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others, effectively creating different arenas of life (depending on whether the stigma is known or not). Goffman claimed that actors develop theories about which situations are risky for disclosure, but risk is only one factor: intimacy with the audience can lead actors to disclose, or to feel guilty for not doing so." In addition to guilt, since passing can sometimes involve the fabrication of a false personal history to aid in concealment of their stigma, passing can complicate personal relationships and cause feelings of shame at having to be dishonest about their identity. According to
Goffman, "It can be assumed that the possession of a discreditable secret failing takes on a deeper meaning when the persons to whom the individual has not yet revealed himself are not strangers to him but friends. Discovery prejudices not only the current social situation, but established relationships as well; not only the current image others present have of him, but also the one they will have in the future; not only appearances, but also reputation." Relating to this experience of passing, actors may have an ambivalent attachment to their stigma that can cause them to fluctuate between acceptance and rejection of their stigmatized identity. Thus, there may be times when the stigmatized individual will feel more inclined to pass and others when they feel less inclined.
257:, Elaine Ginsberg cites an ad for escaped slave Edmund Kenney as an example of racial passing; Edmund Kenney, a biracial person, was able to pass as white in the United States in the 1800s. In the entry "Passing" for the GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project, Tina Gianoulis states that "for light-skinned African Americans during the times of slavery and the intense periods of racial resegregation that followed, passing for white was a survival tool that allowed them to gain education and employment that would have been denied them had they been recognized as "colored" people." The term passing has since been expanded to include other ethnicities and identity categories. Discriminated groups in North America and Europe may modify their accents, word choices, manner of dress, grooming habits, and even names in an attempt to appear to be members of a majority group or of a privileged minority group.
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within them. Gay Asian men possess two key subordinated identities; in combination, they create unique challenges for them when passing. Sometimes, those men must pass as straight to avoid stigma, but around other gay men, they may attempt to pass as a non-racialized person or white to avoid the disinterest or fetishization often encountered upon revealing their Asian identities. By recognizing the hidden intersection of the gendered aspects of gay and Asian male stereotypes, these two distinct experiences make even more sense. Gay men are often stereotyped as effeminate and thereby insufficiently masculine as men. Stereotypes characterizing Asian men as too sexual (overly masculine) or too feminine (hypo-masculine) or even both also exhibit the gendered nature of racial stereotypes. Thus, passing as the dominant racial or sexuality category also often means passing as gender correct.
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encompasses active interpretations of several aspects of social life. It requires an understanding of cultural conventions, namely: what is considered "normal" and what is required to maintain it; customs of everyday interaction; and the symbolic character of the stigma itself.... Passing, then, embodies a creative mobilization of situational and cultural awareness, structural considerations, self-appraisals, and sense-making". Alexander recognizes that and then asserts that "passing is a product (an assessed state), a process (an active engagement), performative (ritualized repetition of communicative acts), and a reflection of one's positionality (politicized location), knowing that its existential accomplishment always resides in liminality."
736:. Autistic masking has been viewed as "passing as neurotypical". However, that perspective has been challenged in a 2023 review of autistic masking by Valentina Petrolini, Ekaine RodrĂguez-Armendariz, and AgustĂn Vicente who question whether all autistic people see "being autistic" as a central aspect of their identity and whether all autistic people are capable of truly hiding their autistic status. Both conditions, they argue, would have to be fulfilled for the analogy to hold and conclude that only a subgroup of autistic people experiences masking as passing.
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may also determine the intensity and frequency of adversity they may face from others as a result of their stigma. Goffman explains, "Traditionally, the question of passing has raised the issue of the "visibility" of a particular stigma, that is, how well or how badly-the stigma is adapted to provide means of communicating that the individual possesses it." Other scholars further emphasize the cruciality of visibility and conclude that "whether a stigma is evident to the audience can mark the difference between being discredited or merely discredit
681:(USQRA) that states that players need only a combination of upper- and lower-extremity impairment that precludes them from playing able-bodied sports, the incomplete quads may play alongside other quadriplegics who have no sensation or function in their lower limbs. That is justified by classifications the USQRA has developed in which certified physical therapists compare arm and muscle flexibility, trunk and torso movement, and ease of chair operation between players and rank them by injury level.
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maintain cultural performance and choose both consciously and unconsciously to participate in other performances. Rather than through the management of symbols and the social information they convey, passers assume "the necessary and performative strategies that signal membership." Alexander reiterates, "Cultural membership is thus maintained primarily through recognizable performative practices." Hence, to successfully pass is to have your cultural performance assessed and validated by others.
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apparent, passers deal with different problems in that their stigma is not always so obvious. Goffman elaborates "The issue is not that of managing tension generated during social contacts, but rather that of managing information about his failing. To display or not to display; to tell or not to tell; to let on or not to let on; to lie or not to lie; and in each case, to whom, how, when, and where."
465:, who was assigned female at birth but lived as a man, as an example of gender passing in the United States. In 1993, Brandon moved to Falls City, Nebraska, where he initially passed as a man. However, community members discovered that Brandon had been assigned female at birth, and two men in it shot and murdered him. Ginsberg cites for another example of gender passing
437:, Maria Sanchez and Linda Schlossberg state that "the dominant social order often implores gay people to stay in the closet (to pass)." Individuals may choose to remain "in the closet" or to pass as heterosexual for a variety of reasons, including a desire to maintain positive relationships with family and policies or requirements associated with employment such as
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prosthetic use. Cosmetic prosthetics that were, for example, skin-colored or had the added appearance of veins, hair, and nails were often harder to adapt to and use, but many individuals expressed a preference for them over more functional and more conspicuous prosthetics to maintain their personal conceptions of social and bodily identity.
656:, Jeffrey Brune and Daniel Wilson define passing by ability or disability as "the ways that others impose, intentionally or not, a specific disability or non-disability identity on a person." Similarly, in "Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence," Robert McRuer argues that "the system of compulsory able-bodiedness...produces
189:, was discovered to be white with no black racial heritage after she had presented herself as black for several years. As many point out, reverse passing crucially differs from passing in that individuals who reverse pass are not stigmatized and therefore are not subject to the harms of stigma that may force stigmatized individuals to pass.
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something, like crab-walking our way into a subway station, we should have to do it," writes Gabe Moses, a wheelchair user who has a limited ability to walk. Those pressures may result in disabled people exaggerating symptoms or tiring out their body before an evaluation so that they are seen on a "bad day," instead of a "good day."
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symbols, passers prevent others from learning of their discredited and stigmatized status and remain discreditable. Passing may also include the adoption of certain prestige symbols and personal history or biography of social information that aids to conceal and draw attention away from their actual stigmatized status.
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is deeply discrediting" or "an undesired differentness from what anticipated". According to
Goffman, "This discrepancy, when known about or apparent, spoils his social identity; it has the effect of cutting him off from society and from himself so that he stands a discredited person facing an unaccepting world".
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Though passing may occur on the basis of a single subordinate identity such as race, often people's intersectional locations involve multiple marginalized identities. Intersectionality provides a framework for seeing the interconnected nature of oppressive systems and how multiple identities interact
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One user of protetics characterized her device as one that could "maintain her humanness ('half way human'), which in turn prevented her, quite literally, from being seen to have an 'odd' body." Users also discussed wanting prosthetics that could help them maintain a walking gait, which would attract
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religious communities. In the entry "Passing" for the GLBTQ Encyclopedia
Project, Tina Gianoulis states "at times of rabid anti-Semitism in Europe and the Americas, many Jewish families also either converted to Christianity or passed as Christian" for the sake of survival. Circumcised Jewish males in
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Individuals whose disabilities are "invisible," such as people with mental illness; intellectual or cognitive disabilities; or physical disabilities that are not immediately obvious to others such as IBS, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis may choose whether or not to reveal their identity or to
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occurs when an individual's perceived sexual orientation or sexuality differs from the sexuality or sexual orientation with which they identify. In the entry "Passing" for the GLBTQ Encyclopedia
Project, Tina Gianoulis notes "the presumption of heterosexuality in most modern cultures," which in some
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Bryant Keith
Alexander, a professor of Communication, Performance and Cultural Studies at Loyola Marymount University, defines cultural performance as "a process of delineation using performative practices to mark membership and association." Using this definition, passing is reframed as a method to
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Regardless, the stigma that passers are subject to is not inherent. As
Goffman explains, stigma exists not within the person but between an attribute and an audience. As a result, stigma is socially constructed and differs based on the cultural beliefs, social structures, and situational dynamics of
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Passing, as a sociological concept, was first coined by Erving
Goffman as a term for one response to possessing some kind of stigma that is often less visible. Stigma, according to Goffman's framework in his work Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963), "refer to an attribute that
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avoidance, but it may take an emotional toll as a result of denial of one's previous identity and may lead to depression or self-loathing. When an individual deliberately attempts to "pass" as a member of an identity group, they may actively engage in performance of behaviors that they believe to be
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When Black transgender men transition in the workplace from identifying as female to passing as cisgender men, gendered racial stereotypes characterizing Black men as overly masculine and violent may affect how previously acceptable behaviors will be interpreted. One such Black trans man discovered
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Goffman defines passing as 'the management of undisclosed discrediting information about self." Similarly, other scholars add that "Passing is mostly associated with strategies of information management that the discreditable use to pass for normal ". Whereas some individuals' stigma is immediately
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Thus, inhabiting an identity associated with stigma may be particularly dangerous and harmful. According to Link and Phelan, Roschelle and
Kaufman, and Marvasti, it may lead to loss of opportunities due to status loss and discrimination, alienation and marginalization, harassment and embarrassment,
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When making the decision of whether to pass or not, there are many factors stigmatized actors may consider. Firstly, there is the notion of visibility. How visible their stigma is may problematize how much ease or difficulty they may face in attempting to pass. However, how visible their stigma is
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With that interpretation, avoiding stigma by passing necessitates intimate understanding and awareness of social constructions of meaning and expected behaviors that signal membership. Shippee explains that "far from merely appraising situations to determine when concealment is required, passing
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To resist, manage, and avoid stigma and its associated consequences, individuals might choose to pass as a non-stigmatized identity. According to Nathan
Shippee, "Passing communicates a seemingly "normal" self, one that does not apparently possess the stigma." According to Patrick Kermit, "To be
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Passing may require acceptance into a community and may lead to temporary or permanent leave from another community to which an individual previously belonged. Thus, passing can result in separation from one's original self, family, friends, or previous living experiences. Successful passing may
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People with disabilities may exaggerate their disabilities when they are evaluated for medical care or accommodations often for fear of being denied support. "There are too many agencies out there with the ostensible purpose of helping us that still believe that as long as we technically can do
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Some participants in the study stated that they attempted to dress as what they perceived as heterosexual when they partnered with a man, and others stated that they tried to dress more like a "lesbian." That exemplifies how visual identities can greatly alter people's immediate assumptions of
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Other factors may include risk, context, and intimacy. Different contexts and situations may make passing more easy or difficult and/or more safe or risky. How well others know the passer may impede their abilities as well. One scholar explains, "Individuals may pass in some situations but not
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In
Goffman's understanding, individuals possess various symbols that convey social information about us. There are prestige symbols that convey creditable information and there are stigma symbols that convey discrediting information. By managing the visibility and apparentness of their stigma
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Despite the potentially-distressing and dangerous parts of passing, some passers have expressed a habituation with it. In one study, Shippee accounts that "participants often portrayed it as a normal or mundane event." For those whose stigma invites particularly hostile responses from most of
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In a study on individuals' experience with prosthetics, the ability of users to be able to pass as if they were "like everybody else" with their prosthetic based on the realistic or unrealistic appearance of the prosthetic was one factor in predicting whether patients would accept or reject
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However, inconsistencies between medical diagnoses of injury and those classifications allows players to perform higher levels of impairment for the classifiers and pass for being more disabled than they are. As a result, their ranking may underestimate their capacity and they may attain a
451:, Jessica Lingel notes, "The ramifications of being denied a public sphere in which to practice a sexual identity that isn't labeled licentious or opportunistic leads some women to resort to manufacturing profiles of gayness or straightness to pledge membership within a community."
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competitive advantage over teams with players whose capacity is not equivalent. That policy has raised questions from some about the ethics and fairness of comparing disabilities, as well as about how competition, inclusion, and ability should be defined in the world of sports.
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it is proposed that through the expression of a visual identity, others "read" a person's appearance and make assumptions about their wider identity. Therefore, visual identity is a prominent tool of non-verbal communication. The concept of passing is showcased in research by
177:, of concealing creditable information about themselves for some social benefit. Notions of cultural appropriation, racial fetishization, and reverse passing entered public debate particularly in 2015, after a former college instructor and president of the
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In sports, some mobility impaired individuals have been observed strategically exaggerating the extent of their disability to pass as more disabled than they are and be placed in divisions in which they may be more competitive. In quadriplegic rugby, or
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associated with membership of that group. Passing practices may also include information management of the passer in attempting to control or conceal any stigmatizing information that may reveal disparity from their presumed identity.
277:, racial pride has decreased the weight that is given to passing as an important issue for black Americans. Still, it is possible and common for biracial people to pass based on appearance or by hiding or omitting their backgrounds.
677:, some players are described as having "incomplete" quadriplegia in which they may retain some sensation and function in their lower limbs that may allow them to stand and walk in limited capacities. Based on a rule from the
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in which one is lawfully allowed to disavow Islam and profess another faith but secretly remain a Muslim if one's life is at risk. The concept has also been practised by various minority faiths in the Middle East such as the
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The perception of an individual's sexual orientation is often based on their visual identity. The term visual identity refers to the expression of personal, social, and cultural identities through dress and appearance. In
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Individuals with visible physical impairments or disabilities, such as people with mobility impairment, including individuals who use wheelchairs or scooters, face greater challenges in concealing their disability.
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Passing has been interpreted in sociology and cultural studies through different analytical lenses such as that of information management by Goffman and that of as cultural performance by Bryant Keith Alexander.
269:, helped to establish the term after several years of prior use. The writer and subject of the novella is a mixed African-American/Caucasian who passes for white. The novella was written during the
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of others, or scripting conversations. Masking may be done to reduce the risk of ostracism or abuse. Autistic masking is often exhausting and linked to adverse mental health outcomes such as
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have a history of passing as well, particularly in the United States and often tell outsiders that they belong to other ethnicities such as Latino, Greek, Middle Eastern, or Native American.
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suspected of being "not quite human" is the essence of stigmatisation, and passing is a desperate means to the end of appearing fully human in the sense of being like most other people."
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various contexts. Thus, passing is also immersed in different contexts of the socially-structured meaning and behavior of daily life and passing implies familiarity with that knowledge.
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causes some bisexual individuals to feel the need to engage in passing within presumed predominantly-heterosexual circles and even within LGBTQ circles for fear of stigma. In
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Precautionary denial of religious belief in the face of potential persecution. Stressed by Shii Muslims, who have been subject to periodic persecution by the Sunni majority.
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Han, Chong-suk; Proctor, Kristopher; Choi, Kyung-Hee (May 2013). "I Know a Lot of Gay Asian Men who Are Actually Tops: Managing and Negotiating Gay Racial Stigma".
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community, passing refers to the perception or recognition of trans individuals as belonging to the gender identity to which they are transitioning rather than the
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passing refers to individuals who are perceived as belonging to a gender identity group that differs from the gender with which they were assigned at birth. In
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of disability, but it may also describe the exaggeration of an ailment or impairment to receive some benefit, which may take the form of attention or care. In
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to cope with stigma by removing stigma from the presented self and could result in other social benefits as well. Thus, passing may serve as a form of
429:, "most gay men and lesbians in fact spend a great deal of their lives passing as straight even when they do not do so intentionally." The phrase "
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that he had gone from "being an obnoxious Black woman to a scary Black man" and therefore had to adapt his behavior to gendered scripts to pass.
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pass as "normal." Passing as non-disabled may protect against discrimination but may also result in lack of support or accusations of faking.
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Kermit, Patrick Stefan (2019-07-03). "Passing for recognition – deaf children's moral struggles languaging in inclusive education settings".
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Goffman also briefly notes, "The concealment of creditable facts-reverse passing-of course occurs." Reverse passing, related to terms like "
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306:, Gwendolyn Audrey Foster suggests that racial and gender passing is often stigmatized but that class passing is generally accepted as
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Hall, Donald E.; Jagose, Annamarie; Bebell, Andrea; Potter, Susan (2013). "Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence".
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Lindemann, Kurt (2008-01-01). ""I Can't Be Standing Up Out There": Communicative Performances of (Dis)Ability in Wheelchair Rugby".
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Shippee, Nathan D. (2011-02-04). "Gay, Straight, and Who I Am: Interpreting Passing Within the Frames for Everyday Life".
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in which contestants are often immersed in displays of great material wealth or may have to conceal their class status.
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469:, a jazz musician who was also assigned female at birth but lived and performed as a man until his death in 1989.
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no stares and prosthetics that could be disguised or concealed under clothes in efforts to pass as able-bodied.
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Murray, Craig D. (2009-01-01). "Being like everybody else: the personal meanings of being a prosthesis user".
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2200:"Passing, Cultural Performance, and Individual Agency: Performative Reflections on Black Masculine Identity"
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society, passing may become a regular part of everyday life that is necessary to survive in that society.
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Taqīyah is the precautionary dissimulation of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution.
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Class passing, similar to racial and gender passing, is the concealment or misrepresentation of one's
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Schilt, Kristen (August 2006). "Just One of the Guys? How Transmen Make Gender Visible at Work".
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2385:"Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals: Appearance and Visual Identities Among Bisexual Women"
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Visible Lesbians and Invisible Bisexuals: Appearance and Visual Identities Among Bisexual Women
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Takeshita, Shuko (2020-04-02). "Mixed children in Japan: from the perspective of passing".
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Americans identifying as or being perceived as belonging to a different racial group. In
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2047:"Being Middle Eastern American: Identity Negotiation in the Context of the War on Terror"
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Disability passing may refer to the intentional concealment of impairment to avoid the
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2148:"This White Professor Was Caught Pretending to Be Black—But Why Would Anyone Do That?"
441:, a policy that required passing as heterosexual within the military or armed forces.
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sexuality. Therefore, presenting oneself as "heterosexual" is effectively "passing."
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310:. Class passing is common in the United States and is linked to the notions of the
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Historically and genealogically, the term passing has referred to mixed-race, or
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2003:"Fitting In and Fighting Back: Stigma Management Strategies among Homeless Kids"
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In "Adjusting the Borders: Bisexual Passing and Queer Theory," Lingel discusses
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and social rejection. These can be a persistent source of psychological issues.
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or self-protection if expressing one's true or prior identity may be dangerous.
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Petrolini, Valentina; RodrĂguez-Armendariz, Ekaine; Vicente, AgustĂn (2023).
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another person. It has been in popular use since at least the late 1920s.
58:, that is often different from their own. Passing may be used to increase
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Leary, Kimberlyn (March 1999). "Passing, Posing, and "Keeping it Real"".
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Renfrow, Daniel G. (2004). "A Cartography of Passing in Everyday Life".
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2841:"Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults"
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Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion
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Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion
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and accuse nonstigmatized individuals, such as prominent celebrities
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2373:, Carbondale, Il: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005, pp. 1-5.
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2734:"The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review"
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Taub, Jennifer (October 2008). "Bisexual Women and Beauty Norms".
2246:"The trouble with 'passing' for another race/sexuality/religion …"
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parts of the world, such as the United States, may be effectively
2616:"Forced to Fake It: How the System forces Disabled People to Lie"
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2986:. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 179.
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Speak my name: Black men on masculinity and the American dream
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2342:"Stanford historian re-examines practice of racial 'passing'"
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2279:"Book Review - The Invisible Line - By Daniel J. Sharfstein"
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is the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an
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English-language novels that feature class passing include
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Class-passing: Social Mobility in Film and Popular Culture
1626:"Adjusting The Borders: Bisexual Passing And Queer Theory"
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Class-Passing: Social Mobility in Film and Popular Culture
2539:. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at
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A study of some Negro-white families in the United States
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novels. Films featuring class-passing characters include
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Ability to be regarded as having an identity one does not
2593:. New York City, New York: Routledge. pp. 488–497.
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Adjusting the Borders: Bisexual Passing and Queer Theory
2568:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.
2172:"Ex-NAACP leader Rachel Dolezal: 'I identify as black'"
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Disability and Passing: Blurring the Lines of Identity
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Disability and Passing: Blurring the Lines of Identity
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Hull, Laura; Petrides, K. V.; Mandy, William (2020).
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Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
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Roschelle, Anne R.; Kaufman, Peter (February 2004).
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81:, the term is simply the nominalisation of the verb
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Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws, and Love
1764:Harris, Cheryl I. (1993). "Whiteness as Property".
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Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity
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2896:"Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults"
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553:or as not religious at all is not uncommon among
3045:
2890:Cassidy, Sarah; Bradley, Louise; Shaw, Rebecca;
2454:
2000:
2524:
2946:
2488:
1541:Sanchez, Maria C.; Schlossberg, Linda (2001).
70:contribute to economic security, safety, and
2846:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2564:Brune, Jeffrey A.; Wilson, Daniel J. (2013).
864:
2775:"The Consequences of Compensation in Autism"
2497:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1959:Link, Bruce G.; Phelan, Jo C. (2001-08-01).
245:, passed as white for socioeconomic reasons.
2683:"Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum"
2563:
2314:
1958:
1748:
871:
857:
828:On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog
688:
2923:
2913:
2866:
2809:
2749:
2708:
2632:
2276:
2204:Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies
2197:
1867:
1570:
293:
2981:
2382:
2044:
1518:
608:
461:, Elaine Ginsberg provides the story of
229:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2415:
2413:
2198:Alexander, Bryant Keith (August 2004).
1817:
1751:The Anthropometry of the American Negro
1685:
1472:
381:
3046:
3011:
2996:
2772:
2533:"Islam in Spain after the Reconquista"
2193:
2191:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1996:
1994:
1918:Deafness & Education International
1915:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1763:
1718:
1623:
700:people may employ strategies known as
663:
2791:
2613:
2559:
2557:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2339:
2310:
2308:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1681:
1679:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1589:
878:
852:
205:
108:
3001:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 315.
2838:
2792:Russo, Francine (21 February 2018).
2669:
2505:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
2419:
2410:
1753:. New York, NY: Columbia University.
1738:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1521:Passing and the Fictions of Identity
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1468:
1466:
1213:Social determinants of mental health
1125:Social determinants of mental health
679:United States Quad Rugby Association
612:
513:
459:Passing and the Fictions of Identity
255:Passing and the Fictions of Identity
2725:
2530:
2499:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2465:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2448:
2392:Women's Studies International Forum
2188:
2135:
2077:
2033:
1991:
1904:
1733:
549:Passing as a member of a different
101:the genuine article or an impostor
13:
2794:"The Costs of Camouflaging Autism"
2701:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992
2591:The Routledge Queer Studies Reader
2554:
2358:
2317:""Passing" and the American dream"
2305:
1854:
1792:
1610:
716:despite discomfort, mirroring the
368:. Class passing also figures into
317:
14:
3070:
2614:Moses, Gabe (17 September 2018).
2277:Arsenault, Raymond (2011-02-25).
1656:
1549:
1527:
1501:
1463:
1260:Frustration–aggression hypothesis
751:
149:Passing as information management
2383:Hayfield, Nikki (October 2013).
2045:Marvasti, Amir (November 2005).
1749:Herskovits, Melville J. (1930).
946:
771:
616:
517:
414:Bisexual Women and Beauty Norms.
3005:
2990:
2975:
2940:
2883:
2832:
2785:
2766:
2626:
2607:
2582:
2482:
2376:
2333:
2270:
2238:
2164:
1952:
1757:
1742:
193:Passing as cultural performance
2635:Text and Performance Quarterly
2463:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
2455:John L. Esposito, ed. (2014).
2315:Dreisinger, Baz (2003-11-04).
1727:
1712:
1583:
314:and of upward class mobility.
1:
2495:. In John L. Esposito (ed.).
2093:Disability and Rehabilitation
1930:10.1080/14643154.2018.1561783
1882:10.1080/14631369.2019.1639132
1440:Fundamental attribution error
480:they were assigned at birth.
1977:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
1545:. New York University Press.
1456:
1086:Elaboration likelihood model
1007:Social dominance orientation
7:
1734:Day, Caroline Bond (1932).
1293:Negative-state relief model
1203:Diffusion of responsibility
1069:Asch conformity experiments
888:Interpersonal relationships
764:
702:"masking" or "camouflaging"
483:
10:
3075:
2751:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9
2620:The Body Is Not An Apology
2422:Journal of Lesbian Studies
2404:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.07.015
2369:Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey.
2340:Sloan, Nate (2013-12-18).
1965:Annual Review of Sociology
1418:Observer-expectancy effect
1052:Door-in-the-face technique
1047:Foot-in-the-door technique
1030:Stanford prison experiment
487:
391:
385:
365:Andy Hardy Meets Debutante
215:
209:
24:identity group or category
2961:10.1007/s12119-013-9183-4
2915:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4
2859:10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7
2647:10.1080/10462930701754366
2105:10.1080/09638280802240290
1832:10.1080/01639621003748514
1642:10.1080/15299710903316646
1519:Ginsberg, Elaine (1996).
1388:
1358:
1318:
1268:
1233:
1143:
1015:
997:Realistic conflict theory
985:Implicit association test
955:
944:
921:Triangular theory of love
886:
212:Passing (racial identity)
3059:Sociological terminology
3026:10.1177/0891243206288077
2216:10.1177/1532708603259680
2063:10.1525/si.2005.28.4.525
1961:"Conceptualizing Stigma"
1690:. New York: Touchstone.
1686:Goffman, Erving (1986).
1571:Gianoulis, Tina (2010).
1523:. Duke University Press.
1495:10.1525/si.2004.27.4.485
1487:10.1525/si.2004.27.4.485
1428:Representative heuristic
1208:Social comparison theory
2949:Sexuality & Culture
2688:New Ideas in Psychology
2489:Paul E. Walker (2009).
2019:10.1525/si.2004.27.1.23
1604:10.1111/1467-8675.00122
1403:Counterfactual thinking
916:Physical attractiveness
689:Passing as non-disabled
439:"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
325:The Talented Mr. Ripley
241:woman to graduate from
235:Anita Florence Hemmings
2982:Espiritu, Yen (2008).
1719:Larsen, Nella (1929).
1630:Journal of Bisexuality
1624:Lingel, Jessa (2009).
1433:Availability heuristic
1378:Choice-supportive bias
1198:False-consensus effect
1158:Social identity theory
992:Minimal group paradigm
802:Dramaturgy (sociology)
574:as part of passing as
294:Social class and caste
246:
167:cultural appropriation
97:, as in a counterfeit
2839:Cage, Eilidh (2017).
2773:Haelle, Tara (2018).
2434:10.1300/J155v03n04_04
1093:Pluralistic ignorance
812:Masking (personality)
609:Ability or disability
584:explores that theme.
275:Civil Rights Movement
233:
3014:Gender & Society
2997:Belton, Don (1997).
2051:Symbolic Interaction
2007:Symbolic Interaction
1475:Symbolic Interaction
1373:Cognitive dissonance
975:Outgroup homogeneity
906:Mere-exposure effect
590:has the doctrine of
494:Crypto-protestantism
382:Sexuality and gender
331:Anne of Green Gables
3054:Passing (sociology)
2541:New York University
2346:Stanford University
1338:Cultural relativism
1288:Reciprocal altruism
1193:In-group favoritism
1163:Social facilitation
664:Passing as disabled
490:Crypto-Christianity
341:Catch Me If You Can
179:Spokane, Washington
2892:Baron-Cohen, Simon
2537:Teaching Materials
2284:The New York Times
1766:Harvard Law Review
1577:glbtq Encyclopedia
1310:Prisoner's dilemma
1283:Prosocial behavior
1183:Group polarization
1103:Milgram experiment
1064:Autokinetic effect
628:. You can help by
529:. You can help by
422:sexual orientation
370:reality television
308:normative behavior
271:Harlem Renaissance
247:
206:Ethnicity and race
109:Academic framework
44:sexual orientation
2811:10.53053/ZNSG1811
2802:Simons Foundation
2779:Neurology Advisor
2575:978-1-4399-0979-9
1723:. Alfred A Knopf.
1453:
1452:
1445:Self-serving bias
1413:Confirmation bias
1398:Explanatory style
1178:Group development
980:Stereotype threat
896:Attachment theory
880:Social psychology
834:Stigma management
807:Identity politics
787:Beard (companion)
646:
645:
547:
546:
398:Lavender marriage
372:programs such as
263:'s 1929 novella,
64:self-preservation
60:social acceptance
56:disability status
3066:
3038:
3037:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2901:Molecular Autism
2887:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2813:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2531:Stewart, Devin.
2528:
2522:
2521:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2042:
2031:
2030:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1924:(2–3): 116–132.
1913:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1820:Deviant Behavior
1815:
1790:
1789:
1772:(8): 1707–1791.
1761:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1683:
1654:
1653:
1636:(3–4): 381–405.
1621:
1608:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1499:
1498:
1470:
1368:Spotlight effect
1298:Empathy-altruism
1278:Bystander effect
1223:Frog pond effect
1218:Self-enhancement
1115:Self-concealment
1017:Social influence
950:
873:
866:
859:
850:
849:
781:
776:
775:
675:wheelchair rugby
641:
638:
620:
613:
542:
539:
521:
514:
445:Bisexual erasure
388:Passing (gender)
239:African-American
218:Crypto-Armenians
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3010:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2980:
2976:
2945:
2941:
2888:
2884:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2790:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2730:
2726:
2679:
2670:
2641:(1–2): 98–115.
2631:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2453:
2449:
2418:
2411:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2089:
2078:
2043:
2034:
1999:
1992:
1957:
1953:
1914:
1905:
1870:Asian Ethnicity
1866:
1855:
1816:
1793:
1778:10.2307/1341787
1762:
1758:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1698:
1684:
1657:
1622:
1611:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1517:
1502:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1384:
1354:
1314:
1264:
1248:Deindividuation
1229:
1173:Social cohesion
1139:
1011:
951:
942:
928:Parenting style
901:Falling in love
882:
877:
817:Minority stress
777:
770:
767:
754:
712:), maintaining
691:
666:
642:
636:
633:
626:needs expansion
611:
543:
537:
534:
527:needs expansion
512:
510:Crypto-paganism
488:Main articles:
486:
400:
390:
384:
375:Joe Millionaire
320:
318:Popular culture
296:
228:
214:
208:
195:
151:
111:
28:racial identity
17:
12:
11:
5:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3040:
3039:
3020:(4): 465–490.
3004:
2989:
2974:
2955:(2): 219–234.
2939:
2882:
2853:(2): 473–484.
2831:
2784:
2765:
2744:(4): 306–317.
2724:
2668:
2625:
2606:
2600:978-0415564113
2599:
2581:
2574:
2553:
2523:
2513:
2481:
2471:
2447:
2409:
2375:
2357:
2332:
2304:
2269:
2252:. 2014-01-02.
2237:
2210:(3): 377–404.
2187:
2163:
2134:
2099:(7): 573–581.
2076:
2057:(4): 525–547.
2032:
1990:
1971:(1): 363–385.
1951:
1903:
1876:(2): 320–336.
1853:
1826:(2): 115–157.
1791:
1756:
1741:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1655:
1609:
1592:Constellations
1582:
1548:
1526:
1500:
1481:(4): 485–506.
1461:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:Framing effect
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Social loafing
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1145:Group dynamics
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:Social anxiety
1117:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1002:Discrimination
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
967:
961:
959:
953:
952:
945:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
898:
892:
890:
884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
847:
846:
841:
839:Uncanny valley
836:
831:
824:
822:Model minority
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
782:
779:Society portal
766:
763:
753:
752:Intersectional
750:
690:
687:
665:
662:
644:
643:
623:
621:
610:
607:
581:Europa, Europa
545:
544:
524:
522:
506:Crypto-Judaism
485:
482:
386:Main article:
383:
380:
319:
316:
312:American Dream
295:
292:
243:Vassar College
222:Crypto-Judaism
210:Main article:
207:
204:
194:
191:
187:Rachel Dolezal
171:Kim Kardashian
150:
147:
110:
107:
79:Etymologically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2514:9780195305135
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2472:9780195125580
2468:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
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478:sex or gender
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467:Billy Tipton
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261:Nella Larsen
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1390:Attribution
1305:Cooperation
1110:Reciprocity
714:eye contact
578:. The film
474:transgender
472:Within the
420:Passing by
99:passing for
3048:Categories
2825:2023-05-08
2695:: 100992.
2351:2016-03-27
2326:2016-03-27
2298:2016-03-27
2263:2016-03-27
2181:2022-05-13
2157:2022-05-13
1235:Aggression
1188:Groupthink
1081:Persuasion
1059:Conformity
1042:Compliance
970:Stereotype
911:Similarity
844:Undercover
797:Closet Jew
730:depression
704:to appear
658:disability
588:Shia Islam
498:Nicodemite
427:compulsory
394:The closet
392:See also:
282:bell hooks
226:Shibboleth
216:See also:
103:passing as
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1598:: 85–96.
1573:"Passing"
1457:Footnotes
1423:Heuristic
1253:Anonymity
1098:Obedience
1025:Authority
965:Prejudice
572:foreskins
89:use with
32:ethnicity
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2894:(2018).
2877:29071566
2798:Spectrum
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1243:Violence
957:Conflict
938:Adoption
792:Closeted
765:See also
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698:Autistic
599:Alawites
555:minority
551:religion
484:Religion
251:biracial
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2388:(PDF)
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