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and, the following year, Nardal wrote several editorials stressing to women the importance of gaining an understanding of world issues and voting. Her politics were conservative right center and while she supported women's equality, she was not militant. She was aware of inequality and wanted women to educate themselves to improve their situation, but she was not in favor of overthrowing existing regimes. Nardal explained in her essays that women's political and social action was the key to social improvement and that through taking part in politics, women could combat the patriarchy.
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318:, where she served as an area specialist. She was the first black woman to hold an official post in the Division of Non-Self-Governing Territories, serving for 18 months. Returning to Martinique in 1948, Nadal, with help from her sister Alice, prepared a history on Martinique's musical heritage as her contribution to the celebrations surrounding the centenary of the abolition of slavery on the island. Because the traditional music,
506:, made of up Afro-Caribbean radical surrealists and communists, were significantly influenced in their ideas by this essay, in which Nardal makes a case for African pride and acknowledgement of the shared history of slavery. Nardal's view of pride did not advocate giving up one's French identity, or ending French rule in the colonies, but instead favored a middle-ground, embracing both Afro-Caribbean and French cultures. Both
617:. The UN Commission on the Status of Women was particularly aligned with Nardal's beliefs because its purpose was to ensure that women's rights were respected globally. Her work with the UN furthered her goals towards international social work and feminism because it allowed her to work with and learn from delegates from different countries.
244:(Review of the Black World) with her sisters; Louis Jean Finot, a French novelist; LĂ©o Sajous, a Haitian scholar; and Clara W. Shepard, an African-American teacher and translator. Nardal's roles included contributing to the journal, serving as editor and translator, as well as moving the journal toward a more
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Nardal was
Catholic and her Christian values were often reflected in her feminist beliefs. She believed that women's difference from men was due to their feminine essence that was given to them by God. She felt that women's natural peaceful and calming nature would make them important guiding figures
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argue that Nardal's reflections on race began nearly a decade before CĂ©saire and
Senghor were credited with founding the philosophy of NĂ©gritude, concluding that women were both the movement's founders and its inspiration. Senghor acknowledged Nardal's involvement in founding the "New Negro Movement"
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to coax middle-class readers into making the connection between improving the mind through industry and awakening their social consciousness. The journal was the only newspaper in the area and Nardal used it to try to get women out to vote in the 1945 elections. The communists won a majority of seats
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In her essay "Les femmes martiniquaises et l'action sociale," she calls for the women of
Martinique to engage with social issues. As many Martinician women were Catholic, Nardal wrote that Christian humanism was an important part of Martinician culture and so it was the women of Martinique's duty to
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perspectives lead her to connect with women's organizations from different countries and engage in discussions of women's rights from a global perspective. Nardal believed that it was important for women to engage in both local and international politics and social work and she felt that the failure
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While living in Paris Nardal and her sisters created a literary salon where people of all genders, races, and religions would gather to discuss local and international black politics, culture, and art. These discussions focused on international black solidarity and celebrated racial difference which
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When she returned to
Martinique after her UN position, she worked to preserve the musical traditions of the country. She wrote a history of traditional music styles for the centennial celebration of the abolition of slavery on the island and developed a choir that celebrated the African roots of the
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Although
Paulette Nardal has not always been credited for her contributions to the NĂ©gritude movement, she held a key role in influencing the men who founded the NĂ©gritude movement. While the term NĂ©gritude did not exist before 1935, Nardal's work prior to this already reflected and encouraged the
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Her published writings from this period include "En Exile" (In Exile) (1929) and "Une femme sculpteur noir" (A Black Woman
Sculptor) (1930). "En Exile" is a short story about an exiled Caribbean woman's life in France. Through the main character, Nardal explores how for many black women, living in
168:
In the post-World War II period, Nardal was nominated as a delegate to the United
Nations in 1946. She worked in the Division of Non-Self Governing Territories. She returned to Martinique in 1948, and in the 1950s and 1960s, she supported Dr. Martin Luther King’s campaign for civil rights in the
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was presented as an apolitical publication that convinced the
Ministry of Colonies to offer partial funding however, " the very act of founding a bilingual, international, and multiracial review in 1930s Paris was provocative," so the paper did not entirely avoid political commentary. The paper
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Although primarily focused on international black solidarity and race during her time in Paris, Nardal shifted her focus to women's issues after she returned to
Martinique. Despite the shift from race to gender, Nardal continued to encourage an international perspective on political and social
394:. In this article Nardal both celebrates Savage's accomplishments and cultural contributions, and discussed the barriers Savage faced as a black woman. Nardal wrote significantly about her consciousness of race and black solidarity, as well as the double standard of marginalizing women.
229:
After completing her studies in Paris, Nardal briefly returned to teaching in
Martinique but within a year was back in Paris, where she began working as a journalist. Her writing included literary works, critiques, journalism, discourses on colonialism, and a tourist guide called
149:, Nardal fled France but was injured when a submarine attacked her ship, causing a lifelong disability. Returning to Martinique, she established feminist organizations and newspapers encouraging educated women to channel their energies into social improvement. She sponsored
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was a space where black artists and intellectuals could publish their works and make connections with other black people. The paper encouraged international solidarity between black people and incorporated black art, culture, and debate from all over the world.
299:. Because Caribbean recruits were trained in the British West Indies, it was imperative that they learn English before they could receive military training. When the war ended, she worked towards social improvement and suffrage. In 1944 Nardal founded
326:, Nardal wanted to improve education addressing the musical traditions. She later founded a choir to promote and preserve African-rooted traditional music including folk songs, spirituals, classical and South American songs. She continued to publish
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awareness and acknowledged the similarities of challenges faced by people due to racism and sexism. Though an ardent feminist, she was not radical, encouraging women to work within the existing social structures to achieve political influence.
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in the early years of her career were often cultural reviews which she would use to display black artists and black culture. She also sought to offer perspective on what it was like to live in Paris as a black person from Martinique.
194:, Lucy Nardal, Andrée Nardal, Alice Naral, Cécile Nardal, and Emilie Nardal), which was a part of the island's small upper-middle-class black community. She attended school at the Colonial College for Girls and studied English in the
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along with Paulette Nardal's translations of Harlem Renaissance writer's works also allowed the founders of NĂ©gritude to meet with figures from the Harlem Renaissance whose work influenced and inspired the creation of NĂ©gritude.
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was titled "Eveil de la conscience de race" (The Awakening of Race Consciousness) and evaluated the progression of Caribbean intellectuals' racial awareness. Both the later leaders of the NĂ©gritude movement and the group called
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in 1920 and with her sisters established an influential literary salon, Le Salon de Clamart, which explored the experiences of the African diaspora. As a journalist and author, she published works that advocated a
190:, to Louise (née Achille) and Paul Nardal. Her father was a construction engineer, who had been trained in France and her mother was a piano teacher. She was the eldest of seven sisters in the family (
283:. When the ship was torpedoed off the English coast, Nardal fractured both of her knees jumping into a lifeboat, and had to be hospitalized in England. She never fully recovered from her injuries.
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training and founded nursery schools for impoverished women. Because of her understanding of issues facing the populations of the Caribbean, she was hired to work as an area specialist at the
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and Andrée, Nardal brought together black intellectuals from Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States to discuss their experiences of being black and being part of the diaspora.
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had mostly working-class members, many of whom had ties with communists. The women in this group had more radical feminist views than Nardal. Nardal felt that the negativity
132:
Born into the upper-middle class on Martinique, Nardal became a teacher and went to complete her education in Paris. She was the first black person to study at the
635:
Nardal expands her religious analysis to discuss the United Nations. In this short essay, she claims that she sees "the mystical Body of Christ actualized" in the
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were Catholic. Nardal presented both as non-denominational and maintained that these organizations accepted people from non-Catholic religions and non-believers.
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led to the development and spread of a black racial consciousness. The Clamart Salon hosted a number of well known black intellectuals including figures from the
333:
Nardal died on 16 February 1985, in Martinique. Posthumously, Jil Servant made a biographical movie in conjunction with France-Antilles T.V. in 2004 titled,
1746:(in French). Paris, France: Association de Recherche sur la Culture et l'Histoire pour l'Identité et la Vérité de l' Enseignement. 2007. Archived from
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1727:
121:, a journalist, and one of the drivers of the development of black literary consciousness. She was one of the authors involved in the creation of the
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From 1946 to 1948 Nardal acted as a delegate to the United Nations, working with both the UN Department for Non-Autonomous Territories and the UN
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was one of two feminist organizations in Martinique at the time whose goals were to increase the number of women who voted in the 1945 elections.
267:, and went to Senegal in 1937 to try to rally others to the cause against the invasion. She was also active with feminist organizations including
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and, when women gained the right to vote in 1944, urged women to take up the political mantle and work towards resolving social problems.
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to study English, the first black person to attend the university. She quickly became involved in the artistic circle of the French
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to lift them out of poverty. She also implemented nursery schools to educate the children of working mothers. She worked towards
337:(Paulette Nardal, proud to be a black woman), about Nardal's life. In 2009, a collection of her essays that had been printed in
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as well as the discussions that took place in the Clamart Salon inspired the three NĂ©gritude founders to create the paper
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157:. Nardal was the first black woman to hold an official post in the Division of Non-Self-Governing Territories at the UN.
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Boittin, Jennifer Anne (2005). "In Black and White: Gender, Race Relations, and the Nardal Sisters in Interwar Paris".
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Race, Culture, and Identity: Francophone West African and Caribbean Literature and Theory from Négritude to Créolité
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After having returned to Martinique, Nardal began implementing the ideas of industrial education, teaching women
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United States. Nardal, who never married, died in Fort-de-France, Martinique on February 16, 1985. She was 88.
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was not an organization that supported any particular political party and in her first essay for the journal
198:. After graduating from high school, Nardal became a teacher but decided to continue her education in Paris.
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307:(Woman in the City), where she stressed the importance of women's involvement in politics and social work.
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France was an isolating experience. "Une femme sculpteur noir" is a piece about the American sculptor
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1656:(4). New York City, New York: The Center for Contemporary Black History, Columbia University: 8–17.
1492:"Paris 2024 Opening Ceremony: Meet Heroines Of French History Whose Statues Emerged From The Seine"
1295:"Gendering NĂ©gritude: Paulette Nardal's Contribution to the Birth of Modern Francophone Literature"
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to inform students of global issues was a fundamental flaw in French curriculum. She felt that the
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in social and political matters. Nardal's Catholicism is also present in the essays she wrote for
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853:"Le vote féminin et la transformation des colonies françaises d'Amérique en départements en 1946"
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On 12 October 2021, Google celebrated Paulette Nardal's 125th birthday with a doodle. At the
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The Practice of Diaspora: literature, translation, and the rise of Black internationalism
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to encourage women to take part in the 1945 election and in 1945, she founded a journal,
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Upon recuperating sufficiently to travel, Nardal returned to Martinique. She settled in
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Race women internationalists : activist-intellectuals and global freedom struggles
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1115:. Translated by T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 73.
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Nardal emphasized that the organization's goals could apply to any political party as
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Smith, Robert P. (2001). "Black Like That: Paulette Nardal and the Negritude Salon".
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was an important establishment that schools could use to teach international issues.
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was the first to incorporate sex matters and women's perspectives. Nardal's works in
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During her career in journalism Nardal wrote for a number of publications including,
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and initially worked as an English teacher for dissidents wanting to support General
219:
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was only meant to encourage women to become more socially and politically involved.
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1643:"Femme negritude: Jane Nardal, la DĂ©pĂŞche africaine, and the Francophone New Negro"
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Umoren (2018). "Black and Feminist Internationalism in Interwar Europe 1920-1935".
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Translated with an introduction and notes by T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. Hardback
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is notable because although there were many journals that discussed race matters,
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international black solidarity and pride that NĂ©gritude encouraged. Her work in
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encouraged women of all backgrounds to uplift one another through solidarity.
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After the conclusion of the journal, Nardal began working as the secretary of
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The Changing Face of Afro-Caribbean Cultural Identity: Negrismo and NĂ©gritude
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Bricktop's Paris: African American Women in Paris between the Two World Wars
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genre and introduced French intellectuals to the works of members of the
1447:"Unveiling the Remarkable Legacy of Paulette Nardal: Afro-Feminism Icon"
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Nardal was celebrated as one of the ten "Heroines of French History".
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1628:(in French). Fort de France, Martinique: Union of Women of Martinique
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directed towards upper-class white women promoted racial hate, while
319:
1562:"Les femmes Paulette Nardal et Gerty Archimède bientôt au Panthéon?"
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were published before the journal stopped production in April 1932.
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throughout the 1930s. When forced to flee France in 1939 because of
263:. She was actively involved in the demonstrations that followed the
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were published before the journal stopped production in April 1932.
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that was commissioned by the governments of the islands of the
1766:(in French). France: Netlex News. 23 June 2009. Archived from
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117:(12 October 1896 – 16 February 1985) was a French writer from
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was translated and published by T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting.
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In 1946, Nardal was nominated to serve as a delegate to the
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1784:"President Senghor Says Negroes Have Transcended Chains"
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1792:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 15 October 1966. p. 16
1602:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1016:. Oakland, California: University of California Press.
279:, Nardal boarded a ship flying under protection of the
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1545:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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1825:. New York City, New York. 11 January 1947. p. 7
1702:(in French). Saint-Denis, RĂ©union Island: Temoignages
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Despite Paulette Nardal's Catholic beliefs, neither
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Nardal also founded two journals during her career,
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558:Le Rassemblement féminin. Le Rassemblement féminin
1600:"Beyond Negritude: Essays from Woman in the City"
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238:. In October 1931, she founded a journal called
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1564:(in French). Malakoff, France: d'Outre-mer 1ère
1113:Beyond Negritude: Essays from Woman in the City
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182:Paulette Nardal was born on 12 October 1896 in
1524:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
639:, and that the UN's work reflects God's will.
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424:quickly lost funding and only six issues of
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1722:(in French). Boulogne-Billancourt, France:
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494:where they first used the term NĂ©gritude.
335:Paulette Nardal, la fierté d'être négresse
29:
1641:Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean (Fall 2000).
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457:and the three men known for founding the
206:At the age of 24, Nardal enrolled at the
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1206:"Women History Forgot: Paulette Nardal"
1204:Ropartz, Elisabeth (31 December 2018).
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926:State University of New York Press 2009
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1583:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
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660:2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
497:Nardal's essay in the final issue of
1677:Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean (2015).
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577:l'Union des femmes de la Martinique,
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214:, coming under the influence of the
1884:Caribbean people of African descent
1698:Tesseron, Philippe (12 July 2006).
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581:l'Union des femmes de la Martinique
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1889:20th-century French women writers
631:take social action. In her essay
615:Commission on the Status of Women
273:Union FĂ©minine Civique et Sociale
265:1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia
1840:
1807:
1726:. 7 October 2009. Archived from
1700:"Qui est Paulette Nardal ?"
1683:. Albany, New York: SUNY Press.
682:
1909:20th-century French journalists
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1445:Desk, OV Digital (2023-10-08).
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1012:Umoren, Imaobong Denis (2018).
322:and ladjia, were giving way to
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105:First black person to study at
1914:Martiniquais women journalists
851:Palmiste, Clara (2014-06-05).
676:
1:
1764:"Paulette Nardal (1896-1985)"
1744:"Paulette Nardal (1896-1985)"
1539:Edwards, Brent Hayes (2009).
834:Association de Recherche 2007
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232:Guide des Colonies Françaises
177:
1384:Race women internationalists
1366:Race women internationalists
1151:Race women internationalists
670:
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97:Writer, journalist, activist
7:
1560:Koda, Maïté (19 May 2013).
1490:Fatima, Uzma (2023-07-27).
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259:, Senegalese deputy in the
10:
1930:
1899:University of Paris alumni
1869:Martiniquais women writers
1577:Lewis, Shireen K. (2006).
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1293:Lewis, Shireen K. (1999).
609:Work in the United Nations
477:Contributions to NĂ©gritude
129:through her translations.
1662:10.1080/10999940009362232
1598:Nardal, Paulette (2009).
1518:Badiane, Mamadou (2010).
857:Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos
515:in a speech delivered at
248:audience. Six issues of
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37:
28:
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16:French writer (1896–1985)
1904:French women journalists
1874:Martiniquais journalists
1353:. SONY Press. p. 7.
1302:Romance Languages Annual
866:10.4000/nuevomundo.66842
644:Le Rassemblement féminin
585:Le Rassemblement féminin
575:The other organization,
570:Le Rassemblement féminin
562:Le Rassemblement féminin
552:Le Rassemblement féminin
301:Le Rassemblement féminin
261:French National Assembly
1626:"La naissance de l'UFM"
972:French Colonial History
556:In 1944 Nardal founded
488:La Revue du Monde Noir,
1789:The Pittsburgh Courier
1624:Pago, Gilbert (2000).
1279:The Pittsburgh Courier
637:United Nations charter
628:La Femme dans la Cité.
598:transnational feminist
591:Transnational feminism
566:La Femme dans la Cité,
536:Feminist organizations
531:Feminist contributions
524:La Revue du Monde Noir
522:The Clamart Salon and
499:La Revue du Monde Noir
426:La Revue du Monde Noir
421:La Revue du Monde Noir
416:La Revue du Monde Noir
409:La Revue du Monde Noir
403:La Femme dans la Cité.
399:La Revue du Monde Noir
373:. Her connection with
269:Ad Lucem Per Caritatem
250:La Revue du monde noir
241:La Revue du Monde Noir
1072:Sharpley-Whiting 2015
984:10.1353/fch.2005.0003
762:Sharpley-Whiting 2000
731:Sharpley-Whiting 2015
648:La Femme dans la Cité
621:Feminism and religion
471:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar SĂ©nghor
441:La Femme dans la Cité
433:La Femme dans la Cité
339:La Femme dans la Cite
328:La Femme dans la Cite
314:(UN). She arrived in
305:La Femme dans la Cite
1879:Martiniquais writers
750:Histoire France 2009
484:La DĂ©pĂŞche Africaine
383:La DĂ©pĂŞche africaine
379:La DĂ©pĂŞche africaine
375:La DĂ©pĂŞche africaine
365:La DĂ©pĂŞche africaine
345:Career in journalism
287:Return to Martinique
145:At the beginning of
1817:"U. N. Personality"
222:, with her sisters
218:writers. Hosting a
163:music of Martinique
1770:on 2 November 2012
1750:on 25 October 2007
1475:has generic name (
1111:Nardal, Paulette.
467:LĂ©on Gontran Damas
455:Harlem Renaissance
216:Harlem Renaissance
127:Harlem Renaissance
1730:on 9 October 2009
1690:978-1-4384-5502-0
1618:978-1-4384-2946-5
1610:978-1-4384-2947-2
1590:978-0-7391-5984-2
1552:978-0-674-03442-6
1531:978-0-7391-2553-3
1122:978-1-4416-2415-4
1101:, pp. 66–67.
1023:978-0-520-96843-1
685:"Paulette Nardal"
517:Howard University
448:The Clamart Salon
355:Le Cri des Nègres
112:
111:
1921:
1894:French feminists
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1432:Beyond Negritude
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1417:Beyond Negritude
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1399:Beyond Negritude
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1351:Beyond Negritude
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764:, pp. 9–10.
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512:Shireen K. Lewis
504:LĂ©gitime DĂ©fense
492:l'Étudiant Noir,
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66:16 February 1985
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1430:Nardal (2009).
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1397:Nardal (2009).
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1382:Umoren (2018).
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1364:Umoren (2018).
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1349:Nardal (2009).
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683:Lock, Etienne.
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623:
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533:
508:Mamadou Badiane
479:
450:
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370:L'Étudiant noir
351:France-Outremer
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236:French Antilles
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115:Paulette Nardal
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48:12 October 1896
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978:(1): 120–135.
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955:, p. 121.
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1434:. p. 81.
1433:
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1419:. p. 43.
1418:
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1401:. p. 18.
1400:
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1386:. p. 83.
1385:
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1368:. p. 81.
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1323:. p. 27.
1322:
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1267:
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1153:. p. 17.
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859:(in French).
858:
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807:Tesseron 2006
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797:, p. 47.
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36:
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1833:– via
1827:. Retrieved
1820:
1800:– via
1794:. Retrieved
1787:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1732:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1719:
1704:. Retrieved
1679:
1653:
1649:
1630:. Retrieved
1612:. Paperback
1579:
1566:. Retrieved
1541:
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1499:. Retrieved
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1454:. Retrieved
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1338:. p. 8.
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1254:Badiane 2010
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:
1177:(1): 53–68.
1174:
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795:Badiane 2010
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712:Edwards 2009
692:. Retrieved
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107:the Sorbonne
68:(1985-02-16)
1864:1985 deaths
1859:1896 births
1829:22 February
1796:22 February
1774:22 February
1754:22 February
1734:22 February
1724:TF1 Network
1706:22 February
1632:22 February
1568:22 February
1473:|last=
1171:CLA Journal
939:Netlex News
435:(1945–1951)
411:(1931–1932)
246:Pan-African
196:West Indies
184:Le François
139:Pan-African
86:Nationality
52:Le François
1853:Categories
1501:2023-07-30
1456:2023-10-08
1266:Lewis 2006
1242:Lewis 2006
1230:Lewis 2006
1215:10 January
1099:Lewis 2006
1087:Lewis 2006
1057:Lewis 2006
1045:Lewis 2006
1032:1019845367
891:Lewis 2006
666:References
461:movement,
367:and later
188:Martinique
178:Early life
119:Martinique
78:Martinique
56:Martinique
44:1896-10-12
1670:1099-9949
1183:0007-8549
1131:456064129
992:1543-7787
875:1626-0252
819:Koda 2013
689:Blackpast
671:Citations
519:in 1966.
459:NĂ©gritude
297:de Gaulle
281:Red Cross
173:Biography
123:NĂ©gritude
1465:cite web
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1191:44325093
694:19 March
654:Tributes
546:suffrage
271:and the
208:Sorbonne
134:Sorbonne
80:, France
1512:Sources
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360:Le Soir
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1650:Souls
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1298:(PDF)
1187:JSTOR
220:salon
1831:2016
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1708:2016
1685:ISBN
1666:ISSN
1634:2016
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1606:ISBN
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1570:2016
1547:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1477:help
1281:1966
1217:2019
1179:ISSN
1127:OCLC
1117:ISBN
1028:OCLC
1018:ISBN
988:ISSN
941:2009
911:1947
871:ISSN
696:2021
646:nor
510:and
486:and
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324:jazz
320:bèlè
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