771:
1022:
779:
1295:
187:
1112:: a nystagmus induced by looking at moving visual stimuli, such as moving horizontal or vertical lines, and/or stripes. For example, if one fixates on a stripe of a rotating drum with alternating black and white, the gaze retreats to fixate on a new stripe as the drum moves. This is first a rotation with the same angular velocity, then returns in a
1198:, the quality of these studies is poor (for example, Ishikawa's study had sample size of six subjects, was unblinded, and lacked proper controls), and given high quality studies showing that acupuncture has no effect beyond placebo, the results of these studies have to be considered clinically irrelevant until higher quality studies are performed.
1217:
Nystagmus is a relatively common clinical condition, affecting one in several thousand people. A survey conducted in
Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, found that by the age of two, one in every 670 children had manifested nystagmus. Authors of another study in the United Kingdom estimated an incidence of
882:
that are composed purely of fast-phase (saccadic) eye movements, while nystagmus is characterized by the combination of a smooth pursuit, which usually acts to take the eye off the point of focus, interspersed with the saccadic movement that serves to bring the eye back on target. Without the use of
343:
Infantile nystagmus is also associated with two X-linked eye diseases known as complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) and incomplete CSNB (iCSNB or CSNB-2), which are caused by mutations of one of two genes located on the X chromosome. In CSNB, mutations are found in NYX
1208:
on interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury, updated in June 2017, identified three studies of pharmacological interventions for acquired nystagmus but concluded that these studies provided insufficient evidence to guide treatment choices.
919:, nystagmus and vertigo stops. However, if then the other vestibular system is damaged, then nystagmus and vertigo occurs in the opposite direction. This is an early evidence of sensorimotor adaptation in the brain. It is rarely reported in humans.
1276:
The horizontal gaze nystagmus test has been highly criticized and major errors in the testing methodology and analysis found. However, the validity of the horizontal gaze nystagmus test for use as a field sobriety test for persons with a
1193:
muscle. Benefits of acupuncture for treatment of nystagmus include a reduction in frequency and decreased slow phase velocities, which led to an increase in foveation duration periods both during and after treatment. By the standards of
914:
in 1883 in animal experiments. Specifically, if one side of the vestibular system is damaged, then due to the lack of vestibular signal from that side, the animal behaves with nystagmus and vertigo. After a while, due to
253:). Early-onset nystagmus itself is usually mild and non-progressive. The affected persons are usually unaware of their spontaneous eye movements, but vision can be impaired depending on the severity of the eye movements.
1126:: if one spins in a chair continuously and stops suddenly, the fast phase of nystagmus is in the opposite direction of rotation, known as the "post-rotatory nystagmus", while slow phase is in the direction of rotation.
906:
Pathological nystagmus is characterized by "excessive drifts of stationary retinal images that degrades vision and may produce illusory motion of the seen world: oscillopsia (an exception is congenital nystagmus)".
1177:
Surgical treatment of congenital nystagmus is aimed at improving head posture, simulating artificial divergence, or weakening the horizontal recti muscles. Clinical trials of a surgery to treat nystagmus (known as
1188:
tests have produced conflicting evidence on its beneficial effects on the symptoms of nystagmus. Benefits have been seen in treatments in which acupuncture points of the neck were used, specifically points on the
836:
Over the past forty years, objective eye-movement-recording techniques have been applied to the study of nystagmus, and the results have led to greater accuracy of measurement and understanding of the condition.
3336:
3317:
1358:, a documentary by filmmaker Matt Morris, had participants explain what it is like to live with the eye condition, and was released for free. It was featured on NBN News, and ABC Radio Newcastle, in Australia.
922:
When nystagmus occurs without fulfilling its normal function, it is pathologic (deviating from the healthy or normal condition). Pathological nystagmus is the result of damage to one or more components of the
1096:
These descriptive names can be misleading, however, as many were assigned historically, solely on the basis of subjective clinical examination, which is not sufficient to determine the eyes' true trajectory.
1258:. Horizontal gaze nystagmus will show if a subject is under the influence of a central nervous system depressant, an inhalant, or a dissociative anesthetic. The test involves observation of the suspect's
2947:
Wang Z, Dell'Osso LF, Jacobs JB, Burnstine RA, Tomsak RL (December 2006). "Effects of tenotomy on patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome: foveation improvement over a broadened visual field".
1182:) concluded in 2001. Tenotomy is now being performed regularly at numerous centres around the world. The surgery aims to reduce the eye oscillations, which in turn tends to improve visual acuity.
962:
occurs as a result of either normal or abnormal processes not related to the vestibular organ. For example, lesions of the midbrain or cerebellum can result in up- and down-beat nystagmus.
174:, or rotational movement. Previously considered untreatable, in recent years several drugs have been identified for treatment of nystagmus. Nystagmus is also occasionally associated with
56:
976:
occurs as a result of either normal or diseased functional states of the vestibular system and may combine a rotational component with vertical or horizontal eye movements and may be
1135:
Congenital nystagmus has long been viewed as untreatable, but medications have been discovered that show promise in some patients. In 1980, researchers discovered that a drug called
5347:
1281:
between 0.04 and 0.08 is supported by peer-reviewed studies and has been found to be a more accurate indication of blood alcohol content than other standard field sobriety tests.
1777:
Peloquin JB, Rehak R, Doering CJ, McRory JE (December 2007). "Functional analysis of congenital stationary night blindness type-2 CACNA1F mutations F742C, G1007R, and R1049W".
2912:
Kumar A, Shetty S, Vijayalakshmi P, Hertle RW (Nov–Dec 2011). "Improvement in visual acuity following surgery for correction of head posture in infantile nystagmus syndrome".
5438:
759:
A slightly different form of nystagmus may be produced voluntarily by some (8% of) people. Some can sustain it for up to 35 seconds, but most average around 5 seconds.
916:
1964:
5004:
1004:
occurs after an imbalance is created between a normal side and a diseased side by stimulation of the vestibular system by rapid shaking or rotation of the head.
5537:
5148:
1143:, an anticonvulsant, led to improvement in about half the patients who took it. Other drugs found to be effective against nystagmus in some patients include
249:
Early-onset nystagmus occurs more frequently than acquired nystagmus. It can be insular or accompany other disorders (such as micro-ophthalmic anomalies or
2984:
Highlights in Neuro-ophthalmology: Proceedings of the Sixth
Meeting of the International Neuro-ophthalmology Society (INOS), Hakone, Japan, 8-14 June, 1986
2882:
5337:
2770:
4442:
1201:
Physical or occupational therapy is also used to treat nystagmus. Treatment consists of learning strategies to compensate for the impaired system.
1457:
5433:
3839:
653:
horizontal. Purely vertical nystagmus usually originates in the central nervous system, but it is also an adverse effect commonly seen in high
139:, or by disease) while the head is stationary. The direction of ocular movement is related to the semicircular canal that is being stimulated.
2800:
for "Expanded Access Study of
Amifampridine Phosphate in LEMS, Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome, or Downbeat Nystagmus Patients (EAP-001)" at
4511:
4437:
150:, with variations within each type. Physiological nystagmus occurs under normal conditions in healthy subjects. Nystagmus may be caused by
968:
occurs or is exacerbated as a result of changing one's gaze toward or away from a particular side which has an affected central apparatus.
4997:
5530:
2380:"Ergebnisse der Durchschneidung des N. acusticus, nebst Erörterung der Bedeutung der semicirculären Canäle für das Körpergleichgewicht"
1931:
1151:, 3,4-diaminopyridine (available in the US to eligible patients with downbeat nystagmus at no cost under an expanded access program),
5385:
2225:
Mosca F, Sicignano S, Leone CA (April 2003). "Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo: videonystagmographic study using rotatory test".
704:
1227:
5489:
5022:
1116:
in the opposite direction. The process proceeds indefinitely. This is optokinetic nystagmus, and is a source for understanding the
1243:
364:, and thus referred to as idiopathic nystagmus. Other common causes include diseases and disorders of the central nervous system,
3451:
3108:
Rowe FJ, Hanna K, Evans JR, Noonan CP, Garcia-Finana M, Dodridge CS, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (March 2018).
1552:
Rowe FJ, Hanna K, Evans JR, Noonan CP, Garcia-Finana M, Dodridge CS, et al. (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group) (March 2018).
127:
sense angular acceleration, and send signals to the nuclei for eye movement in the brain. From here, a signal is relayed to the
5494:
5370:
5317:
4990:
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4454:
4279:
829:(VOG) (a video-based method of measuring eye movements using external small cameras built into head masks), administered by an
563:
5523:
5504:
5309:
2991:
2676:
2283:
2083:
1999:
1536:
5469:
5395:
5355:
4319:
2814:
995:
391:
17:
4432:
1218:
24 in 10,000 (c. 0.240%), noting an apparently higher rate amongst white
Europeans than in individuals of Asian origin.
4427:
4314:
3881:
1956:
735:
465:
305:
360:
Nystagmus that occurs later in childhood or in adulthood is called acquired nystagmus. The cause is often unknown, or
104:. People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in
4182:
4042:
1342:
1324:
786:
Nystagmus is highly noticeable but rarely recognized. Nystagmus can be clinically investigated by using a number of
5499:
5428:
5375:
5365:
5322:
5176:
5143:
5123:
4147:
3268:
McKnight AJ, Langston EA, McKnight AS, Lange JE (May 2002). "Sobriety tests for low blood alcohol concentrations".
1171:
1077:
planes, or in any combination. The resulting nystagmus is often named as a gross description of the movement, e.g.
460:
1485:
5726:
5464:
5096:
4722:
4240:
4152:
1601:
Self J, Lotery A (December 2007). "A review of the molecular genetics of congenital
Idiopathic Nystagmus (CIN)".
582:
290:
5380:
5292:
4142:
3871:
1320:
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have also been proposed. For example, it has been proposed that mini-telescopic eyeglasses suppress nystagmus.
1822:"The number of procedures required to eliminate positioning nystagmus in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo"
4235:
4126:
3992:
799:
349:
119:, distant visual images are sustained by rotating eyes in the opposite direction of the respective axis. The
2890:
1685:
Poopalasundaram S, Erskine L, Cheetham ME, Hardcastle AJ (December 2005). "Focus on molecules: nyctalopin".
5459:
5423:
5118:
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4324:
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1233:
994:
occurs when a person's head is in a specific position. An example of disease state in which this occurs is
577:
5602:
3521:
3479:
3444:
2880:
1251:
870:. Nystagmus is not to be confused with other superficially similar-appearing disorders of eye movements (
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4219:
4177:
4172:
4037:
3910:
3898:
3854:
1461:
1316:
436:
2982:
Ishikawa S, Ozawa H, Fujiyama Y (1987). "Treatment of nystagmus by acupuncture". In
Ishikawa S (ed.).
2134:
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is irrigated with warm or cold water or air. The temperature gradient provokes the stimulation of the
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5245:
5035:
4628:
4516:
4422:
4269:
4114:
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731:
441:
2356:
2239:
5607:
4167:
4138:
3762:
3727:
3355:
3198:
Booker JL (2004). "The
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: fraudulent science in the American courts".
1305:
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5080:
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4392:
4192:
3712:
3705:
1309:
1195:
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1030:
627:
415:
3157:
Sarvananthan N, Surendran M, Roberts EO, Jain S, Thomas S, Shah N, et al. (November 2009).
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objective recording techniques, it may be very difficult to distinguish among these conditions.
809:
The resulting movement of the eyes may be recorded and quantified by a special device called an
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5014:
4907:
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4812:
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3812:
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3437:
2234:
1038:
787:
642:
455:
280:
226:
159:
101:
3395:
2727:
Corbett J (September 2007). "Memantine/Gabapentin for the treatment of congenital nystagmus".
2652:
2073:
1871:
GarcĂa-Romo E, Blanco R, Nicholls C, Hernández-Tejero A, Fernández-de-ArĂ©valo B (April 2021).
1646:"Five novel mutations of the FRMD7 gene in Chinese families with X-linked infantile nystagmus"
380:
Some of the diseases that present nystagmus as a pathological sign or symptom are as follows:
5716:
5631:
4850:
4526:
1387:
1278:
833:. Special swinging chairs with electrical controls can be used to induce rotatory nystagmus.
206:
64:
4494:
2182:
Markley BA (September 2007). "Introduction to electronystagmography for END technologists".
1033:(VOR) by irrigating the ear canal with warm or cold water to induce physiological nystagmus.
5403:
5327:
5060:
4623:
4209:
4204:
4162:
3977:
3893:
2489:
2419:"Bechterew's Phenomenon in Bilateral Sequential Vestibular Neuritis: A Report of Two Cases"
2028:
1923:
810:
531:
496:
475:
213:(such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some
124:
2832:
Biousse V, Tusa RJ, Russell B, Azran MS, Das V, Schubert MS, et al. (February 2004).
8:
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4214:
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3340:
3061:"Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy: Review of Indications, Mechanisms, and Key Exercises"
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Anagnostou E, Mandellos D, Limbitaki G, Papadimitriou A, Anastasopoulos D (June 2006).
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2016:
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310:
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Types of early-onset nystagmus include the following, along with some of their causes:
3281:
3246:
3211:
2015:
Roberts DC, Marcelli V, Gillen JS, Carey JP, Della
Santina CC, Zee DS (October 2011).
1957:"Nutrition and Growth Guidelines | Domestic Guidelines - Immigrant and Refugee Health"
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214:
155:
131:
to allow one's gaze to fix on an object as the head moves. Nystagmus occurs when the
105:
76:
3233:
Booker JL (2001). "End-position nystagmus as an indicator of ethanol intoxication".
2887:
World
Society of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Conference in Barcelona 2015
2756:
2211:
1806:
1763:
1630:
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is nystagmus that occurs randomly, regardless of the position of the patient's head.
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234:
116:
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The direction of nystagmus is defined by the direction of its quick phase (e.g. a
5443:
5413:
4737:
4701:
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4284:
4109:
4096:
4030:
3987:
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3569:
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2925:
2564:"Positional nystagmus and vertigo due to a solitary brachium conjunctivum plaque"
2502:
1367:
1152:
1117:
867:
852:
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after 19th-century coal miners who developed nystagmus from working in the dark.
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1698:
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1046:
879:
218:
210:
171:
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3330:
2834:"The use of contact lenses to treat visually symptomatic congenital nystagmus"
2740:
2435:
2379:
2112:
2040:
1614:
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5597:
5266:
4887:
4742:
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4399:
4347:
4294:
4224:
4133:
4020:
3997:
3925:
3834:
3639:
3544:
3076:
3012:"Effects of acupuncture on foveation characteristics in congenital nystagmus"
2849:
2692:
SimĂłn V, Llopis M, Bartual J (1975). "Physiological
Postrotatory Nystagmus".
2579:
2541:
Neuro-Ophthalmology Virtual Education Library (NOVEL): Daniel Gold Collection
2444:
2403:
1721:
1156:
1148:
664:
546:
541:
250:
85:
68:
3429:
3326:
2309:"Diagnostic value of nystagmus: spontaneous and induced ocular oscillations"
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and the consequent nystagmus. Nystagmus is often very commonly present with
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3412:
3390:
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3158:
3027:
2659:
Laroche GR (2011). "Examining the Visual System". In Goldbloom RB (ed.).
2561:
2476:
Schneider RM, Thurtell MJ, Eisele S, Lincoff N, Bala E, Leigh RJ (2013).
2099:
Tusa RJ (June 1999). "Nystagmus: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies".
1870:
1720:
Leroy BP, Budde BS, Wittmer M, De Baere E, Berger W, Zeitz C (May 2009).
1510:
1442:
1377:
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830:
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toxicity. Other causes of toxicity that may result in nystagmus include:
626:
condition that results in difficulties absorbing thiamine found in food.
558:
431:
411:
403:
295:
5012:
3406:
2384:
PflĂĽger, Archiv fĂĽr die Gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere
1684:
950:
people have nystagmus, which is one reason that some wear dark glasses.
55:
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5574:
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3587:
3401:
3110:"Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury"
2395:
1554:"Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury"
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875:
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345:
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147:
112:
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1928:
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program
637:
332:
X-linked infantile nystagmus is associated with mutations of the gene
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5549:
5261:
5256:
5050:
4897:
4771:
4717:
4705:
4590:
4585:
4570:
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3802:
3779:
3592:
3539:
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3511:
1644:
Li N, Wang L, Cui L, Zhang L, Dai S, Li H, et al. (April 2008).
1372:
1144:
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1021:
947:
946:, although the severity of such impairment varies widely. Also, many
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1988:
Kliniska färdigheter: Informationsutbytet mellan patient och läkare
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571:
521:
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268:
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163:
3159:"The prevalence of nystagmus: the Leicestershire nystagmus survey"
1228:
Field sobriety testing § Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGN)
5589:
5055:
4789:
4732:
4274:
4081:
4012:
3982:
3972:
3579:
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1113:
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186:
175:
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817:(an electrical method of measuring eye movements using external
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3321:
2017:"MRI magnetic field stimulates rotational sensors of the brain"
1488:. American Nystagmus Network. February 21, 2002. Archived from
1247:
891:
859:
752:
Long-term exposure to low light conditions or darkness, called
685:
369:
299:
2911:
2475:
1722:"A common NYX mutation in Flemish patients with X linked CSNB"
4864:
3267:
2159:"Nystagmus, voluntary (Concept Id: C0339667) - MedGen - NCBI"
1259:
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485:
Toxicity or intoxication, metabolic disorders and combination
333:
2537:"Gaze-evoked and rebound nystagmus in a cerebellar syndrome"
100:
is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases)
5075:
3944:
3506:
739:
536:
5439:
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
2357:"Differences Between Physiologic and Pathologic Nystagmus"
2014:
1776:
1269:
distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation, and
1065:
is characterized by a rightward-moving quick phase, and a
1719:
1139:
could stop periodic alternating nystagmus. Subsequently,
5545:
2610:
2831:
1819:
749:
Exposure to strong magnetic fields (as in MRI machines)
3010:
Blekher T, Yamada T, Yee RD, Abel LA (February 1998).
2815:"Many options to treat nystagmus, more in development"
1820:
Dorigueto RS, Ganança MM, Ganança FF (November 2005).
1529:
Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
1409:"Incidence and characteristics of voluntary nystagmus"
5149:
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
2981:
2262:
Eggert T (2007). "Eye movement recordings: methods".
2184:
American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology
3299:
3107:
3009:
2528:
1551:
942:
Pathological nystagmus generally causes a degree of
4493:
2613:"Vertical nystagmus: clinical facts and hypotheses"
2478:"Neurological Basis for Eye Movements of the Blind"
2224:
1413:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
638:
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases and disorders
2838:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2691:
2568:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2313:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
489:Sources of toxicity that could lead to nystagmus:
375:
5338:Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
4438:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
2914:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2075:Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science E-Book
1037:Physiological nystagmus is a form of involuntary
315:Visual-motor syndrome of functional monophthalmus
5708:
3163:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1877:Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia
602:, or beriberi, in turn include a diet of mostly
5434:Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
2883:"Mini-telescopic eyeglasses suppress nystagmus"
649:problem, the nystagmus can be in any direction
564:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
368:and alcohol and drug toxicity. In the elderly,
3005:
3003:
2771:"Muscular Dystrophy Association Press Release"
1643:
5531:
4998:
3459:
3445:
894:, or it can indicate an underlying visual or
4512:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
3226:
3191:
2825:
2611:Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Milea D (June 2005).
2604:
2555:
2416:
2300:
1813:
821:), or an even less invasive device called a
3840:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
3499:
3114:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3000:
2788:
2543:. Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library
2417:Kim Y, Jin S, Kim JS, Koo JW (2022-03-28).
2359:. Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library
1918:
1916:
1637:
1558:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1531:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 597–609.
1323:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1272:the onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees.
1250:officers to determine whether a suspect is
352:that, when mutated, does not conduct ions.
348:). CSNB-2 involves mutations of CACNA1F, a
197:The cause of pathological nystagmus may be
5538:
5524:
5005:
4991:
3452:
3438:
3058:
2806:
2729:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
2306:
1951:
1949:
1600:
1159:. Several therapeutic approaches, such as
1016:
54:
5386:Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
3174:
3133:
3084:
3035:
2857:
2628:
2587:
2534:
2511:
2501:
2452:
2434:
2377:
2332:
2238:
2078:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 250.
2048:
1896:
1847:
1837:
1745:
1661:
1577:
1432:
1343:Learn how and when to remove this message
1073:may occur in the vertical, horizontal or
910:Bechterew's phenomenon was discovered by
901:
774:Fast-phase horizontal eye movement vision
705:Infantile cerebellar retinal degeneration
5490:List of multiple sclerosis organizations
2071:
1985:
1979:
1913:
1826:Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
1020:
790:standard tests. The simplest one is the
777:
769:
244:
209:. It also may be induced temporarily by
185:
2726:
2658:
2181:
1946:
1526:
1069:by a leftward-moving quick phase). The
782:Fast-phase vertical eye movement vision
14:
5709:
5495:List of people with multiple sclerosis
5371:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
5318:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
3232:
3197:
2812:
2261:
1262:as it follows a moving object, noting
858:Nystagmus can be caused by subsequent
593:
142:There are two key forms of nystagmus:
135:are stimulated (e.g., by means of the
5519:
4986:
4949:
4345:
3748:
3477:
3433:
1967:from the original on 11 November 2017
1934:from the original on 11 November 2017
1520:
1486:"General Information about Nystagmus"
1480:
1478:
1460:. Weil Lifestyle, LLC. Archived from
855:to assess a patient's eye movements.
355:
5470:Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
5356:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
4320:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
3016:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
2098:
1873:"COVID-19 presenting with nystagmus"
1726:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
1455:
1406:
1321:adding citations to reliable sources
1288:
1045:(VOR), characterized by alternating
996:benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
392:Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
4443:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
4280:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
2763:
2653:"Testing for Optokinetic Nystigmus"
2307:Serra A, Leigh RJ (December 2002).
890:, the presence of nystagmus can be
24:
4315:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
2986:. Aeolus Press. pp. 227–232.
2669:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1397-8.00008-3
2227:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
1791:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.021
1503:
1475:
1238:In the United States, testing for
1221:
736:superior canal dehiscence syndrome
568:Other anticonvulsants or sedatives
466:Superior canal dehiscence syndrome
306:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
25:
5738:
4043:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
205:, or secondary to a pre-existing
5500:Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline
5376:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
5366:Marburg acute multiple sclerosis
5323:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis
5177:Management of multiple sclerosis
5144:Radiologically isolated syndrome
5124:Expanded Disability Status Scale
4148:Central retinal artery occlusion
3270:Accident Analysis and Prevention
3059:Han BI, Song HS, Kim JS (2011).
1293:
5097:Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
4153:Branch retinal artery occlusion
3882:Terrien's marginal degeneration
3261:
3150:
3101:
3052:
2975:
2940:
2905:
2874:
2720:
2685:
2645:
2469:
2410:
2371:
2255:
2218:
2175:
2151:
2127:
2092:
2065:
2008:
1864:
1770:
1713:
1212:
1056:
713:
376:General diseases and conditions
190:Nystagmus as seen in a case of
5381:Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
5293:Research in multiple sclerosis
5013:Demyelinating diseases of the
4950:
4183:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
4143:Central retinal vein occlusion
3872:Pellucid marginal degeneration
3126:10.1002/14651858.CD011290.pub2
2196:10.1080/1086508X.2007.11079629
1678:
1594:
1570:10.1002/14651858.CD011290.pub2
1545:
1449:
1400:
1091:periodic alternating nystagmus
111:In normal eyesight, while the
13:
1:
4236:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
4127:Posterior vitreous detachment
3993:Persistent pupillary membrane
3282:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00027-6
3247:10.1016/S1355-0306(01)71862-X
3212:10.1016/S1355-0306(04)71705-0
3065:Journal of Clinical Neurology
2378:Bechterew W (December 1883).
2264:Developments in Ophthalmology
1839:10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31247-7
1393:
953:
800:horizontal semicircular canal
350:voltage-gated calcium channel
229:depressants, inhalant drugs,
5460:Central pontine myelinolysis
5429:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
5424:Metachromatic leukodystrophy
5119:Clinically isolated syndrome
5090:Investigations and diagnosis
4723:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4634:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
4346:
4325:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
4310:Persistent fetal vasculature
4241:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2961:10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.08.021
2926:10.3928/01913913-20110118-02
2503:10.1371/journal.pone.0056556
1234:Positional alcohol nystagmus
1130:
765:
622:. Rarely it may be due to a
461:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
291:Leber's congenital amaurosis
7:
5603:Eustachian tube dysfunction
5465:Marchiafava–Bignami disease
3522:Meibomian gland dysfunction
2813:Groves N (March 15, 2006).
1889:10.1016/j.oftal.2020.09.008
1458:"Dealing with dancing eyes"
1361:
1252:driving under the influence
634:are forms of dry beriberi.
618:, and taking high doses of
583:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
328:Nystagmus blockage syndrome
27:Dysfunction of eye movement
10:
5743:
4246:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
4220:Central serous retinopathy
4038:Focal choroidal excavation
3911:Corneal neovascularization
3728:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
3478:
1699:10.1016/j.exer.2005.07.017
1231:
1225:
437:Lateral medullary syndrome
372:is the most common cause.
336:, which is located on the
5676:
5655:
5583:
5560:
5482:
5452:
5394:
5361:Balo concentric sclerosis
5346:
5308:
5301:
5275:
5169:
5089:
5021:
4958:
4945:
4916:
4863:
4828:
4788:
4713:
4700:
4651:
4629:Convergence insufficiency
4616:
4557:
4525:
4502:
4472:
4413:
4371:
4358:
4354:
4341:
4270:Primary juvenile glaucoma
4254:
4115:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
4095:
4055:
4011:
3952:
3943:
3793:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3686:
3648:
3615:
3578:
3530:
3490:
3486:
3473:
3464:Diseases of the human eye
3381:
3303:
2741:10.1007/s11910-007-0061-z
2661:Pediatric Clinical Skills
2436:10.3389/fneur.2022.844676
2139:dizziness-and-balance.com
2113:10.3109/08820539909056066
2101:Seminars in Ophthalmology
2072:Millodot M (2014-07-30).
2041:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.029
1687:Experimental Eye Research
1615:10.1080/13816810701651233
1240:horizontal gaze nystagmus
1002:Post rotational nystagmus
645:disorders such as with a
578:Wernicke's encephalopathy
414:, or other tumors in the
181:
106:reduced or limited vision
75:
62:
53:
42:
37:
5608:Patulous Eustachian tube
4139:Ocular ischemic syndrome
3077:10.3988/jcn.2011.7.4.184
2850:10.1136/jnnp.2003.010678
2580:10.1136/jnnp.2005.084624
1511:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1284:
1053:in the other direction.
866:, sustained rotation or
4639:One and a half syndrome
4393:Foster Kennedy syndrome
2694:Applied Neurophysiology
1738:10.1136/bjo.2008.143727
1266:lack of smooth pursuit,
1242:is one of a battery of
1196:evidence-based medicine
1063:right-beating nystagmus
1043:vestibulo-ocular reflex
1031:vestibulo-ocular reflex
1017:Physiological nystagmus
917:vestibular compensation
628:Wernicke encephalopathy
5727:Neurological disorders
5302:Demyelinating diseases
5015:central nervous system
4878:Argyll Robertson pupil
3678:Periorbital cellulitis
2794:Clinical trial number
2423:Frontiers in Neurology
1124:Postrotatory nystagmus
1067:left-beating nystagmus
1034:
966:Gaze induced nystagmus
902:Pathological nystagmus
874:oscillations) such as
783:
775:
730:Vestibular pathology (
643:Central nervous system
456:Optic nerve hypoplasia
281:optic nerve hypoplasia
227:central nervous system
194:
160:central nervous system
5632:Middle ear barotrauma
4851:Scintillating scotoma
4517:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
4460:Toxic and nutritional
4433:posterior (PION)
3916:Kayser–Fleischer ring
3235:Science & Justice
3200:Science & Justice
2325:10.1136/jnnp.73.6.615
2135:"Voluntary nystagmus"
1425:10.1136/jnnp.41.7.617
1407:Zahn JR (July 1978).
1388:Optokinetic nystagmus
1049:in one direction and
1024:
1008:Spontaneous nystagmus
781:
773:
245:Early-onset nystagmus
207:neurological disorder
189:
65:optokinetic nystagmus
48:Instabilitas oculorum
5625:Gradenigo's syndrome
5404:Adrenoleukodystrophy
5328:MOG antibody disease
5130:Serological and CSF
5081:Uhthoff's phenomenon
4624:Conjugate gaze palsy
4495:Paralytic strabismus
4428:anterior (AION)
4210:Retinitis pigmentosa
4205:Macular degeneration
3978:Intermediate uveitis
3894:Keratoconjunctivitis
3176:10.1167/iovs.09-3486
3028:10.1136/bjo.82.2.115
2663:. pp. 101–121.
2630:10.1093/brain/awh532
2163:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1990:(in Swedish). Lund:
1317:improve this section
1244:field sobriety tests
1041:that is part of the
992:Positional nystagmus
974:Peripheral nystagmus
896:neurological problem
811:electronystagmograph
497:Alcohol intoxication
168:pharmaceutical drugs
125:vestibule of the ear
18:Pathologic nystagmus
5232:Monomethyl fumarate
4929:Childhood blindness
4908:Parinaud's syndrome
4478:Extraocular muscles
4266:Ocular hypertension
4230:Epiretinal membrane
4215:Retinal haemorrhage
4070:Congenital cataract
2819:Ophthalmology Times
2655:. pp. 109–111.
2623:(Pt 6): 1237–1246.
2494:2013PLoSO...856556S
2033:2011CBio...21.1635R
1986:Lindgren S (1993).
1603:Ophthalmic Genetics
1279:blood alcohol level
1191:sternocleidomastoid
1027:caloric reflex test
937:vestibulocerebellum
929:semicircular canals
862:of moving objects,
804:Chiari malformation
792:caloric reflex test
744:vestibular neuritis
676:Chiari malformation
600:thiamine deficiency
594:Thiamine deficiency
366:metabolic disorders
275:congenital cataract
152:congenital disorder
133:semicircular canals
129:extraocular muscles
121:semicircular canals
71:) form of nystagmus
5642:Perforated eardrum
5333:Multiple sclerosis
5217:Interferon beta-1b
5212:Interferon beta-1a
5207:Glatiramer acetate
5197:Diroximel fumarate
5170:Approved treatment
5023:Signs and symptoms
4455:Leber's hereditary
4122:Retinal detachment
4075:Childhood cataract
3887:Post-LASIK ectasia
3668:Orbital cellulitis
3617:Lacrimal apparatus
3382:External resources
2893:on 3 February 2016
2802:ClinicalTrials.gov
2396:10.1007/BF01674334
1527:Saladin K (2012).
1079:downbeat nystagmus
1035:
1029:, which tests the
912:Vladimir Bekhterev
849:electrooculography
823:videonystagmograph
815:electrooculography
784:
776:
681:Multiple sclerosis
632:Korsakoff syndrome
451:Multiple sclerosis
356:Acquired nystagmus
311:Rod monochromatism
195:
5704:
5703:
5513:
5512:
5478:
5477:
5409:Alexander disease
5192:Dimethyl fumarate
5134:Oligoclonal bands
5102:McDonald criteria
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4883:Marcus Gunn pupil
4859:
4858:
4780:Visual impairment
4647:
4646:
4553:
4552:
4540:Fourth-nerve (IV)
4468:
4467:
4405:Optic disc drusen
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4051:
4050:
3939:
3938:
3845:Corneal dystrophy
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3611:
3610:
3427:
3426:
2993:978-90-70430-03-0
2706:10.1159/000102658
2678:978-1-4377-1397-8
2285:978-3-8055-8251-3
2276:10.1159/000100347
2085:978-0-7020-5188-3
2001:978-91-44-37271-6
1992:Studentlitteratur
1538:978-0-07-337825-1
1353:
1352:
1345:
1051:saccadic movement
1025:A diagram of the
960:Central nystagmus
944:vision impairment
925:vestibular system
827:video-oculography
825:(VNG), a form of
813:(ENG), a form of
754:miner's nystagmus
732:Ménière's disease
721:Non-physiological
671:Cerebellar ataxia
598:Risk factors for
476:Whipple's disease
471:Tullio phenomenon
446:balance disorders
442:Ménière's disease
156:sleep deprivation
115:rotates about an
95:
94:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5734:
5647:Tympanosclerosis
5620:Bezold's abscess
5540:
5533:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5306:
5305:
5276:Other treatments
5154:Dawson's fingers
5007:
5000:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4947:
4946:
4711:
4710:
4702:Vision disorders
4661:Refractive error
4603:Brown's syndrome
4559:Other strabismus
4545:Sixth-nerve (VI)
4535:Oculomotor (III)
4507:Ophthalmoparesis
4500:
4499:
4491:
4490:
4482:Binocular vision
4415:Optic neuropathy
4381:optic papillitis
4369:
4368:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4232:(Macular pucker)
3950:
3949:
3931:Band keratopathy
3768:
3767:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3673:Orbital lymphoma
3560:Blepharophimosis
3550:Blepharochalasis
3497:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3474:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2949:Journal of AAPOS
2944:
2938:
2937:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2889:. Archived from
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2773:. Archived from
2767:
2761:
2760:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2438:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1650:Molecular Vision
1641:
1635:
1634:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1297:
1289:
1087:seesaw nystagmus
1083:upbeat nystagmus
935:organs, and the
927:, including the
845:optokinetic drum
843:may also use an
517:Dextromethorphan
320:Latent nystagmus
58:
35:
34:
21:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5672:
5651:
5587:
5579:
5556:
5547:Diseases of the
5544:
5514:
5509:
5505:Pathophysiology
5474:
5448:
5444:CAMFAK syndrome
5414:Canavan disease
5390:
5342:
5297:
5271:
5165:
5085:
5017:
5011:
4981:
4972:
4954:
4933:
4912:
4855:
4824:
4784:
4738:Color blindness
4704:
4696:
4643:
4617:Other binocular
4612:
4549:
4521:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4464:
4409:
4362:
4350:
4329:
4285:Ocular hypotony
4250:
4110:Chorioretinitis
4091:
4047:
4031:Chorioretinitis
4007:
3988:Rubeosis iridis
3966:
3935:
3906:Corneal opacity
3862:Corneal ectasia
3789:
3753:
3732:
3718:Pseudopterygium
3682:
3644:
3607:
3574:
3570:Ankyloblepharon
3526:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3377:
3376:
3312:
3298:
3297:
3266:
3262:
3231:
3227:
3196:
3192:
3155:
3151:
3120:(3): CD011290.
3106:
3102:
3057:
3053:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2980:
2976:
2945:
2941:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2875:
2830:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2725:
2721:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2609:
2605:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2529:
2474:
2470:
2415:
2411:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2305:
2301:
2286:
2260:
2256:
2240:10.1.1.525.9140
2223:
2219:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2027:(19): 1635–40.
2021:Current Biology
2013:
2009:
2002:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1869:
1865:
1818:
1814:
1775:
1771:
1718:
1714:
1683:
1679:
1642:
1638:
1599:
1595:
1564:(3): CD011290.
1550:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1456:Weil A (2013).
1454:
1450:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1368:Bruns nystagmus
1364:
1356:My Dancing Eyes
1349:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1314:
1298:
1287:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1222:Law enforcement
1215:
1206:Cochrane Review
1153:4-aminopyridine
1133:
1118:fixation reflex
1108:opticokinetic)
1059:
1019:
956:
904:
853:Frenzel goggles
794:, in which one
768:
725:Trochlear nerve
716:
711:
640:
596:
591:
512:Benzodiazepines
487:
482:
422:Canavan disease
416:posterior fossa
408:medulloblastoma
378:
358:
324:Noonan syndrome
247:
192:ocular albinism
184:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5740:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5570:Otitis externa
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Krabbe disease
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5246:+hyaluronidase
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5109:Poser criteria
5106:
5105:
5104:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:Optic neuritis
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4968:Onchocerciasis
4965:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4820:Quadrantanopia
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4765:Oguchi disease
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4608:Duane syndrome
4605:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4488:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4376:Optic neuritis
4372:
4366:
4352:
4351:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Phthisis bulbi
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4188:Coats' disease
4185:
4180:
4178:of prematurity
4175:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4087:Ectopia lentis
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3945:Vascular tunic
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3828:Photokeratitis
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3701:Conjunctivitis
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3635:Dacryocystitis
3632:
3627:
3625:Dacryoadenitis
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3352:
3333:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:Classification
3296:
3295:
3260:
3225:
3190:
3169:(11): 5201–6.
3149:
3100:
3071:(4): 184–196.
3051:
2999:
2992:
2974:
2939:
2904:
2873:
2824:
2805:
2787:
2762:
2719:
2700:(3): 161–171.
2684:
2677:
2644:
2603:
2554:
2527:
2468:
2409:
2390:(1): 312–347.
2370:
2348:
2299:
2284:
2254:
2217:
2174:
2150:
2126:
2091:
2084:
2064:
2007:
2000:
1978:
1963:. March 2012.
1945:
1912:
1883:(4): 224–226.
1863:
1832:(6): 769–775.
1812:
1769:
1747:1854/LU-940940
1712:
1677:
1636:
1593:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1502:
1474:
1448:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1226:Main article:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1172:rehabilitation
1161:contact lenses
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1058:
1055:
1047:smooth pursuit
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
999:
971:
970:
969:
955:
952:
903:
900:
880:ocular flutter
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
760:
757:
750:
747:
728:
722:
715:
712:
710:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
694:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
659:
639:
636:
595:
592:
590:
589:
588:
587:
586:
585:
580:
569:
566:
561:
556:
550:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
491:
486:
483:
481:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
377:
374:
357:
354:
330:
329:
326:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
308:
303:
293:
288:
283:
277:
271:
266:
246:
243:
211:disorientation
183:
180:
158:, acquired or
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:Dancing eyes,
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5739:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Medical signs
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Cholesteatoma
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5267:Teriflunomide
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:Radiological
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Adie syndrome
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Achromatopsia
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:Anisometropia
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Accommodation
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Optic atrophy
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Keratomycosis
4298:
4296:
4295:Globe rupture
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Macular edema
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Retinoschisis
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Choroideremia
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Iridodialysis
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Arcus senilis
3924:
3922:
3921:Haab's striae
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Corneal ulcer
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:acanthamoebic
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Fibrous tunic
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3640:Xerophthalmia
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Lagophthalmos
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3276:(3): 305–11.
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:(2): 115–20.
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:(6): 552–60.
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2777:on 2016-01-18
2776:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:(2): e56556.
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:(in German).
2385:
2381:
2374:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:(3): 178–89.
2189:
2185:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(2): 335–45.
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:(4): 187–91.
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1492:on 2016-03-03
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1464:on 2016-08-01
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:(7): 617–23.
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:This section
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:acetazolamide
1154:
1150:
1149:levetiracetam
1146:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
967:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
951:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
918:
913:
908:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:substance use
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
772:
758:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
706:
703:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
665:Brain abscess
663:
662:
661:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:, as well as
605:
601:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
573:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:Phencyclidine
545:
543:
542:Nitrous Oxide
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
490:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
381:
373:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
341:
339:
335:
327:
325:
322:
319:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
278:
276:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
258:
257:
254:
252:
251:Down syndrome
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
193:
188:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:physiological
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
91:
87:
86:ophthalmology
83:
80:
78:
74:
70:
69:physiological
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5717:Eye diseases
5694:tympanometry
5668:Hearing loss
5637:Otitis media
5348:Inflammatory
5227:Mitoxantrone
5065:
5061:Incontinence
4923:
4778: /
4774: /
4753:Monochromacy
4685: /
4581:Heterophoria
4569: /
4268: /
4264: /
4168:hypertensive
4141: /
3962:Ciliary body
3877:Keratoglobus
3785:Episcleritis
3663:Enophthalmos
3658:Exophthalmos
3603:Trichomegaly
3598:Distichiasis
3500:Inflammation
3411:
3400:
3389:
3365:
3354:
3335:
3316:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3241:(2): 113–6.
3238:
3234:
3228:
3206:(3): 133–9.
3203:
3199:
3193:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3019:
3015:
2983:
2977:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2920:(6): 341–6.
2917:
2913:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2886:
2876:
2844:(2): 314–6.
2841:
2837:
2827:
2818:
2808:
2795:
2790:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2765:
2735:(5): 395–6.
2732:
2728:
2722:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2660:
2647:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2574:(6): 790–2.
2571:
2567:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2540:
2530:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2351:
2319:(6): 615–8.
2316:
2312:
2302:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2233:(2): 67–72.
2230:
2226:
2220:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2107:(2): 65–73.
2104:
2100:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1987:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1960:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1782:
1779:Neuroscience
1778:
1772:
1732:(5): 692–6.
1729:
1725:
1715:
1693:(6): 627–8.
1690:
1686:
1680:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1451:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1330:
1315:Please help
1303:
1275:
1239:
1237:
1216:
1213:Epidemiology
1203:
1200:
1184:
1176:
1134:
1123:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:oscillations
1066:
1062:
1060:
1039:eye movement
1036:
1007:
1001:
991:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
959:
941:
921:
909:
905:
885:
857:
839:
835:
808:
788:non-invasive
785:
753:
714:Other causes
667:(cerebellar)
650:
641:
597:
507:Barbiturates
502:Amphetamines
488:
404:Brain tumors
379:
359:
342:
338:X chromosome
331:
255:
248:
239:dissociative
235:psychedelics
225:, and other
196:
144:pathological
141:
137:caloric test
110:
102:eye movement
97:
96:
67:, a normal (
47:
29:
5615:Mastoiditis
5242:Ocrelizumab
5237:Natalizumab
5182:Alemtuzumab
4903:Cycloplegia
4846:Photophobia
4841:Hemeralopia
4798:Hemianopsia
4776:Vision loss
4687:Aniseikonia
4678:Astigmatism
4598:Cyclotropia
4576:Hypertropia
4388:Papilledema
4360:Optic nerve
4193:Sickle cell
4173:Purtscher's
4158:Retinopathy
4026:Choroiditis
3867:Keratoconus
3688:Conjunctiva
3565:Xanthelasma
3517:Blepharitis
3413:GeneReviews
3391:MedlinePlus
2797:NCT02189720
2547:9 September
2363:22 November
1971:11 November
1938:11 November
1378:Oscillopsia
1186:Acupuncture
1102:Optokinetic
978:spontaneous
841:Orthoptists
831:audiologist
727:malfunction
574:deficiency
559:Salicylates
432:Head trauma
412:astrocytoma
296:Optic nerve
260:Infantile:
162:disorders,
63:Horizontal
43:Other names
5711:Categories
5585:Middle ear
5575:Otomycosis
5554:middle ear
5396:Hereditary
5310:Autoimmune
5286:Daclizumab
5222:Laquinimod
5202:Fingolimod
5187:Cladribine
5161:Frexalimab
5046:Dysarthria
5036:Depression
4952:Infections
4873:Anisocoria
4836:Asthenopia
4829:subjective
4813:homonymous
4808:bitemporal
4760:Nyctalopia
4748:Dichromacy
4692:Presbyopia
4653:Refraction
4474:Strabismus
4364:Optic disc
3723:Pinguecula
3588:Trichiasis
3402:Patient UK
3367:DiseasesDB
2897:26 January
2881:Cerman E.
2781:2015-05-22
2429:: 844676.
2168:2024-05-08
2144:2024-05-08
1924:"Beriberi"
1496:2011-11-09
1468:2014-04-16
1394:References
1383:Opsoclonus
1333:March 2023
1232:See also:
1169:low vision
1141:gabapentin
1057:Variations
982:positional
954:Variations
876:opsoclonus
819:electrodes
693:hemorrhage
647:cerebellar
614:, chronic
608:alcoholism
604:white rice
555:(Dilantin)
527:Pregabalin
444:and other
362:idiopathic
346:nyctalopin
286:Idiopathic
279:Bilateral
273:Bilateral
231:stimulants
203:idiopathic
199:congenital
5689:pneumatic
5562:Outer ear
5262:Siponimod
5257:Ponesimod
5115:Clinical
5066:Nystagmus
5051:Dysphagia
4924:Nystagmus
4898:Mydriasis
4772:Blindness
4718:Amblyopia
4706:Blindness
4666:Hyperopia
4591:Exophoria
4586:Esophoria
4571:Exotropia
4567:Esotropia
4105:Retinitis
3803:Keratitis
3780:Scleritis
3713:Pterygium
3593:Madarosis
3540:Ectropion
3535:Entropion
3512:Chalazion
3407:Nystagmus
2445:1664-2295
2404:0031-6768
2270:: 15–34.
2235:CiteSeerX
1656:: 733–8.
1516:Nystagmus
1373:Myoclonus
1304:does not
1163:, drugs,
1145:memantine
1131:Treatment
1110:nystagmus
1075:torsional
864:pathology
860:foveation
796:ear canal
766:Diagnosis
655:phenytoin
651:including
620:diuretics
553:Phenytoin
223:lidocaine
98:Nystagmus
90:optometry
82:Neurology
77:Specialty
38:Nystagmus
5684:Otoscope
5663:Ear pain
5656:Symptoms
5252:Ozanimod
5041:Diplopia
4963:Trachoma
4728:Diplopia
4423:Ischemic
4348:Pathways
4262:Glaucoma
4163:diabetic
4065:Cataract
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