5542:
of
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
3517:
2469:.) Thus, by a shrewd timing of elections, in a parliamentary system, a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a presidential system. This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in determining the election date. Conversely, flexibility in the timing of parliamentary elections can avoid periods of legislative gridlock that can occur in a fixed period presidential system. In any case, voters ultimately have the power to choose whether to vote for the ruling party or someone else.
5062:
4153:
3402:
3506:
5052:
5085:
1550:
3538:
1329:
3667:
3338:
3220:
1563:
3069:
4245:
3460:
3092:
4316:
3496:
5149:
5011:
1628:
4750:
4723:
3528:
3029:
5117:
3370:
3124:
1615:
804:
33:
8879:
8363:
8352:
4701:
3601:
4876:
4635:
4145:
4046:
3059:
2981:
1481:
3552:
3156:
4935:
4267:
3928:
3645:
3252:
2937:
2911:
1602:
4913:
4844:
4078:
4024:
3434:
1876:
1654:
2667:
2595:
2488:
4415:
4679:
4539:
4511:
4489:
4289:
4206:
3960:
3575:
3306:
3274:
1850:
1589:
5203:
4383:
4351:
4221:
4178:
4110:
3904:
3706:
3003:
2959:
1769:
1641:
2300:
1420:
1230:
4891:
4613:
3852:
3794:
3188:
1954:
4773:
4591:
4467:
3623:
1726:
5181:
4657:
3998:
4437:
1782:
2798:
3878:
3772:
4983:
1923:
4804:
4565:
1679:
4957:
3826:
3738:
1863:
1795:
1576:
8891:
2740:
2366:
1528:
prime minister and other ministers to be a member of the legislature, in other countries like Canada and the United
Kingdom this only exists as a convention, some other countries including Norway, Sweden and the Benelux countries require a sitting member of the legislature to resign such positions upon being appointed to the executive.
2726:, he writes that an advantage of presidential systems is their ability to allow and accommodate more diverse viewpoints. He states that because "legislators are not compelled to vote against their constituents on matters of local concern, parties can serve as organizational and roll-call cuing vehicles without forcing out dissidents."
2651:
does have its drawbacks. For instance, the flip-flopping of legislation back and forth as the majority in parliament changed between the
Conservatives and Labour over the period 1940–1980, contesting over the nationalisation and privatisation of the British Steel Industry resulted in major instability for the British steel sector.
5298:
6589:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
2251:
Parliamentary systems like that found in the United
Kingdom are widely considered to be more flexible, allowing a rapid change in legislation and policy as long as there is a stable majority or coalition in parliament, allowing the government to have 'few legal limits on what it can do' When combined
2091:
which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of—nor is appointed by—the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of government, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as
2650:
The ability for strong parliamentary governments to push legislation through with the ease of fused power systems such as in the United
Kingdom, whilst positive in allowing rapid adaptation when necessary e.g. the nationalisation of services during the world wars, in the opinion of some commentators
5541:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House
2436:
to be unnatural, as it can potentially allow a president who has disappointed the public with a dismal performance in the second year of his term to continue on until the end of his four-year term. Under a parliamentary system, a prime minister that has lost support in the middle of his term can be
1527:
Implementations of the parliamentary system can also differ as to how the prime minister and government are appointed and whether the government needs the explicit approval of the parliament, rather than just the absence of its disapproval. While most parliamentary systems such as India require the
2568:
large enough to amend the
Hungarian constitution, there was no institution that was able to balance the concentration of power. In a presidential system it would require at least two separate elections to create the same effect; the presidential election, and the legislative election, and that the
2273:
saying "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Furthermore, ministers of the U.K. cabinet are subject to weekly Question Periods in which their actions/policies are scrutinised; no such regular
6588:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
2460:
Although Bagehot praised parliamentary governments for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. Under some systems, such as the British, a ruling party can schedule elections when it believes that it is likely to retain power, and so
5294:
2569:
president's party has the legislative supermajority required for constitutional amendments. Safeguards against this situation implementable in both systems include the establishment of an upper house or a requirement for external ratification of constitutional amendments such as a
2268:
The United Kingdom's fused power system is often noted to be advantageous with regard to accountability. The centralised government allows for more transparency as to where decisions originate from, this contrasts with the American system with Treasury Secretary
2559:
in Hungary has been claimed to show how parliamentary systems can be subverted. The situation in Hungary was according to Fontaine allowed by the deficient separation of powers that characterises parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Once
1996:
In Israel, parliament may vote to dissolve itself in order to call an election, or the prime minister may call a snap election with presidential consent if his government is deadlocked. A non-passage of the budget automatically calls a snap
2158:, Pakistan and Bangladesh have enacted laws that prohibit floor crossing or switching parties after the election. Under these laws, elected representatives will lose their seat in the parliament if they go against their party in votes.
1539:
are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state (be it the monarch, the governor-general, or the president). This system is used
1054:. The gradual democratisation of parliament with the broadening of the voting franchise increased parliament's role in controlling government, and in deciding whom the king could ask to form a government. By the 19th century, the
2854:
All current parliamentary democracies see the indirect election or appointment of their head of government. As a result, the electorate has limited power to remove or install the person or party wielding the most power. Although
4406:
is later appointed by the President of the Republic under proposal of the approved Prime Minister candidate. The Riigikogu may remove the Prime Minister and any other member of the government through a motion of no confidence.
1405:) allow outsiders to be appointed to the Ministry through an appointed Upper House, although a majority of Ministers (which, by necessity, includes the Prime Minister) must come from within (the lower house of) Parliament.
1069:
of government, with an executive answerable to the lower house of a bicameral parliament, and exercising, in the name of the head of state, powers nominally vested in the head of state – hence the use of phrases such as
972:
The first written record of a parliament, in particular in the sense of an assembly separate from the population called in presence of a King was 1188 Alfonso IX, King of Leon (Spain) convened the three states in the
981:
were the first parliament of Europe that officially obtained the power to pass legislation, apart from the custom. An early example of parliamentary government developed in today's Netherlands and Belgium during the
897:, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is from the legislature. In a few countries, the head of government is also head of state but is elected by the legislature. In
1901:, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (
2256:, this system produces the classic "Westminster model" with the twin virtues of strong but responsive party government. This electoral system providing a strong majority in the House of Commons, paired with the
1497:
The Western European parliamentary model (e.g., Spain, Germany) tends to have a more consensual debating system and usually has semi-circular debating chambers. Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use
1110:
have severed institutional ties to Great Britain by becoming republics with their own ceremonial Presidents, but retain the Westminster system of government. The idea of parliamentary accountability and
1510:. Most Western European countries do not employ strict monism, and allow extra-parliamentary ministers as a matter of course. The Netherlands, Slovakia and Sweden outright implement the principle of
2187:
have weak or non-existent checks on the legislative power of their Parliaments, where any newly approved Act shall take precedence over all prior Acts. All laws are equally unentrenched, wherein
2004:
against the government, a supermajority vote in favour of an early election or a prolonged deadlock in parliament. These requirements can still be circumvented. For example, in Germany in 2005,
1082:). Such a system became particularly prevalent in older British dominions, many of which had their constitutions enacted by the British parliament; such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the
7820:
5837:
1208:. The experiences of the war in the occupied nations where the legitimate democratic governments were allowed to return strengthened the public commitment to parliamentary principles; in
1759:
votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state. This system is used in:
2547:, parliamentary systems in Europe have yielded very powerful heads of government which is rather what is often criticized about presidential systems. Fontaine compares United Kingdom's
2238:
Parliamentarism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of parliamentary systems for individual countries. One parliamentarism metric is the Parliamentary Powers Index.
76:
4229:
In theory, chancellor and ministers are appointed by the President. As a practical matter, they are unable to govern without the support (or at least toleration) of a majority in the
5430:
2428:
praised parliamentary governments for producing serious debates, for allowing for a change in power without an election, and for allowing elections at any time. Bagehot considered
8252:
1940:
Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation, and whose procedure can also be described as of a
1905:) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote against the candidate (i.e. they can be elected even if more members of parliament vote
878:. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote.
2161:
In the UK parliament, a member is free to cross over to a different party. In Canada and Australia, there are no restraints on legislators switching sides. In New Zealand,
4864:
listens to the parties in the Assembly of the Republic and invites someone to form a government, usually the leader of the biggest party. Then the president swears in the
2859:
may enable the party of the prime minister to be removed or empowered, this can be at the expense of voters first preferences in the many parliamentary systems utilising
6215:
4340:
4328:
7813:
116:
6131:
6109:
2750:
2376:
2100:
that draws on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems by combining a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament: for example, the
4828:
semi-presidential – the President of Poland has the power to veto legislation passed by parliament and can dissolve the parliament under certain conditions. The
5971:
7739:
6485:
7806:
6455:
3411:
6189:
3419:
2887:
5563:
3415:
1397:. Most Westminster systems employ strict monism, where Ministers must be members of Parliament simultaneously; while some Westminster systems, such as
6674:
5811:
2165:
provides that MPs who switch parties or are expelled from their party may be expelled from Parliament at the request of their former party's leader.
1129:, partially imposed by the democratic victors, the United States, Great Britain and France, on the defeated countries and their successors, notably
1700:
to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days. If said leader fails to obtain the confidence of parliament, then the leader of the
6076:
1361:
and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition. These parliaments tend to have a more adversarial style of debate and the
3469:
3101:
230:
6602:
5833:
5618:
2761:
2387:
7986:
4625:
3423:
2466:
109:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
6245:
8257:
8247:
5524:
2223:
1201:
5422:
1212:, a new constitution was written in 1953, while a long and acrimonious debate in Norway resulted in no changes being made to that country's
1752:
6268:
2437:
easily replaced by his own peers with a more popular alternative, as the Conservative Party in the UK did with successive prime ministers
5375:
2871:
958:
date back to Europe in the Middle Ages. The earliest example of a parliament is disputed, especially depending how the term is defined.
5499:
1973:
Furthermore, there are variations as to what conditions exist (if any) for the government to have the right to dissolve the parliament:
8356:
8267:
5876:
3718:
is nominated by a political party that has secured the best results in the parliamentary election. The nominee must be approved by the
3347:
2573:. Fontaine also notes as a warning example of the flaws of parliamentary systems that if the United States had a parliamentary system,
1157:
increasingly impossible to ignore; these forces came to dominate many states that transitioned to parliamentarism, particularly in the
832:
2677:
2605:
2501:
to this section by making broad generalisations based solely on one citation, and looking solely at one country's parliamentary system
2498:
8399:
8322:
6787:
3355:
2035:
6515:
2226:– bypassing the 2/3rd supermajority required for an early dissolution under the FTPA -, which enabled the early dissolution for the
7883:
7684:
4449:
2222:(FTPA), these can be bypassed through the enactment of another that amends or ignores these supermajorities away, such as with the
1006:
8616:
5158:
4921:
3351:
3109:
2555:
noting the former head of government was much more powerful despite governing under a parliamentary system. The rise to power of
2136:
2132:
2043:
8262:
8203:
7873:
5025:
1090:. Some of these parliaments were reformed from, or were initially developed as distinct from their original British model: the
6211:
6667:
6286:
5761:
5734:
5512:
Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
5369:
5021:
4403:
3473:
3105:
2561:
2321:
1441:
1393:. Regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a
1247:
937:
6043:
5596:
2863:, or having no effect in dislodging those parties who consistently form part of a coalition government, as with the current
8297:
8282:
5457:
5166:
5126:
5029:
4969:
2227:
4763:
1044:'s inability to speak English led to the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister, literally the
8277:
8213:
5401:
5239:
5094:
4857:
4091:
3359:
3315:
3283:
2690:
2618:
2511:
1694:
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister
1378:
1002:, and later in Europe and elsewhere in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the expansion of like institutions, and beyond
223:
7015:
6142:
6101:
6001:
8332:
7981:
5805:
5707:
5680:
5493:
5162:
4233:. The cabinet is politically answerable to the National Council and can be dismissed by the National Council through a
3780:
3587:
3531:
3197:
969:
first gathered around the year 930 (it conducted its business orally, with no written record allowing an exact date).
8312:
8307:
8287:
8112:
6456:"Arturo Fontaine: "Si se estableciera el semipresidencialismo, a poco andar el pueblo sentiría que ha sido engañado""
6037:
5987:
5870:
5651:
5590:
5342:
5274:
4731:
4665:
4643:
3062:
2864:
2841:
2779:
2709:
2637:
2530:
2405:
2347:
1467:
1269:
1014:
987:
700:
2823:
2329:
1696:. For example, in Greece, if no party has a majority, the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an
1449:
8923:
8895:
8366:
8302:
7834:
7271:
6660:
5467:
4279:
3477:
3379:
3133:
2192:
2124:
2120:
1345:
306:
1518:, where Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed (or elected) minister.
8337:
6181:
5234:
5134:
4324:
3727:
3719:
3657:
3387:
3141:
2949:
2462:
2219:
2200:
2092:
may be the case for parliaments (although the parliament may still be able to dissolve itself, as in the case of
1898:
17:
6167:
4198:. If the nomination is rejected by the Parliament, another candidate is chosen by the President within 10 days.
1506:
than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the
8933:
8272:
8029:
7717:
7520:
5033:
4824:
from the largest party or coalition as the head of government. However, the Polish system is often regarded as
4195:
3972:
3481:
3113:
2989:
2945:
2808:
2433:
2325:
2196:
1445:
1251:
933:
825:
695:
473:
321:
216:
3988:
3696:
in which the premier is appointed by the president. The Legislative Yuan may vote for motion of no confidence.
2461:
avoid elections at times of unpopularity. (From 2011, election timing in the UK was partially fixed under the
8676:
8530:
8392:
8183:
7651:
5189:
5130:
5102:
5037:
4332:
4275:
3383:
3260:
3165:
3137:
3011:
2072:
2016:
710:
5555:
3516:
8292:
7848:
7773:
7706:
7525:
7251:
5254:
5024:(MP) and of the political party which commands or is likely to command the confidence of a majority of the
4965:
4943:
4497:
3984:
3916:. He appoints the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim) and the cabinet. The Parliament thereafter approves the
3685:
in which the premier is nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan.
3442:
459:
291:
262:
6555:
8938:
8759:
8317:
8198:
8079:
7959:
7778:
7673:
6782:
6070:"The Anti-Defection Law – Intent and Impact Background Note for the Conference on Effective Legislatures"
5295:"The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system"
5170:
5098:
4759:
4118:
4059:
3583:
3499:
3323:
3291:
2967:
2875:
2068:
1499:
1374:
763:
119:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
5924:
2053:
In Italy the government has no power to call a snap election. A snap election can only be called by the
8231:
8193:
8024:
7783:
7662:
4865:
4735:
4253:
4230:
4095:
3941:
3860:
3762:
3237:
3229:
3205:
3169:
3037:
2860:
2253:
2155:
2148:
1981:, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand, the prime minister has the
949:
296:
267:
106:
7798:
8784:
8736:
8326:
7750:
6942:
6731:
6613:
5456:
4395:
4301:
4126:
3715:
3391:
3319:
3287:
3041:
3019:
2971:
2174:
2128:
1941:
1300:, with just one parliamentary chamber. A bicameral parliament usually consists of a directly elected
1041:
818:
423:
6551:
6511:
5061:
2008:
deliberately allowed his government to lose a confidence motion, in order to call an early election.
1365:
of parliament is more important than committees. Some parliaments in this model are elected using a
8883:
8779:
8588:
8535:
8385:
8178:
7728:
7161:
6967:
6237:
6069:
5244:
4996:
4821:
4790:
4713:
4709:
3886:
3864:
3811:
3233:
3201:
2544:
2420:
2310:
2097:
2015:
is only elected to fill out the previous Riksdag's term. The last time this option was used was in
1745:
a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment.
1430:
1390:
1037:
1010:
995:
538:
428:
5528:
2754:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2380:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
8480:
8069:
8009:
7934:
7226:
6751:
5055:
4739:
4234:
4055:
4010:
3838:
3758:
3045:
2819:
2655:
2314:
1821:
1667:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time.
1434:
1366:
1358:
1283:
1240:
1134:
991:
882:
468:
141:
56:
6421:
5726:
Settler Self-Government, 1840–1900: The Development of Representative and Responsible Government
2191:
may not outright annul nor amend them, as frequently occurs in other parliamentary systems like
174:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
8515:
7020:
6957:
6952:
6609:
5269:
5264:
5138:
4947:
4925:
4829:
4063:
4032:
3894:
3653:
3555:
3450:
3145:
2919:
2578:
2207:
to any bill passed by their Parliament, this check has not been exercised in Britain since the
2047:
1533:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament
1293:
1213:
1181:
1162:
1112:
1079:
966:
894:
705:
647:
593:
181:
131:
66:
5697:
5527:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
5359:
2815:
2757:
2685:
2613:
2506:
2383:
1165:
and its centre-left allies dominated the government for several decades. However, the rise of
965:
consisting of prominent individuals among the free landowners of the various districts of the
8628:
8571:
8465:
8450:
8074:
8034:
7898:
7863:
7830:
7633:
7131:
6867:
5793:
5724:
5668:
5483:
5211:
5065:
4861:
4853:
4687:
4647:
4423:
4191:
4152:
4130:
3968:
3945:
3913:
3613:
3591:
3509:
3446:
3295:
3173:
2923:
2208:
2101:
2001:
1990:
1985:
power to call an election, at will. In Spain, the prime minister is the only person with the
1382:
1333:
1205:
1197:
1158:
1142:
1102:; whereas since 1950 there is no upper house in New Zealand. Many of these countries such as
1087:
1022:
1018:
898:
525:
358:
5860:
5641:
1814:
a candidate whom the head of state is constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister.
8611:
8129:
8064:
7964:
7266:
5249:
5106:
5000:
4903:
4899:
4603:
4555:
4520:
4453:
4399:
4187:
4157:
4122:
4087:
4067:
3976:
3723:
3631:
3072:
3015:
2993:
1829:
1748:
1515:
1320:
distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies: the Westminster and Consensus systems.
1150:
1095:
890:
635:
506:
496:
481:
326:
5051:
2218:
or additional legislative procedures for certain legislation, such as previously with the
8:
8928:
8864:
8633:
8621:
8578:
8188:
8146:
8100:
8014:
7954:
7695:
7311:
7136:
7010:
6947:
6932:
6526:
4813:
4475:
4360:
4305:
4297:
4099:
4036:
4006:
3949:
3807:
3264:
3177:
2927:
2429:
2108:
2088:
2031:
2027:
1855:
1373:), such as the United Kingdom, Canada, India and Malaysia, while others use some form of
1370:
1103:
1030:
1026:
1009:
is remembered as one of the figures relevant later for convening two famous parliaments.
866:
legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the
747:
657:
511:
413:
363:
301:
82:
5485:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
2005:
8829:
8168:
8156:
8151:
8107:
8057:
7914:
7893:
7888:
7422:
7241:
7166:
6937:
6726:
6716:
6385:
6377:
6334:
5215:
4782:
4691:
4599:
4581:
4573:
4524:
4501:
4457:
4427:
4402:(normally this candidate is the leader of the parliamentary coalition of parties). The
4368:
4336:
4257:
4190:
nominates the candidate chosen by the party or coalition which holds a majority in the
3980:
3917:
3746:
3635:
3505:
3327:
2162:
2076:
2054:
1978:
1536:
1511:
1485:
1354:
1341:
1169:
in the 1930s put an end to parliamentary democracy in Italy and Germany, among others.
909:
871:
859:
785:
378:
87:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
6404:
2214:
Whilst both the UK and New Zealand have some Acts or parliamentary rules establishing
1308:
which may be appointed or elected through a different mechanism from the lower house.
1013:, in 1258, stripped the king of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included
8731:
8711:
8656:
8208:
8163:
8139:
8122:
8019:
8004:
7974:
7969:
7919:
7587:
7550:
7481:
7432:
7306:
7035:
6746:
6389:
6369:
6326:
6282:
6033:
5993:
5983:
5866:
5801:
5757:
5730:
5703:
5676:
5647:
5586:
5489:
5365:
5338:
4794:
4547:
4479:
3890:
3868:
3815:
3241:
3209:
2548:
2270:
2260:
results in a particularly powerful government able to provide change and 'innovate'.
2080:
1837:
1386:
1091:
1066:
1040:, the monarch, in theory, chaired the cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King
901:
parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the
780:
454:
316:
311:
272:
245:
151:
5947:"The Assembleia da República as a body that exercises sovereign power / Folketinget"
986:(1581), when the sovereign, legislative and executive powers were taken over by the
974:
8791:
8638:
8606:
8583:
8419:
8173:
8134:
8095:
7597:
7452:
7141:
7121:
7055:
7025:
7000:
6962:
6741:
6570:
6427:
6361:
6318:
6274:
5967:
5898:
5193:
4973:
4669:
4577:
4014:
3842:
3806:
that has the best chance of forming a coalition is given a mandate to do so by the
3689:
3678:
2856:
2257:
2112:
1817:
1328:
1173:
1154:
1083:
1055:
730:
486:
340:
5753:
Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific
2119:
which has an executive council (Byråd) as a part of the parliamentary system. The
2011:
In Sweden, the government may call a snap election at will, but the newly elected
8854:
8844:
8801:
8751:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8561:
8556:
8500:
8490:
8429:
8424:
8117:
8052:
7924:
7437:
7191:
7171:
7126:
6912:
6027:
5751:
5578:
3784:
3068:
2188:
1507:
1503:
1362:
1122:
808:
790:
615:
600:
161:
50:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
6575:
3537:
2556:
8839:
8808:
8796:
8764:
8706:
8671:
8666:
8598:
8460:
8455:
8408:
7929:
7868:
7858:
7853:
7607:
7602:
7486:
7256:
7181:
7085:
7050:
6701:
6365:
5397:
3693:
3682:
3609:
3495:
2425:
2180:
1633:
1401:, permit the appointment of extra-parliamentary Ministers, and others (such as
1317:
1189:
1130:
1099:
1051:
1046:
999:
978:
921:
913:
686:
605:
559:
501:
171:
5361:
The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
8917:
8849:
8774:
8726:
8551:
8510:
8505:
8485:
8475:
7628:
7236:
7095:
6887:
6817:
6721:
6373:
6330:
6278:
5997:
3834:
3520:
2565:
2552:
2446:
2438:
2215:
1891:
A public officeholder (other than the head of state or their representative)
1825:
1297:
1185:
875:
610:
588:
563:
393:
96:
3527:
2286:
study found that parliamentary systems are associated with less corruption.
2057:, following a consultation with the presidents of both houses of parliament.
1895:
a candidate, who, if approved by parliament, is appointed as prime minister.
8834:
8769:
8721:
8716:
8648:
8525:
8520:
7638:
7447:
7352:
7216:
7045:
7030:
6756:
6486:"'Teflon' Mark Rutte set for fourth Dutch term after record-breaking talks"
6431:
6055:
5452:
3937:
2574:
2204:
1492:, Germany. The Consensus system is used in most Western European countries.
1289:
1138:
983:
373:
6652:
8686:
8661:
8495:
8445:
7612:
7545:
7362:
7281:
7065:
7040:
6990:
6902:
6862:
6857:
6837:
6832:
6822:
6807:
6802:
6460:
6168:"[Columns] Anti-Defection Laws in India: Its flaws and its falls"
5398:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
5259:
4372:
4364:
2454:
2442:
2184:
2083:, is dissolved – in effect electing all of the Parliament simultaneously.
1620:
1394:
1305:
1301:
1177:
1126:
902:
867:
677:
642:
545:
533:
398:
6556:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
6516:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
6338:
5834:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5794:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5669:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5619:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5157:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5125:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5093:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
4054:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3936:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3468:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3410:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3378:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3346:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3314:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3282:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3228:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3196:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3164:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3132:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3100:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
2127:, may hold early elections – this has only occurred with regards to the
803:
8859:
8741:
8681:
8470:
7828:
7367:
7296:
7186:
7105:
7090:
7070:
6882:
6852:
6842:
6812:
6687:
6381:
5462:
5229:
4786:
4144:
2867:
2570:
2283:
2000:
Other countries only permit an election to be called in the event of a
1398:
1254: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
955:
855:
767:
757:
752:
491:
353:
38:
5982:(in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120.
4363:
appoints, based on recommendations from the leaders of the parties in
3551:
3058:
2888:
List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary systems
1480:
1062:
deciding who was prime minister and the complexion of the government.
32:
7571:
7491:
7410:
7385:
7347:
7276:
7151:
7060:
6995:
6920:
6907:
6892:
6877:
6847:
6827:
6352:
Norris, Pippa (1995). "The Politics of Electoral Reform in Britain".
6322:
5946:
4551:
4445:
4391:
4327:
appoints usually the leader of the largest party or coalition in the
3754:
3545:
2450:
1833:
1756:
1555:
1146:
1118:
998:, in particular in the period 1707 to 1800 and its contemporary, the
889:
is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a
850:
652:
550:
433:
388:
368:
127:
5482:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
2826:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2299:
1419:
1229:
7535:
7291:
7146:
7080:
7005:
6972:
6872:
6761:
6683:
5980:
Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques
4367:, the cabinet leader who is most likely to successfully assemble a
3750:
2061:
1881:
1659:
1607:
1107:
1094:, for instance, has since its inception more closely reflected the
863:
775:
735:
418:
403:
383:
252:
207:
8377:
5488:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9.
2812:. Nothing in the citation supports the statements in this section.
8824:
7878:
7577:
7342:
7301:
7246:
7221:
7075:
6897:
6797:
4992:
3803:
3541:
2012:
1787:
1774:
1646:
1594:
1402:
1209:
1196:) parliamentary constitutions were implemented, resulting in the
1166:
962:
917:
886:
690:
348:
199:
6026:
Frosini, Justin Orlando (2008). Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco (ed.).
2680:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
2608:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
7582:
7417:
7372:
6711:
6706:
4621:
4528:
3586:
appoints and (no sooner than one year) can dismiss through the
2874:'s 4 terms in office, despite their peak support reaching only
2147:"Anti-defection law" redirects here. For the law in India, see
2093:
2039:
2023:
1959:
1928:
1731:
1568:
1489:
1337:
1193:
925:
740:
682:
580:
6523:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
6132:"ANTI-DEFECTION LAW: A DEATH KNELL FOR PARLIAMENTARY DISSENT?"
164:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
6639:
6309:
Weaver, R. Kent (1985). "Are Parliamentary Systems Better?".
5729:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. p. xxi.
1968:
1868:
1800:
1684:
1581:
1304:
with the power to determine the executive government, and an
1184:. In those countries occupied by the Allied democracies (the
1065:
Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the
6423:
Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter
6409:. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
5579:"The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister"
4527:. Ministers can not even resign without being discharged by
8566:
4817:
2751:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2377:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2116:
1125:
became increasingly prevalent in Europe in the years after
929:
6426:. Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank. p. 27.
5750:
Patapan, Haig; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick Moray (2005).
4785:
appoints the MP leading the largest party or coalition in
4094:(usually the leader of the largest party or coalition) as
190: Dependent territories and places without governments
144:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
7378:
5899:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"
2060:
Norway is unique among parliamentary systems in that the
1989:
power to call an election, granted by Article 115 of the
4820:
are elected by popular vote. The President appoints the
1535:. While in the majority of cases prime ministers in the
1522:
1058:
of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice
1747:
Example: Spain, where the King sends a proposal to the
874:
is usually, but not always, distinct from a ceremonial
6270:
The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey
5481:
5337:. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 92.
4148:
The administrative building of the Albanian Parliament
3983:. However, Myanmar is currently under the rule of the
1977:
In some countries, especially those operating under a
5077:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
4170:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3567:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3412:
House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3084:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
2903:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
1389:
is elected using proportional representation through
184:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
6603:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
5702:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 571.
5040:
on the nomination and advice of the Prime Minister.
3420:
Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2067:
In Australia, under certain, unique conditions, the
1149:
had already made the parliamentarist demands of the
1000:
Parliamentary System in Sweden between 1721 and 1772
6453:
5423:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
4860:or the resignation of the previous government, the
2564:of the seats in Parliament in a single election, a
2274:check on the government exists in the U.S. system.
6484:
5749:
5696:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
4090:appoints the MP or individual nominated by in the
3920:through a vote of confidence (a simple majority).
3416:Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2577:, as head of government, could have dissolved the
2087:The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
77:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
7889:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
5335:La Diputació del General de Catalunya (1413-1479)
2477:
134:holds significant executive and legislative power
8915:
5722:
4999:, who in turn appoints the other members of the
6454:Valenzuela Manguini, Álvaro (5 November 2021).
6449:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
5695:
5554:Blick, Andrew; Jones, George (1 January 2012).
4371:which will not be disapproved by a majority in
3912:Maronite Christian president is elected by the
3470:House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago
3102:House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda
2154:A few parliamentary democratic nations such as
6406:Constitutional reform and effective government
5865:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5859:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5858:
5798:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5673:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5646:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5640:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5639:
5471:. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4626:Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia
3749:appoints the leader of the political party or
2729:
2467:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
2263:
2123:are also parliamentary and which, as with the
2064:always serves the whole of its four-year term.
8393:
7814:
7740:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
6668:
5723:Fieldhouse, David; Madden, Frederick (1990).
2694:that contextualizes different points of view.
2622:that contextualizes different points of view.
2515:that contextualizes different points of view.
2224:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019
2195:. Whilst the head of state for both nations (
826:
224:
6438:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
5836:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013.
2584:
2179:A few parliamentary democracies such as the
2168:
2034:when his or her term ends. In January 2015,
1751:for approval. Also, Germany where under the
881:Countries with parliamentary systems may be
6682:
6544:
6266:
6214:. New Zealand Parliament. 20 January 2016.
3863:approves the Crown Prince who appoints the
3424:Cabinet of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2328:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2079:, whereby all rather than only half of the
2036:this constitutional provision was exploited
1448:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1214:strongly entrenched democratic constitution
1021:pioneered some of the ideas and systems of
870:, to which they are held accountable. This
205:
197:
8400:
8386:
7935:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
7821:
7807:
6675:
6661:
6267:Fish, M. Steven; Kroenig, Matthew (2009).
5621:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
5553:
3753:that has the support of a majority in the
3348:National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2654:
1969:Power of dissolution and call for election
833:
819:
231:
217:
6594:
6574:
6402:
6295:
6273:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5791:
5699:The Historical Foundations of World Order
5666:
5525:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
4576:grants and revokes its confidence in the
4160:, the lower chamber of Spanish Parliament
3356:Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2842:Learn how and when to remove this message
2780:Learn how and when to remove this message
2710:Learn how and when to remove this message
2638:Learn how and when to remove this message
2531:Learn how and when to remove this message
2406:Learn how and when to remove this message
2348:Learn how and when to remove this message
1468:Learn how and when to remove this message
1270:Learn how and when to remove this message
6419:
5966:
5960:
5925:"Sådan dannes en regering / Folketinget"
5776:
5060:
5050:
4151:
4143:
3810:. On success, they are appointed as the
3550:
3536:
3526:
3515:
3504:
3494:
3067:
3057:
2432:such as the four-year election rule for
2277:
1708:. If that fails, then the leader of the
1479:
1327:
924:, with other users scattered throughout
908:Parliamentary democracy is the dominant
31:
6550:
6510:
6025:
5458:"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"
5451:
5332:
3814:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3726:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3352:Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3110:Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
2289:
1377:, such as Ireland and New Zealand. The
14:
8916:
6482:
6354:International Political Science Review
6351:
6308:
6192:from the original on 28 September 2022
6029:Forms of State and Forms of Government
5576:
5357:
2121:devolved nations of the United Kingdom
2026:, a general election is called if the
1712:-largest political party is given the
938:local governments in the United States
37:World's states coloured by systems of
8381:
7802:
6656:
6643:
6600:
6504:
6019:
5840:from the original on 16 December 2013
5517:
4404:Government of the Republic of Estonia
4329:Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament
4070:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3952:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3474:Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
3106:Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
2142:
2107:Parliamentarianism may also apply to
1523:Appointment of the head of government
1323:
1288:A parliamentary system may be either
8890:
6248:from the original on 21 October 2022
6218:from the original on 17 October 2022
6112:from the original on 2 December 2019
5562:. Government of the United Kingdom.
5433:from the original on 23 January 2015
5404:from the original on 19 January 2015
5297:. UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013.
5173:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5167:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
5141:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5127:New Zealand House of Representatives
5109:on the advice of the Prime Minister
4732:Second Chamber of the States-General
3484:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3426:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3394:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3362:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3330:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3298:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3244:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3212:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3180:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3148:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3116:on the advice of the Prime Minister
2791:
2733:
2660:
2588:
2481:
2359:
2326:adding citations to reliable sources
2293:
2203:) has the de jure power to withhold
1716:, and so on. This system is used in:
1446:adding citations to reliable sources
1413:
1252:adding citations to reliable sources
1223:
1198:parliamentary constitutions of Italy
8407:
7894:Speaker / President of the assembly
6102:"Anti-defection law the challenges"
6082:from the original on 19 August 2019
6046:from the original on 19 August 2020
6032:. Giuffrè Editore. pp. 54–55.
5879:from the original on 19 August 2020
5781:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5599:from the original on 19 August 2020
5566:from the original on 10 March 2016.
5556:"The Institution of Prime Minister"
5240:List of political systems in France
5095:Australian House of Representatives
5036:, who then appoints members of the
4194:. The Parliament then approves the
3722:and then formally appointed by the
3512:, parliament building of Bangladesh
3316:House of Representatives of Jamaica
3284:House of Representatives of Grenada
1409:
1379:Australian House of Representatives
24:
7982:International development minister
6420:Lederman, Daniel (November 2001).
5814:from the original on 1 August 2020
5743:
5445:
5378:from the original on 1 August 2020
5163:Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
3588:constructive vote of no confidence
3532:Council of Representatives of Iraq
3198:House of Representatives of Belize
3063:House of Representatives of Belize
1219:
1204:(now all of Germany) and the 1947
1074:(in constitutional monarchies) or
1017:. Later, in the 17th century, the
25:
8950:
8357:Government ministers by portfolio
8113:Ministry of Education and Culture
6635:
5862:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5643:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5502:from the original on 30 June 2020
5301:from the original on 24 June 2016
5275:Strengthened parliamentary system
4335:. The Prime Minister must gain a
4331:as Prime Minister, who forms the
2724:Are Parliamentary Systems Better?
988:States General of the Netherlands
701:Biology and political orientation
8889:
8878:
8877:
8362:
8361:
8351:
8350:
6608:. School of Law and Government,
6483:Henley, Jon (14 December 2021).
6238:"Fixed-term Parliament Act 2011"
5974:[The crowned republics]
5796:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5671:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5468:Dictionary of National Biography
5201:
5179:
5147:
5115:
5083:
5020:The Leader, almost invariably a
5009:
4981:
4955:
4933:
4911:
4889:
4874:
4842:
4832:defines the country's system as
4802:
4771:
4748:
4721:
4699:
4677:
4655:
4633:
4611:
4589:
4563:
4537:
4509:
4487:
4465:
4435:
4413:
4381:
4349:
4314:
4287:
4280:Council of Ministers of Bulgaria
4265:
4243:
4219:
4204:
4176:
4108:
4076:
4044:
4022:
3996:
3958:
3926:
3902:
3876:
3850:
3824:
3792:
3770:
3736:
3704:
3665:
3643:
3621:
3599:
3573:
3478:President of Trinidad and Tobago
3458:
3432:
3407:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3400:
3380:House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
3368:
3360:Cabinet of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3336:
3304:
3272:
3250:
3218:
3186:
3154:
3134:House of Assembly of the Bahamas
3122:
3090:
3027:
3001:
2979:
2957:
2935:
2909:
2796:
2738:
2665:
2593:
2486:
2472:
2364:
2298:
1952:
1938:Direct election by popular vote.
1921:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1724:
1677:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1418:
1228:
1180:were occupied by the victorious
1015:ordinary citizens from the towns
862:(chief executive) derives their
802:
7685:Social and political philosophy
6476:
6413:
6396:
6345:
6260:
6230:
6204:
6174:
6160:
6124:
6094:
6062:
5939:
5917:
5891:
5852:
5826:
5785:
5770:
5716:
5689:
5660:
5633:
5611:
5570:
5547:
5321:The Life and Death of Democracy
5235:List of legislatures by country
5135:Governor-General of New Zealand
4816:and the governing party in the
4554:, who is then appointed by the
4325:President of the Czech Republic
3388:Governor-General of Saint Lucia
3142:Governor-General of the Bahamas
2463:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2434:presidents of the United States
2246:
2220:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2044:trigger a snap election, win it
1899:Instrument of Government (1974)
1239:needs additional citations for
204:systems of government, not the
8030:Ministry of trade and industry
7521:Political history of the world
6644:
5972:"Les monarchies républicaines"
5585:. Princeton University Press.
5475:
5415:
5390:
5364:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4.
5351:
5326:
5313:
5287:
3523:, parliament building of India
3482:Cabinet of Trinidad and Tobago
3114:Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda
2946:Federal Parliamentary Assembly
2478:Incomplete separation of power
1316:Scholars of democracy such as
696:Theories of political behavior
322:Political history of the world
13:
1:
8677:Needle and syringe programmes
8531:Universal access to education
8184:Ministry of religious affairs
5280:
5131:Prime Minister of New Zealand
5103:Governor-General of Australia
4764:Government of North Macedonia
3384:Prime Minister of Saint Lucia
3166:House of Assembly of Barbados
3138:Prime Minister of the Bahamas
3012:Federal Parliament of Somalia
2241:
1153:and the emerging movement of
932:. A similar system, called a
711:Critique of political economy
154:: Monarch has unlimited power
117:Assembly-independent republic
7526:History of political thought
6403:Sundquist, James L. (1992).
6141:. March 2012. Archived from
5583:Office of the Prime Minister
5255:Rule according to higher law
4523:appoints and discharges the
3985:State Administration Council
3500:National Assembly of Armenia
2968:National Assembly of Lesotho
2881:
2562:Orbán's party got two-thirds
2465:, which was repealed by the
1704:-largest party is given the
1346:British Houses of Parliament
920:, and throughout the former
292:Outline of political science
142:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
8760:Publicly funded health care
8199:Ministry of social security
8080:Ministry of water resources
7960:Ministry of foreign affairs
7829:Common types of government
6576:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
5223:
5171:Cabinet of Papua New Guinea
5099:Prime Minister of Australia
4970:President of the Government
4452:(after nomination from the
4398:candidate nominated by the
4060:Prime Minister of Singapore
4013:who, by turn, appoints the
3563:
3324:Governor-General of Jamaica
3292:Governor-General of Grenada
3080:
3053:
2822:the claims made and adding
2730:Democratic unaccountability
2264:Scrutiny and accountability
1897:Example: Under the Swedish
1500:proportional representation
1375:proportional representation
1115:spread with these systems.
1076:His Excellency's government
994:. Significant developments
961:For example, the Icelandic
92: Presidential republic
69:with a ceremonial president
10:
8955:
8232:Minister without portfolio
8194:Ministry of social affairs
8025:Ministry of infrastructure
6366:10.1177/019251219501600105
6212:"Our system of government"
5577:Carter, Byrum E. (2015) .
5560:History of Government Blog
5046:
4736:Cabinet of the Netherlands
3942:Prime Minister of Malaysia
3781:Council of Representatives
3763:Union Council of Ministers
3672:Republic of China (Taiwan)
3238:Governor General of Canada
3230:House of Commons of Canada
3206:Governor-General of Belize
3170:Prime Minister of Barbados
3038:Parliament of South Africa
2885:
2254:first-past-the-post voting
2233:
2209:1708 Scottish Militia Bill
2172:
2149:Anti-defection law (India)
2146:
1944:. This system was used in:
1828:. Also Ireland, where the
1816:Example: Japan, where the
1281:
950:History of parliamentarism
947:
943:
934:council–manager government
297:Index of politics articles
107:Semi-presidential republic
8873:
8817:
8785:National health insurance
8750:
8737:Supervised injection site
8647:
8597:
8544:
8438:
8415:
8346:
8283:Communications ministries
8240:
8224:
8088:
8043:
7995:
7943:
7907:
7841:
7769:
7762:
7621:
7563:
7511:
7504:
7472:
7465:
7405:
7398:
7333:
7324:
7207:
7200:
7114:
6983:
6770:
6732:National unity government
6694:
6650:
5800:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
5675:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
4400:President of the Republic
4139:
3987:, which assumed power by
3320:Prime Minister of Jamaica
3288:Prime Minister of Grenada
2972:Prime Minister of Lesotho
2892:
2722:In R. Kent Weaver's book
2585:Legislative flip-flopping
2175:Parliamentary sovereignty
2169:Parliamentary sovereignty
2129:Northern Ireland Assembly
2096:). There also exists the
1942:semi-parliamentary system
1840:. This system is used in:
1824:on the nomination of the
1131:Germany's Weimar Republic
883:constitutional monarchies
59:with a ceremonial monarch
8780:Single-payer health care
8589:Universal basic services
8536:Universal basic services
8278:Climate change ministers
8179:Ministry of home affairs
7162:Environmental regulation
6968:Representative democracy
6279:10.1017/cbo9780511575655
6182:"UK Parliament glossary"
5777:Lijphart, Arend (1999).
5400:. BBC. 19 January 2015.
5333:Sánchez, Isabel (2004).
5245:Parliament in the Making
5169:, who then appoints the
5137:, who then appoints the
5105:, who then appoints the
4966:The Congress of Deputies
4858:Assembly of the Republic
4836:parliamentary republic.
4714:Government of Montenegro
4710:Parliament of Montenegro
4666:House of Representatives
4092:House of Representatives
4066:, who then appoints the
3948:, who then appoints the
3812:Prime Minister of Israel
3480:, who then appoints the
3422:, who then appoints the
3390:, who then appoints the
3358:, who then appoints the
3326:, who then appoints the
3294:, who then appoints the
3240:, who then appoints the
3234:Prime Minister of Canada
3208:, who then appoints the
3202:Prime Minister of Belize
3176:, who then appoints the
3144:, who then appoints the
3112:, who then appoints the
2421:The English Constitution
2163:waka-jumping legislation
2098:semi-presidential system
1391:single transferable vote
1357:is usually found in the
1311:
1072:Her Majesty's government
1038:Kingdom of Great Britain
996:Kingdom of Great Britain
8924:Parliamentary procedure
8481:Public good (economics)
8367:Ministries by portfolio
8338:Public works ministries
8070:Ministry of electricity
8010:Ministry of the economy
7884:Office of the president
7227:Uncodified constitution
6752:Administrative division
6552:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
6512:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
5358:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
5323:, London 2009, 169–176.
5056:Parliament of Australia
4740:motion of no confidence
4302:President of Government
4235:motion of no confidence
4056:Parliament of Singapore
3759:Prime Minister of India
3677:1947 Constitution: The
3490:
2656:Political fragmentation
1913:This system is used in:
1669:This system is used in:
1367:plurality voting system
1359:Commonwealth of Nations
1284:Parliamentary procedure
1135:First Austrian Republic
1080:parliamentary republics
992:King Philip II of Spain
895:parliamentary republics
706:Political organisations
469:International relations
307:Politics by subdivision
57:Constitutional monarchy
8303:Environment ministries
8273:Agriculture ministries
8268:Presidents of assembly
8263:Deputy prime ministers
6610:Dublin City University
6432:10.1596/1813-9450-2708
6106:legalservicesindia.com
5270:Parliamentary republic
5265:Parliamentary monarchy
5139:Cabinet of New Zealand
5068:
5058:
4948:Government of Slovenia
4926:Government of Slovakia
4830:Constitution of Poland
4308:nominated by him/her.
4161:
4149:
4064:President of Singapore
4033:Parliament of Pakistan
3654:Parliament of Cambodia
3558:
3556:Parliament of Malaysia
3548:
3534:
3524:
3513:
3502:
3392:Cabinet of Saint Lucia
3146:Cabinet of the Bahamas
3075:
3065:
2920:Parliament of Botswana
2760:by rewriting it in an
2579:United States Congress
2551:to the United States'
2386:by rewriting it in an
1493:
1349:
1340:, United Kingdom. The
1294:chambers of parliament
1113:responsible government
967:Icelandic Commonwealth
238:
206:
198:
196:this chart represents
182:Provisional government
67:Parliamentary republic
8934:Political terminology
8629:Public infrastructure
8466:Public administration
8451:Free-culture movement
8298:Environment ministers
8204:Minister for Veterans
8075:Ministry of Petroleum
8035:Ministry of transport
7874:Deputy First Minister
7864:Deputy prime minister
7718:aspects of capitalism
7634:History of philosophy
7132:Unemployment benefits
6868:Military dictatorship
5779:Patterns of democracy
5212:Parliament of Vanuatu
5066:Parliament of Vanuatu
5064:
5054:
4688:Parliament of Moldova
4648:Cabinet of Luxembourg
4424:Parliament of Finland
4192:Parliament of Albania
4155:
4147:
3969:Assembly of the Union
3946:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3914:Parliament of Lebanon
3761:, who then forms the
3688:2005 Amendments: The
3614:Cabinet of Bangladesh
3592:Government of Armenia
3554:
3540:
3530:
3519:
3510:Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban
3508:
3498:
3343:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3174:President of Barbados
3071:
3061:
2688:by rewriting it in a
2616:by rewriting it in a
2509:by rewriting it in a
2278:Distribution of power
2228:2019 general election
2173:Further information:
2102:French Fifth Republic
2030:fails to elect a new
2002:vote of no confidence
1836:on the nomination of
1483:
1383:instant-runoff voting
1334:Palace of Westminster
1331:
1282:Further information:
1206:Constitution of Japan
1159:French Third Republic
1143:Industrial Revolution
1137:. Nineteenth-century
1088:Union of South Africa
1019:Parliament of England
948:Further information:
786:Political campaigning
526:Public administration
359:Collective leadership
212:degree of democracy.
46:Parliamentary systems
35:
8293:Education ministries
8130:Information minister
8065:Environment minister
7965:Immigration minister
7652:Political ideologies
6928:Parliamentary system
6311:The Brookings Review
6244:. 26 November 2021.
5903:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd
5250:Parliamentary leader
5190:Legislative Assembly
5107:Cabinet of Australia
5022:Member of Parliament
4904:Government of Serbia
4868:and the Government.
4604:Government of Kosovo
4556:President of Ireland
4521:President of Iceland
4454:President of Germany
4188:President of Albania
4158:Congress of Deputies
4068:Cabinet of Singapore
3728:Cabinet of Ministers
3658:Council of Ministers
3632:Parliament of Bhutan
3073:Parliament of Canada
2994:Cabinet of Mauritius
2950:Council of Ministers
2865:Dutch prime minister
2430:fixed-term elections
2322:improve this section
2290:Calling of elections
1830:President of Ireland
1749:Congress of Deputies
1516:separation of powers
1442:improve this section
1344:originates from the
1248:improve this article
891:member of parliament
636:Separation of powers
507:Political psychology
482:Comparative politics
460:political scientists
447:Academic disciplines
327:Political philosophy
8865:Public viewing area
8634:Public water system
8622:Municipal broadband
8579:Public broadcasting
8189:Ministry of science
8147:Ministry of justice
8140:Ministry of housing
8101:Ministry of culture
8015:Ministry of finance
7955:Ministry of defence
7774:Forms of government
7707:Conservatism navbox
7312:Legislative council
7137:National healthcare
7011:Christian democracy
6933:Presidential system
6788:Countries by system
6619:on 12 February 2012
6188:. 27 October 2022.
5429:. 20 January 2015.
5159:National Parliament
4814:President of Poland
4644:Chamber of Deputies
4580:, appointed by the
4529:presidential decree
4476:Hellenic Parliament
4341:Chamber of Deputies
4298:Croatian Parliament
4100:Cabinet of Thailand
4037:Cabinet of Pakistan
4007:Parliament of Nepal
3950:Cabinet of Malaysia
3808:President of Israel
3465:Trinidad and Tobago
3451:Cabinet of Suriname
3449:, who appoints the
3265:Cabinet of Dominica
3178:Cabinet of Barbados
3097:Antigua and Barbuda
2861:first past the post
2089:presidential system
1755:(constitution) the
1714:exploratory mandate
1706:exploratory mandate
1698:exploratory mandate
1371:first past the post
1178:fascist Axis powers
1104:Trinidad and Tobago
1050:or first minister,
1031:Bill of Rights 1689
1029:and passage of the
1027:Glorious Revolution
1025:culminating in the
809:Politics portal
658:Election commission
629:Government branches
512:Political sociology
364:Confessional system
302:Politics by country
83:Presidential system
8939:Types of democracy
8830:Government auction
8516:Public procurement
8333:Interior ministers
8214:Minister for women
8169:Ministry of sports
8157:Ministry of labour
8152:Minister of labour
8123:Ministry of health
8108:Education minister
8058:Ministry of energy
7915:Secretary of state
7779:Types of democracy
7674:Political spectrum
7287:Legislative bodies
7242:Head of government
7167:Banking regulation
6727:Federal government
6717:Central government
6514:(September 2005).
5970:(September 1996).
5927:. 29 November 2016
5792:Julian Go (2007).
5667:Julian Go (2007).
5531:on 24 October 2014
5216:Cabinet of Vanuatu
5069:
5059:
4692:Cabinet of Moldova
4600:Assembly of Kosovo
4582:President of Italy
4574:Italian Parliament
4525:Cabinet of Iceland
4502:Cabinet of Hungary
4450:Federal Chancellor
4428:Cabinet of Finland
4337:vote of confidence
4258:Cabinet of Belgium
4254:Federal Parliament
4162:
4150:
4001:
3981:Cabinet of Myanmar
3918:Cabinet of Lebanon
3893:who nominates the
3747:President of India
3636:Lhengye Zhungtshog
3559:
3549:
3535:
3525:
3514:
3503:
3328:Cabinet of Jamaica
3296:Cabinet of Grenada
3076:
3066:
2870:and his party the
2807:possibly contains
2762:encyclopedic style
2749:is written like a
2388:encyclopedic style
2375:is written like a
2258:fused power system
2143:Anti-defection law
2077:double dissolution
1979:Westminster system
1741:The head of state
1537:Westminster system
1494:
1486:Reichstag Building
1355:Westminster system
1350:
1342:Westminster system
1324:Westminster system
1123:parliamentarianism
1067:Westminster system
990:from the monarch,
979:Corts of Catalonia
936:, is used by many
910:form of government
872:head of government
860:head of government
492:Political analysis
424:Semi-parliamentary
239:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8904:
8732:Public university
8712:Public open space
8657:Drinking fountain
8617:Telecommunication
8375:
8374:
8323:Health ministries
8318:Forest ministries
8313:Foreign ministers
8308:Finance ministers
8288:Defence ministers
8209:Ministry of women
8164:Regional minister
8046:natural resources
8020:Industry minister
8005:Commerce minister
7975:Interior ministry
7970:Interior minister
7946:foreign affairs /
7920:Minister of state
7796:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7784:Political parties
7663:Political culture
7588:International law
7559:
7558:
7551:U.S. Constitution
7500:
7499:
7482:Political science
7461:
7460:
7433:Political parties
7394:
7393:
7320:
7319:
7036:Constitutionalism
6747:County government
6601:McMenamin, Iain.
6554:(December 2005).
6532:on 19 August 2008
6288:978-0-521-51466-8
6007:on 1 October 2018
5968:Duverger, Maurice
5763:978-0-86840-848-4
5736:978-0-313-27326-1
5371:978-1-84725-226-5
5221:
5220:
5044:
5043:
5034:British sovereign
4944:National Assembly
4900:National Assembly
4498:National Assembly
4480:Cabinet of Greece
4456:), who forms the
4276:National Assembly
4137:
4136:
4119:National Assembly
3973:electoral college
3887:National Assembly
3869:Cabinet of Kuwait
3867:who appoints the
3861:National Assembly
3841:who appoints the
3816:Cabinet of Israel
3584:National Assembly
3488:
3487:
3443:National Assembly
3242:Cabinet of Canada
3210:Cabinet of Belize
3051:
3050:
3044:who appoints the
3018:who appoints the
2990:National Assembly
2926:who appoints the
2852:
2851:
2844:
2809:original research
2790:
2789:
2782:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2674:This section may
2648:
2647:
2640:
2602:This section may
2549:Margaret Thatcher
2541:
2540:
2533:
2495:This section may
2418:In his 1867 book
2416:
2415:
2408:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2271:C. Douglas Dillon
2113:local governments
1478:
1477:
1470:
1381:is elected using
1280:
1279:
1272:
1098:than the British
1092:Australian Senate
1023:liberal democracy
1007:Simon de Montfort
843:
842:
791:Political parties
731:Electoral systems
455:Political science
429:Semi-presidential
341:Political systems
317:Political history
312:Political economy
152:Absolute monarchy
27:Government System
16:(Redirected from
8946:
8893:
8892:
8881:
8880:
8792:Social insurance
8639:Waste management
8607:Electric utility
8584:Public transport
8501:Public ownership
8420:Municipalization
8402:
8395:
8388:
8379:
8378:
8365:
8364:
8354:
8353:
8174:Tourism minister
8135:Housing minister
8096:Culture minister
7823:
7816:
7809:
7800:
7799:
7767:
7766:
7755:
7751:World government
7749:
7744:
7738:
7733:
7727:
7722:
7716:
7711:
7705:
7700:
7694:
7689:
7683:
7678:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7656:
7650:
7598:World government
7509:
7508:
7470:
7469:
7453:Environmentalism
7403:
7402:
7331:
7330:
7205:
7204:
7142:Public education
7122:Social insurance
7056:Environmentalism
7026:Communitarianism
7001:Authoritarianism
6963:Direct democracy
6742:Local government
6677:
6670:
6663:
6654:
6653:
6641:
6640:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6612:. Archived from
6607:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6560:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6525:. Archived from
6520:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6488:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6451:
6436:
6435:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6323:10.2307/20079894
6306:
6293:
6292:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6170:. 1 August 2019.
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6136:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6074:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6006:
6000:. Archived from
5977:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5460:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5330:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5194:Cabinet of Samoa
5185:
5183:
5182:
5154:Papua New Guinea
5153:
5151:
5150:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5071:
5070:
5026:House of Commons
5017:
5015:
5013:
5012:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4972:, who forms the
4961:
4959:
4958:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4922:National Council
4917:
4915:
4914:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4793:, who forms the
4777:
4775:
4774:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4734:can dismiss the
4727:
4725:
4724:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4670:Cabinet of Malta
4661:
4659:
4658:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4578:Cabinet of Italy
4569:
4567:
4566:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4231:National Council
4225:
4223:
4222:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4164:
4163:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4098:, who forms the
4082:
4080:
4079:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4015:Cabinet of Nepal
4002:
4000:
3999:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3843:Cabinet of Japan
3830:
3828:
3827:
3802:A member of the
3798:
3796:
3795:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3690:Legislative Yuan
3679:Legislative Yuan
3671:
3669:
3668:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3561:
3560:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3077:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2896:
2857:strategic voting
2847:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:inline citations
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2691:balanced fashion
2669:
2668:
2661:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2619:balanced fashion
2597:
2596:
2589:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2512:balanced fashion
2490:
2489:
2482:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2302:
2294:
2201:Governor General
2115:. An example is
2073:Governor General
2071:can request the
2046:and oust rivals
2006:Gerhard Schröder
1958:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1753:German Basic Law
1730:
1728:
1727:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1504:open party lists
1473:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1422:
1414:
1410:Consensus system
1275:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1232:
1224:
1174:Second World War
1155:social democrats
1084:Irish Free State
1056:Great Reform Act
835:
828:
821:
807:
806:
597:
542:
497:Political theory
487:Election science
477:
463:
241:
240:
233:
226:
219:
211:
203:
189:
179:
169:
159:
149:
139:
125:
114:
104:
91:
74:
64:
54:
21:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8869:
8855:Public security
8845:Public offering
8813:
8802:Social security
8752:Social services
8746:
8702:Public hospital
8697:Public computer
8692:Public bookcase
8643:
8593:
8562:Law enforcement
8557:Fire department
8540:
8491:Public interest
8434:
8430:Progressive tax
8425:Nationalization
8411:
8409:Public services
8406:
8376:
8371:
8342:
8258:Prime ministers
8253:Vice presidents
8236:
8220:
8118:Health minister
8084:
8053:Energy minister
8045:
8039:
7997:
7991:
7947:
7945:
7939:
7925:Deputy minister
7903:
7837:
7827:
7797:
7788:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7731:
7729:Western culture
7725:
7720:
7714:
7709:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7687:
7681:
7676:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7654:
7648:
7617:
7555:
7496:
7477:Fields of study
7457:
7438:Advocacy groups
7390:
7326:
7316:
7196:
7192:Street cleaning
7172:Food inspection
7127:Law enforcement
7110:
6979:
6913:Totalitarianism
6766:
6690:
6681:
6646:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6581:
6579:
6563:French Politics
6558:
6549:
6545:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6518:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6493:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6452:
6439:
6418:
6414:
6401:
6397:
6350:
6346:
6307:
6296:
6289:
6265:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:NUJS Law Review
6134:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6049:
6047:
6040:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5990:
5975:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5873:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5790:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5593:
5575:
5571:
5552:
5548:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5505:
5503:
5496:
5480:
5476:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5226:
5202:
5200:
5180:
5178:
5148:
5146:
5116:
5114:
5084:
5082:
5049:
5028:, is appointed
5010:
5008:
5007:
4982:
4980:
4956:
4954:
4934:
4932:
4912:
4910:
4890:
4888:
4875:
4873:
4843:
4841:
4803:
4801:
4772:
4770:
4755:North Macedonia
4749:
4747:
4746:
4722:
4720:
4700:
4698:
4678:
4676:
4656:
4654:
4634:
4632:
4612:
4610:
4590:
4588:
4564:
4562:
4538:
4536:
4510:
4508:
4488:
4486:
4466:
4464:
4436:
4434:
4414:
4412:
4382:
4380:
4350:
4348:
4315:
4313:
4288:
4286:
4266:
4264:
4244:
4242:
4220:
4218:
4205:
4203:
4177:
4175:
4142:
4109:
4107:
4077:
4075:
4045:
4043:
4023:
4021:
3997:
3995:
3959:
3957:
3927:
3925:
3903:
3901:
3877:
3875:
3851:
3849:
3825:
3823:
3793:
3791:
3785:Cabinet of Iraq
3771:
3769:
3737:
3735:
3705:
3703:
3666:
3664:
3644:
3642:
3622:
3620:
3600:
3598:
3574:
3572:
3493:
3459:
3457:
3433:
3431:
3401:
3399:
3369:
3367:
3337:
3335:
3305:
3303:
3273:
3271:
3251:
3249:
3219:
3217:
3187:
3185:
3155:
3153:
3123:
3121:
3091:
3089:
3056:
3028:
3026:
3002:
3000:
2980:
2978:
2970:determines the
2958:
2956:
2936:
2934:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2758:help improve it
2755:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2686:help improve it
2683:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2614:help improve it
2611:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2545:Arturo Fontaine
2537:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2507:help improve it
2504:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2384:help improve it
2381:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2319:
2303:
2292:
2280:
2266:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2216:supermajorities
2189:judicial review
2177:
2171:
2152:
2145:
1971:
1953:
1951:
1922:
1920:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1725:
1723:
1678:
1676:
1653:
1651:
1640:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1547:
1525:
1508:plenary chamber
1474:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1439:
1423:
1412:
1363:plenary session
1326:
1314:
1296:(or houses) or
1286:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1245:
1233:
1222:
1220:Characteristics
1176:, the defeated
952:
946:
839:
801:
796:
795:
726:
725:
716:
715:
673:
672:
663:
662:
631:
630:
621:
620:
616:Public interest
601:Domestic policy
591:
584:
583:
572:
571:
536:
529:
528:
517:
516:
478:
471:
464:
457:
449:
448:
439:
438:
344:
343:
332:
331:
287:
286:
277:
246:Politics series
237:
192:
191:
187:
185:
177:
175:
167:
165:
162:One-party state
157:
155:
147:
145:
137:
135:
123:
121:
120:
112:
110:
102:
94:
93:
89:
80:
79:
72:
70:
62:
60:
52:
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Parliamentarism
15:
12:
11:
5:
8952:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8887:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8840:Public holiday
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8809:Youth services
8806:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8797:Social pension
8789:
8788:
8787:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8765:Public housing
8762:
8756:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8707:Public library
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8672:Infrastructure
8669:
8667:Free education
8664:
8659:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8614:
8609:
8603:
8601:
8599:Public utility
8595:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8572:Savings system
8567:Postal service
8564:
8559:
8554:
8548:
8546:
8545:Basic services
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8461:Product sample
8458:
8456:Free newspaper
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8405:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8382:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8359:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8149:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8132:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8049:
8047:
8044:Environment /
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8001:
7999:
7998:infrastructure
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7951:
7949:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7930:Undersecretary
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7869:First minister
7866:
7861:
7859:Prime minister
7856:
7854:Vice president
7851:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7838:
7826:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7745:
7734:
7723:
7712:
7701:
7690:
7679:
7668:
7657:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7608:European Union
7605:
7603:United Nations
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7487:Urban planning
7484:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7257:Prime minister
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7208:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7182:Traffic lights
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7101:Theoreticians:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7086:Fundamentalism
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7051:Egalitarianism
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6930:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6680:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6637:
6636:External links
6634:
6631:
6630:
6593:
6569:(3): 323–351.
6543:
6503:
6475:
6437:
6412:
6395:
6344:
6294:
6287:
6259:
6229:
6203:
6173:
6159:
6148:on 28 May 2016
6123:
6093:
6061:
6038:
6018:
5988:
5959:
5938:
5916:
5890:
5871:
5851:
5825:
5807:978-9004151741
5806:
5784:
5769:
5762:
5756:. UNSW Press.
5742:
5735:
5715:
5709:978-9047423935
5708:
5688:
5682:978-9004151741
5681:
5659:
5652:
5632:
5610:
5591:
5569:
5546:
5516:
5495:978-1139991384
5494:
5474:
5444:
5414:
5389:
5370:
5350:
5343:
5325:
5312:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5209:
5197:
5196:
5187:
5175:
5174:
5155:
5143:
5142:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5091:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5030:Prime Minister
5018:
5016:United Kingdom
5004:
5003:
4997:Prime Minister
4989:
4977:
4976:
4963:
4951:
4950:
4941:
4929:
4928:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4866:prime minister
4850:
4838:
4837:
4822:Prime Minister
4810:
4798:
4797:
4791:Prime Minister
4779:
4767:
4766:
4757:
4743:
4742:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4663:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4607:
4606:
4597:
4585:
4584:
4571:
4559:
4558:
4550:nominates the
4545:
4533:
4532:
4517:
4505:
4504:
4495:
4483:
4482:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4396:Prime Minister
4389:
4377:
4376:
4357:
4345:
4344:
4322:
4321:Czech Republic
4310:
4309:
4295:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4200:
4199:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:who forms the
4127:Prime Minister
4116:
4104:
4103:
4096:Prime Minister
4084:
4072:
4071:
4052:
4040:
4039:
4030:
4018:
4017:
4011:Prime Minister
4004:
3992:
3991:
3979:who forms the
3966:
3954:
3953:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3898:
3897:
3895:Prime Minister
3884:
3872:
3871:
3865:Prime Minister
3858:
3846:
3845:
3839:Prime Minister
3837:nominates the
3832:
3820:
3819:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3766:
3765:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3716:Prime Minister
3712:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:Executive Yuan
3686:
3683:Executive Yuan
3673:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3610:Jatiya Sangsad
3607:
3595:
3594:
3581:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3440:
3428:
3427:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3020:Prime Minister
3009:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:Main article:
2883:
2880:
2850:
2849:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2539:
2538:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2426:Walter Bagehot
2414:
2413:
2372:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2265:
2262:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2181:United Kingdom
2170:
2167:
2144:
2141:
2085:
2084:
2075:to call for a
2069:prime minister
2065:
2058:
2051:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1994:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1915:
1914:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1842:
1841:
1822:Prime Minister
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1717:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1649:
1636:
1634:United Kingdom
1623:
1610:
1597:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1476:
1475:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1325:
1322:
1318:Arend Lijphart
1313:
1310:
1278:
1277:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1190:United Kingdom
1100:House of Lords
1052:Robert Walpole
975:Cortes of León
945:
942:
922:British Empire
914:European Union
841:
840:
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
812:
811:
798:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
772:
771:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
733:
727:
723:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
680:
674:
671:Related topics
670:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
638:
632:
628:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
606:Foreign policy
603:
598:
585:
579:
578:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
553:
548:
543:
530:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
504:
502:Policy studies
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
467:
465:
453:
450:
446:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
345:
339:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
285:Primary topics
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
259:
256:
255:
249:
248:
236:
235:
228:
221:
213:
186:
176:
172:Military junta
166:
156:
146:
136:
132:Supreme Leader
122:
111:
101:
97:Hybrid systems
88:
71:
61:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8951:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8898:
8897:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8850:Public sector
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8775:Job guarantee
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8727:Public toilet
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8717:Public school
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8612:Oil & gas
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8552:Civil service
8550:
8549:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8511:Public rights
8509:
8507:
8506:Public policy
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8486:Public health
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8476:Public domain
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8396:
8391:
8389:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8368:
8360:
8358:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8327:mental health
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:public safety
7942:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7824:
7819:
7817:
7812:
7810:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7752:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7719:
7713:
7708:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7686:
7680:
7675:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Human history
7627:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:International
7562:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7323:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Head of state
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7096:Progressivism
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6943:Collaborative
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6888:Republicanism
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Confederation
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Unitary state
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6649:
6642:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6577:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6492:
6487:
6479:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6416:
6408:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6263:
6247:
6243:
6242:UK Parliament
6239:
6233:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6191:
6187:
6186:UK Parliament
6183:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6057:
6045:
6041:
6039:9788814143885
6035:
6031:
6030:
6022:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5989:2-02-030123-7
5985:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5948:
5942:
5926:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5878:
5874:
5872:9780773525085
5868:
5864:
5863:
5855:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5653:9780773525085
5649:
5645:
5644:
5636:
5620:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5592:9781400878260
5588:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5513:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5453:Norgate, Kate
5448:
5432:
5428:
5427:The Telegraph
5424:
5418:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5344:9788472837508
5340:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5316:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5214:appoints the
5213:
5210:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5192:appoints the
5191:
5188:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5161:is appointed
5160:
5156:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:is appointed
5128:
5124:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5097:is appointed
5096:
5092:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4946:appoints the
4945:
4942:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4924:approves the
4923:
4920:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4902:appoints the
4901:
4898:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4762:approves the
4761:
4758:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4712:appoints the
4711:
4708:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:appoints the
4689:
4686:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:appoints the
4667:
4664:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4646:appoints the
4645:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4624:appoints the
4623:
4620:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:appoints the
4601:
4598:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:approves the
4499:
4496:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:approves the
4477:
4474:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:appoints the
4425:
4422:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4278:appoints the
4277:
4274:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:approves the
4255:
4252:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4154:
4146:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4058:is appointed
4057:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:appoints the
4034:
4031:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:, elects the
3974:
3970:
3967:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:is appointed
3939:
3935:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:National Diet
3833:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:approves the
3782:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3692:approves the
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:approves the
3680:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:approves the
3655:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:approves the
3633:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:approves the
3611:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:of Israel in
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3521:Sansad Bhavan
3518:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:is appointed
3471:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:is appointed
3413:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:is appointed
3381:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:is appointed
3349:
3345:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:is appointed
3317:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:is appointed
3285:
3281:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:approves the
3262:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:is appointed
3231:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:is appointed
3199:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:is appointed
3167:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:is appointed
3135:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:is appointed
3103:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2992:appoints the
2991:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:appoints the
2947:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2876:26.6% in 2012
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2846:
2843:
2835:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2805:This section
2803:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2781:
2773:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2747:This section
2745:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2639:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2566:supermajority
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:Ronald Reagan
2550:
2546:
2543:According to
2535:
2532:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2473:Disadvantages
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Boris Johnson
2444:
2440:
2439:David Cameron
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:This section
2371:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2307:This section
2305:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:UK Parliament
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:head of state
2052:
2049:
2048:New Democracy
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:head of state
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:statsminister
1900:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:appoints the
1831:
1827:
1826:National Diet
1823:
1820:appoints the
1819:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1583:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1514:as a form of
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1469:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:This section
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1237:This section
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:United States
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:Radical Party
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
970:
968:
964:
959:
957:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
876:head of state
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:is a form of
853:
852:
848:
847:parliamentary
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
814:
813:
810:
805:
800:
799:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
617:
614:
612:
611:Civil society
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
590:
589:Public policy
587:
586:
582:
576:
575:
565:
561:
557:
556:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
535:
532:
531:
527:
521:
520:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
475:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
451:
443:
442:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Parliamentary
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Hybrid regime
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
281:
280:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
214:
210:
209:
202:
201:
195:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
133:
129:
118:
108:
100:
98:
86:
84:
78:
68:
58:
49:
47:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
8894:
8882:
8835:Public float
8770:Job creation
8722:Public space
8649:Public works
8526:Public value
8521:Public trust
7754:}}
7748:{{
7743:}}
7737:{{
7732:}}
7726:{{
7721:}}
7715:{{
7710:}}
7704:{{
7699:}}
7693:{{
7688:}}
7682:{{
7677:}}
7671:{{
7666:}}
7660:{{
7655:}}
7649:{{
7643:
7639:Civilization
7592:
7570:
7540:
7530:
7515:
7476:
7448:Civil rights
7442:
7427:
7409:
7377:
7357:
7353:Town meeting
7337:
7286:
7261:
7231:
7217:Constitution
7211:
7176:
7156:
7100:
7046:Distributism
7031:Conservatism
7016:Collectivism
6984:Philosophies
6958:Cosmopolitan
6953:Conservative
6927:
6919:
6792:
6783:Govt systems
6777:
6757:Municipality
6736:
6621:. Retrieved
6614:the original
6596:
6587:
6580:. Retrieved
6566:
6562:
6546:
6534:. Retrieved
6527:the original
6522:
6506:
6494:. Retrieved
6491:The Guardian
6490:
6478:
6466:. Retrieved
6464:(in Spanish)
6459:
6422:
6415:
6405:
6398:
6360:(1): 65–78.
6357:
6353:
6347:
6317:(4): 16–25.
6314:
6310:
6269:
6262:
6250:. Retrieved
6241:
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6206:
6194:. Retrieved
6185:
6176:
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6143:the original
6138:
6126:
6114:. Retrieved
6105:
6096:
6084:. Retrieved
6064:
6056:Google Books
6054:– via
6048:. Retrieved
6028:
6021:
6011:10 September
6009:. Retrieved
6002:the original
5979:
5962:
5952:16 September
5950:. Retrieved
5941:
5929:. Retrieved
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5905:. Article 56
5902:
5893:
5881:. Retrieved
5861:
5854:
5842:. Retrieved
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5797:
5787:
5778:
5772:
5752:
5745:
5725:
5718:
5698:
5691:
5672:
5662:
5642:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5582:
5572:
5559:
5549:
5540:
5533:. Retrieved
5529:the original
5519:
5511:
5504:. Retrieved
5484:
5477:
5466:
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5426:
5417:
5406:. Retrieved
5392:
5380:. Retrieved
5360:
5353:
5334:
5328:
5320:
5319:John Keane:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5289:
4833:
4825:
4548:Dáil Éireann
3938:Dewan Rakyat
3034:South Africa
2853:
2838:
2832:January 2024
2829:
2806:
2776:
2770:January 2024
2767:
2748:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:January 2024
2697:
2689:
2678:undue weight
2675:
2649:
2634:
2628:January 2024
2625:
2617:
2606:undue weight
2603:
2575:Donald Trump
2557:Viktor Orbán
2542:
2527:
2521:January 2024
2518:
2510:
2499:undue weight
2496:
2459:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:January 2024
2393:
2374:
2344:
2335:
2320:Please help
2308:
2281:
2267:
2250:
2247:Adaptability
2237:
2213:
2178:
2160:
2153:
2106:
2086:
1991:Constitution
1986:
1982:
1972:
1937:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1838:Dáil Éireann
1811:
1809:
1742:
1740:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1666:
1532:
1526:
1464:
1455:
1440:Please help
1428:
1385:, while the
1315:
1287:
1266:
1260:January 2016
1257:
1246:Please help
1241:verification
1238:
1202:West Germany
1171:
1139:urbanisation
1117:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1045:
1035:
1005:In England,
1004:
984:Dutch revolt
971:
960:
953:
907:
880:
849:
846:
844:
539:street-level
414:Presidential
408:
374:Dictatorship
244:Part of the
193:
95:
81:
45:
44:
36:
29:
8687:Public bank
8662:Free clinic
8496:Public land
8446:Common good
7996:Economics /
7613:World Court
7546:Magna Carta
7363:Legislation
7325:Governance
7282:Legislature
7157:Regulation:
7066:Familialism
7041:Corporatism
7021:Communalism
6991:Agrarianism
6903:Technocracy
6863:Meritocracy
6858:Kleptocracy
6838:Ergatocracy
6833:Electocracy
6823:Colonialism
6808:Bureaucracy
6803:Aristocracy
6623:11 December
6116:16 December
6086:16 December
6050:13 November
5844:16 December
5625:16 December
5463:Lee, Sidney
5260:Rule of law
5122:New Zealand
4995:elects the
4968:elects the
4728:Netherlands
4448:elects the
4394:elects the
4373:Folketinget
4365:Folketinget
4121:elects the
4009:elects the
3989:coup d'état
3889:elects the
3445:elects the
3375:Saint Lucia
3129:The Bahamas
3040:elects the
3014:elects the
2922:elects the
2455:Rishi Sunak
2443:Theresa May
2185:New Zealand
2050:from power.
1962:(1996–2001)
1810:Parliament
1621:New Zealand
1395:closed list
1306:upper house
1302:lower house
1292:, with two
1127:World War I
956:parliaments
903:lower house
868:legislature
678:Sovereignty
643:Legislature
546:Technocracy
534:Bureaucracy
399:Meritocracy
379:Directorial
8929:Liberalism
8918:Categories
8860:Public use
8742:Urban park
8682:Public art
8471:Public bad
8248:Presidents
7944:Defence /
7842:Leadership
7835:ministries
7763:Categories
7696:liberalism
7644:Templates:
7541:Documents:
7516:Overviews:
7368:Regulation
7297:Parliament
7201:Components
7187:Sanitation
7177:Municipal:
7106:John Locke
7091:Liberalism
7071:Fanaticism
6883:Plutocracy
6853:Geniocracy
6843:Federalism
6813:Capitalism
6688:government
6645:Government
6496:27 October
6468:7 November
6252:27 October
6222:27 October
6196:27 October
5909:8 February
5535:30 October
5437:28 January
5408:19 January
5281:References
5230:Law reform
5001:Government
4881:San Marino
4852:After the
4787:Stortinget
4738:through a
4706:Montenegro
4640:Luxembourg
3720:Parliament
3606:Bangladesh
3261:Parliament
2868:Mark Rutte
2816:improve it
2571:referendum
2338:April 2022
2284:World Bank
2242:Advantages
2028:Parliament
1458:April 2022
1399:Bangladesh
1298:unicameral
1172:After the
1161:where the
1060:invariably
954:The first
885:, where a
864:democratic
858:where the
856:government
768:Governance
758:Government
753:Federalism
354:City-state
130:republic:
128:Theocratic
39:government
7849:President
7831:ministers
7572:Diplomacy
7492:Sociology
7423:Campaigns
7411:Elections
7386:Precedent
7358:Outcomes:
7348:Committee
7327:processes
7277:Judiciary
7252:President
7212:Documents
7152:Espionage
7115:Functions
7061:Extremism
6996:Anarchism
6948:Consensus
6938:Cellular
6921:Democracy
6908:Theocracy
6893:Socialism
6878:Oligarchy
6848:Feudalism
6828:Communism
6695:Overviews
6582:21 August
6536:21 August
6390:144867316
6374:0192-5121
6331:0745-1253
5998:0152-0768
5090:Australia
4862:president
4854:elections
4552:Taoiseach
4446:Bundestag
4392:Riigikogu
4300:approves
4123:President
4051:Singapore
3977:President
3891:President
3755:Lok Sabha
3724:President
3546:Jerusalem
3447:President
3042:President
3016:President
2986:Mauritius
2924:President
2882:Countries
2820:verifying
2451:Liz Truss
2309:does not
2199:, and or
1997:election.
1893:nominates
1834:Taoiseach
1812:nominates
1757:Bundestag
1743:nominates
1556:Australia
1429:does not
1290:bicameral
1147:modernism
1119:Democracy
1096:US Senate
1011:The first
899:bicameral
851:democracy
748:Unitarism
736:Elections
724:Subseries
653:Judiciary
648:Executive
551:Adhocracy
434:Theocracy
389:Feudalism
369:Democracy
8884:Category
8818:See also
8439:Concepts
7899:Minister
7536:Suffrage
7466:Academic
7399:Politics
7338:Process:
7307:Assembly
7292:Congress
7272:Ministry
7147:Military
7081:Feminism
7006:Centrism
6973:Republic
6873:Monarchy
6793:Systems:
6762:Township
6684:Politics
6339:20079894
6246:Archived
6216:Archived
6190:Archived
6110:Archived
6077:Archived
6044:Archived
5877:Archived
5838:Archived
5812:Archived
5597:Archived
5564:Archived
5500:Archived
5455:(1894).
5431:Archived
5402:Archived
5376:Archived
5299:Archived
5224:See also
4940:Slovenia
4918:Slovakia
4856:for the
4849:Portugal
4826:de facto
4760:Assembly
4304:and the
4272:Bulgaria
4083:Thailand
4029:Pakistan
3971:, by an
3933:Malaysia
3751:alliance
3650:Cambodia
3580:Armenia
3439:Suriname
3257:Dominica
3161:Barbados
3054:Americas
2942:Ethiopia
2916:Botswana
2109:regional
2062:Storting
1983:de facto
1882:Thailand
1660:Portugal
1608:Malaysia
1151:Radicals
1133:and the
1108:Barbados
1086:and the
1042:George I
776:Ideology
594:doctrine
555:Service
419:Republic
404:Monarchy
384:Federacy
273:Category
253:Politics
208:de facto
8896:Commons
8825:Commons
7879:Premier
7622:Related
7578:Embassy
7531:Reforms
7505:History
7443:Issues:
7428:Groups:
7343:Hearing
7302:Council
7267:Cabinet
7262:Bodies:
7247:Monarch
7222:Charter
7076:Fascism
6898:Statism
6798:Anarchy
6771:Systems
6737:Levels:
6382:1601169
5931:31 July
5465:(ed.).
5208:Vanuatu
5165:by the
5133:by the
5101:by the
5074:Country
5047:Oceania
5038:Cabinet
5032:by the
4993:Riksdag
4974:Cabinet
4834:de jure
4795:Cabinet
4783:Monarch
4684:Moldova
4544:Ireland
4516:Iceland
4494:Hungary
4458:Cabinet
4442:Germany
4420:Finland
4388:Estonia
4369:Cabinet
4361:Monarch
4356:Denmark
4339:by the
4333:Cabinet
4306:Cabinet
4294:Croatia
4250:Belgium
4226:Austria
4211:Andorra
4196:Cabinet
4183:Albania
4167:Country
4131:Cabinet
4115:Vietnam
4088:Monarch
4062:by the
3965:Myanmar
3944:by the
3909:Lebanon
3804:Knesset
3711:Georgia
3564:Country
3542:Knesset
3476:by the
3418:by the
3386:by the
3354:by the
3322:by the
3311:Jamaica
3290:by the
3279:Grenada
3236:by the
3204:by the
3172:by the
3140:by the
3108:by the
3081:Country
3046:Cabinet
3008:Somalia
2964:Lesotho
2928:Cabinet
2900:Country
2814:Please
2756:Please
2684:Please
2612:Please
2505:Please
2382:Please
2330:removed
2315:sources
2282:A 2001
2234:Metrics
2197:Monarch
2193:Germany
2013:Riksdag
1987:de jure
1856:Ireland
1818:Emperor
1788:Germany
1775:Estonia
1647:Denmark
1595:Jamaica
1512:dualism
1450:removed
1435:sources
1403:Jamaica
1210:Denmark
1167:Fascism
1036:In the
963:Althing
944:History
918:Oceania
912:in the
887:monarch
781:Culture
691:Country
349:Anarchy
263:Outline
200:de jure
8355:
8089:Social
7987:Europe
7908:Titles
7593:World:
7583:Treaty
7418:Voting
7373:Zoning
7232:Roles:
6778:Lists:
6712:Empire
6707:Nation
6388:
6380:
6372:
6337:
6329:
6285:
6152:15 May
6036:
5996:
5986:
5883:6 June
5869:
5818:6 June
5804:
5760:
5733:
5706:
5679:
5650:
5603:6 June
5589:
5506:6 June
5492:
5382:6 June
5368:
5341:
5305:21 May
5206:
5184:
5152:
5120:
5088:
5014:
4988:Sweden
4986:
4960:
4938:
4916:
4896:Serbia
4894:
4879:
4847:
4809:Poland
4807:
4778:Norway
4776:
4753:
4726:
4704:
4682:
4660:
4638:
4622:Saeima
4618:Latvia
4616:
4596:Kosovo
4594:
4568:
4542:
4514:
4492:
4472:Greece
4470:
4440:
4418:
4386:
4354:
4319:
4292:
4270:
4248:
4224:
4209:
4181:
4140:Europe
4113:
4081:
4049:
4027:
3963:
3931:
3907:
3881:
3857:Kuwait
3855:
3829:
3799:Israel
3797:
3775:
3741:
3709:
3670:
3648:
3628:Bhutan
3626:
3604:
3578:
3463:
3437:
3405:
3373:
3341:
3309:
3277:
3255:
3225:Canada
3223:
3193:Belize
3191:
3159:
3127:
3095:
3032:
3006:
2984:
2962:
2940:
2914:
2893:Africa
2453:, and
2205:assent
2094:Cyprus
2081:Senate
2040:Syriza
2024:Greece
1960:Israel
1957:
1929:Sweden
1926:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1732:Greece
1729:
1702:second
1682:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1569:Canada
1566:
1553:
1490:Berlin
1387:Senate
1338:London
1194:France
1192:, and
1182:Allies
1141:, the
977:. The
926:Africa
741:voting
683:Polity
581:Policy
560:Public
474:theory
188:
180:
178:
170:
168:
160:
158:
150:
148:
140:
138:
126:
124:
115:
113:
105:
103:
90:
75:
73:
65:
63:
55:
53:
8241:Lists
8225:Other
6702:State
6617:(PDF)
6606:(PDF)
6559:(PDF)
6530:(PDF)
6519:(PDF)
6386:S2CID
6378:JSTOR
6335:JSTOR
6146:(PDF)
6135:(PDF)
6080:(PDF)
6073:(PDF)
6005:(PDF)
5976:(PDF)
5461:. In
5186:Samoa
4962:Spain
4662:Malta
4570:Italy
4003:Nepal
3831:Japan
3743:India
2676:lend
2604:lend
2497:lend
2252:with
2156:India
1911:Yes).
1909:than
1869:Japan
1801:Spain
1710:third
1685:Italy
1582:India
1502:with
1312:Types
1047:prime
893:, or
764:forms
687:State
564:Civil
268:Index
194:Note:
7833:and
6686:and
6625:2017
6584:2017
6538:2017
6498:2022
6470:2021
6461:Emol
6370:ISSN
6327:ISSN
6283:ISBN
6254:2022
6224:2022
6198:2022
6154:2016
6118:2019
6088:2019
6052:2016
6034:ISBN
6013:2016
5994:ISSN
5984:ISBN
5954:2024
5933:2024
5911:2023
5885:2020
5867:ISBN
5846:2013
5820:2020
5802:ISBN
5758:ISBN
5731:ISBN
5704:ISBN
5677:ISBN
5648:ISBN
5627:2013
5605:2020
5587:ISBN
5537:2014
5508:2020
5490:ISBN
5439:2015
5410:2015
5384:2020
5366:ISBN
5339:ISBN
5307:2016
4991:The
4818:Sejm
4812:The
4781:The
4519:The
4359:The
4186:The
4156:The
4125:and
4086:The
3883:Laos
3777:Iraq
3714:The
3590:the
3491:Asia
2313:any
2311:cite
2183:and
2137:2022
2135:and
2133:2017
2117:Oslo
2111:and
2017:1958
1484:The
1433:any
1431:cite
1353:The
1332:The
1200:and
1145:and
1121:and
1106:and
1078:(in
930:Asia
928:and
7379:Law
6571:doi
6428:doi
6362:doi
6319:doi
6275:doi
4789:as
3757:as
2872:VVD
2818:by
2324:by
2131:in
2042:to
2038:by
2022:In
1540:in:
1488:in
1444:by
1336:in
1250:by
8920::
6586:.
6565:.
6561:.
6521:.
6489:.
6458:.
6440:^
6384:.
6376:.
6368:.
6358:16
6356:.
6333:.
6325:.
6313:.
6297:^
6281:.
6240:.
6184:.
6137:.
6108:.
6104:.
6075:.
6042:.
5992:.
5978:.
5901:.
5875:.
5810:.
5595:.
5581:.
5558:.
5539:.
5510:.
5498:.
5425:.
5374:.
4531:.
4375:.
4343:.
4237:.
4133:.
4102:.
3818:.
3730:.
2878:.
2581:.
2457:.
2449:,
2445:,
2441:,
2424:,
2230:.
2211:.
2139:.
2104:.
1907:No
1216:.
1188:,
1033:.
940:.
916:,
905:.
845:A
766:/
689:/
685:/
562:/
42::
8401:e
8394:t
8387:v
8329:)
8325:(
7822:e
7815:t
7808:v
7413::
7381::
6923::
6676:e
6669:t
6662:v
6627:.
6573::
6567:3
6540:.
6500:.
6472:.
6434:.
6430::
6392:.
6364::
6341:.
6321::
6315:3
6291:.
6277::
6256:.
6226:.
6200:.
6156:.
6120:.
6090:.
6058:.
6015:.
5956:.
5935:.
5913:.
5887:.
5848:.
5822:.
5766:.
5739:.
5712:.
5685:.
5656:.
5629:.
5607:.
5441:.
5386:.
5347:.
5309:.
2845:)
2839:(
2834:)
2830:(
2783:)
2777:(
2772:)
2768:(
2764:.
2713:)
2707:(
2702:)
2698:(
2682:.
2641:)
2635:(
2630:)
2626:(
2610:.
2534:)
2528:(
2523:)
2519:(
2503:.
2409:)
2403:(
2398:)
2394:(
2390:.
2351:)
2345:(
2340:)
2336:(
2332:.
2318:.
2151:.
2019:.
1993:.
1471:)
1465:(
1460:)
1456:(
1452:.
1438:.
1369:(
1348:.
1273:)
1267:(
1262:)
1258:(
1244:.
834:e
827:t
820:v
770:)
762:(
596:)
592:(
566:)
558:(
541:)
537:(
476:)
472:(
462:)
458:(
232:e
225:t
218:v
99::
85::
48::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.