021:
7009:
6980:(2): 353–365.
6960:
6926:
6870:
6819:
6770:
6719:
6668:
6617:
6568:
6539:(2): 203–218.
6519:
6470:
6419:
6384:
6335:
6291:
6256:
6201:
6152:
6129:(5): 831–842.
6113:
6077:
6065:
6034:(8): e209201.
6012:
5950:
5927:
5878:
5834:
5800:
5737:
5702:
5653:
5632:(5): 381–386.
5612:
5585:
5534:
5493:
5444:
5393:
5358:
5309:
5265:
5205:
5153:
5104:
5053:
5002:
4953:
4912:
4883:(3): 372–390.
4860:
4819:
4790:(1): 225–236.
4767:
4738:(7): 895–904.
4718:
4696:
4645:
4596:
4574:
4515:
4493:
4465:
4436:(3): 727–750.
4416:
4394:
4340:
4303:Brain Sciences
4289:
4253:
4228:
4195:
4183:
4181:, p. 101.
4171:
4159:
4157:, p. S11.
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4085:, p. 635.
4075:
4066:, p. 149.
4056:
4044:
4032:
4020:
3969:
3928:
3897:
3885:
3869:
3858:. 30 June 2016
3837:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:olfactory bulb
3793:
3790:
3785:istradefylline
3779:
3776:(specifically
3769:
3768:Pharmaceutical
3766:
3753:—particularly
3725:
3724:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:Main article:
3687:
3684:
3668:
3665:
3637:Main article:
3634:
3631:
3582:
3581:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3544:Main article:
3541:
3538:
3530:Robin Williams
3494:Michael J. Fox
3475:Michael J. Fox
3464:Main article:
3461:
3458:
3425:
3422:
3413:inpatient care
3407:
3406:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3323:Arvid Carlsson
3293:Yellow Emperor
3259:Johann Juncker
3255:William Cullen
3242:Yellow Emperor
3216:William Gowers
3171:William Gowers
3160:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:Main article:
3129:
3126:
3053:
3050:
3009:with multiple
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2940:
2937:
2931:well-balanced
2880:
2877:
2817:
2816:Rehabilitation
2814:
2761:
2758:
2728:
2725:
2696:
2693:
2636:
2633:
2604:
2601:
2559:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2470:infusion, and
2393:Main article:
2390:
2387:
2361:(NSAIDs) like
2333:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2140:
2137:
2043:
2040:
1979:
1976:
1968:gut microbiota
1964:gut-brain axis
1889:
1886:
1867:senile plaques
1831:olfactory bulb
1818:
1815:
1799:by activating
1722:axon terminals
1697:
1694:
1597:direct pathway
1585:
1582:
1564:and partially
1533:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1473:
1470:
1370:
1367:
1276:family history
1271:
1268:
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1195:nervous tissue
1175:skin disorders
1170:
1167:
1135:
1132:
1111:
1108:
1074:hallucinations
1055:panic disorder
1008:
1005:
974:blood pressure
921:
918:
875:
872:
821:Facial muscles
817:motor planning
782:
779:
771:mood disorders
719:
718:
709:
708:
700:
699:
698:
697:
696:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
564:
561:
413:of mainly the
394:
393:
388:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
342:
336:
335:
326:
322:
321:
311:
307:
306:
273:
267:
266:
260:
254:
253:
235:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
199:
193:
192:
190:
189:
171:
147:
145:
139:
138:
125:
119:
118:
111:
104:
103:
99:
92:
91:
90:
85:
78:
77:
73:
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18767:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18722:
18720:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18679:
18672:
18668:
18654:
18651:
18650:
18648:
18644:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18619:
18617:
18615:Schizophrenia
18613:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18593:
18591:
18586:
18582:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18567:
18565:
18561:
18557:
18553:
18549:
18545:
18544:Schizophrenia
18540:
18536:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18495:Drug overdose
18493:
18492:
18489:
18484:
18480:
18475:
18471:
18457:
18454:
18452:
18449:
18448:
18446:
18444:
18443:Sexual desire
18440:
18434:
18431:
18429:
18426:
18425:
18423:
18421:
18417:
18409:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18396:
18395:
18394:
18391:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18380:
18378:
18376:
18371:
18365:
18362:
18360:
18357:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18346:
18344:
18342:
18338:
18334:
18327:
18323:
18309:
18306:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18286:
18284:
18281:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18263:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18253:
18251:
18249:
18245:
18239:
18236:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18218:
18216:
18212:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18191:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18166:
18164:
18160:
18152:
18149:
18148:
18147:
18144:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18130:
18129:Social phobia
18127:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18111:
18109:
18107:
18103:
18100:
18098:
18094:
18087:
18084:
18083:
18081:
18079:
18075:
18071:
18067:
18064:-related and
18063:
18059:
18054:
18050:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18022:
18020:
18016:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18002:
18000:
17997:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17982:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17956:
17954:
17952:
17948:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17918:
17916:
17914:
17910:
17906:
17899:
17895:
17885:
17882:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17860:
17858:
17855:
17854:
17853:
17850:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17827:
17826:
17823:
17822:
17819:
17814:
17809:
17805:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17770:
17762:
17759:
17758:
17757:
17754:
17753:
17751:
17749:
17745:
17737:
17734:
17733:
17732:
17729:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17716:
17715:
17712:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17694:
17692:
17688:
17685:
17684:
17683:
17680:
17676:
17673:
17672:
17671:
17668:
17664:
17661:
17660:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17650:
17648:
17646:
17642:
17638:
17634:
17629:
17625:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17569:
17566:
17565:
17564:
17561:
17560:
17558:
17554:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17517:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17507:
17505:
17501:
17497:
17490:
17486:
17481:
17477:
17470:
17465:
17463:
17458:
17456:
17451:
17450:
17447:
17425:
17422:
17421:
17420:
17417:
17416:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17400:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17361:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17333:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17323:
17322:
17320:
17316:
17315:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17296:
17295:
17293:
17289:
17288:
17286:
17284:
17280:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17265:
17263:
17261:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17248:
17245:
17241:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17210:Reye syndrome
17208:
17206:
17203:
17202:
17200:
17196:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17162:Hydrocephalus
17160:
17159:
17158:
17155:
17154:
17152:
17150:
17146:
17134:
17130:
17129:
17128:
17125:
17124:
17122:
17118:
17112:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17097:
17095:
17093:
17089:
17083:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17063:
17061:
17059:
17055:
17049:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17029:
17027:
17025:
17021:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17006:
17000:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16980:
16978:
16976:
16975:Demyelinating
16972:
16962:
16959:
16958:
16956:
16954:
16950:
16944:
16941:
16940:
16939:
16938:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16920:
16917:
16916:
16915:
16911:
16908:
16904:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16893:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16879:
16875:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16863:Restless legs
16861:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16848:
16847:
16844:
16843:
16838:
16835:
16831:
16828:
16827:
16826:
16823:
16819:
16816:
16815:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16802:
16801:Blepharospasm
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16783:
16782:
16779:
16778:
16777:
16774:
16773:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16757:Hemiballismus
16755:
16753:
16750:
16746:
16743:
16742:
16741:
16738:
16734:
16731:
16730:
16729:
16726:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16708:
16707:
16704:
16703:
16702:
16699:
16698:
16696:
16694:
16689:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16666:
16662:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16640:
16637:
16636:
16635:
16632:
16631:
16629:
16627:
16622:
16614:
16611:
16610:
16609:
16608:Brain abscess
16606:
16604:
16601:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16582:
16579:
16578:
16577:
16574:
16573:
16571:
16569:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16556:
16552:
16548:
16540:
16535:
16533:
16528:
16526:
16521:
16520:
16517:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16474:
16468:
16465:
16462:
16458:
16454:
16451:
16448:
16444:
16440:
16436:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16426:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16326:
16324:
16322:
16318:
16307:
16303:
16300:
16297:
16293:
16289:
16285:
16282:
16279:
16275:
16272:
16271:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16260:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16229:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16198:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16163:Non-ergoline:
16161:
16160:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16136:Bromocriptine
16134:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16119:
16112:
16108:
16105:
16102:
16101:+foscarbodipa
16098:
16095:
16092:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16077:
16076:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16059:Dopaminergics
16056:
16051:
16047:
16040:
16035:
16033:
16028:
16026:
16021:
16020:
16017:
16004:
16000:
15999:
15995:
15992:
15987:
15984:
15980:
15979:
15975:
15973:
15969:
15968:
15964:
15963:
15960:
15956:
15949:
15945:
15944:
15940:
15938:
15934:
15933:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15920:
15919:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15908:
15904:
15900:
15898:
15894:
15890:
15889:
15885:
15881:
15879:
15875:
15874:
15870:
15866:
15865:
15862:
15857:
15853:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15828:
15808:
15804:
15799:
15786:
15781:
15780:
15768:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15750:
15746:
15742:
15738:
15734:
15729:
15725:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15707:
15703:
15699:
15695:
15691:
15686:
15682:
15678:
15674:
15670:
15666:
15662:
15657:
15653:
15649:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15632:
15628:
15624:
15620:
15616:
15612:
15608:
15603:
15599:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15581:
15577:
15573:
15569:
15565:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15538:
15534:
15530:
15526:
15522:
15517:
15513:
15509:
15505:
15501:
15497:
15493:
15488:
15484:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15458:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15431:
15427:
15423:
15419:
15415:
15410:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15386:
15381:
15377:
15373:
15368:
15363:
15359:
15355:
15351:
15347:
15343:
15338:
15334:
15330:
15326:
15322:
15318:
15314:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15287:
15283:
15279:
15275:
15271:
15266:
15262:
15258:
15254:
15250:
15246:
15242:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15225:
15221:
15217:
15213:
15208:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15192:
15188:
15184:
15179:
15175:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15124:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15107:
15103:
15099:
15095:
15091:
15087:
15083:
15078:
15074:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15056:
15052:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15035:
15031:
15027:
15023:
15019:
15016:: e464–e479.
15015:
15011:
15006:
15002:
14998:
14994:
14990:
14986:
14981:
14977:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14936:
14932:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14914:
14910:
14907:(s1): S3–S8.
14906:
14902:
14898:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14869:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14852:
14848:
14844:
14840:
14836:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14786:
14782:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14743:
14739:
14735:
14731:
14727:
14723:
14719:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14692:
14688:
14684:
14680:
14676:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14639:
14635:
14631:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14610:
14606:
14602:
14597:
14593:
14589:
14585:
14581:
14577:
14573:
14568:
14564:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14528:
14523:
14519:
14515:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14494:
14490:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14460:
14456:
14451:
14447:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14413:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14379:
14375:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14341:
14336:
14332:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14316:
14312:
14307:
14303:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14275:
14271:
14267:
14262:
14258:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14240:
14236:
14232:
14228:
14224:
14219:
14215:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14197:
14193:
14189:
14185:
14181:
14176:
14172:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14145:(21): 13043.
14144:
14140:
14136:
14131:
14127:
14123:
14119:
14115:
14111:
14107:
14102:
14098:
14094:
14090:
14086:
14082:
14078:
14073:
14069:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14051:
14047:
14043:
14039:
14035:
14030:
14028:
14026:
14021:
14014:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13983:
13979:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13940:
13936:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13918:
13914:
13910:
13906:
13902:
13897:
13893:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13875:
13871:
13867:
13862:
13858:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13840:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13824:
13819:
13815:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13797:
13793:
13789:
13785:
13781:
13776:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13717:
13713:
13709:
13705:
13701:
13696:
13695:
13683:
13677:
13673:
13669:
13664:
13658:
13652:
13648:
13643:
13639:
13633:
13629:
13624:
13620:
13614:
13610:
13605:
13604:
13601:
13595:
13591:
13586:
13580:
13576:
13572:
13568:
13564:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13546:
13542:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13511:
13507:
13503:
13499:
13495:
13490:
13486:
13482:
13478:
13474:
13470:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13448:
13443:
13442:
13439:
13433:
13429:
13428:
13422:
13418:
13412:
13408:
13403:
13399:
13393:
13389:
13384:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13366:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13349:
13345:
13339:
13335:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13312:
13308:
13304:
13300:
13295:
13291:
13285:
13281:
13276:
13272:
13267:
13266:
13246:
13241:
13237:
13233:
13229:
13222:
13216:, pp. 2.
13215:
13210:
13195:
13191:
13184:
13182:
13173:
13169:
13165:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13136:
13129:
13124:
13117:
13112:
13104:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13063:
13056:
13051:
13044:
13039:
13032:
13027:
13020:
13015:
13008:
13003:
12995:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12954:
12946:
12942:
12941:New Scientist
12938:
12932:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12888:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12852:
12845:
12837:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12796:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12747:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12711:
12704:
12702:
12693:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12663:
12659:
12652:
12644:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12601:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12570:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12540:
12525:
12521:
12514:
12506:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12473:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12442:
12440:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12409:
12394:
12390:
12383:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12340:
12324:
12320:
12314:
12307:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12279:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12248:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12219:Neurology Now
12213:
12197:
12193:
12189:
12185:
12181:
12180:Neurology Now
12177:
12170:
12155:
12151:
12144:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12113:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12078:
12062:
12056:
12040:
12034:
12018:
12014:
12008:
11992:
11988:
11982:
11966:
11962:
11956:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11926:
11910:
11906:
11900:
11892:
11888:
11882:
11875:
11870:
11863:
11857:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11816:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11779:
11777:
11768:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11717:
11715:
11706:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11663:
11656:
11651:
11644:
11639:
11632:
11627:
11620:
11615:
11608:
11603:
11596:
11591:
11584:
11579:
11572:
11567:
11560:
11555:
11548:
11543:
11536:
11535:Bereczki 2010
11531:
11524:
11519:
11517:
11509:
11508:Bereczki 2010
11504:
11497:
11492:
11485:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11464:
11459:
11457:
11449:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11432:
11427:
11420:
11415:
11408:
11403:
11396:
11391:
11384:
11379:
11372:
11367:
11365:
11363:
11361:
11353:
11348:
11346:
11339:, p. S4.
11338:
11333:
11326:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11309:
11304:
11297:
11292:
11290:
11282:
11277:
11270:
11265:
11258:
11253:
11245:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11204:
11197:
11192:
11185:
11180:
11173:
11168:
11161:
11156:
11150:, p. 27.
11149:
11144:
11138:, p. 26.
11137:
11132:
11125:
11120:
11113:
11108:
11101:
11096:
11089:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11050:
11042:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11009:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10932:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10890:
10888:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10846:
10838:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10808:
10804:
10797:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10753:
10745:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10702:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10625:
10620:
10613:
10608:
10601:
10596:
10589:
10584:
10576:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10533:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10489:
10480:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10428:
10426:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10384:
10375:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10334:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10295:
10288:
10283:
10281:
10272:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10229:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10181:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10138:
10136:
10119:
10115:
10109:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10074:
10066:
10062:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10041:
10039:
10030:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9989:
9981:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9956:(7466): 593.
9955:
9951:
9947:
9940:
9932:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9879:
9874:
9867:
9862:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9827:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9767:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9734:
9719:
9715:
9709:
9694:
9690:
9684:
9669:
9665:
9659:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9628:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9585:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9555:
9547:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9417:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9323:
9318:
9310:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9277:F1000Research
9274:
9267:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9234:
9218:
9214:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9184:
9179:
9171:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9130:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9097:
9089:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9046:
9044:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9000:
8992:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8951:
8935:
8931:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8791:
8784:
8779:
8772:
8767:
8765:
8757:
8752:
8745:
8740:
8734:, p. 10.
8733:
8728:
8721:
8716:
8709:
8704:
8702:
8694:
8689:
8682:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8665:
8660:
8653:
8648:
8642:, pp. 4.
8641:
8636:
8629:
8624:
8617:
8612:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8519:
8511:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8366:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8290:
8283:
8277:
8269:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8218:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8090:
8082:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8047:(4): e93814.
8046:
8042:
8038:
8031:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7891:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7714:
7712:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7612:
7603:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7583:
7581:
7572:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7527:
7518:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7283:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7240:
7238:
7230:
7225:
7223:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7179:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6733:BMC Neurology
6730:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6296:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6260:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6108:
6103:
6100:(3): 100153.
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6074:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6016:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5751:Neurosciences
5748:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4706:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4584:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4503:
4497:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4155:Langston 2017
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:animal models
3605:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:Deng Xiaoping
3520:
3516:
3515:Davis Phinney
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3460:Notable cases
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3403:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3362:Social impact
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:Frederic Lewy
3307:
3305:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:Hoxton Square
3186:
3182:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:Intermediate
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:gastroparesis
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:bromocriptine
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:Braak staging
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:meta-analysis
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:Babinski sign
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:hydrocephalus
2092:
2089:
2088:basal ganglia
2085:
2081:
2076:
2075:Diffusion MRI
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1987:Pars compacta
1984:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:inflammasomes
1922:
1921:MHC receptors
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:mitochondrial
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:Lewy neurites
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1690:orbitofrontal
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:glutamatergic
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1578:motor control
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:pars compacta
1555:
1554:basal ganglia
1551:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:Environmental
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:environmental
1225:
1218:
1215:Rendering of
1213:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:that include
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
723:
713:
704:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:HIV infection
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
570:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:motor control
495:
494:basal ganglia
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:), or simply
404:
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387:
383:
379:
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371:
369:
365:
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346:
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337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:antipsychotic
285:
281:
277:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
259:
255:
252:
251:head injuries
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
198:
197:Complications
194:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
146:
144:
140:
135:
129:
126:
124:
120:
108:
96:
82:
70:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18575:Folie à deux
18500:Intoxication
18481:substances,
18479:Psychoactive
18398:Night terror
18215:Dissociative
18179:Panic attack
17988:
17731:Tic disorder
17418:
17317:
17290:
17251:Degenerative
16988:Inflammatory
16935:
16868:Stiff-person
16710:
16706:Parkinsonism
16679:Degenerative
16576:Encephalitis
16559:Inflammation
16549:, primarily
16399:Procyclidine
16384:Orphenadrine
16329:Benzatropine
16306:+foslevodopa
16302:Foscarbidopa
16162:
16132:
16083:+benserazide
15996:
15976:
15965:
15941:
15930:
15916:
15901:
15882:
15867:
15839:. Retrieved
15835:
15811:. Retrieved
15806:
15789:. Retrieved
15740:
15736:
15697:
15693:
15664:
15660:
15635:
15610:
15606:
15571:
15567:
15528:
15524:
15495:
15491:
15464:
15460:
15421:
15417:
15388:
15385:Neurosurgery
15384:
15349:
15345:
15316:
15312:
15277:
15273:
15244:
15240:
15215:
15211:
15186:
15182:
15147:
15143:
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15110:
15085:
15081:
15046:
15042:
15013:
15009:
14984:
14947:
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14871:
14867:
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14834:
14797:
14793:
14754:
14750:
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14717:
14682:
14678:
14637:
14633:
14604:
14600:
14575:
14571:
14534:
14530:
14501:
14497:
14462:
14458:
14419:
14415:
14386:
14382:
14350:(4): e2019.
14347:
14343:
14314:
14310:
14273:
14269:
14230:
14226:
14187:
14183:
14142:
14138:
14109:
14105:
14080:
14076:
14041:
14037:
14017:
13994:
13990:
13951:
13947:
13908:
13904:
13873:
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13826:
13787:
13783:
13746:
13742:
13707:
13703:
13671:
13646:
13627:
13608:
13589:
13544:
13497:
13450:
13426:
13406:
13387:
13352:
13333:
13298:
13279:
13270:
13235:
13231:
13221:
13209:
13197:. Retrieved
13193:
13145:
13141:
13135:
13123:
13111:
13076:
13072:
13062:
13050:
13038:
13026:
13014:
13002:
12967:
12963:
12953:
12940:
12931:
12898:
12894:
12887:
12854:
12850:
12844:
12809:
12805:
12795:
12760:
12756:
12746:
12716:(1): 17013.
12713:
12709:
12665:
12661:
12651:
12614:
12610:
12600:
12588:. Retrieved
12579:
12569:
12557:. Retrieved
12553:the original
12539:
12527:. Retrieved
12523:
12513:
12486:
12482:
12472:
12460:. Retrieved
12451:
12426:. Retrieved
12417:
12408:
12396:. Retrieved
12392:
12382:
12349:
12345:
12339:
12327:. Retrieved
12319:"Who We Are"
12313:
12304:
12297:. Retrieved
12288:
12278:
12266:. Retrieved
12257:
12247:
12225:(2): 10–23.
12222:
12218:
12212:
12200:. Retrieved
12196:the original
12183:
12179:
12169:
12157:. Retrieved
12153:
12143:
12131:. Retrieved
12123:The Guardian
12122:
12112:
12100:. Retrieved
12096:the original
12090:. New York:
12088:The Time 100
12087:
12077:
12065:. Retrieved
12055:
12043:. Retrieved
12033:
12021:. Retrieved
12013:"About EPDA"
12007:
11995:. Retrieved
11991:the original
11981:
11969:. Retrieved
11965:the original
11955:
11943:. Retrieved
11939:the original
11934:
11925:
11913:. Retrieved
11909:the original
11899:
11891:the original
11881:
11869:
11829:
11825:
11815:
11790:
11786:
11730:
11726:
11676:
11672:
11662:
11650:
11638:
11626:
11614:
11602:
11590:
11578:
11566:
11554:
11549:, p. 3.
11547:Blonder 2018
11542:
11530:
11523:Blonder 2018
11503:
11491:
11450:, p. 2.
11426:
11414:
11402:
11390:
11385:, p. 1.
11378:
11332:
11303:
11276:
11271:, p. 1.
11264:
11252:
11217:
11213:
11203:
11198:, p. 1.
11191:
11179:
11167:
11155:
11143:
11131:
11119:
11107:
11095:
11062:(7): 20–24.
11059:
11055:
11049:
11022:
11018:
11008:
10986:(1): 26–30.
10983:
10979:
10943:
10939:
10895:
10859:
10855:
10845:
10810:
10806:
10796:
10763:
10759:
10752:
10715:
10711:
10701:
10658:
10654:
10619:
10607:
10595:
10583:
10546:
10542:
10532:
10499:
10495:
10488:
10441:
10437:
10416:the original
10401:
10347:
10343:
10333:
10304:
10300:
10294:
10242:
10238:
10228:
10220:the original
10205:
10151:
10147:
10122:. Retrieved
10117:
10108:
10083:
10079:
10073:
10050:
10002:
9998:
9988:
9953:
9949:
9939:
9904:
9900:
9873:
9861:
9836:
9832:
9826:
9793:
9789:
9747:
9743:
9733:
9721:. Retrieved
9717:
9708:
9696:. Retrieved
9692:
9683:
9671:. Retrieved
9667:
9658:
9641:
9637:
9627:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9572:. Retrieved
9568:the original
9563:
9554:
9527:
9523:
9473:
9469:
9459:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9383:
9379:
9372:
9342:(1): 80–89.
9339:
9335:
9329:
9317:
9280:
9276:
9266:
9239:
9233:
9221:. Retrieved
9216:
9178:
9143:
9139:
9129:
9106:
9096:
9059:
9055:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8964:
8960:
8950:
8938:. Retrieved
8934:the original
8919:
8851:
8845:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8797:, p. 8.
8790:
8778:
8758:, p. 1.
8751:
8739:
8727:
8722:, p. 1.
8715:
8710:, p. 3.
8688:
8683:, p. 2.
8659:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8606:, p. 2.
8599:
8594:, p. 1.
8535:(5): 61–69.
8532:
8528:
8518:
8481:
8477:
8467:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8387:
8383:
8373:
8356:1959.4/53593
8338:
8334:
8324:
8293:. Retrieved
8288:
8276:
8239:
8235:
8225:
8190:
8186:
8176:
8143:
8139:
8132:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8044:
8040:
8030:
8003:
7999:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7904:
7900:
7890:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7816:
7812:
7806:
7773:
7769:
7723:
7679:
7675:
7625:
7621:
7611:
7592:
7542:
7538:
7482:
7478:
7468:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7393:(7): e6075.
7390:
7386:
7376:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7287:Dickson 2007
7282:
7249:
7245:
7194:
7190:
7156:
7146:
7109:
7106:Antioxidants
7105:
7095:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7012:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6951:. Retrieved
6939:
6929:
6892:
6888:
6836:
6832:
6822:
6790:(1): 61–69.
6787:
6783:
6773:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6585:
6581:
6571:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6311:
6307:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6204:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6097:
6093:
6068:
6031:
6025:
6015:
5975:(1): 45–68.
5972:
5968:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5895:
5891:
5881:
5856:
5852:
5825:. Retrieved
5813:
5803:
5789:cite journal
5754:
5750:
5740:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5597:
5588:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5374:(1): 85–94.
5371:
5367:
5361:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5285:
5281:
5231:
5227:
5176:(1): 76–84.
5173:
5169:
5124:(1): 53–67.
5121:
5117:
5107:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5019:
5015:
5005:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4880:
4876:
4846:10216/141606
4828:
4822:
4787:
4783:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4699:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4577:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4477:
4468:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4397:
4360:
4356:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4212:
4208:
4198:
4193:, p. 2.
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4097:, p. 7.
4090:
4078:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4023:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3917:(1): 56–62.
3914:
3910:
3900:
3895:, Chapter P.
3888:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3855:
3821:
3795:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3676:
3642:
3633:Gene therapy
3612:gene therapy
3601:
3572:
3564:
3527:
3507:Muhammad Ali
3491:
3488:
3479:Muhammad Ali
3443:
3435:
3418:
3410:
3397:
3389:
3365:
3343:Casimir Funk
3319:Rolf Hassler
3308:
3304:Pax corporis
3303:
3274:
3247:
3201:
3184:
3178:
3106:
3102:heritability
3083:
3067:
3052:Epidemiology
3031:
3015:
3004:
2929:
2914:
2902:tracheostomy
2894:feeding tube
2890:
2886:
2882:
2858:
2847:
2834:
2825:
2807:
2775:
2754:pimavanserin
2730:
2717:
2698:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2638:
2618:
2614:
2598:
2589:
2573:
2561:
2538:October 2020
2535:
2519:
2496:
2492:
2437:
2398:
2356:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2192:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2133:scintigraphy
2127:
2099:
2080:encephalitis
2059:dorsolateral
2045:
2036:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1961:
1953:vasodilation
1933:
1913:Herpes virus
1909:CD4+ T cells
1897:
1871:
1820:
1805:
1793:neuromelanin
1761:inflammation
1746:
1726:mitochondria
1699:
1663:
1659:frontal lobe
1652:
1641:
1637:motor cortex
1594:
1587:
1584:Neuroanatomy
1539:
1488:
1475:
1459:
1423:heavy metals
1420:
1389:
1382:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1273:
1248:heavy metals
1221:
1172:
1137:
1113:
1090:
1067:
1049:
1043:
1021:
1017:nursing home
1010:
994:
968:
942:
930:dysautonomia
923:
908:
890:, pain, and
877:
865:
857:typical gait
843:
829:
813:Bradykinesia
811:
807:pill-rolling
797:
793:parkinsonism
790:
787:Parkinsonism
764:
740:bradykinesia
734:and include
732:motor system
729:
720:Features of
657:parkinsonism
641:bradykinesia
638:
619:
576:
569:Parkinsonism
537:
518:
471:
439:parkinsonism
406:
402:
398:
397:
233:Risk factors
175:Dysautonomia
168:parkinsonism
156:bradykinesia
40:
18548:schizotypal
18383:Hypersomnia
18373:Nonorganic
18114:Agoraphobia
17845:Cyclothymia
17840:Bipolar NOS
17815:(affective)
17687:Stereotypic
17595:Kleptomania
17403:Fazio–Londe
17243:Both/either
17037:Generalised
16896:Early-onset
16891:Alzheimer's
16626:spinal cord
16488:from market
16447:rimantadine
16435:Adamantanes
16419:Tropatepine
16404:Profenamine
16394:Piroheptine
16292:+melevodopa
16274:Benserazide
16176:Pramipexole
16166:Apomorphine
16141:Cabergoline
16122:DA receptor
16097:Foslevodopa
15998:GeneReviews
15967:MedlinePlus
15841:27 December
15813:2 September
15791:2 September
15776:Web sources
15700:(1): 6597.
15218:(3): 1–15.
14578:(1): 5–14.
14389:: 101–110.
13743:Mov. Disord
13257:Works cited
13199:23 February
12428:30 November
12398:30 November
12159:23 November
12045:22 November
11961:"About PDF"
11679:: 8846544.
11655:Coffey 2009
11607:Lanska 2010
11220:(1): 6597.
10718:: 619–628.
10461:10871/17451
9062:: 321–340.
6895:: 1242929.
6688:(8): 1360.
6439:: 4709322.
6225:(8): 1261.
5234:: 1213393.
4665:: 6233835.
3400:August 2020
3335:Trojanowski
3331:Spillantini
3287:. Multiple
3224:Wilhelm Erb
3197:spinal cord
2925:Gastrostomy
2803:pallidotomy
2799:subcortical
2752:. In 2016,
2727:Other drugs
2666:apomorphine
2662:cabergoline
2650:pramipexole
2584:benserazide
2501:Medications
2468:apomorphine
2421:benserazide
2379:antioxidant
2332:adenosine A
2296:Tobacco use
1972:vagus nerve
1874:proteasomal
1807:Ferroptosis
1757:neuroimmune
1734:Lewy bodies
1718:form clumps
1682:associative
1670:D2 receptor
1619:(SNpr) and
1548:-releasing
1335:encoded by
1157:(RBD), and
1104:impulsivity
980:or 10 mmHg
960:dehydration
928:, known as
914:paresthesia
904:orientation
892:paresthesia
615:Lewy bodies
597:-producing
508:within the
506:Lewy bodies
463:mood swings
407:Parkinson's
386:Named after
219:Age over 60
216:Usual onset
54:Other names
18750:Geriatrics
18719:Categories
18700:Stereotypy
18563:Delusional
18552:delusional
18525:Withdrawal
18393:Parasomnia
18298:Nosophobia
18078:Adjustment
18066:somatoform
17999:Sundowning
17852:Depression
17835:Bipolar II
17724:Stuttering
17719:Cluttering
17515:Paraphilia
17011:paroxysmal
16983:Autoimmune
16776:Dyskinesia
16646:Meningitis
16624:Brain and
16439:amantadine
16409:Tigloidine
16364:Etanautine
16354:Dexetimide
16339:Bornaprine
16288:+carbidopa
16266:inhibitors
16243:Entacapone
16235:inhibitors
16222:Selegiline
16217:Safinamide
16212:Rasagiline
16204:inhibitors
16191:Talipexole
16186:Rotigotine
16181:Ropinirole
16111:+carbidopa
16107:Melevodopa
16087:+carbidopa
16071:precursors
15943:DiseasesDB
15836:The Lancet
15638:: e16449.
15531:(1): 145.
14835:The Lancet
14422:(3): 176.
14044:: 101966.
12617:: 810860.
12329:18 January
12133:25 October
12125:. London.
11463:Louis 1997
11448:Goetz 2011
11419:Goetz 2011
10676:2434/67795
10245:(2): 165.
10150:(Review).
10124:12 October
9530:: 103418.
9279:(Review).
9058:(Review).
8390:: 599384.
7545:: 603594.
7112:(4): 955.
6940:StatPearls
6739:(1): 383.
6588:(1): 118.
6314:: 102669.
6308:DNA Repair
6272:: 104876.
5814:StatPearls
5757:(1): 4–9.
5288:: 110776.
5073:(3): 493.
5022:(2): 144.
4583:"Rigidity"
4535:(3): 880.
4309:(2): 157.
4270:: 101834.
4209:Algorithms
3989:: 776847.
3893:Ferri 2010
3879:, p.
3762:dyskinesia
3671:See also:
3627:biomarkers
3590:Astronaut
3070:prevalence
3062:prevalence
3023:caregivers
3011:etiologies
2943:See also:
2842:meditation
2738:quetiapine
2733:amantadine
2709:rasagiline
2705:selegiline
2701:safinamide
2689:rotigotine
2654:ropinirole
2625:entacapone
2476:depression
2389:Management
2377:—a potent
2264:Prevention
2166:(PSP) and
2130:myocardial
1892:See also:
1845:and basal
1827:inclusions
1765:metabolism
1696:Mechanisms
1678:oculomotor
1542:cell death
1457:features.
1412:glyphosate
1392:pesticides
1373:See also:
1363:DNA repair
1352:DNA damage
1350:, a major
1331:(aSyn), a
1244:pesticides
1118:to severe
1023:Depression
785:See also:
677:idiopathic
567:See also:
340:Medication
310:Prevention
249:exposure,
179:depression
18653:Catatonia
18585:Psychosis
18420:Postnatal
18403:Nightmare
18009:Wandering
17862:Dysthymia
17830:Bipolar I
17785:Pervasive
17600:Pyromania
17525:Voyeurism
17520:Fetishism
17008:Episodic/
16886:Tauopathy
16837:Akathisia
16825:Myoclonus
16808:Athetosis
16740:Tauopathy
16498:Phase III
16486:Withdrawn
16443:memantine
16374:Mazaticol
16349:Cycrimine
16334:Biperiden
16284:Carbidopa
16278:+levodopa
16253:Tolcapone
16248:Opicapone
16171:Piribedil
16156:Pergolide
16133:Ergoline:
15986:neuro/635
15983:neuro/304
15978:eMedicine
15613:: 26–31.
14950:(1): 22.
14025:CC BY 4.0
13148:: 71–86.
12923:219947651
12879:198132349
12857:: 16–24.
12787:199663713
12483:Neurology
12239:181104230
12202:22 August
11874:Lees 2007
11643:Fahn 2008
11631:Fahn 2008
11583:Fahn 2008
11571:Lees 2007
11496:Lees 2007
11484:Lees 2007
11431:Lees 2007
10788:260320960
10549:(1): 31.
10344:Neurology
9744:P & T
9723:7 January
9698:7 January
9673:7 January
9638:Neurology
9574:7 January
9451:216033034
9408:251162631
9258:993068595
9034:195879250
8870:743205140
8837:205058847
8168:221478854
7974:207110404
7946:Neurology
7798:211079287
7460:216111568
7037:: 76–86.
6839:(1): 44.
6637:(1): 45.
6355:(1): 86.
6172:(1): 44.
6027:Neurology
6007:240235393
5718:: 61–76.
5673:(1): 46.
5554:(5): 74.
5513:: 30–38.
4973:(1): 31.
4363:(1): 29.
3833:Citations
3798:brainstem
3645:Neurturin
3624:prodromal
3616:stem cell
3575:July 2020
3483:US Senate
3309:In 1912,
3271:ayurvedic
3265:Egyptian
3208:neurology
3161:In 1877,
3038:mortality
3034:morbidity
2939:Prognosis
2746:modafinil
2658:piribedil
2646:pergolide
2629:tolcapone
2621:opicapone
2580:Carbidopa
2569:precursor
2444:trade-off
2417:carbidopa
2415:(such as
2363:ibuprofen
2352:terazosin
2330:with the
2218:myoclonus
2063:sensitive
2028:sudomotor
1978:Diagnosis
1917:microglia
1905:monocytes
1855:oligomers
1851:neocortex
1847:forebrain
1823:ubiquitin
1801:microglia
1773:cytotoxic
1763:. Normal
1751:involves
1714:misfolded
1627:(VL) and
1613:GABAergic
1601:neocortex
1451:magnesium
1443:aluminium
1427:manganese
1385:causality
1365:pathway.
1344:Lewy body
1110:Cognitive
1086:sensorium
1082:delusions
1078:illusions
1070:psychosis
982:diastolic
920:Autonomic
825:hypomimia
752:autonomic
527:, though
459:psychosis
377:Frequency
368:Prognosis
325:Treatment
247:pesticide
239:dyspepsia
227:Long-term
128:Neurology
123:Specialty
18388:Insomnia
18058:Neurotic
18025:Delirium
17951:Dementia
17790:Specific
17374:SMALED2B
17369:SMALED2A
17066:Migraine
17058:Headache
17024:epilepsy
17020:Seizures
16878:Dementia
16781:Dystonia
16467:Budipine
16457:caffeine
16379:Metixene
16151:Lisuride
16125:agonists
16079:Levodopa
15988:in young
15767:37899809
15758:10600629
15724:33758213
15681:18175397
15652:39236309
15627:28088312
15598:38015306
15589:10965733
15555:37857675
15546:10587193
15512:28549077
15483:37691335
15448:33894193
15376:20563819
15333:18781671
15304:38467394
15295:10927365
15261:18684199
15232:29738310
15203:19948422
15174:31975439
15102:18175393
15073:22229124
15030:38876845
15001:38876845
14976:31384434
14931:30584159
14888:38642225
14859:38245248
14826:33390888
14800:: 1–12.
14781:38226487
14772:10923097
14738:38879999
14724:: 1–12.
14709:38770432
14700:11104025
14666:33061892
14621:38925541
14592:33052479
14563:32636740
14518:27751556
14489:37841347
14480:10567584
14446:36859484
14403:30314846
14374:38562616
14365:10982460
14331:34642022
14302:31275235
14257:28282815
14214:36036863
14171:36361826
14126:33860906
14097:30977926
14068:33991619
14027:license.
14013:36951546
13978:31521533
13935:33894193
13892:31907406
13857:33749710
13814:30584166
13763:18175397
13734:29847694
13579:92170834
13571:30702840
13532:80908095
13524:30702839
13485:81155324
13477:30702838
13379:19892136
13325:87250745
13232:NeuroSci
13172:25175961
13103:32402162
12994:29913017
12945:Archived
12915:32562684
12871:31324556
12836:30542906
12779:31412427
12738:11605091
12730:28332488
12692:35527571
12643:35296034
12584:Archived
12559:19 April
12505:27672165
12456:Archived
12422:Archived
12374:44340931
12366:15646755
12323:Archived
12293:Archived
12262:Archived
12186:(2): 8.
12154:CBS News
12127:Archived
12023:9 August
12017:Archived
11997:9 August
11915:28 March
11856:32665974
11807:17702630
11767:37713383
11758:10503766
11727:PLOS ONE
11705:33489081
11244:33758213
11068:24195263
11041:24801658
11000:20081638
10960:22771241
10922:24182372
10878:17531914
10837:17636709
10780:17117354
10744:28408811
10693:23528416
10685:19691125
10575:31861456
10524:10947269
10516:20360152
10470:18181210
10374:21768599
10325:38588457
10271:20937936
10180:26447539
10100:19559160
10065:Archived
10029:12535476
9980:15310558
9931:30160213
9853:20123548
9818:35364322
9810:15172778
9766:19750042
9650:11147510
9611:27498199
9546:31708229
9500:28494719
9443:32319076
9400:35907110
9364:22301199
9356:25488260
9309:28357055
9223:16 March
9170:32101639
9121:Archived
9088:23487540
9026:31291491
8991:26644151
8940:14 March
8829:24756517
8559:26900156
8510:29018399
8459:29227069
8451:22121251
8416:33250855
8365:24262191
8295:22 March
8268:25853018
8217:33553487
8160:32886201
8116:28151553
8081:24710392
8041:PLOS ONE
8022:20351351
7966:26764028
7931:22143168
7833:12464118
7790:32044947
7738:Archived
7702:Archived
7698:18344392
7652:31255487
7571:33679692
7517:24786080
7452:32332985
7417:28207515
7387:Medicine
7368:39874367
7360:22205172
7321:20082992
7266:20495568
7213:18398010
7138:37107329
7129:10135711
7087:37155008
7051:35176268
7004:36708394
6995:10716731
6948:30725826
6921:37600831
6912:10435282
6865:37718439
6856:10506345
6814:33164946
6765:36221048
6714:37629650
6705:10456316
6682:Medicina
6663:32264976
6612:37495571
6603:10372136
6563:36938742
6554:10041423
6514:37022311
6505:10326611
6465:37744289
6456:10517869
6414:37949088
6379:38632283
6370:11024193
6330:31331820
6286:32339655
6251:35455941
6196:38413607
6187:10899198
6147:38557965
6060:38513162
6051:11175631
5999:34719434
5922:36278358
5873:38245249
5822:36256760
5781:38195133
5772:10827020
5732:33248395
5697:38424131
5688:10904863
5648:30228640
5580:34068064
5529:35189453
5488:35906500
5439:36186499
5388:34806620
5353:31006550
5304:33152935
5260:35586201
5200:33426161
5148:31733702
5099:33572547
5048:35207632
4997:35332158
4948:36951546
4907:29508455
4855:37695259
4814:35088837
4762:35624405
4711:29 April
4691:36506486
4640:37018058
4631:10681667
4589:28 April
4569:32041374
4508:28 April
4460:31834375
4409:28 April
4403:"Tremor"
4389:36211804
4335:36831700
4284:36581178
4246:28 April
4015:34950630
3964:27401947
3923:30566295
3730:examine
3439:cultivar
3424:Advocacy
3351:Grenoble
3079:pandemic
2783:thalamus
2670:lisuride
2558:Levodopa
2528:32171387
2448:levodopa
2409:Levodopa
2405:dopamine
2336:receptor
2324:caffeine
2304:nicotine
2222:dystonia
2067:specific
1937:antigens
1935:present
1843:midbrain
1781:proteins
1738:necrosis
1633:thalamus
1566:striatum
1546:dopamine
1481:melanoma
1421:Harmful
1408:mancozeb
1400:rotenone
1396:paraquat
1394:such as
1379:Exposome
1280:mutation
1264:sporadic
1258:exhibit
1256:nicotine
1252:caffeine
1179:melanoma
1143:insomnia
1027:low mood
978:systolic
831:Rigidity
744:rigidity
681:sporadic
649:rigidity
595:dopamine
490:dopamine
486:midbrain
474:sporadic
453:such as
431:rigidity
319:caffeine
315:nicotine
224:Duration
206:dementia
160:rigidity
143:Symptoms
18097:Anxiety
17936:PDD-NOS
17825:Bipolar
17478: (
17386:SMA-PME
17381:SMA-PCH
17364:SMALED1
17076:Tension
17071:Cluster
16796:Meige's
16613:Amoebic
16455:(e.g.,
16437:(e.g.,
15937:D010300
15715:7988066
15439:8185633
15405:9361073
15367:2892607
15165:7155099
15131:9399240
15064:3234454
14987:: 1–6.
14967:6668186
14922:6311367
14817:7773776
14685:: 1–8.
14657:7488355
14640:: 282.
14554:7318912
14537:: 186.
14437:9977911
14317:: 1–8.
14293:6593078
14276:: 652.
14248:5345642
14205:9422946
14162:9657547
14059:8842749
13969:8972299
13926:8185633
13848:8103423
13805:6311366
13771:3229727
13725:6089809
13094:7288982
12985:6233845
12827:6361055
12683:9198738
12634:8920063
12590:6 April
12529:9 April
12462:6 April
12268:2 April
12102:2 April
11971:24 July
11945:2 April
11847:7347582
11735:Bibcode
11696:7790585
11235:7988066
10828:6991932
10735:5384725
10566:6981975
10479:3808899
10365:3136051
10262:4523130
10171:9240814
10020:8715353
9922:7052841
9757:2730785
9619:5787752
9491:6187751
9300:5357034
9283:: 260.
9161:7043362
9079:3592512
8982:4876591
8550:4782269
8501:5614922
8484:: 481.
8407:7674803
8289:FDA.gov
8259:4385258
8208:7853198
8124:7730034
8072:3977922
8049:Bibcode
7922:3296831
7882:2841426
7873:1033142
7643:6706297
7562:7933529
7508:4910825
7487:Bibcode
7479:Science
7408:5319504
7274:3146438
6805:7990449
6756:9552480
6654:7137235
6242:9029385
5990:8842749
5913:9837701
5639:6140184
5571:8152515
5479:9362468
5430:9521528
5344:7015280
5251:9110237
5191:7780944
5139:7029426
5090:7866791
5039:8875119
4988:8948218
4898:5844369
4831:: 1–9.
4805:9825570
4753:9217822
4682:9734006
4560:7038663
4537:Bibcode
4529:Sensors
4451:8205506
4380:9504742
4326:9954489
4006:8688697
3862:18 July
3679:vaccine
3598:in 2018
3565:updated
3390:updated
3339:Goedert
3267:papyrus
3128:History
3118:Midwest
2910:hospice
2760:Surgery
2520:updated
2472:enteral
2383:alcohol
2300:smoking
2226:apraxia
2042:Imaging
2007:autopsy
1730:nucleus
1605:putamen
1572:of the
1550:neurons
1447:cadmium
1439:mercury
1404:benomyl
1333:protein
1270:Genetic
1224:genetic
1191:rosacea
1153:(RLS),
1149:(EDS),
874:Sensory
767:anosmia
756:sensory
601:in the
599:neurons
583:central
514:genetic
510:neurons
492:to the
423:tremors
409:, is a
183:anxiety
173:Other:
18341:Eating
18189:Stress
18106:Phobia
18062:stress
17921:Autism
17714:Speech
17503:Sexual
17105:Stroke
16919:Pick's
16846:Tremor
16813:Chorea
16481:WHO-EM
16428:Others
15991:pmr/99
15972:000755
15926:556500
15923:168600
15878:8A00.0
15765:
15755:
15722:
15712:
15679:
15650:
15625:
15596:
15586:
15553:
15543:
15510:
15481:
15446:
15436:
15403:
15374:
15364:
15331:
15302:
15292:
15259:
15230:
15201:
15172:
15162:
15129:
15100:
15071:
15061:
15028:
14999:
14974:
14964:
14929:
14919:
14886:
14857:
14824:
14814:
14779:
14769:
14736:
14707:
14697:
14664:
14654:
14619:
14590:
14561:
14551:
14516:
14487:
14477:
14444:
14434:
14401:
14372:
14362:
14329:
14300:
14290:
14255:
14245:
14212:
14202:
14169:
14159:
14124:
14095:
14066:
14056:
14011:
13976:
13966:
13933:
13923:
13890:
13855:
13845:
13812:
13802:
13769:
13761:
13732:
13722:
13678:
13653:
13634:
13615:
13596:
13577:
13569:
13559:
13530:
13522:
13512:
13483:
13475:
13465:
13434:
13413:
13394:
13377:
13367:
13340:
13323:
13313:
13286:
13170:
13160:
13101:
13091:
12992:
12982:
12921:
12913:
12877:
12869:
12834:
12824:
12785:
12777:
12736:
12728:
12690:
12680:
12641:
12631:
12503:
12372:
12364:
12299:25 May
12237:
11854:
11844:
11832:: 15.
11805:
11765:
11755:
11703:
11693:
11242:
11232:
11066:
11039:
10998:
10958:
10920:
10910:
10876:
10835:
10825:
10786:
10778:
10742:
10732:
10691:
10683:
10573:
10563:
10522:
10514:
10476:
10468:
10408:
10372:
10362:
10323:
10269:
10259:
10212:
10178:
10168:
10098:
10057:
10027:
10017:
9978:
9971:516655
9968:
9929:
9919:
9851:
9816:
9808:
9790:Lancet
9764:
9754:
9648:
9617:
9609:
9544:
9498:
9488:
9449:
9441:
9406:
9398:
9362:
9354:
9307:
9297:
9256:
9246:
9219:. 2006
9168:
9158:
9113:
9086:
9076:
9032:
9024:
8989:
8979:
8926:
8868:
8858:
8835:
8827:
8557:
8547:
8508:
8498:
8457:
8449:
8414:
8404:
8363:
8266:
8256:
8242:: 12.
8215:
8205:
8166:
8158:
8122:
8114:
8079:
8069:
8020:
7972:
7964:
7929:
7919:
7880:
7870:
7831:
7796:
7788:
7730:
7696:
7650:
7640:
7622:Neuron
7569:
7559:
7515:
7505:
7458:
7450:
7415:
7405:
7366:
7358:
7319:
7272:
7264:
7211:
7136:
7126:
7085:
7049:
7002:
6992:
6953:21 May
6946:
6919:
6909:
6863:
6853:
6812:
6802:
6763:
6753:
6712:
6702:
6661:
6651:
6610:
6600:
6561:
6551:
6512:
6502:
6463:
6453:
6412:
6377:
6367:
6328:
6284:
6249:
6239:
6194:
6184:
6145:
6058:
6048:
6005:
5997:
5987:
5920:
5910:
5871:
5853:Lancet
5820:
5779:
5769:
5730:
5695:
5685:
5646:
5636:
5578:
5568:
5527:
5486:
5476:
5437:
5427:
5386:
5351:
5341:
5302:
5258:
5248:
5198:
5188:
5146:
5136:
5097:
5087:
5046:
5036:
4995:
4985:
4946:
4905:
4895:
4853:
4812:
4802:
4760:
4750:
4689:
4679:
4638:
4628:
4567:
4557:
4458:
4448:
4387:
4377:
4333:
4323:
4282:
4013:
4003:
3962:
3921:
3492:Actor
3269:, the
3222:, and
3193:London
2966:Death
2840:, and
2668:, and
2627:, and
2576:nausea
2526:
2431:, and
2316:coffee
2310:, and
2228:, and
2205:, and
2091:tumors
1945:MHC-II
1777:lipids
1708:, and
1688:, and
1686:limbic
1495:L-DOPA
1453:shows
1445:, and
1406:, and
1358:, and
1356:kinase
1309:, and
1293:, and
1238:, and
1217:parkin
1189:, and
1061:, and
1045:Apathy
999:, and
954:, and
835:muscle
799:Tremor
773:, and
746:, and
736:tremor
675:or be
653:tremor
651:, and
540:L-DOPA
433:, and
345:L-DOPA
152:Tremor
150:Main:
130:
18646:Other
18375:sleep
18162:Other
18018:Other
17884:Mania
17556:Other
17419:both:
17351:DSMA1
17346:SMAX2
17341:SMAX1
17321:only:
17294:only:
17198:Other
17120:Other
17032:Focal
16665:Brain
16568:Brain
16201:MAO-B
15993:rehab
15897:F02.3
15492:Brain
13833:(4).
13767:S2CID
13575:S2CID
13528:S2CID
13481:S2CID
13321:S2CID
13262:Books
12919:S2CID
12875:S2CID
12783:S2CID
12734:S2CID
12370:S2CID
12235:S2CID
12067:7 May
10784:S2CID
10689:S2CID
10520:S2CID
10474:S2CID
9814:S2CID
9615:S2CID
9591:Drugs
9447:S2CID
9423:Drugs
9404:S2CID
9360:S2CID
9030:S2CID
8833:S2CID
8455:S2CID
8285:(PDF)
8164:S2CID
8120:S2CID
7970:S2CID
7794:S2CID
7456:S2CID
7364:S2CID
7270:S2CID
6219:Cells
6003:S2CID
5827:2 May
5605:1 May
4784:Brain
4610:Brain
4486:2 May
4430:Brain
3856:NINDS
3813:Notes
3273:text
3251:Galen
3122:South
3098:twins
3096:with
2988:13.1
2977:20.2
2974:14.3
2789:, or
2375:urate
2350:like
2322:, or
2274:urate
1941:MHC-I
1674:motor
1472:Other
1307:PINK1
1295:VPS35
1291:LRRK2
1240:PARK2
1236:LRRK2
1169:Other
1134:Sleep
853:falls
839:joint
803:hertz
781:Motor
546:, or
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