2273:
Consequently, when social reform started happening in India, the Parsi community discontinued the practice. There are, however, rising problems over the availability of brides. More and more women in the Parsi community are becoming well educated and are therefore either delaying marriage or not partaking at all. Women within the Parsi community in India are 97% literate; 42% have completed high school or college and 29% have an occupation in which they earn a substantial amount of money. The wedding ceremony begins much like the initiation with a cleansing bath. The bride and groom then travel to the wedding in florally decorated cars. The priests from both families facilitate the wedding. The couple begin by facing one another with a sheet to block their view of each another. Wool is passed over the two seven times to bind them together. The two are then supposed to throw rice to their partner symbolizing dominance. The religious element comes in next when the two sit side by side to face the priest.
5408:...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists ...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite... But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school
2766:, it was determined that Parsis are genetically closer to Iranians than to their neighbours. A 2023 study was the first to delve deeply into maternal ancestry with high-resolution mitochondrial markers. They conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis to infer their maternal genetic affinity. This revealed the Parsi mitogenomes, characterized by the mtDNA haplogroup M3a1 + 204, share a clade with both Middle Eastern and South Asian modern individuals in both the Maximum Likelihood tree and Bayesian phylogenetic tree. This haplogroup was also prevalent among the medieval Swat valley population and was observed in two Roopkund A individuals. In the phylogenetic network, these samples share a haplotype with both South Asian and Middle Eastern samples. Thus, the maternal ancestry of the first Parsi settlers includes genetic components similar to South Asian and Middle Eastern populations.
955:
1417:
2387:
2903:
1924:, the British schools in India provided the new Parsi youth with the means not only to learn to read and write but also to be educated in the greater sense of the term and become familiar with the quirks of the British establishment. These capabilities were enormously useful to Parsis since they allowed them to "represent themselves as being like the British," which they did "more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community". While the colonial authorities often saw the other Indians "as passive, ignorant, irrational, outwardly submissive but inwardly guileful", the Parsis were seen to have the traits that the authorities tended to ascribe to themselves.
1153:
1517:. The Iran League Quarterly provided information on legal and economic aspects of land purchase. Land near Bandar-e Shapur was suggested as particularly valuable due to government plans for the port. Similar plans were considered for other Parsi colonies in Iran, including Yazd and Kerman. Textile manufacturing was seen as a potential area for Parsi investment, leading to the establishment of the Khorsovi Textile Mill in Mashhad (based on joint Parsi and Iranian ownership agreements). There was also discussion of combining industrial and agricultural ventures in such colonies.
2790:(55%), similar to Indians, which is just 1.7% in combined Iranian sample. According to the research findings, there is a noticeable contrast between the maternal and paternal components of the Parsi population. Despite their small population size, the high diversity observed in both the Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages suggests that a strong drift effect is improbable. The studies suggest a male-mediated migration of Parsi ancestors from Iran to Gujarat where they admixed with the local female population during initial settlements, which ultimately resulted in loss of Iranian mtDNA.
2370:. The ceremony then begins, and a circle is drawn around the body into which only the bearers may enter. As they proceed to the cemetery they walk in pairs and are connected by white fabric. A dog is essential in the funeral process because it is able to see death. The body is taken to the tower of death where the vultures feed on it. Once the bones are bleached by the sun they are pushed into the circular opening in the center. The mourning process is four days long, and rather than creating graves for the dead, charities are established in honor of the person.
2661:
1982:
1004:. notes that in much the same way as the word "Hindu" was used by Iranians to refer to anyone from the Indian subcontinent, "Parsi" was used by the Indians to refer to anyone from Greater Iran, irrespective of whether they were actually ethnic Persian people. In any case, the term "Parsi" itself is "not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or 'Persian' origin, but rather as indicator – manifest as several properties – of ethnic identity". Moreover, if heredity were the only factor in a determination of ethnicity, the Parsis would count as
2115:(i.e. Indian Zoroastrian) community was under intense pressure from English and American missionaries, who severely criticized the Zoroastrians for—as John Wilson portrayed it in 1843—"polytheism", which the missionaries argued was much less worth than their own "monotheism". At the time, Zoroastrianism lacked theologians of its own, and so the Zoroastrians were poorly equipped to make their own case. In this situation, Haug's counter-interpretation came as a welcome relief, and was (by-and-large) gratefully accepted as legitimate.
4958:
the rest of India. Muslims in provinces where they are in a majority have been less influenced by it; naturally, for they can stand on their own feet and have no reason to fear other groups. It is least evident in the
Northwest Frontier Province (95 per cent Muslim) where the Pathans are brave and self-reliant and have no fear complex. Thus, oddly enough, the Muslim League's proposal to partition India finds far less response in the Muslim areas sought to be partitioned than in the Muslim minority areas which are unaffected by it.
2354:
1717:"Parsi legends regarding their ancestors' migration to India depict a beleaguered band of religious refugees escaping the new rule post the Muslim conquests in order to preserve their ancient faith." However, while Parsi settlements definitely arose along the western coast of the Indian subcontinent following the Arab conquest of Iran, it is not possible to state with certainty that these migrations occurred as a result of religious persecution against Zoroastrians. If the "traditional" 8th century date (as deduced from the
4539:
1877:", for which "good religion" is one translation). This change would have far reaching consequences. For one, it opened the gene pool to some extent since until that time inter-class marriages were exceedingly rare (this would continue to be a problem for the priesthood until the 20th century). For another, it did away with the boundaries along occupational lines, a factor that would endear the Parsis to the 18th- and 19th-century colonial authorities who had little patience for the unpredictable complications of the
102:
2399:
differences for the types of fire for the different temples. The first type of temple is the Atash Behram, which is the highest level of fire. The fire is prepared for an entire year before it can be installed, and once it is, it is cared for to the highest possible degree. There are only eight such temples located within India. The second type of fire temple is called a Dar-i Mihr, and the preparation process is not as intense. There are about 160 of these located throughout India.
2374:
2408:
1639:
1174:
7022:
2265:
626:
2683:. The reason given for this practice is that earth, fire, and water are considered sacred elements which should not be defiled by the dead. Therefore, burial and cremation have always been prohibited in Parsi culture. However, in modern day Mumbai and Karachi the population of vultures has drastically reduced due to extensive urbanization and the unintended consequence of treating humans and livestock with antibiotics, and the anti-inflammatory
120:
2287:
2198:
2921:
1657:, which is vague or contradictory with respect to some elapsed periods. Consequently, three possible dates – 716, 765, and 936 – have been proposed as the year of landing, and the disagreement has been the cause of "many an intense battle ... amongst Parsis". Since dates are not specifically mentioned in Parsi texts prior to the 18th century, any date of arrival is perforce a matter of speculation. The importance of the
84:
1467:
Parsis played a significant role in the modernization of Iran, particularly in the 20th century. They served as a reminder of Iran's ancient heritage, which was crucial to
Iranians. The Parsis also demonstrated to Iranians that it was possible to be both modern and culturally authentic, and that the revival of Zoroastrianism could be a way of modernizing Iranian culture while retaining its original identity.
214:
1943:. In 1702, Maneck, who had probably already amassed a fortune under the Dutch and Portuguese, was appointed the first broker to the East India Company (acquiring the name "Seth" in the process), and in the following years "he and his Parsi associates widened the occupational and financial horizons of the larger Parsi community". Thus, by the mid-18th century, the brokerage houses of the
2065:. They had their own charitable foundations, housing estates, legal institutions, courts, and governance. They were no longer weavers and petty merchants, but now were established and ran banks, mills, heavy industry, shipyards, and shipping companies. Moreover, even while maintaining their own cultural identity they did not fail to recognize themselves as nationally Indian, as
48:
1936:, Recorder of Bombay from 1804 to 1811, who noted that "the Parsees are a small remnant of one of the mightiest nations of the ancient world, who, flying from persecution into India, were for many ages lost in obscurity and poverty, till at length they met a just government under which they speedily rose to be one of the most popular mercantile bodies in Asia".
1458:. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31% of the community. Only 4.7% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India.
1973:, a number of Parsi families from Surat migrated to the new city. While in 1700 "fewer than a handful of individuals appear as merchants in any records; by mid-century, Parsis engaged in commerce constituted one of important commercial groups in Bombay". Maneck's generosity is incidentally also the first documented instance of Parsi philanthropy. In 1689,
1471:
blurred. This was exemplified by Reza Shah's adoption of
Zoroastrian calendar names and placement of the Fravahar symbol on prominent government buildings. Additionally, he maintained a close relationship with the Zoroastrian parliamentary representative, Keikhosrow Shahrokh, who was entrusted by him with important governmental tasks.
1917:. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works.
2612:('science of ecstasy', or 'science of bliss') is a school of Parsi-Zoroastrian philosophy based on a mystic and esoteric, rather than literal, interpretation of religious texts. According to adherents of the sect, they are followers of the Zoroastrian faith as preserved by a clan of 2000 individuals called the
5628:
Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Ayub, Qasim; Rai, Niraj; Prakash, Satya; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Tamang, Rakesh; Firasat, Sadaf; Reidla, Maere; Karmin, Monika; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Reddy, Alla G.; Parik, Jüri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Dalal, Kurush; Khaliq, Shagufta;
2769:
In 2017, a research study discovered that Parsis exhibit a stronger genetic affinity with
Neolithic Iranians than with modern Iranians, who have experienced more recent admixture from the Near East. The study also identified 48% of South-Asian-specific mitochondrial lineages in ancient samples, which
2750:
data has shown that the Parsis are genetically closer to
Iranian populations than to their South Asian neighbours. They also share the highest number of haplotypes with present-day Iranians; the admixture of the Parsis with Indian populations was estimated have occurred approximately 1,200 years ago.
2543:
calendar, Phiroze Kaus Dastur of the
Dadyseth Atash-Behram in Bombay, became convinced that the pronunciation of prayers as recited by visitors from Iran was correct, while the pronunciation as used by the Parsis was not. He accordingly went on to alter some (but not all) of the prayers, which in due
1160:
Over the centuries since the first
Zoroastrians arrived in India, the Parsis have integrated themselves into Indian society while simultaneously maintaining or developing their own distinct customs and traditions (and thus ethnic identity). This in turn has given the Parsi community a rather peculiar
1139:
is a tale of the journey of the Parsis to India from Iran. It says they fled for reasons of religious freedom and they were allowed to settle in India thanks to the goodwill of a local prince. However, the Parsi community had to abide by three rules: they had to speak the local language, follow local
2016:
or codes of conduct) and the council soon ceased to be considered representative of the community. In the wake of a July 1856 ruling by the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that it had no jurisdiction over the Parsis in matters of marriage and divorce, the Panchayat was reduced to little more
1968:
Through his largesse, Maneck helped establish the infrastructure that was necessary for the Parsis to set themselves up in Bombay and in doing so "established Bombay as the primary centre of Parsi habitation and work in the 1720s". Following the political and economic isolation of Surat in the 1720s
1848:
zeal. The instinctive fear of disintegration and absorption in the vast multitudes among whom they lived created in them a spirit of exclusiveness and a strong desire to preserve the racial characteristics and distinctive features of their community. Living in an atmosphere surcharged with the Hindu
1685:
briefly notes
Zoroastrians with fire temples in al-Hind and in al-Sindh. There is evidence of individual Parsis residing in Sindh in the tenth and twelfth centuries, but the current modern community is thought to date from British arrival in Sindh. Moreover, for the Iranians, the harbours of Gujarat
1226:
the Parsi community consists of: a) Parsis who are descended from the original
Persian emigrants and who are born of both Zoroastrian parents and who profess the Zoroastrian religion; b) Iranis professing the Zoroastrian religion; c) the children of Parsi fathers by alien mothers who have been duly
6122:
Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Coppa8, Alfredo; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim; Torroni, Antonio;
4957:
Many Muslim organizations are opposed to it. Every non-Muslim, whether he is a Hindu or Sikh or Christian or Parsi, is opposed to it. Essentially the sentiment in favor of partition has grown in the areas where Muslims are in a small minority, areas which, in any event, would remain undetached from
2785:
DNA (Y-DNA), different from most populations. Historical records suggests that they had moved from Iran to India, first to Gujarat and then to Mumbai and Karachi. According to Y-DNA, they resemble the Iranian population, which supports historical records. When the mtDNA pool is compared to Iranians
2361:
The pollution that is associated with death has to be handled carefully. A separate part of the home is designated to house the corpse for funeral proceedings before being taken away. The priest comes to say prayers that are for the cleansing of sins and to affirm the faith of the deceased. Fire is
2045:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Parsis had emerged as "the foremost people in India in matters educational, industrial, and social. They came in the vanguard of progress, amassed vast fortunes, and munificently gave away large sums in charity". Near the end of the 19th century, the total number
2005:
and not in the sense of the trust it is today) to assist newly arriving Parsis in religious, social, legal and financial matters. Using their vast resources, the Maneck Seth family gave their time, energy and not inconsiderable financial resources to the Parsi community, with the result that by the
1964:
acquired most of his wealth through trade in cotton and opium Gradually certain families "acquired wealth and prominence (Sorabji, Modi, Cama, Wadia, Jeejeebhoy, Readymoney, Dadyseth, Petit, Patel, Mehta, Allbless, Tata, etc.), many of which would be noted for their participation in the public life
1525:
The gender ratio among Parsis is unusual: as of 2001, the ratio of males to females was 1000 males to 1050 females (up from 1024 in 1991), due primarily to the high median age of the population (elderly women are more common than elderly men). As of 2001 the national average in India was 1000 males
1117:
to grant passage to Paradise, Hammistagan (A limbo area) or Hell by the bridge remaining wide for a righteous soul and turning narrow as a sword for the wicked.. A personified form of the soul that represents the person's deeds takes the adjudged to their destination and they will abide there until
2793:
The absence of lung cancer-related DNA mutational signals among Parsis both point to the community's distinctive non-smoking social practises, which have been practised for millennia. Additionally Parsis have high prevalence of longevity as a genetic feature. Parsis have however been shown to have
2398:
Zoroastrian festivals were originally held outside in the open air; temples were not common until later. Most of the temples were built by wealthy Parsis who needed centers that housed purity. As stated before, fire is considered to represent the presence of Ahura Mazda, and there are two distinct
2145:
The balance between good and evil is correlated to the idea of purity and pollution. Purity is held to be of the very essence of godliness. Pollution's very point is to destroy purity through the death of a human. In order to adhere to purity it is the duty of Parsis to continue to preserve purity
1977:
chaplain John Ovington reported that in Surat the family "assist the poor and are ready to provide for the sustenance and comfort of such as want it. Their universal kindness, either employing such as are ready and able to work, or bestowing a seasonable bounteous charity to such as are infirm and
1470:
Both Reza Shah and Muhammad Reza Shah played an active role in encouraging Parsis to invest in Iran and contribute to its economic development by inviting them to return to their homeland. During the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, the relationship between Zoroastrianism and Iranian national identity was
2456:
to level out the accumulating fractional days. However, the Parsis were the only Zoroastrians to do so (and did it only once), with the result that, from then on, the calendar in use by the Parsis and the calendar in use by Zoroastrians elsewhere diverged by a matter of thirty days. The calendars
1813:
From the 13th century to the late 16th century, the Zoroastrian priests of Gujarat sent (in all) twenty-two requests for religious guidance to their co-religionists in Iran, presumably because they considered the Iranian Zoroastrians "better informed on religious matters than themselves, and must
1466:
Parsis have also been migrating to the traditional homeland of Iran and while the number of Parsis who have returned to Iran is small compared to the overall Zoroastrian community in Iran, their presence has helped to strengthen the ties between the Iranian and Indian Zoroastrian communities. The
2127:
and several Arab historians, the Zoroastrian doctrine changed after the fall of the Sassanid state because the Zoroastrian clerics tried to save their religion from extinction by modifying it to resemble the religion of the Muslims. So that the Zoroastrians would not have a reason to convert to
1503:
Iran is a vast country pregnant with many advantages and fresh fields waiting for development. We suggest that the Parsis, who are still the sons of Iran, though separated from her, should look upon this country of to-day as their own, and differentiate it from its immediate past, and strive to
2639:
s, like the rest of the Parsi community the followers of Kshnoom are divided with respect to which calendar they observe. There are also other minor differences in their recitation of the liturgy, such as repetition of some sections of the longer prayers. Nonetheless, the Kshnoom are extremely
2164:
ceremony, ideally before they reach puberty. Though there is no actual age by which a child must be initiated into the faith (preferably after seven years), Navjote cannot be performed on an adult. While the Parsi traditionally do not do adult Navjote (except in cases where it is performed for
2118:
Haug's interpretations were subsequently disseminated as Zoroastrian ones, which then eventually reached the west where they were seen to corroborate Haug. Like most of Haug's interpretations, this comparison is today so well entrenched that a gloss of 'yazata' as 'angel' is almost universally
2028:
established the Parsi Benevolent Fund with the aim of improving, through education, the condition of the impoverished Parsis still living in Surat and its environs. In 1849 the Parsis established their first school (co-educational, which was a novelty at the time, but would soon be split into
1836:
texts – but they provide a discerning insight into the fears and anxieties of the early modern Zoroastrians. Thus, the question of the ink is symptomatic of the fear of assimilation and the loss of identity, a theme that dominates the questions posed and continues to be an issue into the 21st
1661:
lies in any case not so much in its reconstruction of events than in its depiction of the Parsis – in the way they have come to view themselves – and in their relationship to the dominant culture. As such, the text plays a crucial role in shaping Parsi identity. But, "even if one comes to the
2033:
founded the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund with the aim of improving conditions for his less fortunate co-religionists in Iran. The fund succeeded in convincing a number of Iranian Zoroastrians to emigrate to India (where they are known today as Iranis) and the efforts of its emissary
2272:
Marriage is very important to the members of the Parsi community, believing that in order to continue the expansion of God's kingdom they must procreate. Up until the mid-19th century child marriages were common even though the idea of child marriage was not part of the religious doctrine.
2029:
separate schools for boys and girls) and the education movement quickened. The number of Parsi schools multiplied, but other schools and colleges were also freely attended. Accompanied by better education and social cohesiveness, the community's sense of distinctiveness grew, and in 1854
875:. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians", are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the south of Mumbai, but also a few minorities nearby in
2046:
of Parsis in colonial India was 85,397, of which 48,507 lived in Bombay, constituting around 6.7% of the total population of the city, according to the 1881 census. This would be the last time that the Parsis would be considered a numerically significant minority in the city.
2006:
mid-18th century, the Panchayat was the accepted means for Parsis to cope with the exigencies of urban life and the recognized instrument for regulating the affairs of the community. Nonetheless, by 1838 the Panchayat was under attack for impropriety and nepotism. In 1855 the
2131:
The main components of Zoroastrianism as practiced by the Parsi community are the concepts of purity and pollution (nasu), initiation (navjot), daily prayers, worship at Fire Temples, marriage, funerals, and general worship via practicing good thoughts, words and deeds.
2122:
The migration of Parsis to India caused a lack of religious knowledge, which led to doubts in several matters, which made them send men to Iran during the Muslim rule in order to learn the religion from the Zoroastrians in Iran. However, according to the orientalist
1721:) is considered valid, it must be assumed "that the migration began while Zoroastrianism was still the predominant religion in Iran and economic factors predominated the initial decision to migrate." This would have been particularly the case if – as the
1478:, a Parsi leader and founder of the Iranian Zoroastrian Anjoman and the Iran League in India, to visit Iran as part of a Parsi delegation. Irani was awarded honors by Reza Shah and entrusted with a message to take back to the Parsi community in India.
1774:
Two centuries after their landing, the Parsis began to settle in other parts of Gujarat, which led to "difficulties in defining the limits of priestly jurisdiction". These problems were resolved by 1290 through the division of Gujarat into five
1118:
the final apocalypse. After the final battle between good and evil, every soul's walk through a river of fire ordeal for burning of their dross and together they receive a post resurrection paradise. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the
849:-speaking Irani community on the basis of the era of their migration to the country. Despite this legal distinction, the terms "Parsi" and "Zoroastrian" are commonly utilised interchangeably to denote both communities, which make up the
1019:, who in the 1750s, when the word "Zoroastrianism" had yet to be coined, made the first detailed report of the Parsis and of Zoroastrianism, therein mistakenly assuming that the Parsis were the only remaining followers of the religion.
2128:
Islam, but this did not succeed in preventing the Zoroastrians from converting to Islam, and it also caused the emergence of a new version of Zoroastrianism that resembled Islam and differed from Zoroastrianism in the Sassanid era..
980:. Subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician
2643:
The largest community of followers of the Kshnoom lives in Jogeshwari, a suburb of Bombay, where they have their own fire temple (Behramshah Nowroji Shroff Daremeher), their own housing colony (Behram Baug) and their own newspaper
5278:
Patell, Villoo Morawala; Pasha, Naseer; Krishnasamy, Kashyap; Mittal, Bharti; Gopalakrishnan, Chellappa; Mugasimangalam, Raja; Sharma, Naveen; Gupta, Arati-Khanna; Bhote-Patell, Perviz; Rao, Sudha; Jain, Renuka (June 8, 2020).
1959:
where they are highly esteemed".In the 18th century, Parsis with their skills in ship building and trade greatly benefited with trade between India and China. The trade was mainly in timber, silk, cotton and opium. For example
1213:
Some members of the community additionally contend that a child must have a Parsi father to be eligible for introduction into the faith, but this assertion is considered by most to be a violation of the Zoroastrian tenets of
1955:(1770): "many of the principal merchants and owners of ships at Bombay and Surat are Parsees." "Active, robust, prudent and persevering, they now form a very valuable part of the Company's subjects on the western shores of
1908:
and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English-run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the
1849:
caste system, they felt that their own safety lay in encircling their fold by rigid caste barriers". Even so, at some point (possibly shortly after their arrival in India), the Zoroastrians – perhaps determining that the
2184:. The child then faces the main priest and fire is brought in to represent God. Once the priest finishes with the prayers, the child's initiation is complete and he or she has become part of the community and religion.
2017:
than a Government-recognized "Parsi Matrimonial Court". Although the Panchayat would eventually be reestablished as the administrator of community property, it ultimately ceased to be an instrument for self-governance.
2495:. Although it was the only calendar always in harmony with the seasons, most members of the Parsi community rejected it on the grounds that it was not in accord with the injunctions expressed in Zoroastrian tradition (
4244:
6634:
2073:
would note: "Whether I am a Hindu, a Mohammedan, a Parsi, a Christian, or of any other creed, I am above all an Indian. Our country is India; our nationality is Indian". While having an outsized role in the
1488:
We estimate Our Empire's resources to be even greater than those of America, and in tapping them you can take your proper part. We do not want you to come all bag and baggage; just wait a little and watch.
6509:
2424:
This section contains information specific to the Parsi calendar. For information on the calendar used by the Zoroastrians for religious purposes, including details on its history and its variations, see
1221:
An oft-quoted legal definition of Parsi is based on a 1909 ruling (since nullified) that not only stipulated that a person could not become a Parsi by converting to the Zoroastrian faith but also noted:
907:
but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for India, arriving in the 8th century. The migration may, in fact, have taken place as late as the 10th century, or in both. They settled first at
2536:
prayers contain references to the names of the months, and some other prayers are used only at specific times of the year, the issue of which calendar is "correct" also has theological ramifications.
1558:, the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India composed at least six centuries after their tentative date of arrival, the first group of immigrants originated from
2049:
Nonetheless, the legacy of the 19th century was a sense of self-awareness as a community. The typically Parsi cultural symbols of the 17th and 18th centuries such as language (a Parsi variant of
2770:
could be attributed to the assimilation of local females during the initial settlement or may be representative of mitochondrial lineages that have become extinct in Iran. That would make the
2024:
that the community desperately sought. By the mid-19th century, the Parsis were keenly aware that their numbers were declining and saw education as a possible solution to the problem. In 1842
1239:
restrictions expressed in the third clause. The second clause was contested and overturned in 1948. On appeal in 1950, the 1948 ruling was upheld and the entire 1909 definition was deemed an
6084:
Qamar, R.; Ayub, Q.; Mohyuddin, A.; Helgason, A.; Mazhar, Kehkashan; Mansoor, Atika; Zerjal, Tatiana; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim (2002), "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan",
1140:
marriage customs, and not carry any weapons. After showing the many similarities between their faith and local beliefs, the early community was granted a plot of land on which to build a
6471:
903:, since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown. According to tradition, the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the
5341:
1619:, modern Turkmenistan). This first group was followed by a second group from Greater Khorasan within five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the
1432:, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration.
1662:
conclusion that the chronicle based on verbal transmission is not more than a legend, it still remains without doubt an extremely informative document for Parsee historiography."
1753:
has little to say about the events that followed the establishment of Sanjan, and restricts itself to a brief note on the establishment of the "Fire of Victory" (Middle Persian:
1474:
Reza Shah was also sympathetic to Indian Zoroastrians (Parsis) and actively encouraged their return to Iran to invest and help develop the country's economy. In 1932, he invited
1806:
and its commentaries began to be prepared. From these translations Dhalla infers that "religious studies were prosecuted with great zeal at this period" and that the command of
2703:. Nevertheless, the majority of Parsis still use the traditional method of disposing of their loved ones and consider this as the last act of charity by the deceased on earth.
2020:
At about the same time as the role of the Panchayat was declining, a number of other institutions arose that would replace the Panchayat's role in contributing to the sense of
1187:
The definition of who is, and is not, a Parsi is a matter of great contention within the Zoroastrian community in India. It is generally accepted that a Parsi is a person who:
1513:
proposed raising funds in Bombay for this purpose, with support from the Iranian government and Reza Shah. Some Parsis had already resettled in Iran earlier since the time of
1653:
Although the Sanjan group are believed to have been the first permanent settlers, the precise date of their arrival is a matter of conjecture. All estimates are based on the
1043:(521-486 BC) establishes this fact when he records his Parsi ancestry for posterity, "parsa parsahya puthra ariya ariyachitra", meaning, "a Persian, the son of a Persian, an
3395:
1483:
You Parsis are as much the children of this soil as any other Iranis, and so you are as much entitled to have your proper share in its development as any other nationals.
2440:
226-241 AD). Since that calendar did not compensate for the fractional days that go to make up a full solar year, with time it was no longer accordant with the seasons.
6013:
932:" and hence "ethnic Persian", is not attested in Indian Zoroastrian texts until the 17th century. Until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian-origin terms
4236:
3377:
2737:
have brought mixed results. Some studies supports the Parsi contention that they have maintained their Persian roots by avoiding intermarriage with local populations.
1814:
have preserved the old-time tradition more faithfully than they themselves did". These transmissions and their replies – assiduously preserved by the community as the
4299:
1802:
and the Kanheri inscriptions, there is little evidence of the Parsis until the 12th and 13th century, when "masterly" Sanskrit translations and transcriptions of the
1101:) were opposite forces and the battle between them is more or less evenly matched. A person should always be vigilant to align with forces of light. According to the
2563:
The calendar disputes were not always purely academic, either. In the 1780s, emotions over the controversy ran so high that violence occasionally erupted. In 1783 a
726:. Representing the eldest of the Indian subcontinent's two Zoroastrian communities, the Parsi people are culturally, linguistically, and socially distinct from the
2472:
calendar on the recommendation of their priests who were convinced that the calendar in use in the ancient homeland must be correct. Moreover, they denigrated the
5591:
4984:
4285:
6519:
2432:
Until about the 12th century, all Zoroastrians followed the same 365-day religious calendar, which had remained largely unmodified since the calendar reforms of
7586:
3200:
was killed in action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war and was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award for gallantry in action.
2165:
descendants of Parsi wanting to join the faith), the Iranian Zoroastrian equivalent, the sedreh-pushti can be done at any age for those wanting to convert.
3742:"What sets Zoroastrian Iranis apart - Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Art Archaeology cultural history news & Iranian culture newspaper"
2552:
and linguistics attribute the difference in pronunciation to a vowel-shift that occurred only in Iran and that the Iranian pronunciation as adopted by the
1940:
1690:
and there were extensive trade relations between the two regions. The contact between Iranians and Indians was already well established even prior to the
1435:
If Demographic trends project that by 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a '
4510:
Desai, Usha & Ramsay-Brijball, M. (2004). Tracing Gujarati Language development: philologically and sociolinguistically. Alternation, 11(2), 308-324.
2935:
The Parsis have made considerable contributions to the history and development of India, all the more remarkable considering their small numbers. As the
2691:. As a result, the bodies of the deceased are taking much longer to decompose. Solar panels have been installed in the Towers of Silence to speed up the
2176:, and a small cap. Following introductory prayers, the child is given the sacred items that are associated with Zoroastrianism: a sacred shirt and cord,
1510:
6451:
1771:) before Zoroastrianism "gained a real foothold in India and secured for its adherents some means of livelihood in this new country of their adoption".
8450:
5281:"The First complete Zoroastrian-Parsi Mitochondria Reference Genome: Implications of mitochondrial signatures in an endogamous, non-smoking population"
3414:"Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts"
6360:
2895:, "Education was a common thread that bound together this pan-Indian elite"; almost all of the members of these communities could read and write in
654:
6176:
1631:
s "mountain folk", as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called, at least one other group is said to have come overland from
3203:
The Parsi community has produced several notable sports figures who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. In cricket,
2954:
Although their people's name Parsi comes from the Persian-language word for a Persian person, in Sanskrit the term means "one who gives alms".
826:
for almost 200 years after the collapse of the Sasanian Empire. Nevertheless, Zoroastrianism continued to decline, and most Iranians had become
6296:
5819:
954:
369:
5332:
2831:
and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) immediately after
2539:
To further complicate matters, in the late 18th century (or early 19th century) a highly influential head-priest and staunch proponent of the
1779:
s (districts), each under the jurisdiction of one priestly family and their descendants. (Continuing disputes regarding jurisdiction over the
1844:
Nonetheless, "the precarious condition in which they lived for a considerable period made it impracticable for them to keep up their former
1824:) – span the years 1478–1766 and deal with both religious and social subjects. From a superficial 21st century point of view, some of these
1541:. In the Greater Mumbai area, where the density of Parsis is highest, about 13% of Parsi females and about 24% of Parsi males do not marry.
1493:
If you find the proposition beneficial both to yourselves and to this land, then do come and We shall greet you with open arms, as We might.
9537:
9361:
3741:
2824:
2802:
2160:. Children are initiated into the faith when they are old enough to recite some required prayers along with the priest at the time of the
1533:; as of 2001, the literacy rate is 99.1%, the highest of any Indian community (the national average was 78.5%). 97.1% of Parsis reside in
6124:
1252:
850:
731:
7579:
5629:
Mehdi, Syed Qasim; Singh, Lalji; Metspalu, Mait; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Villems, Richard; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2017).
2964:
stock, in numbers beneath contempt, but in charity and philanthropy perhaps unequaled and certainly unsurpassed." Several landmarks in
1853:
that they had brought with them was unsustainable in the small community – did away with all but the hereditary priesthood (called the
4522:
9532:
7058:
6446:
Marashi, Afshin. "Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran". University of Texas Press, 2020.
6570:
5110:
9527:
5438:
4970:
4380:"Afshin Marashi talks about the role of the exiled Zoroastrian Parsi community of India in shaping Iranian nationalism when they"
3338:
3137:
1681:, the Iranians continued to play a major role in the trade links between the east and west. The 9th-century Arab historiographer
8443:
4465:
The Shah's missive is reproduced in Sir Jehangir C. Coyajee, "A brief Life-Sketch of the Late Mr. Dinshah Jeejeebhoy Irani" in
1161:
standing: they are mostly Indians in terms of national affiliation, language and history, but not typically Indian in terms of
2479:
In 1906 attempts to bring the two factions together resulted in the introduction of a third calendar based on an 11th-century
9507:
7572:
6486:
6260:
6193:
6063:
6043:
6023:
5908:
5877:
5795:
5766:
5701:
5619:
5601:
5542:
5401:
5374:
4495:
4429:
3881:
3656:
3539:
3509:
1062:
In Outlines of Persian History, Dasturji Hormazdyar Dastur Kayoji Mirza, Bombay 1987, pp. 3–4 writes, "According to the
6222:
5948:
Luhrmann, Tanya M. (August 2002), "Evil in the Sands of Time: Theology and Identity Politics among the Zoroastrian Parsis",
4155:
4038:
2079:
647:
6988:
3716:
3438:
1725:
suggests – the first Parsis originally came from the north-east (i.e. Central Asia) and had previously been dependent on
1016:
576:
2104:
s to the angels of Christianity. In this scheme, the Amesha Spentas are the arch-angel retinue of Ahura Mazda, with the
9471:
2778:
2699:
a Parsi graveyard was established in the late 19th century, which still exists; this cemetery is unique as there is no
2665:
2146:
within their body as God created them. A Zoroastrian priest spends his entire life dedicated to following a holy life.
1429:
1416:
5152:
9502:
8436:
2759:
2334:
2245:
2119:
accepted; both in publications intended for a general audience as well as in (non-philological) academic literature.
6526:
6348:
4521:
Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|Dodiya, J. (2006). Parsi English Novel. Sarup & Sons.|
2316:
2227:
853:. Notably, no substantial differences exist between Parsi and Irani religious principles, convictions, and customs.
6304:
White, D. (May 1991), "From Crisis to Community Definition:The Dynamics of Eighteenth-Century Parsi Philanthropy",
2070:
9522:
9512:
7438:
2057:, literature, newspapers, magazines, and schools. The Parsis now ran community medical centres, ambulance corps,
1741:" but simultaneously arrived as "merchantmen bound for the shores of India, in course of trade and merchandise."
951:
text in praise of the Parsis, is the earliest attested use of the term as an identifier for Indian Zoroastrians.
640:
1442:
One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. There are sizeable Parsi communities in the
3672:
Ganesh, Kamala (2008). "Intra-community Dissent and Dialogue: The Bombay Parsis and the Zoroastrian Diaspora".
2786:
and Gujaratis (their putative parental populations), it contrasted Y-DNA data. Parsis have a high frequency of
2747:
2491:, calendar had leap days intercalated every four years and it had a New Year's day that fell on the day of the
2386:
2312:
2223:
4913:
1000:, below), Justices Davar and Beaman asserted (1909:540) that "Parsi" was also a term used in Iran to refer to
7609:
7051:
7009:
6459:
5900:
State and government in medieval Islam: an introduction to the study of Islamic political theory: the jurists
5095:
2960:
would note in a much misquoted statement, "I am proud of my country, India, for having produced the splendid
2902:
2868:
1969:
and 1730s that resulted from troubles between the (remnant) Mughal authorities and the increasingly dominant
1783:
led to the fire being moved to Udvada in 1742, where today jurisdiction is shared in rotation among the five
1067:
1084:, the two great historians who lived in the third and fourth centuries BC, referred to Iranians as Persians.
7004:
6951:
6563:
2977:
2075:
1841:
s (non-Zoroastrians) to Zoroastrianism, to which the reply (R237, R238) was: acceptable, even meritorious.
916:
but soon moved to South Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community.
6250:
5847:
Persia past and present: a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map
3634:
2168:
The initiation begins with a ritual bath, then a spiritual cleansing prayer; the child changes into white
9542:
9517:
7493:
6941:
6422:
6411:
6368:
2516:
calendar does not have a significant following among Parsis, but, by virtue of being compatible with the
2091:
1925:
775:
continued between the 8th century and the 10th century. The earliest of these migrants settled among the
723:
606:
586:
3459:
1673:, the easternmost periphery of the Iranian world, too had once been under coastal administration of the
6983:
3941:
3224:
3182:
3171:
2856:
2616:('Masters of the Heart') who are said to live in complete isolation in the mountainous recesses of the
2012:
noted that the Panchayat was utterly without the moral or legal authority to enforce its statutes (the
5475:
5220:
1798:
was still the literary language of the hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood. Nonetheless, aside from the
1206:
is an ethno-religious designator, whose definition is of contention among its members, similar to the
863:
19:
This article is about a Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent. For the Persian people, see
7958:
6946:
1647:
846:
719:
6214:
The Legacy of Zarathushtra: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Culture of the Zarathushtis
5317:
7498:
7044:
5219:
Kumar, Lomous; Ahlawat, Bhavna; Kumar, Sachin; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Rai, Niraj (July 1, 2023).
3413:
2297:
2208:
6978:
2631:
There are few obvious indications that a Parsi might be a follower of the Kshnoom. Although their
8556:
7026:
6956:
6905:
6556:
6424:
History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 2)
6413:
History of the Parsis – Including their manners, customs, religion and present position. (Vol. 1)
2777:
The genetic studies of Parsis of Pakistan show sharp contrast between genetic data obtained from
2308:
2301:
2219:
2212:
1910:
842:
561:
197:
6633:
6125:"Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor"
4154:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46.
3749:
8888:
8868:
8523:
8185:
8160:
7938:
6973:
6407:
6388:
3055:
2806:
2035:
2030:
1998:
1514:
1152:
324:
24:
6499:
5364:
5280:
9497:
9492:
8624:
7968:
7736:
7371:
7102:
6915:
5835:
5432:
5391:
5304:
4964:
4923:
3529:
3318:
3051:
2888:
2734:
2688:
1920:
Where literacy had previously been the exclusive domain of the priesthood, in the era of the
1914:
1850:
1738:
1509:
In the 1930s, Parsis discussed the idea of buying land in Iran to create a Parsi colony. Sir
1232:
611:
514:
5898:
5867:
5845:
5532:
8619:
8325:
7459:
6910:
4511:
2787:
2461:(imperial), presumably because none were aware that the calendars were no longer the same.
2433:
2426:
1965:
of the city, and for their various educational, industrial, and charitable enterprises.").
1425:
968:
The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, when a French monk,
871:
Parsi, also spelled Parsee, member of a group of followers in India of the Persian prophet
811:
707:
566:
509:
7513:
6162:
5153:
Cellular and humoral immunodepression in vultures feeding upon medicated livestock carrion
3771:
2755:
Iranians than to modern Iranians who had recently received some genes from the Near East.
2362:
brought to the room and prayers are begun. The body is washed and inserted clean within a
1869:(artisans and labourers) – were folded into an all-comprehensive class today known as the
1022:
In addition to above, the term "Parsi" (Persian) existed even before they moved to India:
830:
by the 10th century, shifting the concentration of the religion's followers away from the
8:
8400:
7301:
6920:
6724:
5995:
The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity, and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India
3942:
Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).
3107:
3075:
3032:
2771:
2723:
2480:
2259:
2025:
2021:
1961:
1878:
815:
711:
536:
144:
9382:
9301:
9241:
8898:
8395:
7595:
7216:
7091:
6808:
6742:
6534:
6433:
6329:
6321:
6149:
5981:
5973:
5937:
5858:
History of the Parsis: Including Their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Present Position
5735:
5727:
5657:
5630:
5579:
5571:
5292:
4211:
4181:
4123:
4094:
4064:
4006:
3976:
3947:
3697:
3689:
3298:
3263:
3194:
3190:
2936:
2832:
2660:
2640:
conservative in their ideology and prefer isolation even with respect to other Parsis.
2617:
2512:
calendar does have its adherents among the Parsi communities of Surat and Bharuch. The
2124:
2008:
1901:
1734:
1665:
The Sanjan Zoroastrians were certainly not the first Zoroastrians on the subcontinent.
807:
449:
379:
6106:
3439:
https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf
2567:
resident of Bharuch named Homaji Jamshedji was sentenced to death for kicking a young
1978:
miserable, leave no man destitute of relief, nor suffer a beggar in all their tribe".
9331:
8483:
8383:
7928:
7882:
7538:
7485:
7475:
7376:
6482:
6333:
6290:
6256:
6241:
6189:
6170:
6154:
6111:
6059:
6039:
6019:
5985:
5965:
5904:
5873:
5813:
5791:
5762:
5739:
5697:
5662:
5615:
5597:
5583:
5538:
5397:
5370:
5296:
5248:
5240:
5129:
4491:
4425:
3877:
3701:
3652:
3535:
3505:
3446:
3259:
3251:
3197:
3175:
2981:
2050:
1944:
1612:
1598:
1567:
1538:
989:
838:
799:
156:
140:
5920:(June 1994), "The Good Parsi: The Postcolonial 'Feminization' of a Colonial Elite",
5500:
5010:
3973:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2"
2995:
Particularly notable Parsis in the fields of science and industry include physicist
2695:
process, but this has been only partially successful especially during monsoons. In
1981:
1677:(226-651), which consequently maintained outposts there. Even following the loss of
1074:
king, and the founder of the Empire) as khvatay parsikan 'the king of the Persians'.
9246:
9114:
8738:
8533:
8518:
7660:
7343:
7206:
7162:
7110:
6925:
6729:
6719:
6384:
6313:
6144:
6136:
6101:
6093:
5957:
5929:
5719:
5710:
Dobbin, C. (1970), "The Parsi Panchayat in Bombay City in the Nineteenth Century",
5652:
5642:
5563:
5284:
5232:
4417:
3681:
3473:
3322:
3306:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3219:
were renowned for their exceptional skills and leadership. In music, rock musician
3119:
2985:
2896:
2836:
2700:
2676:
2549:
2453:
2066:
1933:
1833:
1608:
1559:
1123:
743:
680:
541:
364:
359:
148:
67:
5631:""Like sugar in milk": Reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population"
4817:
4003:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states"
2353:
9371:
9321:
9316:
9306:
9256:
8938:
8830:
8571:
8551:
8528:
8513:
8493:
8488:
8459:
8405:
8330:
8320:
8280:
8268:
8059:
7953:
7720:
7715:
7614:
7067:
6514:
6228:
6074:
6053:
6033:
5993:
5887:
5856:
5829:
5785:
5756:
5164:
4215:
4207:
4185:
4177:
4149:
4127:
4119:
4098:
4090:
4068:
4060:
4032:
4010:
4002:
3980:
3972:
3951:
3943:
3896:
3499:
3310:
3235:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3178:
3144:, the architect of India's victory in the 1971 war, was the first officer of the
3111:
3083:
3028:
3012:
2906:
2548:
calendar as the more ancient (and thus presumably correct). However, scholars of
2002:
1760:
1674:
1643:
1420:
The geographical distribution of modern and ancient Parsis in India and Pakistan.
1215:
1071:
1063:
1027:
831:
803:
788:
630:
4488:
Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran
1881:(such as when a clerk from one caste would not deal with a clerk from another).
1113:
or the wickedness, the person has chosen in his life they will be judged at the
818:
or flee, though a number of Iranian figures stayed in active revolt against the
9341:
9271:
9213:
9178:
9010:
8988:
8775:
8649:
8614:
8340:
8300:
8120:
8064:
8044:
8039:
7837:
7619:
7553:
7351:
7315:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7185:
7141:
7130:
6823:
6818:
6767:
6709:
6579:
5917:
5236:
5177:
3294:
3255:
3247:
3141:
3087:
3067:
3024:
3000:
2996:
2957:
2884:
2818:
2798:
2742:
2625:
2608:
2601:
2157:
1897:
1807:
1795:
1555:
1443:
1236:
1207:
1135:
1127:
1114:
1048:
1026:
The earliest reference to the Persians is found in the Assyrian inscription of
1001:
981:
795:
767:
727:
704:
464:
459:
409:
349:
205:
185:
173:
152:
6543:
6317:
5723:
5647:
5567:
5288:
3926:
3911:
1947:
were almost all in Parsi hands. As James Forbes, the Collector of Broach (now
9486:
9435:
9412:
9311:
9291:
9261:
9221:
9208:
9153:
9133:
8928:
8853:
8835:
8825:
8728:
8697:
8508:
8478:
8285:
8029:
7989:
7902:
7782:
7710:
7454:
7407:
7366:
7329:
7199:
7096:
7081:
6961:
6737:
6648:
5969:
5259:
5244:
5221:"Maternal ancestry of first Parsi settlers of India using ancient mitogenome"
4421:
3685:
3314:
3239:
3216:
3167:
3149:
3134:
3133:
The Parsi community has given India several distinguished military officers.
3123:
3115:
3099:
3063:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2989:
2969:
2924:
2840:
2795:
2719:
2692:
2492:
2062:
2054:
1890:
1845:
1791:
1530:
1475:
1455:
1240:
1231:
This definition was overturned several times. The equality principles of the
1162:
969:
929:
819:
581:
374:
279:
4365:
3357:
Total population of Zoroastrian religion respondents of South Asian descent.
1767:. According to Dhalla, the next several centuries were "full of hardships" (
9236:
9231:
9128:
9045:
8943:
8893:
8858:
8753:
8682:
8594:
8576:
8310:
8223:
8125:
8110:
8054:
8019:
7872:
7756:
7655:
7645:
7417:
7294:
7227:
7086:
6828:
6813:
6782:
6772:
6704:
6699:
6668:
6158:
6115:
5775:
Gray, Louis H. (1927), "Jews in Zoroastrianism", in Hastings, James (ed.),
5666:
5252:
5200:
4409:
4088:
3326:
3325:, also hails from this community, as does Naxalite leader and intellectual
3243:
3186:
3156:
3103:
3047:
3036:
2973:
2948:
2914:
2828:
2782:
2711:
2112:
1755:
1579:
1563:
1098:
904:
772:
469:
454:
414:
344:
339:
304:
5869:
The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early
2976:
in Mumbai, is a home to several prominent Parsis. Parsis prominent in the
2407:
2373:
1194:(b) has been formally admitted into the Zoroastrian religion, through the
771:, the immigration of Zoroastrian Persians to the Indian subcontinent from
9450:
9402:
9356:
9351:
9296:
9276:
9123:
9098:
9050:
8983:
8815:
8758:
8644:
8561:
8378:
8105:
8014:
7994:
7877:
7822:
7797:
7705:
7700:
7680:
7523:
7518:
7402:
7250:
7234:
6900:
6714:
6593:
6397:
4467:
Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects
4453:
Dinshah Irani Memorial Volume: Papers on Zoroastrian and Iranian Subjects
3302:
3271:
3267:
3228:
3164:
3160:
3145:
3095:
3091:
3071:
3020:
2961:
2940:
2892:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2575:
2097:
1974:
1921:
1711:
1700:
1670:
1571:
1141:
1044:
499:
354:
229:
4768:
4766:
3693:
1928:(1638) saw them as "diligent", "conscientious", and "skillful" in their
1638:
1173:
841:-speaking Parsi community accounts for the oldest sustained presence of
9366:
9281:
9158:
9148:
8918:
8771:
8748:
8687:
8604:
8360:
7787:
7695:
7690:
7178:
6838:
6803:
6694:
6608:
6216:, Hinsdale: Federation of the Zoroastrian Associations of North America
5977:
5941:
5551:
3557:
3396:
India's dwindling Parsi population to be boosted with fertility clinics
3275:
3059:
3043:
3011:, regarded as the "Father of Indian Industry", and construction tycoon
2928:
2910:
2684:
2520:
calendar (an Iranian development with the same salient features as the
2504:
Today the majority of Parsis are adherents of the Parsi version of the
2100:
interpreted Zoroastrian scripture in Christian terms, and compared the
1929:
1832:
376: whether ink prepared by a non-Zoroastrian is suitable for copying
1691:
1632:
1583:
1575:
1534:
1243:– a collateral opinion and not legally binding (re-affirmed in 1966).)
1052:
909:
814:, which prompted much of the Zoroastrian-majority population to either
735:
444:
334:
244:
6325:
5731:
5575:
2652:, where the sect was founded in the last decades of the 19th century.
2264:
1607:). The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of
9455:
9346:
9193:
8659:
8355:
8195:
8170:
8165:
7923:
7543:
7533:
7503:
7381:
7285:
7221:
7192:
6895:
6890:
6618:
6598:
6478:
5746:
Edwards, E. (1927), "Sacrifice (Iranian)", in Hastings, James (ed.),
4763:
4379:
3208:
2880:
2864:
2752:
2391:
1956:
1726:
1687:
1682:
1594:
1593:, the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local ruler,
1447:
1077:
913:
896:
888:
872:
823:
784:
494:
489:
254:
234:
213:
7508:
5961:
5933:
4469:(Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee, Bombay: 1948), pp i-xiii.
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4147:
3874:
Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People
3159:
was the first Parsi to be appointed Chief of the Naval Staff of the
2286:
2197:
9326:
9226:
9203:
9188:
9163:
9083:
9078:
9070:
8933:
8908:
8639:
8498:
8305:
8273:
8248:
8243:
7933:
7741:
7548:
7323:
7309:
7120:
6833:
6757:
6752:
6538:
6402:
Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis
6140:
6097:
5596:(2nd ed.), New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 252,
4414:
Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective
4286:"Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages"
3802:, p. 8 incorrectly attributes the text to a Zoroastrian priest
3079:
2920:
2876:
2763:
2696:
2680:
2058:
1893:
1730:
1706:
1611:, which is said to have been named after the city of their origin (
1218:
and may be a remnant of an old legal definition of the term Parsi.
1081:
1040:
985:
948:
715:
625:
399:
394:
299:
125:
20:
8428:
7036:
1889:
Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between
9168:
9138:
9055:
9040:
9030:
8969:
8903:
8873:
8799:
8767:
8701:
8599:
8468:
8345:
8295:
8290:
8233:
8213:
8190:
8130:
8090:
8034:
7999:
7907:
7862:
7847:
7817:
7665:
7629:
7564:
7412:
7356:
7336:
7258:
7148:
6864:
6798:
6777:
6623:
6548:
5526:(4th ed.). New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
5218:
4408:
Ringer, Monica M. (2012), Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.),
4259:
3153:
3127:
2844:
2715:
2672:
2556:
s is actually more recent than the pronunciation used by the non-
2497:
2169:
2161:
1970:
1948:
1821:
1816:
1764:
1695:
1195:
1191:(a) is directly descended from the original Persian refugees, and
1179:
1094:
1005:
993:
984:
observed in 1563 that "there are merchants ... in the kingdom of
977:
925:
892:
880:
876:
827:
780:
519:
439:
419:
259:
160:
1997:
In 1728 Rustom's eldest son Naoroz (later Naorojee) founded the
1794:
near Mumbai suggest that at least until the early 11th century,
9440:
9391:
9173:
9143:
9093:
9088:
9065:
9060:
9020:
9015:
8993:
8978:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8923:
8913:
8883:
8878:
8863:
8804:
8743:
8733:
8692:
8664:
8654:
8634:
8629:
8589:
8584:
8566:
8350:
8335:
8315:
8238:
8180:
8175:
8100:
8095:
8069:
8024:
8009:
8004:
7963:
7948:
7887:
7857:
7852:
7842:
7832:
7827:
7792:
7772:
7746:
7675:
7624:
7528:
7422:
7361:
7169:
7125:
7115:
6843:
6689:
6684:
6653:
6503:
6266:
5610:
Boyce, M. (July 2002), "The Parthians", in Godrej, P.J. (ed.),
4527:
4300:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study"
4237:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study"
4001:
Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).
4000:
3378:"Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: Study"
2965:
2944:
2852:
2707:
2621:
2533:
2367:
2363:
2348:
2181:
2177:
1986:
1904:
obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in
1803:
1451:
943:
776:
529:
524:
384:
329:
284:
107:
31:
4310:
3852:
3850:
1165:
or ethnicity, cultural, behavioural and religious practices.
9445:
9336:
9286:
9266:
9251:
9198:
9183:
9103:
9035:
9025:
9005:
8763:
8705:
8609:
8417:
8388:
8228:
8218:
8140:
8135:
8115:
8074:
8049:
7943:
7892:
7867:
7812:
7802:
7751:
7685:
7670:
7386:
7241:
7135:
6885:
6859:
6762:
6747:
6663:
6658:
6121:
5828:
5265:
4178:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables"
4093:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42.
3810:
3808:
2649:
2524:
calendar), it is predominant among the Zoroastrians of Iran.
2173:
2039:
1905:
1678:
1666:
1566:
is in part in northeastern Iran, where it constitutes modern
1436:
973:
900:
718:
who migrated to the Indian subcontinent during and after the
404:
389:
294:
289:
89:
47:
6510:"Govt launches scheme to arrest decline in Parsi population"
6227:, Mumbai: National Commission for Minorities, archived from
6055:
The Parsis of India: preservation of identity in Bombay City
5277:
3412:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022).
2718:, the Tower of Silence is located in Parsi Colony, near the
689:
9000:
8794:
8709:
8503:
7984:
7897:
7807:
7777:
7650:
7156:
6869:
6613:
6603:
5167:. The Peregrine Fund (2012-08-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
5155:. Rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
4889:
4877:
4346:
4334:
4089:
Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).
3856:
3847:
3835:
3262:. The film industry features screenwriter and photographer
1616:
1603:
1109:
1103:
1056:
884:
695:
249:
239:
6083:
5889:
The Parsees in India: A Minority as Agent of Social Change
5206:
4599:
4037:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355.
3897:
Sir Dinsha Manekji Petit v. Sir Jamsetji Jijibhai (1909),
3805:
3637:. Iranicaonline.org (2008-07-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
3635:
PARSI COMMUNITIES i. EARLY HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica
1810:
and Sanskrit among the clerics "was of a superior order".
1686:
lay on the maritime routes that complemented the overland
8206:
6438:
4865:
4853:
4793:
4727:
4703:
4322:
4205:
3796:
3717:"Parsi And Irani Zoroastrians – A Historical Perspective"
3615:
3613:
3600:
3598:
3570:
3568:
3566:
2445:
1537:(the national average is 27.8%). Parsis mother tongue is
6535:"Falling Indian minority hopes romance can stop decline"
5188:
4985:"Parsis have made immense contributions to India: envoy"
4681:
4679:
4640:
4575:
2899:
and were educated beyond regular schooling institutions.
1183:
ceremony (rites of admission into the Zoroastrian faith)
6184:
Ralhan, Om Prakash (2002), "Indian National Congress",
5673:
4841:
4783:
4781:
4772:
4751:
4739:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4611:
3927:
Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar (1950),
3912:
Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar v. Merwan Rashid Yezdiar (1948),
3825:
3823:
3585:
3583:
2751:
It is also found that Parsis are genetically closer to
2464:
In 1745 the Parsis in and around Surat switched to the
1597:, on the condition that they adopt the local language (
5556:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4929:
4551:
4141:
3944:"Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72"
3610:
3595:
3563:
2827:(CSDS), lists Indian communities that constituted the
1574:, and in part in three Central-Asian republics namely
6252:
Zoroastrians of India. Parsis: A Photographic Journey
5754:
5627:
5554:(1970), "On the Calendar of the Zoroastrian Feasts",
5478:. Parsi Khabar (2010-01-06). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
4901:
4715:
4691:
4676:
4652:
4563:
4416:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 267–277,
4272:
4061:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables"
2053:), arts, crafts, and sartorial habits developed into
1828:("questions") are remarkably trivial – for instance,
1549:
1428:, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the
1015:
The term "Parseeism" or "Parsiism", is attributed to
757:
692:
6015:
The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research
5481:
5043:
4829:
4778:
4623:
4120:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables"
3820:
3580:
3411:
3289:
Educational and legal achievements include educator
2648:). There is a smaller concentration of adherents in
686:
6449:
6434:"Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?"
5593:
Zoroastrians, their religious beliefs and practices
5028:
4664:
4587:
3647:Akram, A. I.; al-Mehri, A. B. (September 1, 2009).
3528:Hinnells, John; Williams, Alan (October 22, 2007).
2883:, the Parsis, as well as the upper echelons of the
2544:course came to be accepted by all adherents of the
1729:trade. Even so, in the 17th century, Henry Lord, a
683:
5839:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5333:"High rate of cancer puts Parsis under microscope"
5331:
4451:Committee, Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund (1943).
2679:where the corpses are quickly eaten by the city's
2655:
2527:
2038:were instrumental in obtaining a remission of the
5058:
3234:In literature and journalism, they boast authors
2891:communities throughout the country. According to
2574:Of the eight Atash-Behrams (the highest grade of
9484:
5787:The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration
5530:
5463:
4805:
3527:
2402:
2085:
1932:pursuits. Similar observations would be made by
16:Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent
6431:
6018:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, p. 154,
5362:
5073:
4091:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables"
3558:Parsee, n. and adj. - Oxford English Dictionary
3301:, Pakistan's first Parsi Supreme Court Justice
2947:to, their most prominent contribution is their
2582:pronunciation and calendar, the other five are
1857:in Sassanid Iran). The remaining estates – the
1837:century. So also the question of conversion of
1737:, noted that the Parsis came to India seeking "
1520:
1093:In ancient Persia, Zoroaster taught that good (
5755:Eliade, M.; Couliano, I.; Wiesner, H. (1991),
5389:
5108:
4410:"Iranian Nationalism and Zoroastrian Identity"
4229:
4024:
3795:Parsi legend attributes it to a Hindu author;
3313:, along with former Attorney-General of India
3189:RF Contractor served as the 17th Chief of the
2635:prayers are very similar to those used by the
1646:and its surrounding regions on the eve of the
1601:) and that their women adopt local dress (the
1070:, the Indian astrologer refers to Artakhshir (
996:." In an early 20th-century legal ruling (see
992:call them Jews, but they are not so. They are
899:. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a
8444:
7580:
7052:
6564:
6220:
5872:(reprint ed.), I.B.Tauris, p. 268,
5534:Historia Religionum: Religions of the present
5531:Bleeker, Claas Jouco; Widengren, Geo (1971),
5501:"Jamshedji Tata - Founder of TATA Industries"
4533:
4352:
4340:
4316:
4148:United States Department of Commerce (1924).
3646:
3042:Other notable Parsi business persons include
2675:at least, for dead Parsis to be taken to the
2111:At the time Haug wrote his translations, the
1939:One of these was an enterprising agent named
1271:
751:
648:
6248:
6202:
6032:Ovington, J. (1929), Rawlinson, H.G. (ed.),
5903:(reprint ed.), Routledge, p. 364,
5844:Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1906),
5366:Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent
4581:
4328:
2825:Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
2803:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
2774:of Parsis about 3/4 Iranian and 1/4 Indian.
6175:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5892:(2nd ed.), New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House
5779:, vol. VII, Edinburgh: T & T Clark
4455:. Dinshah J. Irani Memorial Fund Committee.
2315:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2226:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1253:List of countries by Zoroastrian population
883:. There is a sizeable Parsee population in
722:in the 7th century, when Zoroastrians were
8451:
8437:
7587:
7573:
7059:
7045:
6632:
6571:
6557:
6468:Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities
6295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5818:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5750:, vol. XI, Edinburgh: T & T Clark
5356:
4826:, pp. 37–45, 62–64, 128–140, 334–135.
4199:
4170:
4112:
4082:
4053:
3994:
3965:
3935:
3351:
2687:, which harm vultures and have led to the
2419:
2069:, the first Asian to occupy a seat in the
1861:(nobility, soldiers, and civil servants),
1461:
856:
730:, whose Zoroastrian ancestors migrated to
655:
641:
212:
46:
6450:Editorial Viewpoint (February 21, 2006),
6280:
6235:
6148:
6105:
6072:
6002:
5865:
5674:Darukhanawala, H.; Jeejeebhoy, J (1938),
5656:
5646:
5457:
5369:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5194:
4646:
4605:
4569:
4557:
4450:
4151:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No. 34
3901:, Justices Dinshaw Davar and Frank Beaman
3876:. Grand Central Publishing. p. 236.
3841:
3814:
3799:
3714:
3405:
3074:—all of them related through marriage to
3039:are important industrial Parsi families.
2415:ceremony (in this case, a house blessing)
2335:Learn how and when to remove this message
2246:Learn how and when to remove this message
2108:as the supporting host of lesser angels.
1147:
845:, and is legally differentiated from the
765:According to the 16th-century Parsi epic
6361:"A brief introduction to Zoroastrianism"
6221:Roy, T.K.; Unisa, S.; Bhatt, M. (2004),
6051:
6031:
6011:
5947:
5916:
5803:
5783:
5131:The complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard
5067:
4895:
4883:
4847:
4823:
4799:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4617:
4545:
3619:
3574:
3321:, India's first female photojournalist,
3293:, suffragist, cultural studies theorist
2919:
2901:
2823:D. L. Sheth, the former director of the
2659:
2406:
2385:
2372:
2352:
2263:
2080:opposed the partition of undivided India
1980:
1637:
1415:
1258:Historical population of Parsis in India
1227:and properly admitted into the religion.
1172:
1151:
953:
834:for the first time in recorded history.
6420:
6406:
6383:
6349:"Parsi-Religion and Expressive Culture"
6224:Growth of the Parsi population in India
6211:
5896:
5861:, vol. 1, London: Macmillan and Co
5843:
5745:
5487:
5451:
5178:"Tower of Silence - Clifton Cantonment"
5052:
4485:
3715:Dadrawala, Noshir H. (April 13, 2019).
3604:
3497:
3339:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
3138:Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw
3114:. The husband of Indian Prime Minister
2812:
2671:It has been traditional, in Mumbai and
2452:, p. 537), the Parsis inserted an
2140:
940:" the good religion". The 12th-century
891:. A few Parsee families also reside in
9485:
6474:These Communities Call Chennai 'home'"
6207:(2nd ed.), New York: Random House
6183:
5998:, Bombay: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute
5991:
5854:
5709:
5691:
5682:
5363:Dhavendra Kumar (September 15, 2012).
5128:Madan, Dhanjishah Meherjibhai (1911).
5082:
5011:"HAUG, MARTIN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
4991:. Press Trust of India. April 26, 2016
4935:
4919:
4907:
4871:
4859:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4685:
4658:
4634:
4407:
4208:"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 1, India"
4030:
3871:
3671:
3501:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
3126:, was a Parsi with ancestral roots in
2590:s do not have their own Atash-Behram.
2571:woman and so causing her to miscarry.
2135:
972:, briefly refers to their presence in
851:world's largest Zoroastrian population
8432:
7568:
7040:
6552:
6303:
6079:, Bombay: Zarthoshti Dharam Sambandhi
6076:Early History of the Parsees in India
5885:
5696:, New York: Oxford University Press,
5683:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusserwanji (1914),
5609:
5589:
5550:
5521:
5445:
5127:
4835:
4787:
4670:
4593:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4403:
4401:
3829:
3630:
3628:
3589:
2449:
2096:In the 1860s and 1870s, the linguist
1884:
1504:derive benefit from her developments.
997:
924:, which in the Persian language is a
6466:Uberoi, Anuradha (January 6, 2020),
6012:Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (1993),
5850:, The Macmillan Company, p. 471
5826:
5774:
5537:, vol. II, Brill, p. 715,
5427:. Indian Social Institute: 72. 2000.
5037:
4811:
4247:from the original on January 6, 2019
3931:, Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar
3857:Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani (1966),
3553:
3551:
3523:
3521:
3106:. Other notable businessmen include
2313:adding citations to reliable sources
2280:
2224:adding citations to reliable sources
2191:
1710:to refer to the peoples west of the
794:Zoroastrianism had served as Iran's
76:Regions with significant populations
9538:Pakistani people of Iranian descent
8458:
7066:
6432:Karkaria, Bachi (January 9, 2016).
5777:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
5758:The Eliade Guide to World Religions
5748:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
5676:Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil, Vol. I
5437:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
4969:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
4773:Darukhanawala & Jeejeebhoy 1938
3748:. December 19, 2007. Archived from
3560:. oed.com. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.
3282:, and Thailand's cinematic pioneer
3098:was married to Parsi industrialist
2762:(patrilineal) DNA of the Parsis of
2042:for their co-religionists in 1882.
2001:(in the sense of an instrument for
1168:
1047:, of Aryan family" (Inscription at
1017:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron
752:
577:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
9472:Genetic studies on Gujarati people
7594:
6578:
6421:Karaka, Dosabhai Framjee (1884b),
6341:
6205:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
6186:Encyclopaedia of Political Parties
6129:American Journal of Human Genetics
6086:American Journal of Human Genetics
6035:A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689
5476:Can Zoroastrians save their faith?
4472:
4398:
4206:India Census Commissioner (1941).
3625:
3498:Skutsch, Carl (November 7, 2013).
2968:are named after Parsis, including
2729:
2156:Zoroastrians are not initiated by
1550:Arrival in the Indian subcontinent
1430:National Commission for Minorities
1266:
14:
9554:
6493:
6188:, New Delhi: Anmol Publications,
5344:from the original on May 25, 2022
4158:from the original on May 13, 2023
3548:
3518:
3086:, was born into two of the Parsi
2593:
9533:Indian people of Iranian descent
7021:
7020:
6281:Vimadalal, Jal Rustamji (1979),
6007:, New Delhi: National Book Trust
5833:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
5493:
5469:
5413:
5383:
5324:
5271:
5212:
5170:
5109:Bachi Karkaria (July 11, 2005).
4486:Marashi, Afshin (June 8, 2020).
4041:from the original on May 8, 2023
3872:Entine, Jon (October 24, 2007).
3531:Parsis in India and the Diaspora
3250:, and investigative journalists
2443:Sometime between 1125 and 1250 (
2285:
2196:
679:
624:
118:
100:
82:
6528:Parsis – a photographic journey
6518:. July 27, 2010. Archived from
5158:
5146:
5121:
5111:"How Konstantin became Farrokh"
5102:
5088:
5003:
4977:
4941:
4515:
4504:
4459:
4444:
4372:
4358:
4292:
4278:
3920:
3905:
3890:
3865:
3789:
3764:
3734:
3708:
3665:
3640:
2656:Issues relating to the deceased
2528:Effect of the calendar disputes
2357:Parsi Tower of Silence, Bombay.
1068:Karnamak i Artakhshir i Papakan
802:. However, the conquest of the
798:since at least the time of the
724:persecuted by the early Muslims
9528:Ethnoreligious groups in India
6203:Random House (1993), "Parsi",
5827:Hull, Ernest Reginald (1911).
3491:
3466:
3431:
3388:
3370:
2666:St Mary's Cemetery, Wandsworth
2476:calendar as being "royalist".
1744:
1498:Our dear brothers and sisters.
1126:, which is closely related to
783:after being granted refuge by
746:, and literally translates to
1:
7610:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu
6544:The Story of Parsi Enterprise
6458:, no. 48, archived from
6427:, London: Macmillan & Co.
6416:, London: Macmillan & Co.
6212:Rivetna, Roshan, ed. (2002),
5992:Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997),
5396:. Penguin Books. p. 28.
5393:The Great Indian Middle class
4490:. University of Texas Press.
3649:The Muslim Conquest of Persia
3364:
3305:, and constitutional experts
3297:, and first female barrister
3094:families, and their daughter
3082:. Mohammad Ali Jinnah's wife
2710:is located at Doongerwadi at
2578:) in India, three follow the
2403:Factions within the community
2086:Change in religious education
1246:
1031:
959:
57:
9508:Social groups of Maharashtra
6353:Countries and their Cultures
6123:McElreavey, Ken (May 2004),
6038:, London: Humphrey Milford,
5950:The Journal of Asian Studies
5464:Bleeker & Widengren 1971
3317:, and Supreme Court Justice
2978:Indian independence movement
2076:Indian independence movement
1562:. This historical region of
1521:Other demographic statistics
1208:identity question among Jews
810:marked the beginning of the
7:
7494:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
6052:Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001),
5897:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1981),
5790:, Oxford University Press,
5761:, New York: HarperCollins,
4534:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004
4353:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004
4341:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004
4317:Roy, Unisa & Bhatt 2004
3332:
2276:
2187:
2092:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
1926:Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo
1763:and its subsequent move to
1570:, part of western/northern
758:
607:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
587:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
9559:
8207:Immigrant Jain communities
6238:Die Religion Zarathushtras
5784:Hinnells, John R. (2005),
5514:
5266:Quintana-Murci et al. 2004
5237:10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.004
4180:. 1931. pp. 513–519.
3504:. Routledge. p. 953.
3225:Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji
3198:Ardeshir Burjorji Tarapore
2816:
2758:In that 2002 study of the
2599:
2423:
2381:
2346:
2257:
2149:
2089:
1735:English East India Company
1544:
1250:
988:... known as Esparcis. We
714:. They are descended from
29:
18:
9464:
9426:
9400:
9380:
9112:
8967:
8844:
8813:
8785:
8719:
8673:
8542:
8466:
8371:
8261:
8153:
8083:
7977:
7916:
7765:
7729:
7638:
7602:
7484:
7468:
7447:
7431:
7395:
7074:
7018:
6997:
6934:
6878:
6852:
6791:
6677:
6641:
6630:
6586:
6318:10.1017/S0026749X00010696
6283:What a Parsee Should Know
6249:Taraporevala, S. (2000),
5866:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006),
5724:10.1017/S0026749X00005102
5694:History of Zoroastrianism
5648:10.1186/s13059-017-1244-9
5568:10.1017/S0041977X00126540
5289:10.1101/2020.06.05.124891
4955:. Asia Press: 212. 1946.
3651:. Maktabah Publications.
3174:, post-independence, and
3170:served as India's second
2835:. This list included the
2664:Parsi funerary monument,
2457:still had the same name,
2078:, the majority of Parsis
1648:Muslim conquest of Persia
1409:
1284:—
1107:or the righteousness and
1088:
708:ethno-religious community
184:
179:
172:
167:
139:
134:
116:
98:
80:
75:
45:
9503:Social groups of Gujarat
8721:Agricultural communities
7639:Agricultural communities
7499:Ancient Iranian religion
6720:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
6408:Karaka, Dosabhai Framjee
6240:(in German). Stuttgart:
5806:Studies in Parsi History
5524:Religion in Modern India
4422:10.1057/9781137013408_13
4122:. 1921. pp. 39–44.
4063:. 1901. pp. 57–62.
3899:33 ILR 509 and 11 BLR 85
3686:10.1177/0038022920080301
3344:
3311:Nani Ardeshir Palkhivala
2833:Indian partition in 1947
2706:The Tower of Silence in
1865:(farmers and herdsmen),
1623:). In addition to these
360:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
30:Not to be confused with
7439:Ancient Iranian peoples
6906:Three Persian religions
5390:Pavan K. Varma (2007).
4989:Business Standard India
4366:"Saving India's Parsis"
3975:. 1881. pp. 9–18.
3914:Parsi Matrimonial Court
3776:Encyclopædia Britannica
3478:www.merriam-webster.com
2620:(alternatively, in the
2420:Calendrical differences
2377:Parsi Fire Temple Delhi
1911:Seven Islands of Bombay
1462:Ties to modern-day Iran
928:meaning "inhabitant of
864:Encyclopædia Britannica
857:Definition and identity
843:Zoroastrianism in India
9523:Ethnic groups in Sindh
9513:Ethnic groups in India
8889:Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya
8869:Gurjar Kshatriya Kadia
8675:Mercantile communities
8524:Sidhra-Rudhra Brahmins
7939:Gomantak Maratha Samaj
7730:Mercantile communities
6393:, University of London
6255:, Bombay: Good Books,
6236:Stausberg, M. (2002).
6073:Paymaster, R. (1954),
6003:Nanavutty, P. (1970),
5855:Karaka, D. F. (1884),
5612:A Zoroastrian Tapestry
5522:Baird, Robert (2009).
5312:Cite journal requires
5096:"BBC - Zoroastrianism"
3056:Dinshaw Maneckji Petit
2932:
2917:
2746:based on high density
2735:Genealogical DNA tests
2668:
2508:calendar although the
2416:
2395:
2378:
2358:
2269:
2036:Maneckji Limji Hataria
2031:Dinshaw Maneckji Petit
1999:Bombay Parsi Panchayet
1994:
1650:
1507:
1421:
1229:
1184:
1157:
1156:Wedding portrait, 1948
1148:As an ethnic community
965:
918:
325:Zoroastrian literature
25:Parsi (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
8281:Maharashtrian Muslims
7737:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin
7396:Related ethnic groups
7010:Fire temples in India
6678:Scripture and worship
6522:on December 25, 2011.
5836:Catholic Encyclopedia
5804:Hodivala, S. (1920),
5678:, Bombay: G. Claridge
5283:: 2020.06.05.124891.
5015:www.iranicaonline.org
4949:Asia and the Americas
4031:Frazer, R.W. (1897).
3674:Sociological Bulletin
3474:"Definition of PARSI"
3052:Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata
2923:
2909:, lead singer of the
2905:
2740:A study published in
2689:Indian vulture crisis
2663:
2410:
2390:Parsi Fire Temple of
2389:
2376:
2356:
2267:
1984:
1951:), would note in his
1915:Charles II of England
1851:social stratification
1739:liberty of conscience
1641:
1480:
1419:
1224:
1176:
1155:
1122:, was written in the
957:
869:
720:Arab conquest of Iran
612:Zoroastrian cosmology
562:Zoroastrians in India
318:Scripture and worship
180:Related ethnic groups
68:Mahadev V. Dhurandhar
8787:Pastoral communities
7460:Proto-Indo-Europeans
7372:Tats of the Caucasus
7005:Fire temples in Iran
6792:Accounts and legends
6306:Modern Asian Studies
6269:on February 14, 2006
5712:Modern Asian Studies
5685:Zoroastrian Theology
5590:Boyce, Mary (2001),
3752:on December 19, 2007
2999:, nuclear scientist
2819:List of Parsi people
2813:Notable Parsi people
2427:Zoroastrian calendar
2309:improve this section
2220:improve this section
2141:Purity and pollution
1989:" a wood engraving,
1790:Inscriptions at the
1511:Hormusji C. Adenwala
1426:2011 Census of India
812:Islamisation of Iran
742:is derived from the
567:Zoroastrians in Iran
433:Accounts and legends
8846:Artisan communities
8544:Warrior communities
8401:Bombay East Indians
8084:Nomadic communities
7766:Artisan communities
6879:History and culture
6725:Udvada Atash Behram
6452:"How trust-worthy?"
6390:The Parsee Religion
6231:on November 8, 2006
5692:Dhalla, M. (1938),
5614:, New York: Mapin,
4898:, pp. 135–139.
4886:, pp. 223–225.
4874:, pp. 150–151.
4862:, pp. 215–217.
4712:, pp. 474–475.
4288:. October 24, 2017.
4273:Chaubey et al. 2017
4210:. pp. 97–101.
3418:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3319:Rohinton F. Nariman
3181:served as the 18th
3102:, the scion of the
3076:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2807:Parkinson's disease
2772:population genetics
2268:Parsi wedding 1905.
2260:Zoroastrian wedding
2136:Religious practices
2061:troops, clubs, and
2026:Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy
2022:social cohesiveness
1962:Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy
1529:Parsis have a high
1259:
1233:Indian Constitution
958:Parsis from India,
732:British-ruled India
712:Indian subcontinent
631:Religion portal
483:History and culture
42:
9543:Neo-Zoroastrianism
9518:Religious identity
9322:Shaikhs of Gujarat
9302:Pathans of Gujarat
9115:Muslim communities
8970:Tribal communities
8884:Kumhar (Prajapati)
8396:Marathi Christians
8326:Muslim Chhaparband
8262:Muslim communities
7978:Tribal communities
7917:Priest communities
6809:Book of Arda Viraf
6743:Cypress of Kashmar
5886:Kulke, E. (1978),
5115:The Times of India
4536:, pp. 18, 19.
4005:. pp. 87–95.
3946:. pp. 50–54.
3299:Mithan Jamshed Lam
3264:Sooni Taraporevala
3195:Lieutenant Colonel
3191:Indian Coast Guard
3183:Chief of Air Staff
3172:Chief of Air Staff
3148:to be appointed a
3118:and son-in-law of
2933:
2918:
2843:from Gujarat, the
2669:
2532:Since some of the
2417:
2396:
2379:
2359:
2270:
2125:Arthur Christensen
2071:British Parliament
1995:
1902:East India Company
1885:Age of opportunity
1879:Hindu caste system
1651:
1422:
1257:
1185:
1158:
966:
824:Islamic caliphates
808:Rashidun Caliphate
450:Book of Arda Viraf
380:Cypress of Kashmar
40:
9480:
9479:
9428:Other communities
9332:Sayyid of Gujarat
8484:Audichya Brahmins
8426:
8425:
8384:Marathi Buddhists
8372:Other communities
8257:
8256:
8149:
8148:
7603:Hindu Communities
7562:
7561:
7486:Iranian religions
7476:Iranian languages
7346:
7339:
7332:
7318:
7304:
7297:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7253:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7172:
7165:
7151:
7144:
7105:
7034:
7033:
6487:978-93-5351-676-5
6385:Naoroji, Dadabhai
6262:978-81-901216-0-6
6242:Kohlhammer Verlag
6195:978-81-7488-865-5
6065:978-90-04-12114-0
6058:, Leiden: Brill,
6045:978-81-206-0945-7
6025:978-0-7735-1144-6
5910:978-0-19-713600-3
5879:978-1-84511-056-7
5797:978-0-19-826759-1
5768:978-0-06-062145-2
5703:978-0-404-12806-7
5621:978-1-890206-22-2
5603:978-0-415-23902-8
5544:978-90-04-02598-1
5403:978-0-14-310325-7
5376:978-1-4020-2231-9
5207:Qamar et al. 2002
4802:, pp. 53–56.
4736:, pp. 47–57.
4582:Taraporevala 2000
4497:978-1-4773-2079-2
4431:978-1-137-01340-8
4329:Taraporevala 2000
4319:, pp. 8, 21.
4243:. July 26, 2016.
4216:saoa.crl.28215532
4186:saoa.crl.25793234
4128:saoa.crl.25394121
4099:saoa.crl.25393779
4069:saoa.crl.25352838
4011:saoa.crl.25318666
3981:saoa.crl.25057654
3952:saoa.crl.25057647
3883:978-0-446-40839-4
3844:, p. I. 373.
3658:978-0-9548665-3-2
3541:978-1-134-06751-0
3511:978-1-135-19388-1
3454:Missing or empty
3260:Behram Contractor
3252:Ardeshir Cowasjee
3176:Air Chief Marshal
3078:, the founder of
3019:, Mistry family,
3003:, industrialists
2982:Pherozeshah Mehta
2779:mitochondrial DNA
2677:Towers of Silence
2345:
2344:
2337:
2256:
2255:
2248:
1945:Bombay Presidency
1589:According to the
1568:Khorasan Province
1554:According to the
1424:According to the
1414:
1413:
1008:according to the
936:"Zoroastrian" or
861:According to the
800:Achaemenid Empire
665:
664:
191:
190:
157:Pakistani dialect
9550:
9383:Jain communities
8739:Anjana Chaudhari
8534:Tapodhan Brahmin
8529:Sompura Brahmins
8519:Shrimali Brahmin
8514:Sachora Brahmins
8499:Khedaval Brahmin
8453:
8446:
8439:
8430:
8429:
8204:
8203:
8154:Jain communities
7636:
7635:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7314:
7300:
7293:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7249:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7168:
7161:
7147:
7140:
7101:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7024:
7023:
6989:in United States
6730:Adur Burzen-Mihr
6636:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6523:
6463:
6462:on July 15, 2011
6443:
6428:
6417:
6394:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6367:. Archived from
6356:
6336:
6300:
6294:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6265:, archived from
6245:
6232:
6217:
6208:
6198:
6180:
6174:
6166:
6161:, archived from
6152:
6118:
6109:
6092:(5): 1107–1124,
6080:
6068:
6048:
6028:
6008:
5999:
5988:
5944:
5913:
5893:
5882:
5862:
5851:
5840:
5832:
5823:
5817:
5809:
5800:
5780:
5771:
5751:
5742:
5706:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5660:
5650:
5624:
5606:
5586:
5547:
5527:
5509:
5508:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5428:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5077:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5047:
5041:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4608:, p. I.374.
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4483:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4306:. July 25, 2016.
4296:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3916:, Justice Coyaji
3909:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3818:
3817:, p. I.373.
3812:
3803:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3772:"Parsi (people)"
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3561:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3384:. July 25, 2016.
3374:
3358:
3355:
3323:Homai Vyarawalla
3291:Jamshed Bharucha
3284:Rattana Pestonji
3280:Persis Khambatta
3120:Jawaharlal Nehru
3108:Cyrus Poonawalla
2986:Dadabhai Naoroji
2889:Indian Christian
2877:Bengali Probasis
2837:Kashmiri Pandits
2701:Tower of Silence
2550:Avestan language
2454:embolismic month
2340:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2289:
2281:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2200:
2192:
2067:Dadabhai Naoroji
1953:Oriental Memoirs
1934:James Mackintosh
1900:of England, the
1834:Avestan language
1560:Greater Khorasan
1526:to 933 females.
1515:Maneckji Hataria
1273:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1169:Self-perceptions
1124:Avestan language
1041:Darius the Great
1036:
1033:
998:self-perceptions
964:
961:
816:convert to Islam
761:
755:
754:
744:Persian language
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
657:
650:
643:
629:
628:
365:Adur Burzen-Mihr
216:
193:
192:
124:
122:
121:
106:
104:
103:
88:
86:
85:
70:
64:
62:
59:
50:
43:
39:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9483:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9460:
9422:
9396:
9376:
9347:Sulaymani Bohra
9317:Sandhai Muslims
9307:Salaat (Muslim)
9108:
8963:
8939:Salaat (Muslim)
8840:
8809:
8781:
8715:
8669:
8538:
8494:Girnara Brahmin
8489:Bardai Brahmins
8462:
8460:Gujarati people
8457:
8427:
8422:
8406:Koli Christians
8367:
8331:Muslim Raj Gond
8306:Deccani Muslims
8269:Konkani Muslims
8253:
8202:
8145:
8079:
7973:
7912:
7761:
7725:
7634:
7615:Marathi Brahmin
7598:
7593:
7563:
7558:
7480:
7464:
7443:
7432:Ancient peoples
7427:
7391:
7092:'Ajam of Kuwait
7070:
7068:Iranian peoples
7065:
7035:
7030:
7014:
6993:
6930:
6874:
6848:
6819:Story of Sanjan
6787:
6673:
6642:Divine entities
6637:
6628:
6582:
6577:
6515:Hindustan Times
6508:
6496:
6374:
6372:
6365:Kwintessentials
6359:
6355:. Advameg, Inc.
6347:
6344:
6342:Further reading
6339:
6288:
6287:
6272:
6270:
6263:
6196:
6168:
6167:
6066:
6046:
6026:
5962:10.2307/3096349
5934:10.2307/2804477
5911:
5880:
5811:
5810:
5798:
5769:
5704:
5687:, New York: OUP
5622:
5604:
5545:
5517:
5512:
5505:webindia123.com
5499:
5498:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5338:The Independent
5330:
5329:
5325:
5313:
5311:
5302:
5301:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5217:
5213:
5209:, p. 1119.
5205:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5122:
5107:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5078:
5074:
5063:
5059:
5048:
5044:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4962:
4961:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4938:, p. 1101.
4934:
4930:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4649:, pp. 2–3.
4645:
4641:
4633:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4484:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4449:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4406:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4386:. June 27, 2020
4378:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3940:
3936:
3925:
3921:
3910:
3906:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3713:
3709:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3335:
3307:Fali S. Nariman
3236:Rohinton Mistry
3221:Freddie Mercury
3213:Farokh Engineer
3205:Nari Contractor
3179:Fali Homi Major
3112:Adar Poonawalla
3084:Rattanbai Petit
3015:. The families
3013:Pallonji Mistry
2907:Freddie Mercury
2853:Punjabi Khatris
2821:
2815:
2732:
2730:Archaeogenetics
2658:
2604:
2598:
2530:
2430:
2422:
2405:
2384:
2351:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2306:
2290:
2279:
2262:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2217:
2201:
2190:
2154:
2143:
2138:
2094:
2088:
2003:self-governance
1887:
1873:("followers of
1747:
1694:, and both the
1675:Sasanian Empire
1644:Sasanian Empire
1552:
1547:
1523:
1464:
1255:
1249:
1216:gender equality
1202:In this sense,
1171:
1150:
1091:
1034:
1028:Shalmaneser III
962:
879:(Pakistan) and
859:
832:Iranian plateau
804:Sasanian Empire
779:of present-day
682:
678:
661:
623:
618:
617:
616:
601:
593:
592:
591:
556:
548:
547:
546:
505:
504:
484:
476:
475:
474:
460:Story of Sanjan
434:
426:
425:
424:
319:
311:
310:
309:
274:
273:Divine entities
266:
265:
264:
224:
119:
117:
101:
99:
83:
81:
71:
66:
65:
60:
52:
38:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9556:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9430:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9415:
9409:
9407:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9388:
9386:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9216:
9214:Makwana Muslim
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9120:
9118:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8989:Dungri Garasia
8981:
8975:
8973:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8934:Sathwara Salat
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8850:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8822:
8820:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8791:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8779:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8725:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8548:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8475:
8473:
8464:
8463:
8456:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7620:Pathare Prabhu
7617:
7612:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7596:Marathi people
7592:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7569:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7554:Zoroastrianism
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7490:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7316:Pashtun tribes
7307:
7306:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7282:
7268:
7265:Chinese Tajiks
7256:
7255:
7254:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7231:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7145:
7142:Kurdish tribes
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7078:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7064:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7041:
7032:
7031:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6824:Chinvat Bridge
6821:
6816:
6814:Book of Jamasp
6811:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6768:Khordeh Avesta
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6710:Airyaman ishya
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6649:Amesha Spentas
6645:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6587:Primary topics
6584:
6583:
6580:Zoroastrianism
6576:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6532:
6524:
6506:
6495:
6494:External links
6492:
6491:
6490:
6464:
6447:
6444:
6429:
6418:
6404:
6395:
6381:
6371:on May 1, 2016
6357:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6312:(2): 303–320,
6301:
6278:
6261:
6246:
6233:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6194:
6181:
6165:on May 9, 2008
6141:10.1086/383236
6135:(5): 827–845,
6119:
6098:10.1086/339929
6081:
6070:
6064:
6049:
6044:
6029:
6024:
6009:
6000:
5989:
5956:(3): 861–889,
5945:
5928:(2): 333–357,
5918:Luhrmann, T.M.
5914:
5909:
5894:
5883:
5878:
5863:
5852:
5841:
5830:"Parsis"
5824:
5801:
5796:
5781:
5772:
5767:
5752:
5743:
5718:(2): 149–164,
5707:
5702:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5635:Genome Biology
5625:
5620:
5607:
5602:
5587:
5562:(3): 513–539,
5548:
5543:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5492:
5480:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5412:
5402:
5382:
5375:
5355:
5323:
5314:|journal=
5270:
5268:, p. 840.
5258:
5211:
5199:
5195:Nanavutty 1970
5187:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5120:
5101:
5087:
5085:, p. 135.
5072:
5070:, p. 871.
5057:
5042:
5040:, p. 562.
5027:
5002:
4976:
4940:
4928:
4912:
4910:, p. 483.
4900:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4850:, p. 216.
4840:
4838:, p. 312.
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4790:, p. 304.
4777:
4762:
4760:, p. 333.
4750:
4748:, p. 861.
4738:
4726:
4724:, p. 474.
4714:
4702:
4700:, p. 457.
4690:
4688:, p. 448.
4675:
4663:
4661:, p. 447.
4651:
4647:Paymaster 1954
4639:
4622:
4620:, p. 199.
4610:
4606:Stausberg 2002
4598:
4586:
4574:
4570:Paymaster 1954
4562:
4558:Vimadalal 1979
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4503:
4496:
4471:
4458:
4443:
4430:
4397:
4371:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4291:
4277:
4258:
4228:
4198:
4169:
4140:
4111:
4081:
4052:
4023:
3993:
3964:
3934:
3919:
3904:
3889:
3882:
3864:
3861:, Justice Mody
3846:
3842:Stausberg 2002
3834:
3832:, p. 105.
3819:
3815:Stausberg 2002
3804:
3800:Paymaster 1954
3788:
3763:
3746:www.iranian.ws
3733:
3707:
3680:(3): 315–336.
3664:
3657:
3639:
3624:
3609:
3607:, p. 205.
3594:
3592:, p. 148.
3579:
3562:
3547:
3540:
3517:
3510:
3490:
3465:
3430:
3404:
3394:Dean Nelson. "
3387:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3295:Homi K. Bhabha
3256:Russi Karanjia
3248:Ardashir Vakil
3142:Military Cross
3068:Jehangir Wadia
3001:Homi N. Sethna
2997:Homi J. Bhabha
2958:Mahatma Gandhi
2893:Pavan K. Varma
2861:northern India
2849:Southern India
2841:Nagar Brahmins
2817:Main article:
2814:
2811:
2799:bladder cancer
2794:high rates of
2743:Genome Biology
2731:
2728:
2657:
2654:
2626:Mount Damavand
2624:range, around
2602:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
2600:Main article:
2597:
2595:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
2592:
2529:
2526:
2493:vernal equinox
2421:
2418:
2404:
2401:
2383:
2380:
2347:Main article:
2343:
2342:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2258:Main article:
2254:
2253:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2158:infant baptism
2153:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2090:Main article:
2087:
2084:
2063:Masonic Lodges
1891:Mughal emperor
1886:
1883:
1859:(r)atheshtarih
1808:Middle Persian
1796:Middle Persian
1746:
1743:
1556:Qissa-i Sanjan
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1522:
1519:
1463:
1460:
1444:United Kingdom
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1248:
1245:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1170:
1167:
1149:
1146:
1136:Qissa-i Sanjan
1128:Vedic Sanskrit
1115:Chinvat bridge
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1060:
1049:Naqsh-i-Rustam
1038:
1010:Qissa-i Sanjan
982:Garcia de Orta
858:
855:
822:and the later
796:state religion
787:, the king of
768:Qissa-i Sanjan
736:Qajar-era Iran
663:
662:
660:
659:
652:
645:
637:
634:
633:
620:
619:
615:
614:
609:
603:
602:
600:Related topics
599:
598:
595:
594:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
539:
534:
533:
532:
527:
517:
512:
506:
503:
502:
497:
492:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
473:
472:
467:
465:Chinvat Bridge
462:
457:
455:Book of Jamasp
452:
447:
442:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:Khordeh Avesta
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:Airyaman ishya
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
280:Amesha Spentas
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
225:
223:Primary topics
222:
221:
218:
217:
209:
208:
206:Zoroastrianism
202:
201:
189:
188:
182:
181:
177:
176:
174:Zoroastrianism
170:
169:
165:
164:
153:Indian dialect
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
114:
113:
110:
96:
95:
92:
78:
77:
73:
72:
51:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9555:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9262:Multani Lohar
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9154:Dawoodi Bohra
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8929:Sompura Salat
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8914:Gurjar Suthar
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8854:Bhambi Khalpa
8852:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8843:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8812:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8729:Aboti Brahmin
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8718:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8672:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8509:Nagar Brahmin
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8479:Aboti Brahmin
8477:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8454:
8449:
8447:
8442:
8440:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8394:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8161:Marathi Jains
8159:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7903:Twashta Kasar
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7803:Dhobi (Parit)
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7590:
7585:
7583:
7578:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:Indo-Iranians
7453:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7408:Bukharan Jews
7406:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:Arab-Persians
7327:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:Southern Lurs
7197:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7104:
7103:Baloch tribes
7100:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:Ethnic groups
7073:
7069:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7050:
7048:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7029:
7028:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6952:in Azerbaijan
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Adur Gushnasp
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6284:
6279:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5807:
5802:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5489:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5466:, p. 212
5465:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5440:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5421:Social Action
5416:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5359:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5225:Mitochondrion
5222:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5197:, p. 13.
5196:
5191:
5183:
5182:wikimapia.org
5179:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5154:
5149:
5133:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5091:
5084:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5068:Luhrmann 2002
5066:
5061:
5055:, p. 21.
5054:
5051:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5031:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4896:Palsetia 2001
4892:
4885:
4884:Palsetia 2001
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4848:Ovington 1929
4844:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4824:Palsetia 2001
4820:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4800:Palsetia 2001
4796:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4775:, p. 33.
4774:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4758:Luhrmann 1994
4754:
4747:
4746:Luhrmann 2002
4742:
4735:
4734:Palsetia 2001
4730:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4673:, p. 29.
4672:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4637:, p. 15.
4636:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4618:Hinnells 2005
4614:
4607:
4602:
4596:, p. 25.
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4546:Hodivala 1920
4542:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4454:
4447:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4402:
4385:
4384:Zamaneh Media
4381:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4355:, p. 14.
4354:
4349:
4343:, p. 21.
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:British India
4027:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3622:, p. 42.
3621:
3620:Nigosian 1993
3616:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3577:, p. 88.
3576:
3575:Hodivala 1920
3571:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3537:
3534:. Routledge.
3533:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3400:The Telegraph
3397:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:Soli Sorabjee
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:Firdaus Kanga
3237:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3217:Polly Umrigar
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:Aspy Engineer
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:Field Marshal
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:Field Marshal
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:Feroze Gandhi
3121:
3117:
3116:Indira Gandhi
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:Neville Wadia
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:Neville Wadia
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:Jamsetji Tata
3006:
3005:J. R. D. Tata
3002:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2990:Bhikaiji Cama
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:Nariman Point
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:of companies.
2930:
2927:, founder of
2926:
2925:Jamsetji Tata
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:Indian Muslim
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:breast cancer
2791:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:Chanesar Goth
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:decomposition
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:Saheb-e-Dilan
2611:
2610:
2609:Ilm-e-Kshnoom
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2328:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2294:This section
2292:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:This section
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Parsi theatre
2052:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:Rustom Maneck
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1846:proselytizing
1842:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Kanheri Caves
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:use the term
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:literacy rate
1527:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1476:Dinshah Irani
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1456:United States
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1241:obiter dictum
1238:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1163:consanguinity
1154:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
956:
952:
950:
946:
945:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
866:
865:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Rashidun army
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
763:
760:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
700:
676:
672:
667:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
638:
636:
635:
632:
627:
622:
621:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
597:
596:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
552:
551:
543:
540:
538:
535:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
480:
479:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
430:
429:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Adur Gushnasp
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
315:
314:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
270:
269:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
220:
219:
215:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
195:
194:
187:
183:
178:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
127:
115:
111:
109:
97:
93:
91:
79:
74:
69:
55:
49:
44:
33:
26:
22:
9498:Zoroastrians
9493:Parsi people
9427:
9417:
9401:
9381:
9292:Patani Bohra
9237:Meta Qureshi
9113:
8968:
8859:Bhambi Rohit
8845:
8814:
8786:
8754:Kathi people
8720:
8674:
8577:Kathi Darbar
8543:
8504:Modh Brahmin
8467:
8412:
8224:Jaiswal Jain
8126:Phase Pardhi
7959:Kudaldeshkar
7757:Vaishya Vani
7514:Baháʼí Faith
7418:Persian Jews
7377:Tats of Iran
7302:Yidgha–Munji
7217:Mazanderanis
7025:
6966:
6829:Frashokereti
6783:Atash Behram
6773:The Revayats
6734:Adur Farnbag
6715:Fire Temples
6705:Yenghe hatam
6700:Ahuna Vairya
6669:Angra Mainyu
6531:—online book
6527:
6520:the original
6513:
6473:
6467:
6460:the original
6455:
6437:
6423:
6412:
6401:
6398:Haug, Martin
6389:
6373:. Retrieved
6369:the original
6364:
6352:
6309:
6305:
6282:
6273:February 21,
6271:, retrieved
6267:the original
6251:
6237:
6229:the original
6223:
6213:
6204:
6185:
6163:the original
6132:
6128:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6054:
6034:
6014:
6004:
5994:
5953:
5949:
5925:
5921:
5899:
5888:
5868:
5857:
5846:
5834:
5805:
5786:
5776:
5757:
5747:
5715:
5711:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5638:
5634:
5611:
5592:
5559:
5555:
5533:
5523:
5504:
5495:
5488:Rivetna 2002
5483:
5471:
5459:
5454:, p. 27
5452:Jackson 1906
5447:
5433:cite journal
5424:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5392:
5385:
5365:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5337:
5326:
5305:cite journal
5273:
5261:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5202:
5190:
5181:
5172:
5165:News Release
5160:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5130:
5123:
5114:
5104:
5090:
5079:
5075:
5064:
5060:
5053:Edwards 1927
5049:
5045:
5034:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5014:
5005:
4993:. Retrieved
4988:
4979:
4965:cite journal
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4931:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4560:, p. 2.
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4506:
4487:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4435:, retrieved
4413:
4388:. Retrieved
4383:
4374:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4331:, p. 9.
4324:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4280:
4249:. Retrieved
4240:
4231:
4219:. Retrieved
4201:
4189:. Retrieved
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4150:
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4033:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3937:
3928:
3922:
3913:
3907:
3898:
3892:
3873:
3867:
3858:
3837:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:the original
3745:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3720:
3710:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3648:
3642:
3605:Lambton 1981
3530:
3500:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3456:|title=
3433:
3423:November 26,
3421:. Retrieved
3417:
3407:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3353:
3327:Kobad Ghandy
3288:
3274:, actresses
3244:Bapsi Sidhwa
3233:
3227:; conductor
3202:
3187:Vice Admiral
3157:Jal Cursetji
3132:
3110:and his son
3104:Wadia family
3048:Cyrus Mistry
3041:
2994:
2974:Malabar Hill
2956:
2953:
2949:philanthropy
2934:
2829:middle class
2822:
2792:
2788:haplogroup M
2783:Y-chromosome
2781:(mtDNA) and
2776:
2768:
2760:Y-chromosome
2757:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2726:localities.
2712:Malabar Hill
2705:
2670:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2412:
2397:
2360:
2331:
2322:
2307:Please help
2295:
2271:
2242:
2233:
2218:Please help
2206:
2167:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2048:
2044:
2019:
2013:
2009:Bombay Times
2007:
1996:
1990:
1967:
1952:
1938:
1919:
1888:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:vastaryoshih
1862:
1858:
1854:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1781:Atash Bahram
1780:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1756:Atash Bahram
1754:
1750:
1748:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1602:
1590:
1588:
1580:Turkmenistan
1564:Central Asia
1553:
1528:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1441:
1434:
1423:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1178:
1159:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1099:Angra Mainyu
1097:) and evil (
1092:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:Zoroastrians
967:
941:
937:
933:
921:
919:
905:Persian Gulf
870:
862:
860:
836:
793:
773:Greater Iran
766:
764:
747:
739:
674:
670:
668:
666:
571:
470:Frashokereti
415:The Rivayats
370:Adur Farnbag
355:Fire Temples
345:Yenghe hatam
340:Ahuna Vairya
305:Angra Mainyu
163:(liturgical)
54:A Parsi Lady
53:
37:Ethnic group
9451:Mahyavanshi
9405:communities
9403:Zoroastrian
9352:Sunni Bohra
9297:Patni Jamat
9124:Alavi Bohra
8818:communities
8816:Genealogist
8562:Dabhi Kolis
8471:communities
8379:Bene Israel
8106:Gav-Paradhi
7798:Chhaparband
7706:Mahyavanshi
7701:Panchkalshi
7681:Koli people
7524:Manichaeism
7519:Khurramites
7403:Armeno-Tats
6984:in Pakistan
6942:Persecution
6901:Khurramites
6614:Persia/Iran
6599:Zarathustra
6594:Ahura Mazda
5231:: 104–111.
5083:Dhalla 1914
4936:Ralhan 2002
4922:, pp.
4920:Karaka 1884
4908:Dhalla 1938
4872:Dobbin 1970
4860:Karaka 1884
4722:Dhalla 1938
4710:Dhalla 1938
4698:Dhalla 1938
4686:Dhalla 1938
4659:Dhalla 1938
4635:Maneck 1997
4548:, p. .
4251:November 3,
3721:Parsi Times
3303:Dorab Patel
3272:Erick Avari
3268:Boman Irani
3229:Zubin Mehta
3223:; composer
3165:Air Marshal
3161:Indian Navy
3146:Indian Army
3096:Dina Jinnah
3072:Nusli Wadia
2962:Zoroastrian
2941:thy name is
2873:Maharashtra
2724:Mehmoodabad
2646:Parsi Pukar
2584:Shahenshahi
2576:fire temple
2565:Shahenshahi
2506:Shahenshahi
2483:model: the
2474:Shahenshahi
2459:Shahenshahi
2098:Martin Haug
1985:"Parsis of
1922:British Raj
1787:families.)
1745:Early years
1712:Indus River
1701:Mahabharata
1671:Balochistan
1642:Map of the
1572:Afghanistan
1535:urban areas
1247:Population
1237:patrilineal
1142:fire temple
963: 1870
887:as well in
738:. The word
705:Zoroastrian
500:Khurramites
250:Persia/Iran
235:Zarathustra
230:Ahura Mazda
61: 1928
9487:Categories
9367:Vora Patel
9362:Turk Jamat
9159:Halaypotra
9149:Chundrigar
9075:Patanwadia
8919:Sai Suthar
8749:Bhanushali
8688:Bhanushali
8361:Tadvi Bhil
7833:Kanjarbhat
7788:Chaukalshi
7691:Leva Patil
7179:Feyli Lurs
7163:Bakhtiaris
7111:Bashkardis
6947:in Armenia
6839:Hamistagan
6695:Ashem Vohu
6609:Vohu Manah
6005:The Parsis
5641:(1): 110.
4836:White 1991
4788:White 1991
4671:Kulke 1978
4594:Kulke 1978
3929:52 blr 876
3859:68 blr 794
3830:Boyce 2002
3590:Boyce 2001
3365:References
3276:Nina Wadia
3060:Ness Wadia
3044:Ratan Tata
3033:Poonawalla
2929:Tata Group
2881:Bhadraloks
2865:Chitpavans
2685:diclofenac
2450:Boyce 1970
2434:Ardashir I
2014:Bundobusts
1930:mercantile
1692:Common Era
1633:Sari, Iran
1584:Uzbekistan
1576:Tajikistan
1454:, and the
1251:See also:
1053:Persepolis
1035: 854
990:Portuguese
520:Initiation
335:Ashem Vohu
245:Vohu Manah
145:Hindi–Urdu
9456:Thathagar
9247:Molesalam
9194:Khaskheli
8557:Chudasama
8356:Saiqalgar
8196:Upajjhaya
8171:Chaturtha
8166:Bagherwal
8111:Nath Jogi
7929:Deshastha
7924:Chitpavan
7883:Padmasali
7544:Yarsanism
7534:Mazdaznan
7529:Mazdakism
7504:Assianism
7469:Languages
7382:Yaghnobis
7337:Basseries
7286:Oroshoris
7222:Ossetians
7207:Mamasanis
7193:Hasanvand
6935:Adherents
6916:Festivals
6896:Mazdakism
6891:Zurvanism
6804:Bundahišn
6619:Faravahar
6479:The Hindu
6410:(1884a),
6400:. (1878)
6334:146758927
5986:163092265
5970:0021-9118
5740:143988257
5584:161417703
5552:Boyce, M.
5297:219603800
5245:1567-7249
5138:March 28,
5038:Gray 1927
4812:Hull 1911
4437:March 15,
4390:March 15,
4304:The Hindu
4241:The Hindu
3702:148248437
3483:April 23,
3382:The Hindu
3266:, actors
3209:Rusi Modi
2943:charity"
2753:Neolithic
2392:Ahmedabad
2325:June 2017
2296:does not
2236:June 2017
2207:does not
2172:pants, a
1957:Hindustan
1867:hutokshih
1733:with the
1727:Silk Road
1707:Parasikas
1688:Silk Road
1683:Al-Masudi
1669:touching
1629:Kohistani
1625:Khorasani
1595:Jadi Rana
1448:Australia
1235:void the
1198:ceremony.
1078:Herodotus
1037:-824 BC).
1006:Parthians
934:Zartoshti
920:The term
914:Kathiawar
897:Hyderabad
889:Bangalore
873:Zoroaster
785:Jadi Rana
555:Adherents
515:Festivals
495:Mazdakism
490:Zurvanism
445:Bundahišn
255:Faravahar
135:Languages
9465:See also
9327:Shaikhda
9227:Mansoori
9204:Machiyar
9164:Hingorja
9084:Rathodia
9079:Pateliya
9071:Padharia
8909:Sikligar
8640:Sarvaiya
8572:Karadiya
8274:Nawayath
8249:Shrimali
8244:Sarawagi
8186:Panchama
8000:Binjhwar
7969:Saraswat
7934:Devrukhe
7793:Chambhar
7661:Bhandari
7549:Yazidism
7539:Scythian
7352:Semnanis
7344:Sistanis
7324:Persians
7310:Pashtuns
7279:Badzhuis
7272:Shughnis
7186:Hadavand
7131:Kumzaris
7121:Farsiwan
7116:Dehwaris
7027:Category
6957:in India
6921:Marriage
6911:Calendar
6834:Xrafstar
6758:Visperad
6753:Vendidad
6539:BBC News
6456:Parsiana
6387:(1861),
6291:citation
6285:, Bombay
6171:citation
6159:15077202
6116:11898125
5814:citation
5808:, Bombay
5667:28615043
5342:Archived
5253:37379890
5134:. Bombay
5020:April 3,
4995:July 24,
4245:Archived
4156:Archived
4039:Archived
3781:July 28,
3756:March 2,
3726:March 2,
3694:23620804
3447:cite web
3333:See also
3080:Pakistan
3029:Cowasjee
2980:include
2939:"Parsi,
2857:Kayastha
2845:Brahmins
2764:Pakistan
2697:Peshawar
2681:vultures
2618:Caucasus
2560:Parsis.
2501:3.419).
2277:Funerals
2188:Marriage
2059:Scouting
2051:Gujarati
1975:Anglican
1971:Marathas
1894:Jahangir
1822:epistles
1731:chaplain
1698:and the
1599:Gujarati
1539:Gujarati
1410:Sources:
1082:Xenophon
1072:Sasanian
1066:text of
970:Jordanus
949:Sanskrit
942:Sixteen
839:Gujarati
716:Persians
703:) are a
537:Marriage
510:Calendar
400:Visperad
395:Vendidad
300:Fravashi
198:a series
196:Part of
168:Religion
141:Gujarati
126:Pakistan
21:Persians
9372:Vyapari
9257:Multani
9222:Mandali
9209:Makrani
9169:Hingora
9139:Bhadala
9056:Meghwal
9041:Halpati
9031:Garasia
8904:Panchal
8874:Kansara
8831:Motisar
8800:Bharwad
8768:Patidar
8702:Agarwal
8650:Solanki
8600:Jinkara
8552:Chauhan
8469:Brahmin
8346:Pinjara
8321:Multani
8296:Bhishti
8291:Baghban
8234:Paliwal
8214:Agrawal
8191:Saitwal
8181:Kamboja
8131:Ramoshi
8121:Kaikadi
8091:Banjara
8045:Katkari
8035:Halpati
7954:Karhade
7858:Kumbhar
7848:Kolhati
7716:Maratha
7711:Mangela
7666:Dhangar
7630:Shamedi
7413:Hazaras
7367:Talyshs
7357:Shabaks
7259:Pamiris
7170:Shehnis
7149:Yazidis
7097:Balochs
7082:Achomis
6979:in Iraq
6974:in Iran
6865:Kashmar
6799:Dēnkard
6778:Ab-Zohr
6654:Yazatas
6624:Avestan
6375:June 8,
6150:1181978
5978:3096349
5942:2804477
5658:5470188
5515:Sources
5348:May 18,
4524:|page=7
4221:May 20,
4191:May 20,
4133:May 20,
4104:May 20,
4074:May 20,
4016:May 20,
3986:May 20,
3957:May 20,
3154:Admiral
3128:Bharuch
2945:alludes
2897:English
2716:Karachi
2673:Karachi
2637:Fassali
2588:Fassali
2518:Bastani
2498:Dēnkard
2394:, India
2382:Temples
2317:removed
2302:sources
2228:removed
2213:sources
2162:Navjote
2151:Navjote
2106:hamkars
1949:Bharuch
1898:James I
1871:behdini
1855:asronih
1830:Rivayat
1826:ithoter
1817:rivayat
1785:panthak
1777:panthak
1765:Navsari
1696:Puranas
1615:, near
1545:History
1358:114,890
1347:109,752
1336:101,778
1325:100,096
1272:±% p.a.
1196:navjote
1180:Navjote
1095:Ohrmazd
1064:Pahlavi
1051:, near
994:Gentios
986:Cambaia
978:Bharuch
944:Shlokas
926:demonym
893:Kolkata
881:Chennai
877:Karachi
828:Muslims
806:by the
781:Gujarat
748:Persian
710:in the
675:Parsees
440:Dēnkard
420:Ab-Zohr
285:Yazatas
260:Avestan
161:Avestan
149:English
9441:Kapadi
9418:Parsis
9413:Iranis
9392:Navnat
9342:Sipahi
9272:Nagori
9242:Miyana
9174:Juneja
9144:Chhipa
9134:Baloch
9129:Ansari
9094:Tirgar
9089:Rathwa
9066:Padhar
9061:Naikda
9046:Kharwa
9021:Dhodia
9016:Dhanka
8994:Vasava
8979:Bamcha
8959:Valand
8954:Vanzha
8949:Vankar
8924:Shenva
8899:Mestri
8894:Mistry
8879:Koshti
8864:Gihara
8805:Rabari
8744:Charan
8734:Anavil
8698:Vaniya
8693:Lohana
8683:Bhatia
8665:Wagher
8655:Thakor
8635:Rehvar
8630:Rajput
8625:Rathor
8620:Parmar
8615:Nadoda
8590:Jethwa
8585:Jadeja
8567:Dodiya
8413:Parsis
8351:Qassab
8336:Kachar
8316:Garodi
8301:Chaush
8239:Porwad
8176:Dhakad
8141:Waghri
8101:Dhiwar
8096:Charan
8070:Vasava
8065:Thakar
8040:Kanwar
8025:Gowari
8010:Dhodia
8005:Dhanka
7964:Palshi
7949:Jangam
7863:Lonari
7853:Koshti
7843:Khatik
7828:Holeya
7818:Gosavi
7773:Beldar
7747:Shimpi
7742:Khatri
7676:Kharvi
7625:Rajput
7509:Bábism
7448:Origin
7423:Shihuh
7362:Tajiks
7295:Wakhis
7242:Kudars
7228:Digors
7126:Gilaks
7087:Aimaqs
6967:Parsis
6926:Burial
6886:Parsis
6853:Cities
6844:Duzakh
6763:Yashts
6690:Gathas
6685:Avesta
6664:Daevas
6659:Ahuras
6504:Curlie
6500:Parsis
6485:
6470:&
6332:
6326:312514
6324:
6259:
6192:
6157:
6147:
6114:
6107:447589
6104:
6062:
6042:
6022:
5984:
5976:
5968:
5940:
5907:
5876:
5794:
5765:
5738:
5732:311609
5730:
5700:
5665:
5655:
5618:
5600:
5582:
5576:614520
5574:
5541:
5400:
5373:
5295:
5251:
5243:
4494:
4428:
4368:. BBC.
4214:
4184:
4162:May 8,
4126:
4097:
4067:
4045:May 8,
4009:
3979:
3950:
3880:
3700:
3692:
3655:
3538:
3508:
3258:, and
3035:, and
3017:Godrej
2988:, and
2972:. The
2966:Mumbai
2863:, the
2851:, the
2839:, the
2708:Mumbai
2622:Alborz
2586:. The
2534:Avesta
2485:Fasili
2481:Seljuk
2470:Kadimi
2413:Jashan
2411:Parsi
2349:Dakhma
2180:, and
2170:pajama
2102:yazata
1987:Bombay
1839:Juddin
1804:Avesta
1761:Sanjan
1613:Sanjan
1609:Sanjan
1452:Canada
1405:−1.93%
1402:57,264
1394:−0.14%
1391:69,601
1383:−2.39%
1380:71,630
1372:−0.76%
1369:91,266
1361:+0.46%
1350:+0.76%
1339:+0.17%
1328:+0.61%
1317:+0.47%
1314:94,190
1306:+0.52%
1303:89,904
1295:+2.32%
1292:85,397
1281:69,476
1177:Parsi
1120:Avesta
1089:Origin
938:Vehdin
789:Sanjan
777:Hindus
728:Iranis
671:Parsis
582:Iranis
572:Parsis
542:Burial
530:Sedreh
525:Kushti
405:Yashts
385:Gathas
330:Avesta
295:Daevas
290:Ahuras
186:Iranis
123:
108:Canada
105:
94:57,264
87:
41:Parsis
32:Persis
9446:Dhedh
9436:Khant
9337:Siddi
9312:Samma
9287:Panar
9277:Nayak
9267:Mutwa
9252:Momna
9232:Memon
9218:Malik
9199:Khoja
9184:Kagzi
9179:Kadia
9104:Vagri
9099:Thori
9036:Godha
9026:Gamit
9011:Dangi
9006:Damor
8836:Rawal
8826:Barot
8776:Kadva
8764:Kanbi
8706:Oswal
8645:Sagar
8610:Maiya
8595:Jhala
8581:Gohil
8418:Sikhs
8389:Mahar
8341:Kadia
8311:Fakir
8286:Attar
8229:Oswal
8219:Humad
8136:Siddi
8116:Kahar
8075:Warli
8060:Nahal
8055:Korku
8050:Kokna
8030:Halba
8015:Gavit
7990:Barda
7944:Gurav
7908:Vadar
7893:Sutar
7878:Nhavi
7868:Lohar
7838:Kalal
7823:Holar
7813:Gavli
7783:Burud
7752:Sonar
7721:Powar
7686:Kunbi
7671:Gabit
7387:Zazas
7251:Jaszs
7235:Irons
7136:Kurds
6998:Lists
6962:Irani
6860:Balkh
6748:Yasna
6330:S2CID
6322:JSTOR
5982:S2CID
5974:JSTOR
5938:JSTOR
5736:S2CID
5728:JSTOR
5580:S2CID
5572:JSTOR
5293:S2CID
4924:91–93
4212:JSTOR
4182:JSTOR
4124:JSTOR
4095:JSTOR
4065:JSTOR
4007:JSTOR
3977:JSTOR
3948:JSTOR
3698:S2CID
3690:JSTOR
3345:Notes
3088:Petit
3037:Wadia
3025:Petit
2937:maxim
2915:Queen
2913:band
2871:from
2859:from
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2714:. In
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2633:Kusti
2580:Kadmi
2569:Kadmi
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2541:Kadmi
2522:Fasli
2514:Fasli
2510:Kadmi
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2487:, or
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1875:daena
1800:Qissa
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1437:tribe
1399:2011
1388:2001
1377:1981
1366:1971
1355:1941
1344:1931
1333:1921
1322:1911
1311:1901
1300:1891
1289:1881
1278:1872
1204:Parsi
1045:Aryan
974:Thane
922:Pārsi
901:caste
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112:3,630
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