101:
689:
42:
609:
Thoroughly discredited and personally demoralized, the once respected general retired to his estates to live out his life in exile. Austrian society could be cruel to its losers. When the
Habsburg officer corps shunned him, he was left almost friendless, the memories of his fine service during the
622:
Kray was one of the best representatives of the old
Austrian army. Tied to an obsolete system, and unable, from habit, to realize the changed conditions of warfare, he failed, but his enemies held him in the highest respect as a brave, skillful, and chivalrous opponent. It was he who, at
265:
of the
Infantry Regiment N.34, a ceremonial position he held until his death. On 18 April 1799, Kray was promoted to Feldzeugmeister. In the 1800 campaign, Kray commanded the Austrian force on the Upper Rhine, charged with the defense of all approaches to
182:
458:, one of the ablest and bravest French commanders of the day; he returned the corpse to French lines with a guard of honor of the Bethlen Hussars N.35. On 4 March 1796 he received promotion to
610:
Seven Years' War vanished. Later
Archduke Charles would write Kray a flattering letter explaining that the boorish behavior directed toward him stemmed from envy over his previous victories.
704:
334:, he transferred to the 2nd Szeckler Grenz (border) Infantry Regiment as lieutenant colonel. In 1784 he suppressed a Romanian peasants' uprising in Transylvania. Kray served in the
992:
415:
255:
631:(1796), and the white uniforms of Kray and his staff mingled with the blue of the French in the funeral procession of the young general of the Republic.
286:. He died there on 19 January 1804. For all his victories, for his fierce competitiveness on the battlefield, the French soldiers referred to him as
1027:
1022:
954:
932:
820:
793:
761:
747:
662:
647:
246:
He withdrew from military service temporarily in 1792 because of poor health, but in 1793, he was recalled to the
Habsburg military in the
270:
through the German states. After being out-maneuvered by the French, he was disastrously defeated in five consecutive battles. After the
534:
arrived to take command of the
Austrian forces. While the field army won two more major battles, Kray conducted the successful sieges of
709:
435:
628:
455:
944:
403:
224:
889:
875:
251:
1017:
17:
987:
330:. In 1778, he was promoted from grenadier captain to major and transferred to Infantry Regiment "Preysach" 39. After the
354:
on 21 December 1789, in May of the following year, Kray was promoted
Generalmajor and subsequently ennobled by Emperor
149:
68:
326:
Entering the
Austrian army at the age of nineteen in 1754 in the Infantry Regiment 31 "Hallerstein" and fought in the
923:
861:
423:
335:
982:
582:
351:
498:
found him guilty and sentenced him to two weeks arrest. He requested to resign in protest but this was denied.
367:
144:
551:
355:
274:, the French acquired both shores of the river, and commanded access to the Danube waterway as far east as
1007:
1002:
547:
451:
159:
1012:
997:
331:
220:
154:
884:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and
Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
870:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and
Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
574:
566:
442:
in the clash at Limburg on 16 September. He then fought in various actions, including the victory at
394:
under Prince Coburg, operating in Flanders and the Austrian Netherlands. He distinguished himself at
228:
598:
562:
491:
427:
411:
271:
431:
882:
The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.
539:
399:
602:
594:
543:
316:
896:
725:
694:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
447:
338:
of 1787-91. On 10 May 1788, he defeated a superior Turkish force of 5,000 men commanded by
977:
972:
868:
Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.
247:
118:
339:
8:
570:
535:
327:
216:
526:(artillery lieutenant general). This victory caused the French army to withdraw to the
459:
197:
278:. During the subsequent armistice, Emperor Francis II replaced Kray with his brother,
919:
885:
871:
857:
531:
527:
519:
106:
443:
395:
523:
419:
391:
186:
130:
589:. However, by a skillful march round Moreau's flank he succeeded in escaping to
478:
commander. In the following year, he was less successful, being defeated on the
853:
495:
450:
as a divisional commander, when he was largely responsible for the victory of
966:
700:
695:
387:
359:
308:
283:
279:
236:
88:
624:
593:. After a 15 July truce became effective he was relieved of his command by
487:
343:
371:
211:; 5 February 1735 – 19 January 1804), was a soldier, and general in
911:
555:
375:
713:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 925.
454:. On 19 September, he captured the mortally wounded General of Division
304:
232:
275:
261:
In 1799 he was appointed commander of the Austrian forces in Italy and
486:. Worse, his command was surprised and defeated by the French General
64:
407:
554:. On 6 November, he was defeated by the French in a second clash at
511:
422:. Promoted to Feldmarschalleutnant on 5 March 1796 Kray served in
390:
in 1790, three years later Kray commanded the advance guard of the
363:
312:
240:
212:
315:). He was educated in mathematical and other military sciences in
652:
Napoleon Series Research Biographies, Compiled by Leopold Kudrna.
590:
515:
439:
347:
262:
206:
202:
192:
176:
172:
949:
471:
320:
267:
578:
507:
483:
475:
467:
350:
fortress; for this, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the
479:
41:
586:
827:
282:; Kray was discharged on 28 August 1800 and retired to
290:
and men from both sides attended his funeral in 1804.
561:
The following year he commanded on the Rhine against
565:. As a consequence of his defeats at the battles of
518:
on 26 March. For his victory over the French at the
597:and dismissed from the service. Kray's successor,
426:'s Army of the Lower Rhine. On 19 June, after the
993:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
964:
414:, and, indeed, at almost every encounter in the
614:Kray died in Pest, Hungary on 19 January 1804.
501:
466:). In the celebrated campaign of 1796, on the
438:. He also defeated French General of Division
381:
288:Le terrible Kray, le fils cher de la victoire
958:by Digby Smith, compiled by Leopold Kudrna
514:from the French. He won a sharp action at
342:and Kara Mustapha Pasha on the borders of
40:
1028:18th-century Austrian military personnel
833:
699:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
474:, he performed conspicuous service as a
27:Soldier, and general in Habsburg service
894:
723:
530:. Nevertheless, Kray was replaced when
14:
965:
510:in 1799, and reconquered the plain of
669:
1023:Austrian people of Hungarian descent
494:. Kray was accused of negligence; a
456:François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
810:Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK:p 203
346:. He later led the capture of the
191:Paul Freiherr Kray von Krajova und
24:
897:"Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796"
726:"Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796"
368:Austro-Turkish War of 1787 to 1791
366:"von Krajow und Topolya". In the
25:
1039:
938:
601:was disastrously defeated at the
705:Kray von Krajova, Paul, Freiherr
687:
546:, he commanded the divisions of
250:at the request of Field Marshal
99:
852:Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK:
813:
800:
352:Military Order of Maria Theresa
298:
916:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.
786:
777:
768:
754:
740:
717:
655:
640:
225:Austro–Turkish War (1787–1791)
150:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
145:War of the Bavarian Succession
13:
1:
880:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).
866:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).
634:
617:
522:on 5 April, he was promoted
293:
7:
1018:People from Austria-Hungary
502:War of the Second Coalition
452:Archduke Charles of Austria
160:War of the Second Coalition
10:
1044:
988:18th-century Slovak people
945:Longer biography in German
850:Marengo & Hohenlinden.
842:
808:Marengo & Hohenlinden.
382:War of the First Coalition
332:War of Bavarian Succession
221:War of Bavarian Succession
155:War of the First Coalition
918:London: Greenhill, 1998.
492:Battle of Neuwied of 1797
446:on 24 August, and at the
370:he saw active service at
229:French Revolutionary Wars
137:
125:
112:
94:
74:
51:
39:
32:
599:Archduke John of Austria
710:Encyclopædia Britannica
585:, Kray was driven into
418:with the armies of the
627:, cared for the dying
612:
201:
190:
119:Colonel and Proprietor
950:Hungarian Aristocracy
607:
603:Battle of Hohenlinden
464:Feldmarschal-Leutnant
983:People from KeĹľmarok
895:Rickard, J. (2009).
724:Rickard, J. (2009).
432:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
430:, he forced General
18:Paul Kray of Krajowa
552:Heinrich Bellegarde
536:Peschiera del Garda
488:Louis-Lazarre Hoche
215:service during the
171:Baron Paul Kray of
1008:Hungarian generals
1003:Hungarian nobility
899:. historyofwar.org
728:. historyofwar.org
595:Emperor Francis II
506:Kray commanded in
460:lieutenant general
448:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
311:(today: KeĹľmarok,
263:Colonel-Proprietor
254:and fought in the
239:(today: KeĹľmarok,
231:. He was born in
1013:Austrian generals
998:Austrian nobility
890:978-0-7006-3034-9
876:978-0-7006-3025-7
848:Arnold, James R.
532:Michael von Melas
520:Battle of Magnano
434:to withdraw from
428:Battle of Wetzlar
416:Flanders Campaign
340:Osman PazvantoÄźlu
303:Kray was born in
272:Battle of Neuburg
256:Flanders Campaign
168:
167:
107:Habsburg Monarchy
16:(Redirected from
1035:
908:
906:
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424:Archduke Charles
328:Seven Years' War
217:Seven Years' War
185:
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85:
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44:
30:
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21:
1043:
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928:Smith, Digby.
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854:Pen & Sword
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703:, ed. (1911). "
688:
686:
685:
670:
660:
656:
646:Smith, Digby.
645:
641:
637:
620:
524:Feldzeugmeister
504:
420:French Republic
384:
301:
296:
181:
164:
131:Feldzeugmeister
100:
98:
87:
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78:19 January 1804
63:
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55:5 February 1735
47:
46:Baron Paul Kray
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939:External links
937:
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909:
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841:
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836:, p. 925.
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806:James Arnold,
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701:Chisholm, Hugh
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19:
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929:
915:
912:Smith, Digby
901:. Retrieved
881:
867:
849:
829:
821:
815:
807:
802:
794:
788:
783:Smith, p 173
779:
774:Smith, p 163
770:
762:
756:
748:
742:
730:. Retrieved
719:
708:
663:
657:
648:
642:
625:Altenkirchen
621:
613:
608:
560:
505:
463:
385:
344:Transylvania
336:Turkish wars
325:
302:
299:Early career
287:
260:
245:
170:
169:
138:Battles/wars
129:
978:1804 deaths
973:1735 births
579:Iller River
563:Jean Moreau
556:Novi Ligure
404:Wissembourg
376:Vulcan Pass
248:Netherlands
67:(Késmárk),
967:Categories
930:Paul Kray,
822:Paul Kray.
795:Paul Kray.
763:Paul Kray.
749:Paul Kray.
664:Paul Kray.
649:Paul Kray.
635:References
618:Commentary
528:Adda River
372:Petrozsény
276:Regensburg
227:, and the
95:Allegiance
82:1804-01-20
59:1735-02-05
583:Höchstädt
571:Messkirch
548:Peter Ott
542:. At the
482:, and at
408:Charleroi
386:Promoted
358:with the
356:Joseph II
317:Schemnitz
294:Biography
198:Hungarian
183:‹See Tfd›
34:Paul Kray
856:, 2005.
575:Biberach
567:Stockach
512:Lombardy
436:Uckerath
374:and the
364:Freiherr
313:Slovakia
241:Slovakia
213:Habsburg
207:Topolyai
203:Krajovai
113:Service/
843:Sources
819:Smith,
792:Smith,
760:Smith,
746:Smith,
698::
661:Smith,
629:Marceau
591:Bohemia
516:Legnago
490:in the
440:Jourdan
412:Fleurus
348:Krajova
305:Késmárk
233:Késmárk
177:Topolya
173:Krajova
80: (
69:Hungary
65:Käsmark
57: (
922:
903:15 Oct
888:
874:
860:
732:15 Oct
692:
581:, and
540:Mantua
472:Danube
444:Amberg
396:Famars
392:Allies
321:Vienna
268:Vienna
223:, the
219:, the
193:Topola
187:German
115:branch
104:
508:Italy
484:Mainz
476:corps
468:Rhine
400:Menin
360:title
956:Kray
933:Kray
920:ISBN
905:2014
886:ISBN
872:ISBN
858:ISBN
734:2014
550:and
538:and
480:Lahn
470:and
319:and
175:and
126:Rank
75:Died
52:Born
707:".
587:Ulm
362:of
243:).
205:Ă©s
969::
914:.
671:^
577:,
573:,
569:,
558:.
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
378:.
323:.
307:,
258:.
235:,
200::
196:;
189::
907:.
736:.
462:(
180:(
121:,
84:)
61:)
20:)
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