221:
mature female, designated as "Oase 3". However, additional finds and work have shown that the temporal bone derives from the same cranium as the "Oase 2" facial and parietal bones. The lack of archaeological signs such as torches, charcoal or tools could suggest that the human remains may have washed in the cave through fissures. The "Oase 2" and "Oase 3" confirm a pattern already known from the probably contemporaneous "Oase 1" mandible, indicating a mixture of archaic, early modern human and
Neanderthal morphological features. Thus, the specimens exhibit a suite of derived "modern human" features like projecting chin, no brow ridge, a high and rounded brain case. Yet, these features are associated with several archaic aspects of the cranium and dentition that place them outside the range of variation for modern humans, like a large face, a large crest of bone behind the ear and big teeth that get even larger toward the back. This mosaic of Neanderthal and modern human resembles similar traits found in a 25,000 years old fossil of a child in
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742:"Oase 2" belongs to the same basal subclade of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup N as "Oase 1". When compared against all DNA samples on record, "Oase 2" and "Oase 1" share the closest genetic affinity with each other. "Oase 1" and "Oase 2" appear to be from related, but not necessarily identical populations.
855:
In this context, the particular importance of the "Peștera cu Oase" findings resides both in the mixture of modern human and archaic (Neanderthal) features and in the fact that they are sufficiently complete to be taxonomically diagnosed and directly dated. Thus, the Oase fossils overlap in time for
320:
In June 2003 a further research team with Ștefan Milota, Ricardo
Rodrigo, and Mircea Gherase discovered additional human remains on the cave's surface. Thus, an entire anterior cranial skeleton was found along with a largely complete left temporal bone and a number of frontal, parietal and occipital
987:
Trinkaus, E., Zilhão, J., Rougier, H., Rodrigo, R., Milota, S., Gherase, M., Sarcinã, L., Moldovan, O., Bãltean, I., Codrea, V., Bailey, S. E., Franciscus, R. G., Ponce de Léon, M., Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2006) The Peștera cu Oase and early modern humans in
Southeastern Europe. In N.J. Conard (Ed.),
884:
When modern humans entered Europe, they encountered people with the same cognitive capabilities and featuring identical levels of cultural achievement. In such a situation, the entire gamut of cultural interaction situations, from conflict to mutual avoidance and full admixture, must have ensued at
220:
While "Oase 1" lower jaw is fully mature, the facial skeleton is that of a mid-second-decade adolescent, therefore corresponding to a second individual, designated as "Oase 2". Further analyses have revealed that the left temporal bone represents a third individual, assessed as adolescent versus
875:
Since genetics does not reject the hypothesis of a
Neanderthal-modern admixture, and morphological and archaeological evidence suggest that Neanderthal lineages survived into later Upper Paleolithic populations, "Peștera cu Oase" findings provide a strong argument in favor of an admixture model
872:) at ~34,000 radiocarbon years BP. Besides, the notion that the Oase people are very close to the time of contact with Neanderthals is consistent with their archaic traits, and finds additional support in the patterns of spatio-temporal distribution of the latest Neanderthal remains.
1196:
Qiaomei Fu; Mateja
Hajdinjak; Oana Teodora Moldovan; Silviu Constantin; Swapan Mallick; Pontus Skoglund; Nick Patterson; Nadin Rohland; Iosif Lazaridis; Birgit Nickel; Bence Viola; Kay Prüfer; Matthias Meyer; Janet Kelso; David Reich; Svante Pääbo (13 August 2015).
273:), presented unusual arrangements such as the placement of some remains on raised rocks, suggesting a certain human involvement in the accumulated deposits. In fact, speleologists Ștefan Milota, Adrian Bîlgăr and Laurențiu Sarcina discovered a complete
879:
Arguing with chronological overlapping and morphological blending, this model assumes significant
Neanderthal/modern human admixture, suggesting that already on their arrival in Europe, modern humans met, intermixed and interbred with Neanderthals.
844:
differences have suggested a major physical anthropological discontinuity and hence, a complete population replacement at the Middle-to-Upper
Palaeolithic transition, leading to what one might call "Out of Africa with Complete Replacement" model.
885:
the local and regional level. But the overall result in the long-term continental perspective was that of biological and cultural blending, the imbalance in the size of the gene reservoirs involved explaining the eventual loss of
Neanderthal
827:
A skull found in Peștera cu Oase in 2004/5 bears features of both modern humans and
Neanderthals. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the skull is 37,800 years old, making it amongst the oldest modern human fossils ever found in Europe.
738:
Around 6% of "Oase 2"'s genome is
Neanderthal in origin, which is lower than for "Oase 1"; however, this is still much higher than expected based on its age and what is seen in other Upper Palaeolithic genomes.
472:
populations than with modern Europeans. However, Oase shared equal alleles with Mesolithic Europeans and East Eurasians suggesting non pre LGM-European admixture in modern Europeans, part of it being from the
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backgrounds, respectively, for whom Poznik et al. proposed the creation of a new subclade, named "K2a1"). (Earlier research by Fu et al. reported that Oase 1 belonged to a
1029:
Fu, Qiaomei; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Moldovan, Oana Teodora; Constantin, Silviu; Mallick, Swapan; Skoglund, Pontus; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Lazaridis, Iosif (2015-08-13).
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Peștera cu Oase is subject to ongoing investigation. The on-site findings from the 2005 campaign are currently cross-examined at the Romanian "Emil Racoviță" Institute of
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263:, discovered a previously unknown chamber with a profusion of mammalian skeletal remains. The cave, which seemed to have served primarily as hibernation room for the
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and together with the linkage disequilibrium patterns indicates that Oase 1 had a relatively-recent Neanderthal ancestor – about four to six generations earlier.
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The marked contrast between the morphological modernity of "early modern" humans and even late "classical Neanderthal" trait-packages, as well as mitochondrial
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Trinkaus, E., Milota, Ș., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Moldovan, O. (2003), Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peștera cu Oase, Romania,
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757:" that is not found in "Oase 2". After "Oase 1", the next closest genetic affinity for "Oase 2" among ancient DNA samples is the c. 40kya
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G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences"
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Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, Ș.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; et al. (2003).
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The autosomal DNA of Oase 1 by Fu et al. (2015) indicates that he (as it was a male) may have shared more alleles with modern
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However, more recent direct dating of fossils has demonstrated that early modern human remains were instead of the mid/late
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ancestor, with an estimated 5-11% Neanderthal autosomal DNA. The specimen's 12th chromosome was 50% Neanderthal.
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745:"Oase 1" shows an affinity for Ice Age Europeans that is not found in "Oase 2", while "Oase 2" is closer to
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Mellars, P (Feb 2006). "A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia".
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765:. Neither "Oase 2" nor "Oase 1" are particularly close genetically to any modern human populations.
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Forensic facial reconstruction of Oase 2. Exhibited in the Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, Germany.
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1271:"Chapter 2: Palaeolithic Oase genome implies diversification and extinction events across Eurasia"
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About 6-9% of the genome is Neanderthal in origin. This is the highest percentage of archaic
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Fu Q. et al., "An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor",
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Research by Poznik et al. (2016) suggests that Oase 1 Y-DNA belongs to haplogroup
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2015:
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ancestry that was carried to Europe by Anatolian farmers and Yamnaya pastoralists.
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This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the
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Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site
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Researchers sequenced the genome of "Oase 2" (41,500–39,500 years old) to high
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1004:"Team Characterizing DNA from Ancient Human with Recent Neanderthal Ancestry"
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DNA analysis of Oase 1 since 2015 has made a number of significant findings.
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1199:"An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor"
1112:
1031:"An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor"
832:(2007) concluded that the two groups interbred thousands of years ago.
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635:
469:
305:
255:
team exploring the karstic system of Miniș Valley, in the southwestern
252:
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Phylogenetic position of ancient Upper Paleolithic Eurasian specimens.
287:(The Cave with Bones) and the human mandible as "Oase 1" (also dubbed
217:(EEMH) remains, between 42,000 and 37,000 years old, have been found.
33:
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2020:
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1439:"Early modern humans from the Peștera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania"
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499:(also K2a*), 45,000-year-old remains from Siberia, and upstream from
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324:"Oase 1" exhibits morphological traits from early modern humans and
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Ponce, De, León, Ms; Zollikofer, Cp (Aug 2001). "Peștera cu Oase".
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Zilhão, J. (2006). "Neandertals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters".
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Human population history and its interplay with natural selection
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Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site
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on 21 bone/tooth samples and 29 associated sediment samples),
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Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
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and a rare lineage found in two living males (from ethnic
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According to Fu, Oase-1's maternal lineage is related to
943:"Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought"
926:
524, 216–219 (13 August 2015), doi:10.1038/nature14558.
876:
between regional Neanderthals and early modern humans.
1136:"An early modern human from Peștera cu Oase, Romania"
856:
some 3000 years with late Neanderthals like those of
1436:
864:) dated to ~32,000 radiocarbon years BP or less for
334:
824:(AMS radiocarbon dating on 25 bone/tooth samples).
197:, meaning "The Cave with Bones") is a system of 12
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793:, (uranium-series analysis on 22 bone samples),
300:of the Oase fossils give an age of 37,800 years
1496:Trinkaus, Erik (2005). "Early Modern Humans".
1495:
288:
282:
1542:
1437:Soficaru, A.; Dobo, A.; Trinkaus, E. (2006).
201:galleries and chambers located near the city
1363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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835:
495:. That is, Oase 1 possesses SNPS similar to
232:In 2015 genetics research revealed that the
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1557:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and
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1472:
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753:. "Oase 1" shows a genetic affinity for "
4324:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site
1094:
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797:, (uranium-series dating on 7 samples),
281:. The karstic chamber was designated as
1510:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913
990:When Neanderthals and modern humans met
940:
889:lineages among later and extant humans.
85:
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16:Cave and archaeological site in Romania
5664:Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens fossils
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992:, pp. 145-164. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag
852:, hence much younger than supposed.
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229:, by Cidália Duarte, et al. (1999).
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225:or in the 31,000 years old site of
13:
941:Wilford, John Noble (2 Nov 2011).
14:
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5679:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
2712:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica
1875:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site
1670:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes
1186:
808:dating on 8 bone/tooth samples),
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84:
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5659:2002 archaeological discoveries
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1002:Anderson, Andrea (8 May 2015).
304:. From a location close to the
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779:Australian National University
426:Initial Upper Paleolithic wave
1:
1498:Annual Review of Anthropology
910:
480:Oase 1 belongs to an extinct
5694:Early European modern humans
5669:Prehistoric sites in Romania
528:mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
486:mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
7:
5255:
2900:Other caves with decoration
1982:Other caves with decoration
1904:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil
1580:Caves containing pictograms
893:
820:on 37 bone/tooth samples),
246:
215:European early modern human
213:, where some of the oldest
10:
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2884:Other World Heritage Sites
1971:Other World Heritage Sites
1593:
1570:Paleoanthropological sites
972:Journal of Human Evolution
194:[ˈpeʃterakuˈo̯ase]
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2540:
2524:
2506:
2490:
2474:
2458:
2440:
2377:
2356:
2295:
2267:
2191:
1867:
1851:
1810:
1794:
1753:
1717:
1696:
1641:
1605:
1601:
1588:
1565:
1101:Evolutionary Anthropology
836:Implications for research
569:Scientific classification
567:
562:
553:
548:
539:
463:anatomically modern human
315:
173:
168:
131:
117:
105:
93:Peștera cu Oase (Romania)
43:
31:
24:
5548:Northern Mariana Islands
3185:
1269:Siska, Veronika (2018).
711:H. neanderthalensis
1464:10.1073/pnas.0608443103
1282:University of Cambridge
1161:10.1073/pnas.2035108100
814:stable isotope analysis
783:electron spin resonance
190:Romanian pronunciation:
4072:Manyana Rock Paintings
2123:La Chapelle-aux-Saints
1259:, no. 48, pp. 593–599.
891:
289:
283:
4635:Actun Tunichil Muknal
882:
791:University of Bristol
787:uranium-series dating
223:Abrigo do Lagar Velho
209:county, southwestern
124:county, southwestern
4209:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa
3149:Red Lady of Paviland
2041:Mayrières supérieure
822:University of Vienna
810:Max Planck Institute
799:University of Oxford
795:University of Bergen
515:of Y-DNA haplogroup
257:Carpathian Mountains
251:In February 2002, a
20:Peștera cu Oase Cave
5024:Colorado Millennial
3662:Shiraho Saonetabaru
2466:Bukuroshja e Fjetur
1455:2006PNAS..10317196S
1449:(46): 17196–17201.
1400:10.1038/nature04521
1392:2006Natur.439..931M
1223:10.1038/nature14558
1215:2015Natur.524..216F
1152:2003PNAS..10011231T
1146:(20): 11231–11236.
1055:10.1038/nature14558
1047:2015Natur.524..216F
905:Prehistoric Romania
731:(20-fold) from its
149: /
96:Show map of Romania
65:location in Romania
21:
5684:Peopling of Europe
4842:Dominican Republic
4603:Cueva de las Manos
3499:Huto and Kamarband
2909:Barranc del Migdia
2795:Caves in Cantabria
2219:Hohlenstein-Stadel
2026:Grotte de Gabillou
2011:La Chaire a Calvin
1290:10.17863/CAM.31536
1113:10.1002/evan.20110
293:"John of Anina").
68:Show map of Europe
19:
5646:
5645:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
4759:Piedras del Tunjo
4691:Toca da Tira Peia
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
2812:Hornos de la Peña
1209:(7564): 216–219.
1041:(7564): 216–219.
1008:www.genomeweb.com
900:Peștera Muierilor
755:Peştera Muierii 2
725:
724:
451:
450:
310:Danubian corridor
298:radiocarbon dates
183:
182:
153:45.017°N 21.833°E
5701:
5674:Caves of Romania
5565:Papua New Guinea
5265:
5264:
5252:
5251:
5204:Stanfield-Worley
5179:Rockhouse Cliffs
4593:
4592:
4576:
4575:
4444:Howieson's Poort
4141:Enkapune Ya Muto
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
3494:Eshkaft-e Siahoo
3195:
3194:
3182:
3181:
2949:Peñas de Cabrera
2249:Kleine Feldhofer
2209:Geissenklösterle
2061:Roc-aux-Sorciers
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1327:10.1038/35087573
1310:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
999:
993:
985:
979:
968:
957:
956:
954:
953:
938:
927:
920:
769:Current research
751:Native Americans
577:
576:
558:
546:
545:
482:Y-DNA haplogroup
442:
441:
431:
429:
420:
418:
411:
409:
402:
400:
393:
391:
384:
382:
375:
373:
366:
364:
357:
355:
346:
335:
303:
292:
286:
265:Late Pleistocene
196:
191:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
97:
88:
87:
81:
69:
60:
59:
53:
36:
22:
18:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5608:
5592:
5576:
5560:
5542:
5521:
5503:
5487:
5459:
5375:Mackintosh 90/1
5295:Beginner's Luck
5259:
5238:
5054:Dutchess Quarry
4994:Arnold Research
4982:
4966:
4925:
4869:
4853:
4837:
4819:
4778:
4737:
4716:
4695:
4649:
4645:Midnight Terror
4623:
4607:
4587:
4562:
4546:
4525:
4509:
4483:
4312:
4286:
4270:
4249:
4233:
4224:Kelif el Boroud
4187:
4166:
4150:
4129:
4108:
4092:
4076:
4055:
4035:
4014:
3993:
3972:
3946:
3934:
3908:
3877:
3841:
3823:
3807:
3791:
3775:
3759:
3713:
3692:
3676:
3625:
3544:
3523:
3467:
3436:
3390:
3374:
3348:
3287:
3271:
3225:
3209:
3189:
3168:
3067:
3051:
3030:
2929:los Murciélagos
2877:Roca dels Moros
2773:
2742:
2716:
2685:
2656:Chertovy Vorota
2639:
2608:
2557:
2536:
2520:
2508:North Macedonia
2502:
2486:
2470:
2454:
2436:
2373:
2352:
2291:
2263:
2187:
1950:Abri du Poisson
1915:Les Combarelles
1863:
1847:
1806:
1790:
1749:
1713:
1692:
1688:Trou de l'Abîme
1637:
1597:
1584:
1561:
1555:
1525:
1494:
1490:
1435:
1431:
1386:(7079): 931–5.
1376:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1321:(6846): 534–8.
1311:
1307:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1256:Nature Genetics
1252:
1248:
1194:
1187:
1132:
1128:
1097:
1088:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1000:
996:
986:
982:
969:
960:
951:
949:
939:
930:
921:
917:
913:
896:
838:
771:
721:
571:
542:
484:and an extinct
447:
446:
445:
443:
435:
434:
433:
432:
428:"East-Eurasian"
427:
425:
423:
421:
416:
414:
412:
407:
405:
403:
398:
396:
394:
389:
387:
385:
380:
378:
376:
371:
369:
367:
362:
360:
358:
353:
351:
347:
321:bone segments.
318:
284:Peștera cu Oase
249:
189:
186:Peștera cu Oase
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
61:
39:
27:
26:Peștera cu Oase
17:
12:
11:
5:
5707:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5290:Beeton Shelter
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5260:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4962:T'uqu T'uquyuq
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4464:Pinnacle Point
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4266:The White Lady
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3787:Khoit Tsenkher
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Creswell Crags
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Aveline's Hole
3075:
3073:
3072:United Kingdom
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3021:Santa Catalina
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2816:Monte Castillo
2813:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Hadži-Prodan's
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1934:Laugerie-Haute
1932:
1930:Laugerie-Basse
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1911:Abri Chadourne
1909:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1811:Czech Republic
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:Romuald's Cave
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:Cave paintings
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:cave paintings
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1488:
1429:
1370:
1305:
1261:
1246:
1185:
1126:
1107:(5): 183–195.
1086:
1021:
994:
980:
978::245 –253
958:
947:New York Times
928:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
895:
892:
837:
834:
770:
767:
763:Northern China
723:
722:
707:
705:
701:
700:
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
678:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
638:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:
583:
579:
578:
565:
564:
560:
559:
551:
550:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
534:
524:
497:Ust'-Ishim man
478:
475:Basal Eurasian
466:
449:
448:
437:
436:
349:
348:
341:
340:
339:
338:
326:archaic humans
317:
314:
275:human mandible
270:Ursus spelaeus
248:
245:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
166:
165:
158:45.017; 21.833
133:
129:
128:
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
92:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:
73:
64:
55:
54:
48:
47:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5706:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Cave painting
5631:
5629:
5628:List of caves
5626:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5509:New Caledonia
5506:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:New Guinea II
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Mannalargenna
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:On Your Knees
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:Hidden Valley
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:United States
4985:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Guilá Naquitz
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Dzibilchaltún
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Pedra Pintada
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:South America
4582:
4577:
4573:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Klasies River
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Byneskranskop
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Ifri Oudadane
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4183:Uan Muhuggiag
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Batadombalena
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Ras Baalbek I
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Nahal Me'arot
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3165:
3164:Windmill Hill
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Heathery Burn
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Tito Bustillo
2842:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:Las Chimeneas
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Akhshtyrskaya
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Pego do Diabo
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Arene Candide
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Devil's Tower
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
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2077:
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2064:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Pair-non-Pair
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Le Mas-d'Azil
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Arcy-sur-Cure
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
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1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Font-de-Gaume
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:Abri Castanet
1892:
1891:
1890:Castel Merle
1889:
1887:
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984:
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919:
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888:
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877:
873:
871:
867:
866:Arcy-sur-Cure
863:
859:
853:
851:
846:
843:
833:
831:
830:Erik Trinkaus
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
766:
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664:
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557:
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547:
544:
532:
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522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Haplogroup NO
498:
494:
490:
489:
487:
483:
479:
476:
471:
467:
464:
460:
459:introgression
456:
455:
454:
430:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
345:
337:
336:
333:
331:
327:
322:
313:
311:
307:
299:
294:
291:
290:Ion din Anina
285:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:speleological
244:
242:
239:had a recent
238:
235:
230:
228:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:Caraș-Severin
204:
200:
195:
187:
179:
176:
172:
167:
162:
134:
130:
127:
123:
122:Caraș-Severin
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
80:
52:
42:
35:
30:
23:
5440:Wargata Mina
5400:Murrawijinie
5335:Eagles Reach
5330:Devil's Lair
5234:Wilson Butte
5019:Cherry Creek
5009:Bull Thistle
4754:Chiribiquete
4712:Charlie Lake
4640:Barton Creek
4454:Melkhoutboom
4394:Sterkfontein
4384:Plovers Lake
4317:South Africa
4219:Jebel Irhoud
4204:Ifri N'Ammar
3939:Turkmenistan
3904:Hunugalagala
3688:Iraq ed-Dubb
3453:Jeriji Saléh
3114:High Pasture
2671:Shulgan-Tash
2634:
2594:Pedra Furada
2415:
2254:Lichtenstein
2244:Brillenhöhle
2173:Le Regourdou
2133:La Ferrassie
2128:Combe Grenal
2071:Trois Frères
2006:Fontéchevade
1959:La Madeleine
1613:Drachenhöhle
1501:
1497:
1491:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1359:cite journal
1318:
1314:
1308:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1206:
1202:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1010:. Genome Web
1007:
997:
989:
983:
975:
971:
950:. Retrieved
946:
923:
918:
883:
878:
874:
858:Vindija Cave
854:
847:
839:
826:
816:and ancient
772:
759:Tianyuan man
744:
741:
737:
733:petrous bone
726:
715:
709:
708:
696:
642:Infraorder:
543:
461:found in an
452:
328:, including
323:
319:
295:
279:paleosurface
268:
250:
231:
219:
185:
184:
38:Oase 2 skull
5526:New Zealand
5350:Gwion Gwion
5219:Trail Creek
5144:Meadowcroft
5104:Last Supper
5034:Daugherty's
4896:Las Flechas
4681:Rei do Mato
4405:Other caves
4389:Rising Star
4364:Makapansgat
4329:Bolt's Farm
4146:Njoro River
3989:Teshik-Tash
3984:Obi-Rakhmat
3968:Yarımburgaz
3868:Lapuz Lapuz
3846:Philippines
3755:Nachcharini
3750:Ras El Kelb
3709:Tam Pa Ling
3704:Tham An Mah
3586:Nahal Hemar
3334:Zhoukoudian
3309:Guanyindong
3283:Laang Spean
3205:Darra-e Kur
3198:Afghanistan
3144:Portbraddon
3134:Marble Arch
3047:Wildkirchli
3035:Switzerland
2971:Other caves
2944:Ojo Guareña
2924:Maltravieso
2919:Los Casares
2894:Siega Verde
2859:Los Aviones
2854:Santimamiñe
2828:Las Monedas
2821:El Castillo
2728:Čertova pec
2676:Mezmaiskaya
2584:Lagar Velho
2516:Cocev Kamen
2395:Balzi Rossi
2235:Other caves
2224:Sirgenstein
2153:Le Moustier
2143:Fontbrégoua
2103:Bonne-Femme
2083:Other caves
1802:Aetokremnos
1745:Utroba Cave
1651:Claminforge
1648:Belle-Roche
1504:: 207–230.
806:radiocarbon
662:Subfamily:
646:Simiiformes
330:Neanderthal
296:The latest
267:cave bear (
241:Neanderthal
178:Paleolithic
156: /
132:Coordinates
5653:Categories
5638:Speleology
5455:Wellington
5410:Naracoorte
5395:Mudgegonga
5380:Madjedbebe
5345:Gabarnmung
5285:Ballawinne
5275:Abrakurrie
5174:Pictograph
4952:Qillqatani
4947:Pikimachay
4942:Guitarrero
4937:Chivateros
4916:Oxtotitlán
4769:Tequendama
4479:Wonderwerk
4459:Nelson Bay
4439:Elands Bay
4399:Swartkrans
4344:Gladysvale
4291:Somaliland
4238:Mozambique
4178:Haua Fteah
3977:Uzbekistan
3642:Minatogawa
3637:Kosegasawa
3591:Nahal Oren
3535:Hazar Merd
3504:Qaleh Bozi
3489:Do-Ashkaft
3386:Satsurblia
3353:East Timor
3230:Azerbaijan
3119:Kendrick's
3084:Bontnewydd
3006:Don Gaspar
2959:Praileaitz
2914:Las Caldas
2832:La Pasiega
2759:Divje Babe
2681:Okladnikov
2666:Ignatievka
2589:Pala Pinta
2498:Għar Dalam
2475:Luxembourg
2450:St Brelade
2432:Villabruna
2343:Stravomyti
2333:Megalakkos
2318:Eileithyia
2303:Alepotrypa
2214:Hohle Fels
2100:Balauzière
2056:Pech Merle
1964:Rouffignac
1938:La Micoque
1920:Cro-Magnon
1879:Bara Bahau
1823:Býčí skála
1771:Vela Spila
1730:Devetashka
1725:Bacho Kiro
1284:(Thesis).
952:2012-04-19
911:References
775:Speleology
717:H. sapiens
682:Subtribe:
636:Haplorhini
632:Suborder:
470:East Asian
408:Bacho Kiro
390:Ust'-Ishim
332:features.
306:Iron Gates
5689:Cave bear
5604:Nanumanga
5588:Falemauga
5499:Makauwahi
5268:Australia
5224:Trinchera
5099:La Grange
5069:Gatecliff
5064:Franktown
5059:Fort Rock
5039:Dry Creek
4957:Toquepala
4921:Sac Actun
4911:Ox Bel Ha
4901:Frightful
4886:Coxcatlan
4865:Long Mile
4619:Quadiriki
4596:Argentina
4434:Diepkloof
4419:Boomplaas
4374:Minnaar's
4359:Kromdraai
4308:Laas Geel
4303:Dhaymoole
4298:Dhambalin
4261:Apollo 11
4162:Liphofung
4088:Shum Laka
4051:Gueldaman
4005:Con Moong
3882:Sri Lanka
3829:Palestine
3803:Padah-Lin
3740:Ksar Akil
3672:Yamashita
3657:Pinza-Abu
3463:Pettakere
3458:Liang Bua
3441:Indonesia
3427:Pahargarh
3412:Bhimbetka
3370:Lene Hara
3360:Jerimalai
3339:Zengpiyan
3329:Yuchanyan
3129:Long Hole
3026:del Valle
3001:dels Bous
2954:la Pileta
2889:Atapuerca
2804:Covalanas
2702:Pešturina
2630:Muierilor
2620:Coliboaia
2532:Svarthola
2348:Theopetra
2338:Petralona
2323:Franchthi
2313:Asphendou
2269:Gibraltar
2239:Baumann's
2229:Vogelherd
2204:Bockstein
2183:Vallonnet
2178:Rochereil
2168:Raymonden
2158:Noisetier
2110:Bruniquel
2031:Marsoulas
2021:Lombrives
2016:La Marche
1942:La Mouthe
1908:Abri Audi
1886:Cap Blanc
1828:Koněprusy
1818:Amatérská
1786:Veternica
1735:Kozarnika
1709:Ledenjača
1633:Tischofer
1623:Lurgrotte
1408:0028-0836
1335:0028-0836
1063:0028-0836
704:Species:
666:Homininae
656:Hominidae
592:Kingdom:
586:Eukaryota
381:Zlatý kůň
205:, in the
5445:Warratyi
5430:Tarragal
5420:Nunamira
5405:Murujuga
5370:Kutikina
5365:Koonalda
5360:Koongine
5320:Cliefden
5315:Cave Bay
5214:Tomaquag
5199:Sisyphus
5129:Mantle's
5119:Lovelock
5114:LoDaisKa
5094:Humboldt
4978:Werehpai
4971:Suriname
4881:Chan Hol
4800:Centella
4790:Ambrosio
4742:Colombia
4707:Bluefish
4551:Zimbabwe
4488:Tanzania
4474:Stadsaal
4379:Motsetsi
4349:Gondolin
4339:Drimolen
4334:Cooper's
4229:Taforalt
4199:Hercules
4125:Swimmers
4097:DR Congo
4081:Cameroon
4060:Botswana
3930:Tham Lod
3920:Pha Taem
3913:Thailand
3894:Belilena
3812:Pakistan
3780:Mongolia
3764:Malaysia
3725:Antelias
3667:Tobayama
3621:Zuttiyeh
3540:Shanidar
3402:Ambadevi
3319:Tianyuan
3299:Baishiya
3276:Cambodia
3016:El Mirón
3011:Guanches
2986:Armintxe
2904:Bacinete
2849:Altxerri
2838:El Pendo
2808:La Garma
2790:Altamira
2747:Slovenia
2738:Jasovská
2721:Slovakia
2707:Risovača
2661:Denisova
2625:Cuciulat
2579:Furninha
2574:Escoural
2562:Portugal
2553:Paradise
2548:Obłazowa
2482:Loschbur
2422:Paglicci
2405:Corbeddu
2287:Vanguard
2282:Gorham's
2163:La Quina
2106:Bouillon
2093:Aurignac
1897:Reverdit
1882:Bernifal
1761:Grapčeva
1718:Bulgaria
1678:Scladina
1665:Naulette
1628:Salzofen
1483:17085588
1416:16495989
1343:11484052
1303:license.
1241:26098372
1180:14504393
1121:18565967
1081:26098372
894:See also
850:Holocene
729:coverage
686:Hominina
676:Hominini
652:Family:
626:Primates
616:Mammalia
606:Chordata
602:Phylum:
596:Animalia
582:Domain:
513:subclade
417:Tianyuan
363:Kostenki
247:The cave
106:Location
5556:Chugai'
5538:Ruakuri
5473:Gadao's
5450:Warreen
5385:Mammoth
5355:Jenolan
5300:Blanche
5280:Acheron
5257:Oceania
5229:Ventana
5209:Tainter
5184:Russell
5169:Pendejo
5164:Paisley
5124:Mammoth
5044:Durango
5004:Bonfire
4858:Jamaica
4825:Curaçao
4764:Sáchica
4749:El Abra
4733:Milodón
4676:Peruaçu
4666:Maquiné
4558:Bambata
4537:Kalemba
4409:Blombos
4354:Haasgat
4275:Nigeria
4254:Namibia
4192:Morocco
4155:Lesotho
4067:Tsodilo
4044:Algeria
3998:Vietnam
3958:Belbaşı
3944:Dzhebel
3899:Fa Hien
3858:Kalanay
3819:Sanghao
3796:Myanmar
3735:Kaukaba
3718:Lebanon
3606:Raqefet
3576:Misliya
3561:HaYonim
3509:Warwasi
3484:Darband
3479:Bisitun
3448:Harimau
3422:Gudiyam
3417:Edakkal
3379:Georgia
3324:Xianren
3252:Damjili
3247:Buzeyir
3221:Areni-1
3214:Armenia
3139:Oldbury
3104:Gough's
3089:Cathole
3063:Verteba
3056:Ukraine
2613:Romania
2604:Salemas
2569:Aroeira
2400:Cavallo
2385:Addaura
2364:Baradla
2357:Hungary
2308:Apidima
2192:Germany
2148:Lazaret
2076:Villars
1996:Cosquer
1976:Chauvet
1954:Lascaux
1852:Finland
1776:Vindija
1766:Krapina
1754:Croatia
1674:Ramioul
1642:Belgium
1618:Gudenus
1606:Austria
1518:9039428
1474:1859909
1451:Bibcode
1424:4416359
1388:Bibcode
1351:4394515
1232:4537386
1211:Bibcode
1148:Bibcode
1072:4537386
1043:Bibcode
862:Croatia
692:Genus:
672:Tribe:
622:Order:
612:Class:
549:Oase 2
308:in the
277:on the
211:Romania
199:karstic
174:Periods
169:History
144:21°50′E
141:45°01′N
126:Romania
5597:Tuvalu
5533:Moncks
5517:Pindai
5492:Hawaii
5483:Talagi
5478:Mahlac
5340:Fossil
5325:Cloggs
5310:Burrup
5189:Sandia
5134:Marmes
5079:Hidden
5074:Graham
5029:Danger
5014:Burnet
4874:Mexico
4849:Pomier
4810:Patana
4795:Calero
4774:Tibitó
4700:Canada
4661:Gentio
4654:Brazil
4628:Belize
4542:Mumbwa
4530:Zambia
4514:Uganda
4495:Kondoa
4469:Sibudu
4414:Border
4369:Malapa
4245:Ngalue
4120:Beasts
4104:Matupi
4033:Africa
3963:Karain
3951:Turkey
3925:Spirit
3863:Minori
3853:Callao
3837:Shuqba
3681:Jordan
3652:Ōzakai
3647:Muroya
3596:Qafzeh
3566:Kebara
3549:Israel
3519:Yafteh
3514:Wezmeh
3344:Zhiren
3257:Tağlar
3159:Thor's
3094:Coygan
3042:Bichon
2996:Bedmar
2964:Sidrón
2800:Chufín
2733:Domica
2690:Serbia
2644:Russia
2541:Poland
2525:Norway
2459:Kosovo
2442:Jersey
2427:Romito
2369:Szelim
2328:Kleidi
2296:Greece
2001:Cussac
1991:Gargas
1946:Pataud
1868:France
1838:Mladeč
1795:Cyprus
1740:Magura
1704:Badanj
1697:Bosnia
1595:Europe
1516:
1481:
1471:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1380:Nature
1349:
1341:
1333:
1315:Nature
1239:
1229:
1203:Nature
1178:
1171:208740
1168:
1119:
1079:
1069:
1061:
1035:Nature
924:Nature
870:France
747:Asians
540:Oase 2
505:Telugu
372:Sungir
316:Oase 1
237:fossil
234:Oase 1
227:Mladeč
118:Region
5581:Samoa
5435:Ubirr
5425:ORS 7
5194:Shoup
5154:Mummy
5149:Modoc
5139:Martz
5089:Hogup
4999:Baker
4815:Pluma
4721:Chile
4686:Santo
4612:Aruba
4581:North
4521:Nyero
4505:Mumba
4429:Cango
4171:Libya
4134:Kenya
4113:Egypt
4010:Ngườm
3873:Tabon
3730:Jeita
3630:Japan
3616:Tabun
3611:Skhul
3601:Qesem
3571:Manot
3432:Tikla
3407:Belum
3395:India
3365:Laili
3314:Luobi
3304:Fuyan
3292:China
3267:Gazma
3242:Azykh
3237:Allar
3124:Kents
2991:Axlor
2981:Antón
2976:Ángel
2934:Nerja
2872:Araña
2778:Spain
2769:Potok
2764:Pekel
2754:Betal
2491:Malta
2416:Felci
2378:Italy
2259:Ofnet
2119:Cauna
2115:Calès
2088:Arago
2066:Renne
2046:Niaux
1843:Šipka
1833:Kůlna
1660:Goyet
1655:Engis
1514:S2CID
1420:S2CID
1347:S2CID
1274:(PDF)
1117:S2CID
1014:9 May
887:mtDNA
761:from
509:Malay
354:Goyet
261:Anina
259:near
203:Anina
111:Anina
109:near
5624:Cave
5572:Kilu
5465:Guam
5305:Bone
5109:Levi
5049:Dust
4930:Peru
4833:Hato
4805:Cura
4783:Cuba
4728:Fell
4583:and
4500:Bahi
3771:Niah
3697:Laos
3556:Amud
3528:Iraq
3472:Iran
3187:Asia
3154:Sand
2939:Niño
2635:Oase
2410:Deer
2138:Fées
1859:Wolf
1479:PMID
1443:PNAS
1412:PMID
1404:ISSN
1365:link
1339:PMID
1331:ISSN
1237:PMID
1176:PMID
1140:PNAS
1077:PMID
1059:ISSN
1016:2015
842:aDNA
785:and
749:and
697:Homo
507:and
493:K2a*
399:Oase
113:city
4282:Rop
3262:Zar
2097:Azé
1683:Spy
1506:doi
1469:PMC
1459:doi
1447:103
1396:doi
1384:439
1323:doi
1319:412
1286:doi
1227:PMC
1219:doi
1207:524
1166:PMC
1156:doi
1144:100
1109:doi
1067:PMC
1051:doi
1039:524
818:DNA
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