Pathogenic Escherichia coli

1584: 1596: 89: 725: 1247: 36: 477: 1221:, the fecal-oral cycle of transmission can be disrupted by cooking food properly, preventing cross-contamination, instituting barriers such as gloves for food workers, instituting health care policies so food industry employees seek treatment when they are ill, pasteurization of juice or dairy products and proper 806:

strain is equally virulent. Antibiotic and supportive treatment protocols for it are not as well-developed (it has the ability to be very enterohemorrhagic like O157:H7, causing bloody diarrhea, but also is more enteroaggregative, meaning it adheres well and clumps to intestinal membranes). It is the

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There are two separate groups of K-antigen groups, named group I and group II (while a small in-between subset (K3, K10, and K54/K96) has been classified as group III). The former (I) consist of 100 kDa (large) capsular polysaccharides, while the latter (II), associated with extraintestinal diseases,

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all stools submitted for routine testing from patients with acute community-acquired diarrhea (regardless of patient age, season of the year, or presence or absence of blood in the stool) be simultaneously cultured for E. coli O157:H7 (O157 STEC) and tested with an assay that detects Shiga toxins to

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In total there are 60 different K antigens that have been recognized (K1, K2a/ac, K3, K4, K5, K6, K7 (=K56), K8, K9 (=O104), K10, K11, K12 (K82), K13(=K20 and =K23), K14, K15, K16, K18a, K18ab (=K22), K19, K24, K26, K27, K28, K29, K30, K31, K34, K37, K39, K40, K41, K42, K43, K44, K45, K46, K47, K49

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in the host cell, causing significant deformation. EPEC cells are moderately invasive (i.e. they enter host cells) and elicit an inflammatory response. Changes in intestinal cell ultrastructure due to "attachment and effacement" is likely the prime cause of diarrhea in those afflicted with EPEC.

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and these O group designations go from O1 to O181, with the exception of some groups which have been historically removed, namely O31, O47, O67, O72, O93 (now K84), O94, and O122; groups 174 to 181 are provisional (O174=OX3 and O175=OX7) or are under investigation (176 to 181 are STEC/VTEC).

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Gastrointestinal infections can cause the body to develop memory T cells to attack gut microbes that are in the intestinal tract. Food poisoning can trigger an immune response to microbial gut bacteria. Some researchers suggest that it can lead to inflammatory bowel disease.

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Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; Committee on the Review of the USDA E. coli O157:H7 Farm-to-Table Process Risk Assessment; Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2002).

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infection. Results of the study showed that "the bacterium is more likely to cause severe diarrhea in people with type A blood," and this finding may aid current and future efforts to develop an effective vaccine against the pathogenic strains of E.

2069:. Dr. Mahdi Saeed, Professor of epidemiology and infectious disease in MSU's colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Human Medicine, has applied for a patent for his discovery and has made contact with pharmaceutical companies for commercial production. 1915:) are highly resistant to an array of antibiotics, and infections by these strains are difficult to treat. In many instances, only two oral antibiotics and a very limited group of intravenous antibiotics remain effective. In 2009, a gene called 2061:

In January 2007, the Canadian biopharmaceutical company Bioniche announced it has developed a cattle vaccine which reduces the number of O157:H7 shed in manure by a factor of 1000, to about 1000 pathogenic bacteria per gram of manure.

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AIEC are able to invade intestinal epithelial cells and replicate intracellularly. It is likely that AIEC are able to proliferate more effectively in hosts with defective innate immunity. They are associated with the ileal mucosa in

1623:. It requires a minimum of 2 days and maximum of several weeks to culture gastrointestinal pathogens. The sensitivity (true positive) and specificity (true negative) rates for stool culture vary by pathogen, although a number of 2072:

In May 2018, a team led by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine collaborated with Johns Hopkins University to conduct a study which delves deeper into the known link between blood type and the severity of

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has led to calls for further monitoring and a UK-wide strategy to deal with infections and the deaths. Susceptibility testing should guide treatment in all infections in which the organism can be isolated for culture.

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The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists recommend that clinical laboratories screen at least all bloody stools for this pathogen. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that

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Varma, J.K.; K.D. Greene; M.E. Reller; S.M. DeLong; J. Trottier; S.F. Nowicki; M. DiOrio; E.M. Koch; T.L. Bannerman; S.T. York; M.A. Lambert-Fair; J.G. Wells; P.S. Mead (November 26, 2003). "An outbreak of

2685:"Culture independent analysis of ileal mucosa reveals a selective increase in invasive Escherichia coli of novel phylogeny relative to depletion of Clostridiales in Crohn's disease involving the ileum" 1727:

Typically, diagnosis has been done by culturing on sorbitol-MacConkey medium and then using typing antiserum. However, current latex assays and some typing antisera have shown cross reactions with non-

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ETEC strains are noninvasive, and they do not leave the intestinal lumen. ETEC is the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in children in the developing world, as well as the most common cause of

3141: 1380:(DAF) on erythrocytes and other cell types. There, the Dr adhesins induce the development of long cellular extensions that wrap around the bacteria, accompanied by the activation of several 1017:. Each year, there are estimated to be 840 million cases of ETEC in developing countries. About 280 million of these cases, as well as 325,000 deaths, are in children under the age of five. 1400: 1653:-specific AMR genes in two hours or less with high sensitivity and specificity, but the size of the test panel (i.e., total pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes) is limited. Newer 616:), in a similar way to O antigens (and being structurally identical to O antigens in some instances are only considered as K antigens when co-expressed with another authentic O antigen). 4793:

Kumar, Pardeep; Kuhlmann, F. Matthew; Chakroborty, Subhra; Bourgeois, A. Louis; Foulke-Abel, Jennifer; Tumala, Brunda; Vickers, Tim J.; Sack, David A.; DeNearing, Barbara (2018-05-17).

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load in healthy subjects. This is not considered phage therapy, however, because it does not involve selection of phages with activity against a patient's specific strain of bacterium.

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that contains a capsular antigen called K1. The colonization of the newborn's intestines with these strains, that are present in the mother's vagina, lead to bacteremia, which leads to

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is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for only a limited amount of time, which makes them ideal

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cells. Approximately 1% of the human population lacks this receptor, and its presence or absence dictates an individual's susceptibility or non-susceptibility, respectively, to

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and antimicrobial resistance in the identified strains much faster than culture and sensitivity testing. Microarray-based platforms can identify specific pathogenic strains of

836:

toxins. The B subunits assist in adherence and entry of the toxin into host intestinal cells, while the A subunit is cleaved and prevents cells from absorbing water, causing

4185:"Importance of Culture Confirmation of Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Infection as Illustrated by Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis --- New York and North Carolina, 2005" 1842:

per generation, which is 1,000 times as high as previous estimates," a finding which may have significance for the study and management of bacterial antibiotic resistance.

623:

bacteria and greatly differ in composition and are further subdivided according to their acidic components, generally 20–50% of the CPS chains are bound to phospholipids.

1214:, raw ground beef, raw seed sprouts or spinach, raw milk, unpasteurized juice, unpasteurized cheese and foods contaminated by infected food workers via fecal–oral route. 2363: 811:

in Europe. Severity of the illness varies considerably; it can be fatal, particularly to young children, the elderly or the immunocompromised, but is more often mild.

1558:, colibacillosis also associated with chronic respiratory disease with Mycoplasma where it causes perihepatitis, pericarditis, septicaemic lungs, peritonitis etc. in 608:

Group I K antigens are only found with certain O-antigens (O8, O9, O20, and O101 groups), they are further subdivided on the basis of absence (IA, similar to that of

757: 4931: 1474:), plus the fact that the body recognizes as self the K1 antigen, as it resembles the cerebral glycopeptides, this leads to a severe meningitis in the neonates. 765: 761: 219: 753: 627:(O46), K50, K51, K52, K53, K54 (=K96), K55, K74, K84, K85ab/ac (=O141), K87 (=O32), K92, K93, K95, K97, K98, K100, K101, K102, K103, KX104, KX105, and KX106). 57: 1194:. Common routes of transmission include: unhygienic food preparation, farm contamination due to manure fertilization, irrigation of crops with contaminated 1038:

Like ETEC, EPEC also causes diarrhea, but the molecular mechanisms of colonization and aetiology are different. EPEC lack ST and LT toxins, but they use an

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Heaton JC, Jones K (March 2008). "Microbial contamination of fruit and vegetables and the behaviour of enteropathogens in the phyllosphere: a review".

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exist in high numbers in the inflamed tissue, and the number of bacteria in the inflamed regions correlates to the severity of the bowel inflammation.

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platforms are currently being developed to overcome the various limitations of culture and all currently available molecular diagnostic technologies.

4611: 4715: 2993:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. April 2006. Archived from 2732:

Hand, T. W.; Dos Santos, L. M.; Bouladoux, N.; Molloy, M. J.; Pagán, A. J.; Pepper, M.; Maynard, C. L.; Elson CO III; Belkaid, Y. (30 August 2012).

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to drop, leading to darkening of the medium. Growth on EMB agar produces black colonies with a greenish-black metallic sheen. This is diagnostic of

832:. The latter, termed LT, contain one A subunit and five B subunits arranged into one holotoxin, and are highly similar in structure and function to 5175: 3310: 2843: 612:

species in structure) or presence (IB) of amino sugars and some group I K-antigens are attached to the lipid A-core of the lipopolysaccharide (K

4769: 1583: 4936: 2528:"Identification of a protein secretory pathway for the secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin by an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli" 425:. The bacterium can also be grown easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. 2058:

in chickens. The vaccine is a genetically modified avirulent vaccine that has demonstrated protection against O78 and untypeable strains.

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in humans, but some of it is probably due to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feeds. A study published in the journal

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Perfeito, Lília; Fernandes, Lisete; Mota, Catarina; Gordo, Isabel (2007). "Adaptive Mutations in Bacteria: High Rate and Small Effects".

1121: 4117:

W.B. Gross (1978), Colibacillosis, in "Diseases of poultry", ed. by M.S. Hofstad, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA; 8th ed.

4886: 3565:

Heuvelink, A.E.; C. van Heerwaarden; J.T. Zwartkruis-Nahuis; R. van Oosterom; K. Edink; Y.T. van Duynhoven; E. de Boer (October 2002).

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common pilus, ECP), is moderately invasive and possesses a phage-encoded shiga toxin that can elicit an intense inflammatory response.

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O128ab and O128ac). Antibodies towards several O antigens cross-react with other O antigens and partially to K antigens not only from

44: 2035:(O157-rEPA) was reported to be safe in children two to five years old. Previous work had already indicated it was safe for adults. A 3695: 4460: 2991:

Managing Food Safety: A Manual for the Voluntary Use of HACCP Principles for Operators of Food Service and Retail Establishments

5106: 4926: 1404: 1202:, feral pigs on cropland, or direct consumption of sewage-contaminated water. Dairy and beef cattle are primary reservoirs of 6355: 4946: 4911: 3294: 2416: 583:

The O antigen is encoded by the rfb gene cluster. rol (cld) gene encodes the regulator of lipopolysaccharide O-chain length.

4442: 6788: 6005: 5750: 5116: 5080: 4941: 24: 4528:

Girard M, Steele D, Chaignat C, Kieny M (2006). "A review of vaccine research and development: human enteric infections".

2950: 5032: 4951: 4503: 3534:

Trevena, W.B.; G.A Willshaw; T. Cheasty; G. Domingue; C. Wray (December 1999). "Transmission of Vero cytotoxin producing

2986: 2090: 1962:—viruses that specifically target pathogenic bacteria—has been developed over the last 80 years, primarily in the former 1867:

plasmids, and under stress, readily transfer those plasmids to other species. Mixing of species in the intestines allows

1232:(STEC), specifically serotype O157:H7, have also been transmitted by flies, as well as direct contact with farm animals, 792: 2900:"Escherichia coli in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: An update on adherent invasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity" 1294:

in males. Because women have a shorter urethra than men, they are 14 times more likely to suffer from an ascending UTI.

5431: 5040: 3493:

Rahn, K.; S.A. Renwick; R.P. Johnson; J.B. Wilson; R.C. Clarke; D. Alves; S.A. McEwen; H. Lior; J. Spika (April 1998).

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cells, EAEC bind to the intestinal mucosa to cause watery diarrhea without fever. EAEC are noninvasive. They produce a

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The acidic capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is a thick, mucous-like, layer of polysaccharide that surrounds some pathogen

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Nicolle LE (February 2008). "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis".

5559: 5202: 4122: 1218: 314: 5995: 5055: 2065:

In April 2009, a Michigan State University researcher announced he had developed a working vaccine for a strain of

1982:

O157:H7 killing phage in a mist, spray or wash on live animals that will be slaughtered for human consumption. The

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to bind host intestinal cells. This pathotype has an array of virulence factors that are similar to those found in

946: 4852: 922:(EC) are classified on the basis of serological characteristics and virulence properties. The major pathotypes of 592: 6000: 5541: 5050: 3076: 1094: 4686: 5573: 5167: 4879: 4340:

Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes".

4238:"Similarity between human and chicken Escherichia coli isolates in relation to ciprofloxacin resistance status" 1997:

is unavailable in the US, some commercially available dietary supplements contain strains of phage that target

1672:(or both) are inoculated with the stool. On MacConkey agar, deep red colonies are produced, as the organism is 1620: 1002: 6663: 4428: 4211:"Recommendations for Diagnosis of Shiga Toxin--Producing Escherichia coli Infections by Clinical Laboratories" 5389: 4956: 4916: 4723: 2587:"The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections" 2411:. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2B (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 1108. 1799: 1631:. For culture-positive samples, antimicrobial resistance testing takes an additional 12–24 hours to perform. 1522:

production diminishes in the presence of inflammation. Only when some inflammatory condition co-occurs with

1211: 6778: 6559: 5883: 5319: 1595: 3898:"Escherichia coli producing colibactin triggers premature and transmissible senescence in mammalian cells" 1206:

O157:H7, and they can carry it asymptomatically and shed it in their feces. Food products associated with

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accumulation in the target cells and a subsequent secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal

6220: 6214: 5830: 1895:

has become a particular problem in recent decades, as strains of bacteria that produce extended-spectrum

1654: 6299: 4921: 2196:

Mobley, Harry L. T.; Nataro, James P.; Kaper, James B. (February 2004). "Pathogenic Escherichia coli".

1849:

may also pass on the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance to other species of bacteria, such as

891: 4018:

Louis P, Hold GL, Flint HJ (2014). "The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer".

1270:(UTI) seen in individuals with ordinary anatomy. In ascending infections, fecal bacteria colonize the 6768: 6020: 5855: 5824: 5754: 5535: 5277: 5060: 4872: 1377: 1143: 788: 769: 697: 3698:, State Key Laboratory for Moleclular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing. Retrieved July 2011 2112: 958:

causative agent of diarrhea (without fever) in humans, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, and horses

488:

strains can be categorized based on elements that can elicit an immune response in animals, namely:

6783: 6495: 6398: 6277: 6015: 6010: 5894: 5683: 5502: 5425: 5417: 5075: 5065: 2036: 1864: 1856: 1612: 1350: 803: 745: 741: 529: 375: 6699: 6579: 6539: 6481: 6200: 5967: 5403: 5361: 3959:"Escherichia coli induces DNA damage in vivo and triggers genomic instability in mammalian cells" 1983: 1628: 1267: 883:

with antibiotics may significantly increase the chance of developing haemolytic-uremic syndrome.

829: 825: 686: 49: 3564: 2406: 814:

Earlier, poor hygienic methods of preparing meat in Scotland killed seven people in 1996 due to

6773: 6515: 6433: 6392: 6388: 6269: 6263: 6030: 5740: 5675: 5469: 5375: 5347: 5281: 2031: 1892: 1526:

infection is the bacterium able to deliver colibactin to enterocytes and induce tumorogenesis.

1014: 348: 787:

O157:H7 is also notorious for causing serious and even life-threatening complications such as

6532: 6521: 6319: 5949: 5775: 5746: 5553: 5313: 5267: 5070: 3077:"Spinach E. coli linked to cattle; Manure on pasture had same strain as bacteria in outbreak" 1943: 1851: 1821: 1817: 1753: 1423:

therapy, and are often responsible for chronic urinary tract infections. K antigen-producing

1407:). They also have the ability to form K antigen, capsular polysaccharides that contribute to 1361: 808: 749: 193: 2342: 6693: 6653: 6606: 6488: 6139: 6097: 6077: 6034: 5890: 5689: 5369: 4650: 4288: 4074: 3972: 3911: 3721: 3710:"Filamentation by Escherichia coli subverts innate defenses during urinary tract infection" 3449: 3388: 2852: 2696: 2539: 2260: 1978:. However, on January 2, 2007, the United States FDA gave Omnilytics approval to apply its 1970:. Presently, phage therapy for humans is available only at the Phage Therapy Center in the 1669: 1638: 1507: 1191: 658: 550: 414: 4795:"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli blood group A interactions intensify diarrheal severity" 2405:

Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) . George M. Garrity (ed.).

1716:-negative (no change-green colour). Tests for toxin production can use mammalian cells in 8: 6671: 6616: 6285: 6161: 6106: 6054: 5973: 5916: 5869: 5804: 5652: 5644: 5638: 5355: 5341: 5210: 4210: 4184: 1487: 1381: 461: 131: 4654: 4292: 4078: 3976: 3915: 3725: 3495:"Follow-up study of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families" 3453: 3392: 2856: 2700: 2543: 2264: 6659: 6570: 6071: 6060: 5981: 5925: 5713: 5411: 5397: 5327: 5304: 4827: 4794: 4401: 4376: 4322: 4095: 4062: 4043: 3995: 3958: 3934: 3897: 3843: 3789: 3768: 3744: 3709: 3595: 3566: 3409: 3376: 3357: 3304: 3195: 3183: 3122: 3049: 3036: 3016: 2926: 2899: 2875: 2834: 2810: 2785: 2758: 2733: 2665: 2611: 2586: 2281: 2248: 2229: 2170: 2141: 1880: 1172: 899: 895: 493: 465: 418: 228: 155: 96: 3769:"Bacterial plurality as a general mechanism driving persistence in chronic infections" 3470: 3433: 2562: 2527: 2462: 2433: 6644: 6610: 6474: 6406: 6169: 6147: 6116: 5567: 5333: 5156: 5045: 4832: 4814: 4716:"Canadian Research Collaboration Produces World's First Food Safety Vaccine: Against 4668: 4593: 4545: 4406: 4357: 4314: 4279: 4259: 4166: 4161: 4136: 4118: 4100: 4035: 4000: 3939: 3878: 3835: 3794: 3780: 3749: 3675: 3640: 3600: 3547: 3516: 3475: 3461: 3414: 3349: 3345: 3290: 3187: 3114: 3110: 3054: 2931: 2880: 2815: 2763: 2714: 2657: 2616: 2567: 2467: 2412: 2286: 2221: 2213: 2175: 1971: 1826: 1392: 1039: 852: 784:

can result from eating unwashed vegetables or poorly butchered and undercooked meat.

453: 363: 240: 143: 6088: 6045: 5940: 4326: 4047: 3400: 3361: 3199: 2497: 2453: 1899:

have become more common. These beta-lactamase enzymes make many, if not all, of the

6635: 6550: 6341: 6188: 6175: 5990: 5607: 5589: 5496: 5455: 5383: 5253: 4896: 4822: 4806: 4658: 4583: 4537: 4396: 4388: 4349: 4304: 4296: 4249: 4156: 4148: 4090: 4082: 4027: 3990: 3980: 3929: 3919: 3870: 3861:

Balskus EP (2015). "Colibactin: understanding an elusive gut bacterial genotoxin".

3847: 3825: 3784: 3776: 3739: 3729: 3667: 3632: 3590: 3582: 3506: 3465: 3457: 3404: 3396: 3341: 3253: 3233: 3179: 3126: 3106: 3044: 3028: 2921: 2911: 2870: 2860: 2805: 2797: 2753: 2745: 2704: 2669: 2647: 2606: 2598: 2557: 2547: 2457: 2449: 2276: 2268: 2233: 2205: 2165: 2157: 1471: 1330: 387: 359: 341: 259: 183: 20: 4541: 4507: 4392: 732:

bacteria, magnified 10,000 times. Each individual bacterium is a rounded cylinder.

652:

There are 53 identified H antigens, numbered from H1 to H56 (H13 and H22 were not

6585: 6506: 6460: 6365: 6305: 6240: 6182: 6151: 6143: 5846: 5816: 5810: 5693: 5522: 5446: 5273: 4446: 4137:"Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections" 3924: 3281: 2026: 1318: 1006: 969: 682: 671: 544: 536:

cell contains millions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which consists of:

446: 215: 5197: 2602: 847:

bacteria escape the intestinal tract through a perforation (for example from an

88: 6685: 6335: 6329: 6192: 5930: 5461: 5228: 5198: 5121: 5101: 3964:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2958: 2161: 1947: 1896: 1811: 1807: 1717: 1665: 1624: 1369: 1306: 1287: 1081: 997: 984: 856: 777: 430: 395: 119: 6746: 4353: 3671: 3586: 3014: 2994: 2247:

Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, et al. (2005).

6762: 6681: 6597: 6424: 6379: 6120: 6112: 5955: 5722: 5633: 5487: 5293: 5259: 5234: 5219: 5151: 4818: 3636: 2217: 2051: 2021:

infection. In March 2006, a vaccine eliciting an immune response against the

1959: 1904: 1803: 1787: 1775: 1767: 1635: 1616: 1547: 1338: 1275: 989: 724: 620: 442: 434: 337: 210: 4744: 4300: 4086: 4063:"Intestinal Inflammation Targets Cancer-Inducing Activity of the Microbiota" 3985: 3957:

Cuevas-Ramos G, Petit CR, Marcq I, Boury M, Oswald E, Nougayrède JP (2010).

3734: 3216:

Bach, S.J.; T.A. McAllister; D.M. Veira; V.P.J. Gannon; R.A. Holley (2002).

3142:"CGFI: Maddening Media Misinformation on Biotech and Industrial Agriculture" 2865: 2749: 2320: 2272: 6677: 6451: 5658: 5598: 5545: 5530: 5475: 4857: 4836: 4672: 4597: 4549: 4410: 4361: 4318: 4263: 4236:

Johnson J, Kuskowski M, Menard M, Gajewski A, Xercavins M, Garau J (2006).

4104: 4039: 4004: 3943: 3882: 3839: 3798: 3753: 3679: 3644: 3604: 3551: 3479: 3418: 3353: 3191: 3118: 2935: 2916: 2884: 2819: 2767: 2718: 2661: 2620: 2571: 2552: 2471: 2290: 2225: 2179: 1963: 1724:. Although sensitive and very specific, this method is slow and expensive. 1334: 1222: 976: 872: 848: 438: 367: 352: 4572:

O157 O-specific polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in 2-5-year-old children"

4170: 3520: 3215: 3058: 2709: 2684: 2404: 1322: 390:

that enable them to reside in parts of the body normally not inhabited by

6251: 6206: 6157: 5861: 5613: 4992: 4309: 4152: 3015:

Gehlbach, S.H.; J.N. MacCormack; B.M. Drake; W.V. Thompson (April 1973).

2801: 2055: 1791: 1783: 1721: 1563: 1385: 1233: 1112: 868: 860: 709: 701: 168: 6729: 4475:"OmniLytics Announces USDA/FSIS Approval for Bacteriophage Treatment of 4031: 3830: 3813: 3538:

O157 infection from farm animals to humans in Cornwall and west Devon".

3533: 1498:, a substance that damages DNA. About 20% of humans are colonized with 1326: 5625: 5146: 5131: 5096: 4977: 4770:"Your blood type might make you more likely to get traveler's diarrhea" 4722:(Press release). Bioniche Life Sciences Inc. 2007-01-10. Archived from 3874: 3492: 3040: 2784:

Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB (2013).

2209: 1924: 1900: 1759: 1709: 1661: 1495: 1459: 1420: 1396: 1302: 965: 876: 693: 371: 3617: 3377:"Mediterranean fruit fly as a potential vector of bacterial pathogens" 2786:"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli" 2652: 2635: 1236:

animals, and airborne particles found in animal-rearing environments.

1146:

and sudden kidney failure. It uses bacterial fimbriae for attachment (

1032:

causative agent of diarrhea in humans, rabbits, dogs, cats and horses

6439: 6291: 5959: 5900: 5781: 5141: 4810: 2957:. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Archived from 2839:

use a common pilus adherence factor for epithelial cell colonization"

1795: 1689: 1555: 1195: 1085: 713: 540: 523: 410: 344: 4663: 4634: 3238: 3217: 3032: 2319:. FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Archived from 2246: 2146:

outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef, June–July 2002"

1577:

do not seem to be important sources of infections in other animals.

1569:

Most of the serotypes isolated from poultry are pathogenic only for

1466:

antibodies from the mother (these do not cross the placenta because

1314: 394:, and to damage host cells. These pathogenic traits are encoded by 5875: 4864: 4588: 4567: 4254: 4237: 3902: 3511: 3494: 2040: 1932: 1907:

ineffective as therapy. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing

1831: 1712:-positive (bright red), but VP-negative (no change-colourless) and 1551: 1543: 1416: 1365: 1291: 1048: 837: 705: 690: 636: 107: 4425:"HPA Press Statement: Infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli" 3895: 2682: 2636:"Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease" 2013:

Researchers have actively been working to develop safe, effective

1676:-positive, and fermentation of this sugar will cause the medium's 6466: 6412: 5766: 5731: 4792: 2014: 1872: 1713: 1673: 1559: 1443: 1439: 1408: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1139: 1043: 973: 833: 556: 511: 3324:

Szalanski A, Owens C, McKay T, Steelman C (2004). "Detection of

1883:

are important reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance.

1762:. However, the antibiotic sensitivities of different strains of 35: 6741: 5244: 5126: 5111: 5002: 3623:

O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building".

2832: 2050:) introduced an effective, live, attenuated vaccine to control 1975: 1839: 1705: 1685: 1539: 1511: 1435: 1246: 1199: 1052:. Adherence to the intestinal mucosa causes a rearrangement of 4235: 3375:

Sela S, Nestel D, Pinto R, Nemny-Lavy E, Bar-Joseph M (2005).

2731: 2047: 1928: 1920: 1774:

are resistant to many antibiotics that are effective against

1735:

O157 strains associated with HUS are nonsorbitol fermentors.

1697: 1519: 1354: 1310: 1181: 1053: 773: 422: 379: 3165: 2525: 2508:. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology 1142:, which causes bloody diarrhea and no fever. EHEC can cause 696:. In rarer cases, virulent strains are also responsible for 641:

The H antigen is a major component of flagella, involved in

5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4982: 4443:"Therapeutic use of bacteriophages in bacterial infections" 3956: 3767:

Ehrlich G, Hu F, Shen K, Stoodley P, Post J (August 2005).

3323: 2585:

Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, et al. (29 June 2000).

1570: 1494:), which encodes a multi-enzymatic machinery that produces 1467: 1391:

UPEC can evade the body's innate immune defences (e.g. the

306: 300: 289: 286: 271: 265: 4276: 3896:

Secher T, Samba-Louaka A, Oswald E, Nougayrède JP (2013).

3707: 2431: 1430:

Descending infections, though relatively rare, occur when

1427:

infections are commonly found in the upper urinary tract.

268: 4987: 4861:

report on FDA oversight of outbreaks in the United States

4527: 3374: 3286:

O157:H7 in Ground Beef: Review of a Draft Risk Assessment

3166:

Chalmers, R.M.; H. Aird, F.J. Bolton (2000). "Waterborne

2897: 2633: 1463: 1360:

Another virulence factor commonly present in UPEC is the

879:. Recent research suggests treatment of enteropathogenic 280: 3814:"Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity" 3332:

O157:H7 from filth flies by polymerase chain reaction".

3017:"Spread of disease by fecal-oral route in day nurseries" 1942:

Increased concern about the prevalence of this form of "

1664:

rods, with no particular cell arrangement. Then, either

1514:

by damaging DNA. However, the mucosal barrier prevents

593:

Polysaccharide § Bacterial capsular polysaccharides

1923:) that even gives resistance to intravenous antibiotic 1677: 1611:

Diagnosis of infectious diarrhea and identification of

1538:

are responsible of a variety of diseases, among others

4612:"Reducing pathogenic E. coli infection by vaccination" 4565: 4377:"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update" 1111:

EIEC infection causes a syndrome that is identical to

476: 3766: 3696:

Identified Virulence Factors of UPEC : Adherence

2948: 2783: 1477: 1138:

The most infamous member of this pathotype is strain

964:

ETEC uses various colonization factors (CFs) to bind

863:

that can be fatal without prompt treatment. However,

362:

are harmless, but pathogenic varieties cause serious

315: 297: 283: 262: 6719: 4566:

Ahmed A, Li J, Shiloach Y, Robbins J, Szu S (2006).

2683:

Baumgart M, Dogan B, Rishniw M, et al. (2007).

1747: 1080:

So named because they have fimbriae which aggregate

728:

Low-temperature electron micrograph of a cluster of

386:, the pathogenic varieties produce toxins and other 303: 277: 3139: 2249:"Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora" 1786:, as well as other semisynthetic penicillins, many 294: 274: 4061:Arthur, Janelle C.; et al. (5 October 2012). 3289:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2987:"Retail Establishments; Annex 3 – Hazard Analysis" 1966:, where it was used to prevent diarrhea caused by 1778:organisms. Antibiotics which may be used to treat 840:. LT is secreted by the Type 2 secretion pathway. 4506:. Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes. Archived from 3708:Justice S, Hunstad D, Seed P, Hultgren S (2006). 3254:"Germany: Ten die from E.coli-infected cucumbers" 3172:Society for Applied Microbiology Symposium Series 2734:"Neurodevelopment: Low-flow blood-vessel pruning" 2584: 2195: 460:in 1885, and it is now classified as part of the 23:. For Escherichia coli in molecular biology, see 6760: 6643: 4339: 2526:Tauschek M, Gorrell R, Robins-Browne RM (2002). 2306: 2025:O157:H7 O-specific polysaccharide conjugated to 1655:metagenomics-based infectious disease diagnostic 4708: 4461:"Medical conditions treated with phage therapy" 1088:and an ST enterotoxin similar to that of ETEC. 568:Additionally subtypes exist for many O groups ( 553:of phosphorylated nonrepeating oligosaccharides 4374: 4017: 2121:CDC Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1758:Bacterial infections are usually treated with 619:Group II K antigens closely resemble those in 409:and related bacteria constitute about 0.1% of 5183: 4880: 4679: 4561: 4559: 3571:O157 infection associated with a petting zoo" 3074: 2779: 2777: 1820:is a growing problem. Some of this is due to 1449: 719: 4626: 4445:. Polish Academy of Sciences. Archived from 4229: 3950: 3889: 3811: 2891: 1830:in August 2007 found the rate of adaptative 1434:cells enter the upper urinary tract organs ( 859:) and enter the abdomen, they usually cause 818:poisoning, and left hundreds more infected. 662:, and H50 was found to be the same as H10). 433:, and an important species in the fields of 4521: 4203: 3854: 3309:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3096: 2432:Wang L; Rothemund D; Reeves PR (May 2003). 2317:Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed.) 2302: 2300: 2139: 5190: 5176: 4887: 4873: 4556: 4134: 3657: 3070: 3068: 2774: 1518:from reaching the surface of enterocytes. 1325:specifically bind D-galactose-D-galactose 1239: 1182:Epidemiology of gastrointestinal infection 791:. This particular strain is linked to the 4826: 4767: 4662: 4632: 4587: 4400: 4308: 4253: 4160: 4094: 4011: 3994: 3984: 3933: 3923: 3829: 3788: 3743: 3733: 3594: 3510: 3469: 3438:O157:H7 with houseflies on a cattle farm" 3431: 3408: 3237: 3133: 3048: 2925: 2915: 2898:Martinez-Medina M, Garcia-Gil LJ (2014). 2874: 2864: 2809: 2757: 2708: 2651: 2610: 2561: 2551: 2461: 2307:Feng P, Weagant S, Grant M (2002-09-01). 2280: 2169: 1886: 1364:, which are particularly associated with 890:are observed in increased numbers in the 645:movement. It is generally encoded by the 452:German paediatrician and bacteriologist 16:Strains of E. coli that can cause disease 4177: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2676: 2634:Rolhion N, Darfeuille-Michaud A (2007). 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2340: 2297: 1345:urinary tract infections. Uropathogenic 1266:is responsible for approximately 90% of 1245: 1115:, with profuse diarrhea and high fever. 723: 580:species and Enterobacteriaceae species. 475: 60:of all important aspects of the article. 4937:2006 North American (multiple; O157:H7) 3860: 3211: 3209: 3065: 2949:Evans Jr., Doyle J.; Dolores G. Evans. 2627: 2425: 2334: 1993:While phage therapy as a treatment for 1660:In stool samples, microscopy will show 1606: 913: 429:is the most widely studied prokaryotic 6761: 4932:2006 North American (spinach; O157:H7) 4060: 3691: 3689: 926:that cause diarrhea are listed below. 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 6356:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 5171: 4868: 4763: 4761: 4745:"Researchers develop E. coli vaccine" 2972: 2942: 2478: 2385: 563:The O antigen is used for serotyping 543:, a polymer of immunogenic repeating 19:For Escherichia coli in general, see 5741:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus 4894: 3206: 2191: 2189: 2017:to lower the worldwide incidence of 1731:O157 colonies. Furthermore, not all 1462:. And because of the absence of the 347:that is commonly found in the lower 29: 25:Escherichia coli (molecular biology) 3686: 3540:Community Disease and Public Health 2833:Rendón, M. A.; et al. (2007). 2133: 2046:In 2006, Fort Dodge Animal Health ( 1401:intracellular bacterial communities 1132:found in humans, cattle, and goats 13: 5203:Gram-negative bacterial infections 4758: 4135:Paton JC, Paton AW (1 July 1998). 3226:Canadian Journal of Animal Science 3184:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05340.x 3140:Thomas R. DeGregori (2007-08-17). 3075:Sabin Russell (October 13, 2006). 2105: 1986:, a highly studied phage, targets 1875:from and to other bacteria. Thus, 1589:Colibacillosis in domestic chicken 1529: 1478:Possible role in colorectal cancer 1384:cascades, including activation of 665: 421:to test environmental samples for 14: 6800: 5560:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis 4846: 4799:Journal of Clinical Investigation 4614:. World Poultry. 14 December 2009 3812:Croxen, M A; Finlay, B B (2010). 2955:Medical Microbiology, 4th edition 2904:World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2495: 2186: 1748:Antibiotic therapy and resistance 1219:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 480:Structure of a lipopolysaccharide 5776:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus 5751:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome 4768:Ehrenberg, Rachel (2018-05-17). 4215:MMWR Recommendations and Reports 3781:10.1097/00003086-200508000-00005 3462:10.1128/AEM.70.12.7578-7580.2004 3346:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00502.x 3111:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03587.x 2421:. British Library no. GBA561951. 2343:"E. coli Thrives in Beach Sands" 1954: 1917:New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1594: 1582: 1534:In animals, virulent strains of 1454:It is produced by a serotype of 1321:and colonize the bladder. These 982:The larger of the two proteins, 867:are extremely sensitive to such 258: 87: 34: 5542:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis 4962:2024 United Kingdom (STEC O145) 4786: 4737: 4604: 4496: 4467: 4453: 4435: 4417: 4375:Paterson DL, Bonomo RA (2005). 4368: 4333: 4270: 4128: 4111: 4054: 3805: 3760: 3701: 3651: 3611: 3558: 3527: 3486: 3425: 3401:10.1128/AEM.71.7.4052-4056.2005 3368: 3317: 3272: 3246: 3159: 3090: 3008: 2826: 2725: 2578: 2519: 2506:Online Textbook of Bacteriology 2454:10.1128/JB.185.9.2936-2943.2003 2434:"Species-Wide Variation in the 2341:Thompson, Andrea (2007-06-04). 401: 398:carried only by the pathogens. 48:may be too short to adequately 5574:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection 5107:Long-term evolution experiment 4568:"Safety and immunogenicity of 3499:Journal of Infectious Diseases 2356: 2240: 2008: 2001:and have been shown to reduce 1720:, which are rapidly killed by 1621:antibiotic sensitivity testing 1470:only mediates the transfer of 807:strain behind the deadly June 445:for the majority of work with 58:provide an accessible overview 1: 5390:Flinders Island spotted fever 4853:The danger in our salad bowls 4687:"New cattle vaccine controls 4542:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.014 4393:10.1128/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005 3218:"Transmission and control of 2790:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2099: 2043:of the treatment is planned. 1800:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 1506:island. Colibactin can cause 1411:formation. Biofilm-producing 886:Intestinal mucosa-associated 772:, produce potentially lethal 441:, where it has served as the 355:organisms (endotherms). Most 6560:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 5884:Burkholderia cepacia complex 5320:Rocky Mountain spotted fever 4481:. OmniLytics. Archived from 4020:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3925:10.1371/journal.pone.0077157 3818:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 678:can cause various diseases. 630: 586: 517: 471: 82:Pathogenic Escherichia coli 7: 6789:Infraspecific bacteria taxa 6221:Far East scarlet-like fever 6215:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 5831:Chromobacteriosis infection 2603:10.1056/NEJM200006293422601 2438:Flagellin (H-Antigen) Gene" 2198:Nature Reviews Microbiology 2140:Vogt RL, Dippold L (2005). 2084: 1855:, through a process called 1838:is "on the order of 10 per 1186:Transmission of pathogenic 892:inflammatory bowel diseases 10: 6805: 3575:Epidemiology and Infection 2835:"Commensal and pathogenic 2313:and the Coliform Bacteria" 2162:10.1177/003335490512000211 2039:to verify the large-scale 1751: 1450:Neonatal meningitis (NMEC) 1395:) by invading superficial 1351:alpha- and beta-hemolysins 992:in structure and function. 720:Gastrointestinal infection 634: 605:are under 50 kDa in size. 590: 521: 18: 6723: 6634: 6596: 6569: 6549: 6505: 6450: 6423: 6378: 6352: 6316: 6248: 6239: 6131: 6096: 6087: 6044: 6021:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 5939: 5924: 5915: 5856:Burkholderia pseudomallei 5845: 5825:Chromobacterium violaceum 5792: 5765: 5755:Meningococcal septicaemia 5730: 5721: 5712: 5624: 5597: 5588: 5536:Anaplasma phagocytophilum 5521: 5486: 5445: 5303: 5292: 5243: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5089: 5031: 4970: 4904: 4354:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004 3672:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004 3587:10.1017/S095026880200732X 3079:. San Francisco Chronicle 1708:-positive (red ring) and 1446:) from the blood stream. 1378:decay accelerating factor 1376:(Dr) which is present on 1368:and pregnancy-associated 1144:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 789:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 698:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 234: 227: 199: 192: 97:Scientific classification 95: 86: 81: 6496:Plesiomonas shigelloides 6278:Brazilian purpuric fever 5895:Bordetella parapertussis 5684:Bartonella bacilliformis 5503:Flea-borne spotted fever 5433:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 5426:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 5418:American tick bite fever 4504:"PreForPro: the Science" 3714:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 3637:10.1001/jama.290.20.2709 3432:Alam M, Zurek L (2004). 2144:Escherichia coli O157:H7 2037:phase III clinical trial 1865:multiple drug resistance 1857:horizontal gene transfer 1613:antimicrobial resistance 1357:of urinary tract cells. 1268:urinary tract infections 830:heat-labile enterotoxins 687:urinary tract infections 510:strain EDL933 is of the 376:urinary tract infections 6664:Guillain–Barré syndrome 6580:Cardiobacterium hominis 6540:Acinetobacter baumannii 6482:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 6201:Yersinia enterocolitica 5968:Klebsiella granulomatis 5404:African tick bite fever 5362:North Asian tick typhus 4927:2005 South Wales (O157) 4463:. Phage Therapy Center. 4301:10.1126/science.1142284 4087:10.1126/science.1224820 3986:10.1073/pnas.1001261107 3863:Natural Product Reports 3735:10.1073/pnas.0606329104 3021:Health Services Reports 2866:10.1073/pnas.0704104104 2750:10.1126/science.1220961 2442:Journal of Bacteriology 2408:The Gammaproteobacteria 2273:10.1126/science.1110591 1984:enterobacteria phage T4 1893:beta-lactam antibiotics 1871:to accept and transfer 1688:positive, and grows on 1684:. The organism is also 1372:. The Dr adhesins bind 1240:Urinary tract infection 1192:fecal–oral transmission 972:. ETEC can produce two 415:fecal–oral transmission 382:. Unlike normal flora 330:; commonly abbreviated 6516:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6434:Francisella tularensis 6393:Legionella longbeachae 6389:Legionella pneumophila 6031:Enterobacter aerogenes 5676:Bacillary angiomatosis 5470:Orientia tsutsugamushi 5376:Queensland tick typhus 5348:Japanese spotted fever 5282:Flying squirrel typhus 4947:2011 Germany (O104:H4) 3442:Appl Environ Microbiol 3381:Appl Environ Microbiol 2917:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.213 2553:10.1073/pnas.092152899 2032:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1887:Beta-lactamase strains 1822:overuse of antibiotics 1573:. So avian sources of 1374:Dr blood group antigen 1254: 1228:Shiga toxin-producing 902:. Invasive strains of 799:due to fresh spinach. 733: 674:, virulent strains of 576:, but also from other 481: 237:Bacillus coli communis 6533:Moraxella catarrhalis 6399:Legionnaires' disease 6320:Pasteurella multocida 5950:Klebsiella pneumoniae 5747:Meningococcal disease 5554:Ehrlichia chaffeensis 5314:Rickettsia rickettsii 5278:Brill–Zinsser disease 5268:Rickettsia prowazekii 4479:O157:H7 on Livestock" 3773:Clin Orthop Relat Res 2710:10.1038/ismej.2007.52 1927:, were discovered in 1863:bacteria often carry 1852:Staphylococcus aureus 1845:Antibiotic-resistant 1818:Antibiotic resistance 1754:Antibiotic resistance 1615:is performed using a 1362:Dr family of adhesins 1331:P blood-group antigen 1249: 1105:found only in humans 1074:found only in humans 995:The smaller protein, 809:2011 E. coli outbreak 727: 479: 6694:Helicobacter cinaedi 6654:Campylobacter jejuni 6607:Aeromonas hydrophila 6489:Vibrio alginolyticus 6140:Shigella dysenteriae 6078:Citrobacter freundii 6035:Enterobacter cloacae 5891:Bordetella pertussis 5370:Rickettsia australis 4912:1993 Jack in the Box 4381:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 4153:10.1128/CMR.11.3.450 4141:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 3660:Urol. Clin. North Am 2802:10.1128/CMR.00022-13 1742:detect non-O157 STEC 1639:molecular diagnostic 1607:Laboratory diagnosis 1415:are recalcitrant to 1135:Bloody or nonbloody 1108:Bloody or nonbloody 914:Virulence properties 659:Citrobacter freundii 502:H antigen: flagellin 462:Gammaproteobacterial 6779:Pathogenic bacteria 6672:Helicobacter pylori 6162:Bacillary dysentery 6107:Salmonella enterica 6055:Serratia marcescens 5974:Granuloma inguinale 5870:Burkholderia mallei 5805:Eikenella corrodens 5653:Bartonella quintana 5645:Cat-scratch disease 5639:Bartonella henselae 5356:Rickettsia sibirica 5342:Rickettsia japonica 5081:Verotoxin-producing 4942:2009 United Kingdom 4655:2007Natur.445....8P 4293:2007Sci...317..813P 4079:2012Sci...338..120A 4032:10.1038/nrmicro3344 3977:2010PNAS..10711537C 3971:(25): 11537–11542. 3916:2013PLoSO...877157S 3831:10.1038/nrmicro2265 3726:2006PNAS..10319884J 3454:2004ApEnM..70.7578A 3393:2005ApEnM..71.4052S 2857:2007PNAS..10410637R 2851:(25): 10637–10642. 2744:(6101): 1553–1556. 2701:2007ISMEJ...1..403B 2544:2002PNAS...99.7066T 2265:2005Sci...308.1635E 2259:(5728): 1635–1638. 2091:List of strains of 1972:Republic of Georgia 1696:S-) profile. Also, 1641:tests can identify 1508:cellular senescence 1488:polyketide synthase 1382:signal transduction 1015:traveler's diarrhea 793:2006 United States 736:Certain strains of 492:O antigen: part of 423:fecal contamination 419:indicator organisms 132:Gammaproteobacteria 6660:Campylobacteriosis 6571:Cardiobacteriaceae 6072:Citrobacter koseri 5982:Klebsiella oxytoca 5412:Rickettsia parkeri 5398:Rickettsia africae 5328:Rickettsia conorii 5041:Enteroaggregative 4952:2015 United States 4635:"The dark side of 4633:Pearson H (2007). 3875:10.1039/c5np00091b 3260:. BBC. 28 May 2011 3099:J. Appl. Microbiol 2951:"Escherichia Coli" 2640:Inflamm. Bowel Dis 2210:10.1038/nrmicro818 1782:infection include 1700:is {+ + – -} for 1486:strains contain a 1282:as well as to the 1274:and spread up the 1255: 1210:outbreaks include 1156:Adherent-Invasive 900:ulcerative colitis 734: 712:and gram-negative 656:antigens but from 499:K antigen: capsule 494:lipopolysaccharide 482: 466:Enterobacteriaceae 156:Enterobacteriaceae 6756: 6755: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6645:Campylobacterales 6630: 6629: 6611:Aeromonas veronii 6475:Vibrio vulnificus 6407:Coxiella burnetii 6374: 6373: 6300:H. parainfluenzae 6235: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6170:Proteus mirabilis 6117:Paratyphoid fever 6006:Enterohemorrhagic 5926:Enterobacteriales 5911: 5910: 5841: 5840: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5690:Carrion's disease 5584: 5583: 5568:Ehrlichia ewingii 5517: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5334:Boutonneuse fever 5165: 5164: 5157:Theodor Escherich 5117:Molecular biology 5046:Enterohemorrhagic 4287:(5839): 813–815. 4073:(6103): 120–123. 3631:(20): 2709–2712. 3296:978-0-309-08627-1 3178:(29): 124S–132S. 2653:10.1002/ibd.20176 2646:(10): 1277–1283. 2418:978-0-387-24144-9 2150:Public Health Rep 1393:complement system 1217:According to the 1190:often occurs via 1179: 1178: 1122:Enterohemorrhagic 1064:Enteroaggregative 1024:Enteropathogenic 938:Type of diarrhea 853:ruptured appendix 824:can harbour both 681:In humans : 670:In humans and in 454:Theodor Escherich 388:virulence factors 249: 248: 244: 144:Enterobacteriales 75: 74: 6796: 6769:Escherichia coli 6721: 6720: 6641: 6640: 6551:Xanthomonadaceae 6359: 6342:Actinobacillosis 6323: 6256: 6246: 6245: 6176:Proteus vulgaris 6094: 6093: 5991:Escherichia coli 5937: 5936: 5922: 5921: 5797: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5608:Brucella abortus 5595: 5594: 5590:Hyphomicrobiales 5497:Rickettsia felis 5456:Rickettsia akari 5384:Rickettsia honei 5301: 5300: 5254:Rickettsia typhi 5241: 5240: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5169: 5168: 4897:Escherichia coli 4889: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4841: 4840: 4830: 4811:10.1172/jci97659 4805:(8): 3298–3311. 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4570:Escherichia coli 4563: 4554: 4553: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4427:. Archived from 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4342:Trends Microbiol 4337: 4331: 4330: 4312: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4132: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3988: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3937: 3927: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3833: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3792: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3737: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3621:Escherichia coli 3615: 3609: 3608: 3598: 3569:Escherichia coli 3562: 3556: 3555: 3536:Escherichia coli 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3436:Escherichia coli 3434:"Association of 3429: 3423: 3422: 3412: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3330:Escherichia coli 3321: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3284:Escherichia coli 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3220:Escherichia coli 3213: 3204: 3203: 3168:Escherichia coli 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3144:. Archived from 3137: 3131: 3130: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3052: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2983: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2919: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2868: 2837:Escherichia coli 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2712: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2655: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2614: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2493: 2476: 2475: 2465: 2448:(9): 2396–2943. 2436:Escherichia coli 2429: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2372:Taxonomy Browser 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2311:Escherichia coli 2309:"Enumeration of 2304: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2173: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2115:Escherichia coli 2109: 2093:Escherichia coli 1766:vary widely. As 1692:with a (A/A/g+/H 1619:with subsequent 1601:Mastitis in cows 1598: 1586: 1502:that harbor the 1490:genomic island ( 1456:Escherichia coli 1319:urothelial cells 1164:found in humans 988:, is similar to 929: 928: 672:domestic animals 545:oligosaccharides 326: 322: 318: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 253:Escherichia coli 239: 205: 203:Escherichia coli 91: 79: 78: 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21:Escherichia coli 6804: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6784:Mammal diseases 6759: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6732: 6718: 6709: 6626: 6592: 6565: 6545: 6507:Pseudomonadales 6501: 6461:Vibrio cholerae 6446: 6419: 6370: 6353: 6348: 6317: 6312: 6249: 6227: 6183:Yersinia pestis 6127: 6083: 6040: 5996:Enterotoxigenic 5928: 5907: 5847:Burkholderiales 5837: 5811:Kingella kingae 5793: 5788: 5761: 5700: 5694:Verruga peruana 5620: 5580: 5523:Anaplasmataceae 5509: 5482: 5441: 5295: 5288: 5274:Epidemic typhus 5232: 5205: 5196: 5166: 5161: 5085: 5056:Enterotoxigenic 5027: 4966: 4900: 4893: 4849: 4844: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4766: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4727: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4664:10.1038/445008a 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4564: 4557: 4536:(15): 2732–50. 4526: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4373: 4369: 4338: 4334: 4275: 4271: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4133: 4129: 4116: 4112: 4059: 4055: 4016: 4012: 3955: 3951: 3894: 3890: 3869:(11): 1534–40. 3859: 3855: 3810: 3806: 3765: 3761: 3720:(52): 19884–9. 3706: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3656: 3652: 3616: 3612: 3563: 3559: 3532: 3528: 3491: 3487: 3448:(12): 7578–80. 3430: 3426: 3373: 3369: 3334:Med Vet Entomol 3322: 3318: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3239:10.4141/A02-021 3214: 3207: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3138: 3134: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3033:10.2307/4594788 3013: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2943: 2896: 2892: 2831: 2827: 2782: 2775: 2730: 2726: 2681: 2677: 2632: 2628: 2583: 2579: 2538:(10): 7066–71. 2524: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2494: 2479: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2403: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2305: 2298: 2245: 2241: 2194: 2187: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2087: 2011: 1990:for infection. 1957: 1897:beta-lactamases 1889: 1812:aminoglycosides 1756: 1750: 1695: 1625:human pathogens 1609: 1602: 1599: 1590: 1587: 1532: 1530:Animal diseases 1480: 1452: 1242: 1184: 1173:Crohn's disease 1123: 1096: 1065: 970:small intestine 949: 948:Enterotoxigenic 916: 896:Crohn's disease 722: 683:gastroenteritis 668: 666:Role in disease 639: 633: 615: 595: 589: 526: 520: 474: 447:recombinant DNA 404: 396:virulence genes 324: 320: 316: 293: 261: 257: 223: 214: 207: 201: 188: 172: 158: 146: 134: 122: 110: 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6802: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724:Classification 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6686:Gastric cancer 6668: 6667: 6666: 6649: 6647: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6336:Actinobacillus 6332: 6330:Pasteurellosis 6326: 6324: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6259: 6257: 6243: 6241:Pasteurellales 6237: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6193:Bubonic plague 6179: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6001:Enteroinvasive 5998: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5887: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5800: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5630: 5628: 5626:Bartonellaceae 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5462:Rickettsialpox 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5229:Rickettsiaceae 5222: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5199:Pseudomonadota 5195: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5122:Hok/sok system 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5102:Coliform index 5099: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5051:Enteroinvasive 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:2000 Walkerton 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4848: 4847:External links 4845: 4843: 4842: 4785: 4757: 4736: 4707: 4678: 4625: 4603: 4589:10.1086/499821 4555: 4520: 4495: 4466: 4452: 4449:on 2006-02-08. 4434: 4431:on 2011-07-17. 4416: 4367: 4332: 4269: 4255:10.1086/504921 4228: 4202: 4176: 4127: 4110: 4053: 4026:(10): 661–72. 4010: 3949: 3910:(10): e77157. 3888: 3853: 3804: 3759: 3700: 3685: 3650: 3610: 3581:(2): 295–302. 3557: 3526: 3512:10.1086/517394 3505:(4): 1139–40. 3485: 3424: 3367: 3316: 3295: 3271: 3245: 3232:(4): 475–490. 3205: 3158: 3132: 3105:(3): 613–626. 3089: 3064: 3027:(4): 320–322. 3007: 2971: 2941: 2890: 2825: 2773: 2724: 2695:(5): 403–418. 2675: 2626: 2597:(26): 1930–6. 2577: 2518: 2477: 2424: 2417: 2384: 2355: 2345:. Live Science 2333: 2296: 2239: 2204:(2): 123–140. 2185: 2132: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2083: 2029:exotoxin A of 2010: 2007: 1956: 1953: 1948:United Kingdom 1905:cephalosporins 1891:Resistance to 1888: 1885: 1881:enterobacteria 1879:and the other 1808:nitrofurantoin 1788:cephalosporins 1752:Main article: 1749: 1746: 1718:tissue culture 1693: 1666:MacConkey agar 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1531: 1528: 1479: 1476: 1451: 1448: 1417:immune factors 1397:umbrella cells 1370:pyelonephritis 1353:, which cause 1317:urinary tract 1307:pyelonephritis 1297:Uropathogenic 1288:pyelonephritis 1258:Uropathogenic 1241: 1238: 1225:requirements. 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1152: 1151: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1095:Enteroinvasive 1090: 1089: 1082:tissue culture 1078: 1075: 1072: 1059: 1058: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 998:ST enterotoxin 993: 985:LT enterotoxin 962: 959: 956: 943: 942: 939: 936: 933: 915: 912: 857:surgical error 855:, or due to a 778:Food poisoning 721: 718: 667: 664: 632: 629: 613: 588: 585: 561: 560: 554: 548: 530:outer membrane 522:Main article: 519: 516: 504: 503: 500: 497: 473: 470: 431:model organism 403: 400: 364:food poisoning 247: 246: 232: 231: 225: 224: 208: 197: 196: 190: 189: 180: 178: 174: 173: 166: 164: 160: 159: 154: 152: 148: 147: 142: 140: 136: 135: 130: 128: 124: 123: 120:Pseudomonadota 118: 116: 112: 111: 106: 104: 100: 99: 93: 92: 84: 83: 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6801: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:Bird diseases 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6682:MALT lymphoma 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6598:Aeromonadales 6595: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6425:Thiotrichales 6422: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6380:Legionellales 6377: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6351: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6264:H. influenzae 6261: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6121:Salmonellosis 6118: 6114: 6113:Typhoid fever 6111: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956:Rhinoscleroma 5954: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5791: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5634:Bartonellosis 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260:Murine typhus 5258: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5235:Rickettsioses 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Rickettsiales 5217: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5152:T4 rII system 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4747:. Physorg.com 4746: 4740: 4726:on 2007-10-11 4725: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4696: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4649:(7123): 8–9. 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4582:(4): 515–21. 4581: 4577: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4510:on 2021-09-17 4509: 4505: 4499: 4485:on 2007-09-30 4484: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4387:(4): 657–86. 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4310:10400.21/3037 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147:(3): 450–79. 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4123:0-8138-0430-2 4120: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775:(437): 20–4. 3774: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3387:(7): 4052–6. 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326:Campylobacter 3320: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3148:on 2007-10-13 3147: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 2997:on 2007-06-07 2996: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961:on 2007-11-02 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2910:(3): 213–27. 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796:(4): 822–80. 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2344: 2337: 2323:on 2009-05-19 2322: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2052:airsacculitis 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:Phage therapy 1955:Phage therapy 1952: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:ciprofloxacin 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:gram-positive 1773: 1769: 1768:gram-negative 1765: 1761: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:gram-negative 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636:point of care 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:stool culture 1614: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:uroepithelial 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:urinary tract 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 991: 990:cholera toxin 987: 986: 981: 980: 978: 975: 974:proteinaceous 971: 968:cells in the 967: 963: 960: 957: 954: 953: 952: 945: 944: 940: 937: 934: 931: 930: 927: 925: 921: 911: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 817: 812: 810: 805: 800: 798: 796: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 731: 726: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 663: 661: 660: 655: 650: 648: 644: 638: 628: 624: 622: 621:gram-positive 617: 611: 606: 602: 600: 594: 584: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 542: 539: 538: 537: 535: 531: 525: 515: 513: 509: 506:For example, 501: 498: 495: 491: 490: 489: 487: 478: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 443:host organism 440: 436: 435:biotechnology 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 343: 339: 338:gram-negative 335: 334: 329: 328: 311: 255: 254: 245: 242: 238: 233: 230: 226: 221: 217: 212: 206: 204: 198: 195: 194:Binomial name 191: 187: 186: 185: 179: 176: 175: 171: 170: 165: 162: 161: 157: 153: 150: 149: 145: 141: 138: 137: 133: 129: 126: 125: 121: 117: 114: 113: 109: 105: 102: 101: 98: 94: 90: 85: 80: 77: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 26: 22: 6736: 6701:Helicobacter 6700: 6692: 6678:Peptic ulcer 6670: 6652: 6617: 6605: 6578: 6558: 6538: 6531: 6522: 6514: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6459: 6452:Vibrionaceae 6432: 6405: 6387: 6354: 6334: 6318: 6298: 6284: 6270: 6262: 6250: 6213: 6199: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6138: 6105: 6076: 6070: 6061: 6053: 6029: 5989: 5980: 5966: 5948: 5889: 5882: 5868: 5854: 5823: 5809: 5803: 5794: 5774: 5739: 5723:Neisseriales 5682: 5670: 5666: 5659:Trench fever 5651: 5637: 5606: 5599:Brucellaceae 5566: 5552: 5546:Anaplasmosis 5534: 5531:Ehrlichiosis 5495: 5476:Scrub typhus 5468: 5454: 5432: 5424: 5410: 5396: 5382: 5368: 5354: 5340: 5326: 5312: 5266: 5252: 5201:-associated 5136: 4957:2023 Calgary 4917:1996 Odwalla 4895: 4858:Boston Globe 4856: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4777:. 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Retrieved 2120: 2114: 2107: 2092: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2045: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1979: 1967: 1964:Soviet Union 1958: 1941: 1936: 1912: 1908: 1890: 1876: 1868: 1860: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1835: 1825: 1816: 1779: 1771: 1763: 1757: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1701: 1681: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1610: 1574: 1568: 1535: 1533: 1523: 1515: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1455: 1453: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1412: 1390: 1373: 1359: 1346: 1342: 1335:erythrocytes 1309:-associated 1298: 1296: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1243: 1229: 1227: 1223:hand washing 1216: 1207: 1203: 1187: 1185: 1157: 1155: 1147: 1124: 1120: 1097: 1093: 1066: 1062: 1047: 1025: 1023: 1012: 996: 983: 977:enterotoxins 950: 947: 941:Description 923: 919: 917: 908: 903: 887: 885: 880: 873:streptomycin 864: 844: 842: 821: 820: 815: 813: 801: 794: 786: 781: 737: 735: 729: 680: 675: 669: 657: 653: 651: 646: 642: 640: 625: 618: 609: 607: 603: 598: 596: 582: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 547:(1–40 units) 533: 527: 507: 505: 485: 483: 457: 451: 439:microbiology 426: 406: 405: 402:Introduction 391: 383: 368:septic shock 356: 353:warm-blooded 332: 331: 252: 251: 250: 236: 235: 202: 200: 184:E. coli 182: 181: 167: 76: 63: 47: 45:lead section 6523:Pseudomonas 6271:Haemophilus 6252:Haemophilus 6207:Yersiniosis 6158:Shigellosis 5862:Melioidosis 5671:B. quintana 5667:B. henselae 5614:Brucellosis 4993:FNR regulon 4691:infections" 4248:(1): 71–8. 4217:. CDC (USA) 3666:(1): 1–12. 2366:Escherichia 2056:peritonitis 2027:recombinant 2009:Vaccination 1919:(shortened 1901:penicillins 1792:carbapenems 1784:amoxicillin 1770:organisms, 1760:antibiotics 1722:shiga toxin 1704:; as it is 1627:can not be 1564:Alabama rot 1546:in newborn 1386:PI-3 kinase 1234:petting zoo 1113:shigellosis 869:antibiotics 861:peritonitis 826:heat-stable 710:septicaemia 702:peritonitis 578:Escherichia 559:(endotoxin) 551:Core region 484:Pathogenic 456:discovered 169:Escherichia 6763:Categories 6703:cellulitis 6286:H. ducreyi 6273:meningitis 5795:ungrouped: 5488:Flea-borne 5447:Mite-borne 5305:Tick-borne 5147:Rho factor 5137:Pathogenic 5132:Min System 5097:Aerobactin 4978:CPS operon 4779:2018-05-18 4751:2011-06-05 4730:2007-02-08 4701:2007-02-08 4514:2019-08-15 4489:2011-07-17 3152:2007-12-08 3083:2007-12-02 3001:2007-12-02 2965:2007-12-02 2512:2007-11-30 2496:Todar, K. 2378:2007-11-30 2349:2007-12-03 2327:2007-01-25 2126:2011-04-19 2100:References 1939:bacteria. 1925:carbapenem 1710:methyl red 1556:dairy cows 1496:colibactin 1460:meningitis 1421:antibiotic 1303:P fimbriae 1290:), or the 966:enterocyte 877:gentamicin 780:caused by 740:, such as 694:meningitis 635:See also: 610:Klebsiella 591:See also: 372:meningitis 342:rod-shaped 216:Castellani 66:March 2022 6620:infection 6618:Aeromonas 6525:infection 6440:Tularemia 6292:Chancroid 6064:infection 6046:Slow/weak 5960:Pneumonia 5901:Pertussis 5782:Gonorrhea 5435:infection 5142:EnvZ/OmpR 4905:Outbreaks 4819:1558-8238 4695:Canada AM 3305:cite book 2218:1740-1534 1946:" in the 1832:mutations 1796:aztreonam 1690:TSI slant 1566:in dogs. 1286:(causing 1196:greywater 1086:hemolysin 1042:known as 714:pneumonia 631:H antigen 587:K antigen 541:O antigen 524:O antigen 518:O antigen 472:Serotypes 411:gut flora 349:intestine 345:bacterium 241:Escherich 177:Species: 50:summarize 6148:flexneri 6062:Serratia 5876:Glanders 5061:O104:H21 4837:29771685 4720:O157:H7" 4673:17203031 4598:16425130 4550:16483695 4411:16223952 4362:15337162 4327:27321244 4319:17690297 4264:16741884 4125:, p. 270 4105:22903521 4048:19619374 4040:25198138 4005:20534522 3944:24116215 3903:PLOS One 3883:26390983 3840:19966814 3799:16056021 3754:17172451 3680:18061019 3645:14645313 3605:12403105 3552:10598383 3480:15574966 3419:16000820 3362:15788942 3354:15347391 3258:BBC News 3222:O157:H7" 3200:29924171 3192:10880187 3119:17927745 2936:25133024 2885:17563352 2820:24092857 2768:22923434 2719:18043660 2662:17476674 2621:10874060 2572:12011463 2472:12700273 2291:15831718 2226:15040260 2180:15842119 2117:O157:H7" 2085:See also 2041:efficacy 2015:vaccines 1944:superbug 1933:Pakistan 1873:plasmids 1810:and the 1670:EMB agar 1634:Current 1629:cultured 1552:mastitis 1550:, acute 1544:diarrhea 1399:to form 1366:cystitis 1349:produce 1327:moieties 1323:adhesins 1292:prostate 1253:bacteria 1212:cucumber 1049:Shigella 918:Enteric 838:diarrhea 797:outbreak 770:O104:H21 706:mastitis 691:neonatal 637:flagella 229:Synonyms 220:Chalmers 151:Family: 115:Phylum: 108:Bacteria 103:Domain: 6467:Cholera 6413:Q fever 6016:O104:H4 6011:O157:H7 5665:Either 5294:Spotted 5090:Related 5076:O157:H7 5066:O104:H4 5033:Strains 4828:6063478 4718:E. coli 4689:E. coli 4651:Bibcode 4637:E. coli 4530:Vaccine 4477:E. coli 4402:1265908 4289:Bibcode 4280:Science 4221:19 July 4195:19 July 4171:9665978 4096:3645302 4075:Bibcode 4067:Science 3996:2895108 3973:Bibcode 3935:3792898 3912:Bibcode 3848:6900440 3790:1351326 3745:1750882 3722:Bibcode 3596:2869888 3521:9535003 3450:Bibcode 3410:1169043 3389:Bibcode 3170:O157". 3127:2676938 3059:4574421 3050:1616047 3041:4594788 2927:4133521 2876:1890562 2853:Bibcode 2811:3811233 2759:3784339 2697:Bibcode 2670:9818154 2612:3659814 2540:Bibcode 2500:E. coli 2282:1395357 2261:Bibcode 2253:Science 2234:3343088 2171:1497708 2075:E. coli 2067:E. coli 2023:E. coli 2019:E. coli 2003:E. coli 1999:E. coli 1995:E. coli 1988:E. coli 1980:E. coli 1974:and in 1968:E. coli 1937:E. coli 1913:E. coli 1909:E. coli 1877:E. coli 1869:E. coli 1861:E. coli 1847:E. coli 1836:E. coli 1827:Science 1780:E. coli 1772:E. coli 1764:E. coli 1733:E. coli 1729:E. coli 1714:citrate 1702:E. coli 1682:E. coli 1674:lactose 1651:E. coli 1647:E. coli 1643:E. coli 1575:E. coli 1560:poultry 1536:E. coli 1524:E. coli 1516:E. coli 1500:E. coli 1484:E. coli 1444:ureters 1440:bladder 1436:kidneys 1432:E. coli 1425:E. coli 1413:E. coli 1409:biofilm 1347:E. coli 1343:E. coli 1329:on the 1299:E. coli 1284:kidneys 1280:bladder 1278:to the 1272:urethra 1260:E. coli 1251:E. coli 1230:E. coli 1208:E. coli 1204:E. coli 1198:or raw 1188:E. coli 1161:(AIEC) 1158:E. coli 1148:E. coli 1140:O157:H7 1129:(EHEC) 1125:E. coli 1102:(EIEC) 1098:E. coli 1077:Watery 1071:(EAEC) 1067:E. coli 1044:intimin 1040:adhesin 1035:Watery 1029:(EPEC) 1026:E. coli 1001:causes 961:Watery 955:(ETEC) 951:E. coli 924:E. coli 920:E. coli 904:E. coli 888:E. coli 881:E. coli 865:E. coli 845:E. coli 834:cholera 822:E. coli 816:E. coli 804:O104:H4 795:E. coli 782:E. coli 746:O104:H4 742:O157:H7 738:E. coli 730:E. coli 676:E. coli 654:E. coli 643:E. coli 599:E. coli 574:E. coli 565:E. coli 557:Lipid A 534:E. coli 514:group. 512:O157:H7 508:E. coli 486:E. coli 464:family 458:E. coli 427:E. coli 407:E. coli 392:E. coli 384:E. coli 360:strains 357:E. coli 336:) is a 333:E. coli 163:Genus: 139:Order: 127:Class: 6189:Plague 6152:boydii 6144:sonnei 5245:Typhus 5127:LacUV5 5112:EcoCyc 5003:RecBCD 4835: 4825: 4817: 4671: 4643:Nature 4618:10 May 4596: 4548: 4409: 4399: 4360: 4325: 4317: 4262: 4169: 4159: 4121: 4103: 4093: 4046: 4038: 4003: 3993: 3942: 3932: 3881: 3846: 3838: 3797: 3787: 3752: 3742: 3678: 3643: 3603: 3593: 3550: 3519: 3478: 3471:535191 3468: 3417: 3407: 3360: 3352: 3293: 3264:28 May 3198: 3190: 3125: 3117: 3057: 3047: 3039: 2934: 2924: 2883: 2873: 2818: 2808: 2766: 2756: 2738:Nature 2717: 2689:ISME J 2668: 2660: 2619: 2609: 2570: 2563:124529 2560: 2470: 2463:154406 2460: 2415: 2374:. NCBI 2289: 2279: 2232: 2224: 2216: 2178: 2168: 1976:Poland 1911:(ESBL 1840:genome 1706:indole 1686:lysine 1562:, and 1548:calves 1540:sepsis 1512:cancer 1313:) to 1264:(UPEC) 1200:sewage 935:Hosts 774:toxins 768:, and 689:, and 532:of an 413:, and 380:humans 323:-ee-ə 211:Migula 6747:B96.2 6586:HACEK 6366:HACEK 6306:HACEK 5817:HACEK 5296:fever 4971:Genes 4323:S2CID 4191:. 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