110:(rate of change of speed) of these movements, while peak ground velocity is the greatest speed (rate of movement) reached by the ground, and peak displacement is the distance moved. These values vary in different earthquakes, and in differing sites within one earthquake event, depending on a number of factors. These include the length of the fault, magnitude, the depth of the quake, the distance from the epicentre, the duration (length of the shake cycle), and the geology of the ground (subsurface). Shallow-focused earthquakes generate stronger shaking (acceleration) than intermediate and deep quakes, since the energy is released closer to the surface.
89:
maps. In an earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of which PGA is a measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself. For moderate earthquakes, PGA is a reasonably good determinant of damage; in severe earthquakes, damage is more often
42:
at a site during a particular earthquake. Earthquake shaking generally occurs in all three directions. Therefore, PGA is often split into the horizontal and vertical components. Horizontal PGAs are generally larger than those in the vertical direction but this is not always true, especially close to
150:
During an earthquake, ground acceleration is measured in three directions: vertically (V or UD, for up-down) and two perpendicular horizontal directions (H1 and H2), often north–south (NS) and east–west (EW). The peak acceleration in each of these directions is recorded, with the highest individual
1815:
142:
The ground type can significantly influence ground acceleration, so PGA values can display extreme variability over distances of a few kilometers, particularly with moderate to large earthquakes. The varying PGA results from an earthquake can be displayed on a
221:, based on eyewitness reports, felt shaking, and observed damage. There is correlation between these scales, but not always absolute agreement since experiences and damage can be affected by many other factors, including the quality of earthquake engineering.
1819:
1754:
147:. Due to the complex conditions affecting PGA, earthquakes of similar magnitude can offer disparate results, with many moderate magnitude earthquakes generating significantly larger PGA values than larger magnitude quakes.
151:
value often reported. Alternatively, a combined value for a given station can be noted. The peak horizontal ground acceleration (PHA or PHGA) can be reached by selecting the higher individual recording, taking the
2234:
Campbell, K.W. (1997). "Empirical near-source attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra".
81:
The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration in engineering applications. It is often used within earthquake engineering (including seismic
1870:
1765:
2300:
Wald, D.J.; V. Quitoriano; T.H. Heaton; H. Kanamori (1999). "Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and modified
Mercalli intensity in California".
1840:
162:
In seismic engineering, the effective peak acceleration (EPA, the maximum ground acceleration to which a building responds) is often used, which tends to be ⅔ – ¾ the PGA.
1446:
1064:"Earthquake ground motion estimation using strong-motion records: a review of equations for the estimation of peak ground acceleration and response spectral ordinates"
2266:"Updated near-source ground-motion (attenuation) relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra"
1549:
1299:
1159:
1957:
1063:
1038:
473:
1606:
1493:
1878:
1329:
1128:
259:
developed an
Instrumental Intensity scale, which maps peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity on an intensity scale similar to the felt
2064:
1239:
2197:
Murphy, J.R.; o'brien (1977). "The correlation of peak ground acceleration amplitude with seismic intensity and other physical parameters".
1359:
1632:
78:. It can be correlated to macroseismic intensities on the Mercalli scale but these correlations are associated with large uncertainty.
1900:
1848:
1161:"Best Practices" for Using Macroseismic Intensity and Ground Motion Intensity Conversion Equations for Hazard and Loss Models in GEM1
106:, causing ground movement omnidirectionally but typically modelled horizontally (in two directions) and vertically. PGA records the
1210:
662:
1581:
1497:
159:
of the two components. A three-component value can also be reached, by taking the vertical component into consideration also.
2165:
1992:
1527:
190:
for buildings in each zone, with key identified structures (such as hospitals, bridges, power plants) needing to survive the
638:
1106:
1645:
201:(PGV) and the duration of the earthquake – the longer high-level shaking persists, the greater the likelihood of damage.
854:
2118:
1556:
489:
2135:
1931:
1307:
1172:
758:
74:
uses personal reports and observations to measure earthquake intensity but PGA is measured by instruments, such as
2351:
2034:
1530:[About strong ground motion caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake]. Kyoshin Bosai
256:
1965:
70:(magnitude, or size) of an earthquake, but rather of how much the earth shakes at a given geographic point. The
686:
170:
Study of geographic areas combined with an assessment of historical earthquakes allows geologists to determine
1610:
191:
1677:"Spatially Dense Velocity Structure Exploration in the Source Region of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake"
830:
782:
1762:
Third
International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics
1337:
1136:
1790:
1472:
Center for
Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology CEDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group (FDA)
947:
558:
995:
878:
806:
734:
67:
2265:
2075:
179:
2110:
1247:
1197:
902:
586:
260:
71:
1367:
1168:
59:
1728:
1389:
Goto, Hiroyuki; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Young, John; Avery, Hamish; Damiano, Len (4 February 2019).
1019:
522:
63:
44:
1676:
178:, which show the likely PGA values to be experienced in a region during an earthquake, with a
2356:
1650:
1043:
1033:
971:
926:
246:(5 m/s) – very high; well-designed buildings can survive if the duration is short.
115:
2309:
2280:
2244:
2206:
1402:
1078:
710:
610:
476:, the highest intensity, Shindo 7, covers accelerations greater than 4 m/s (0.41
198:
91:
1475:
43:
large earthquakes. PGA is an important parameter (also known as an intensity measure) for
8:
2346:
183:
2313:
2284:
2248:
2210:
2179:
1406:
1214:
1082:
2325:
2222:
1908:
1555:. National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention. Archived from
1423:
1390:
187:
175:
120:
2007:
1090:
2329:
2226:
2114:
1505:
1428:
1208:
39:
2317:
2288:
2252:
2214:
1418:
1410:
1273:
1086:
186:
and government planning departments use these values to determine the appropriate
2104:
1110:
263:. These values are used to create shake maps by seismologists around the world.
1414:
1103:
86:
1764:. Northeastern University College of Engineering. p. 1384. Archived from
2340:
2100:
1753:
Yegian, M.K.; Ghahraman; Gazetas, G.; Dakoulas, P.; Makris, N. (April 1995).
82:
75:
1755:"The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects"
1391:"Extreme Accelerations During Earthquakes Caused by Elastic Flapping Effect"
2256:
2218:
1432:
171:
107:
27:
214:
1479:
2299:
2292:
2103:; Martin, J. R.; Chameau, J. L. II (1994). "The geotechnical aspects".
1550:"2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake, Strong Ground Motion"
156:
132:
103:
31:
2321:
2178:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake,
2042:
1841:"Feb 22 2011 – Christchurch badly damaged by magnitude 6.3 earthquake"
1702:
144:
35:
2164:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFElnashaiJig_KimJin_YunSidarta2006 (
2008:"Why Worry? Japan's Nuclear Plants at Grave Risk From Quake Damage"
1607:"Archived copy of USGS Magnitude 7 and Greater Earthquakes in 2011"
1498:"March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results"
1129:"ShakeMap Scientific Background. Rapid Instrumental Intensity Maps"
124:
1901:"New Zealand Earthquake Report – Feb 22 2011 at 12:51 pm (NZDT)"
1816:"M 7.8 - Pazarcik earthquake, Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence"
204:
1752:
1635:[Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake]
16:
Maximum ground acceleration during an earthquake at a location
2159:
1447:"M 9.5 - 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)"
1209:
European
Facilities for Earthquake Hazard & Risk (2013).
2041:. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Archived from
1794:
1732:
1585:
1450:
152:
1491:
496:
are classed as "Zone 5", or "Very High Damage Risk Zone".
113:
Peak ground acceleration can be expressed in fractions of
2136:"New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings"
2065:"The Mw7.2 15 October 2013 Bohol, Philippines Earthquake"
2032:
1330:"ShakeMap scientific background. Peak acceleration maps"
1582:"M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan - Origin"
1300:"Magnitude 6.6 – Near the west coast of Honshu, Japan"
250:
2181:
The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1
1633:"平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）"
135:, where 1 Gal is equal to 0.01 m/s (1
127:) as either a decimal or percentage; in m/s (1
2263:
2005:
1683:. Seismological Society of America. pp. 597–604
1388:
38:
of the largest absolute acceleration recorded on an
2099:
1039:
474:
209:Peak ground acceleration provides a measurement of
1123:
1121:
1119:
492:, areas with expected PGA values higher than 0.36
2196:
2106:Practical lessons from the Loma Prieta earthquake
1991:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCloudHudson1975 (
1958:"M 7.1, Darfield (Canterbury), September 4, 2010"
1211:"The 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM13)"
102:Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the
2338:
2273:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2199:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2035:"EERI PERW 2021 – Part 1: Aegean Sea Earthquake"
239:(0.2 m/s) – people lose their balance
131: = 9.81 m/s); or in multiples of
2134:Lin, Rong-Gong; Allen, Sam (26 February 2011).
1907:. GNS Science. 22 February 2011. Archived from
1847:. GNS Science. 23 February 2011. Archived from
1783:
1675:Masumi Yamada; et al. (July–August 2010).
1599:
1476:www.cedim.kit.edu/download/FDA_EQ_Japan2024.pdf
1116:
165:
1322:
1674:
1520:
1271:
483:
205:Comparison of instrumental and felt intensity
1986:
1721:
1681:Seismological Research Letters v. 81; no. 4
1234:
1232:
34:shaking at a location. PGA is equal to the
1439:
2127:
1574:
1422:
1366:. U. S. Geological Survey. Archived from
1336:. U. S. Geological Survey. Archived from
1280:. National Institute of Building Sciences
1135:. U. S. Geological Survey. Archived from
467:
66:scales, it is not a measure of the total
2233:
2133:
1893:
1833:
1267:
1265:
1246:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
1229:
2026:
2006:Katsuhiko, Ishibashi (11 August 2001).
1923:
1352:
1061:
232:(0.01 m/s) – perceptible by people
197:Damage to buildings is related to both
2339:
1929:
1746:
499:
213:, that is, ground shaking recorded by
2264:Campbell, K.W.; Y. Bozorgnia (2003).
1932:"Technically it's just an aftershock"
1480:https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000166937
1262:
783:February 2011 Christchurch earthquake
49:design basis earthquake ground motion
1306:. USGS. 16 July 2001. Archived from
1104:Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes
663:2008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku earthquake
155:of the two values, or calculating a
55:) is often defined in terms of PGA.
1930:Carter, Hamish (24 February 2011).
1646:Fire and Disaster Management Agency
1157:
251:Correlation with the Mercalli scale
13:
639:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
119:(the standard acceleration due to
14:
2368:
2184:, National Academies, 1968 p. 285
2033:Mauricio Morales; Oguz C. Celik.
1729:"M 7.7 - 21 km S of Puli, Taiwan"
217:. Other intensity scales measure
26:) is equal to the maximum ground
1360:"ShakeMap Scientific Background"
855:2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake
85:) and it is commonly plotted on
2190:
2172:
2153:
2093:
2057:
1999:
1980:
1950:
1863:
1808:
1791:"M 6.7 - 1km NNW of Reseda, CA"
1695:
1668:
1625:
1542:
1502:United States Geological Survey
1485:
1464:
1382:
1244:Geologic Hazards Science Center
257:United States Geological Survey
2237:Seismological Research Letters
1528:"平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震による強震動"
1292:
1272:Lorant, Gabor (17 June 2010).
1202:
1190:
1151:
1097:
1055:
687:2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
1:
1964:. GNS Science. Archived from
1877:. GNS Science. Archived from
1158:Cua, G.; et al. (2010).
1091:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00112-5
1049:
903:1995 Great Hanshin earthquake
192:maximum considered earthquake
97:
759:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
460:
457:
452:
446:
443:
438:
435:
430:
425:
422:
417:
414:
409:
404:
401:
396:
393:
388:
383:
380:
375:
372:
367:
362:
359:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
286:
283:
278:
273:
268:
166:Seismic risk and engineering
139: = 981 Gal).
7:
1278:Whole Building Design Guide
1274:"Seismic Design Principles"
1240:"Explanation of Parameters"
1027:
948:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
10:
2373:
1415:10.1038/s41598-018-37716-y
1364:Earthquake Hazards Program
1334:Earthquake Hazards Program
1133:Earthquake Hazards Program
996:2006 Yogyakarta earthquake
879:2020 Aegean Sea earthquake
807:2010 Canterbury earthquake
735:1994 Northridge earthquake
484:PGA hazard risks worldwide
1470:Schäfer, Andreas, et al.
1062:Douglas, J (2003-04-01).
180:probability of exceedance
2111:National Academies Press
1703:"【速報】揺れの最大加速度、東日本大震災に匹敵"
1665:Page 31 of the PDF file.
1198:Seismic magnitude scales
1113:, accessed 8 April 2011.
587:1960 Valdivia earthquake
559:2016 Kaikōura earthquake
72:Mercalli intensity scale
20:Peak ground acceleration
1987:Cloud & Hudson 1975
1482:. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
1213:. EFEHR. Archived from
1169:Global Earthquake Model
516:vector sum (H1, H2, V)
2352:Earthquake engineering
2257:10.1785/gssrl.68.1.154
2219:10.1785/BSSA0670030877
2014:. Asia Pacific Journal
1020:1964 Alaska earthquake
831:1971 Sylmar earthquake
468:Other intensity scales
211:instrumental intensity
45:earthquake engineering
1649:]. Archived from
1071:Earth-Science Reviews
1044:Spectral acceleration
1034:Earthquake simulation
972:2010 Haiti earthquake
927:2013 Bohol earthquake
30:that occurred during
2160:Elnashai et al. 2006
711:1999 Jiji earthquake
611:2024 Noto earthquake
224:Generally speaking,
199:peak ground velocity
92:peak ground velocity
2314:1999EarSp..15..557W
2285:2003BuSSA..93..314C
2249:1997SeiRL..68..154C
2211:1977BuSSA..67..877M
1989:, pp. 278, 287
1911:on 25 February 2011
1871:"PGA intensity map"
1407:2019NatSR...9.1117G
1217:on 27 December 2015
1178:on 27 December 2015
1083:2003ESRv...61...43D
500:Notable earthquakes
312:0.000464 – 0.00297
215:seismic instruments
176:seismic hazard maps
2302:Earthquake Spectra
2293:10.1785/0120020029
2113:. pp. 29–46.
2081:on 13 October 2022
2072:Emi-megacities.org
1936:New Zealand Herald
1395:Scientific Reports
1304:Earthquake summary
1109:2009-07-22 at the
418:Moderate to heavy
284:Perceived shaking
188:earthquake loading
2322:10.1193/1.1586058
2140:Los Angeles Times
1496:(17 March 2011).
1025:
1024:
509:single direction
465:
464:
329:0.00297 – 0.0276
287:Potential damage
184:Seismic engineers
2364:
2333:
2296:
2270:
2260:
2230:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2074:. Archived from
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:. 2 January 2024
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1613:on 13 April 2016
1609:. Archived from
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:on 24 March 2011
1561:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:on 24 March 2011
1504:. Archived from
1489:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1310:on 14 March 2011
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1171:. Archived from
1166:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1125:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1068:
1059:
968:100,000–316,000
504:
503:
266:
265:
242:0.50
235:0.02
123:, equivalent to
90:correlated with
64:moment magnitude
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2337:
2336:
2268:
2193:
2188:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2045:on 27 June 2022
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1968:on 2 March 2011
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1851:on 4 March 2011
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1494:Volkan Sevilgen
1490:
1486:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1370:on 23 June 2011
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1340:on 23 June 2011
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1250:on 21 July 2011
1238:
1237:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1139:on 23 June 2011
1127:
1126:
1117:
1111:Wayback Machine
1102:
1098:
1077:(1–2): 43–104.
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1030:
526:
518:(max recorded)
517:
515:
511:(max recorded)
510:
508:
502:
486:
472:In the 7-class
470:
346:0.0276 – 0.115
280:
275:
270:
253:
207:
168:
121:Earth's gravity
100:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2297:
2279:(1): 314–331.
2261:
2243:(1): 154–179.
2231:
2205:(3): 877–915.
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2171:
2152:
2126:
2120:978-0309050302
2119:
2092:
2056:
2025:
1998:
1979:
1949:
1938:. APN Holdings
1922:
1892:
1881:on 31 May 2012
1862:
1832:
1807:
1782:
1745:
1720:
1694:
1667:
1624:
1598:
1573:
1541:
1519:
1484:
1463:
1438:
1381:
1351:
1321:
1291:
1261:
1228:
1201:
1189:
1150:
1115:
1096:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
999:
998:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:
975:
974:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
951:
950:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
930:
929:
924:
921:
918:
915:
913:
906:
905:
900:
897:
894:
891:
889:
882:
881:
876:
873:
870:
867:
865:
858:
857:
852:
849:
846:
843:
841:
834:
833:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
810:
809:
804:
801:
798:
795:
793:
786:
785:
780:
777:
774:
771:
769:
762:
761:
756:
753:
750:
747:
745:
738:
737:
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:
714:
713:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
690:
689:
684:
681:
678:
675:
669:
666:
665:
660:
657:
654:
651:
645:
642:
641:
636:
633:
630:
627:
621:
614:
613:
608:
605:
602:
599:
597:
590:
589:
584:
581:
578:
575:
569:
562:
561:
556:
553:
550:
547:
545:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
519:
512:
501:
498:
485:
482:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
451:
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
429:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
408:
403:
399:
398:
395:
392:
387:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
366:
361:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:< 0.000464
293:
289:
288:
285:
282:
277:
272:
261:Mercalli scale
252:
249:
248:
247:
240:
233:
219:felt intensity
206:
203:
174:and to create
167:
164:
99:
96:
87:seismic hazard
83:building codes
76:accelerographs
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2369:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:Clough, G. W.
2096:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1822:on 2023-03-02
1821:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1771:on 6 May 2013
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1656:on 2022-08-27
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1529:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:Erol Kalkan;
1488:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:
981:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:
912:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
896:17.6 km
895:
892:
890:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
872:16.1 km
871:
868:
866:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
842:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
818:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
794:
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
768:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
746:
744:
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
720:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
698:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
670:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
650:
646:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
626:
622:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
598:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
546:
544:
540:
539:
535:
532:
529:
527:
520:
513:
506:
505:
497:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
455:
450:
442:
433:
428:
421:
412:
407:
406:0.401 – 0.747
400:
391:
386:
385:0.215 – 0.401
379:
370:
365:
364:0.115 – 0.215
358:
341:
324:
315:0.135 – 1.41
307:
290:
267:
264:
262:
258:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
226:
225:
222:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
163:
160:
158:
154:
148:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:
111:
109:
105:
95:
93:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2357:Acceleration
2305:
2301:
2276:
2272:
2240:
2236:
2202:
2198:
2191:Bibliography
2180:
2174:
2162:, p. 18
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2129:
2105:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2071:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2039:slc.eeri.org
2038:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2011:
2001:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:the original
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1935:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:the original
1904:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1844:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1761:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1644:
1641:総務省消防庁災害対策本部
1640:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1557:the original
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1487:
1471:
1466:
1456:21 September
1454:. Retrieved
1441:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1363:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1333:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1303:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1277:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1243:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1204:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1160:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1132:
1099:
1074:
1070:
1057:
1003:
979:
955:
910:
899:5,502–6,434
886:
862:
838:
814:
790:
766:
742:
718:
694:
672:
648:
624:
618:
594:
572:
566:
542:
493:
487:
477:
471:
453:
448:
431:
427:0.747 – 1.39
426:
410:
405:
394:Very strong
389:
384:
368:
363:
349:4.65 – 9.64
332:1.41 – 4.65
298:< 0.0215
274:Acceleration
269:Instrumental
254:
243:
236:
229:
223:
218:
210:
208:
196:
172:seismic risk
169:
161:
149:
141:
136:
128:
114:
112:
108:acceleration
101:
80:
57:
52:
48:
40:accelerogram
28:acceleration
23:
19:
18:
2145:27 February
2085:17 December
2012:Japan Focus
1942:24 February
1915:24 February
1885:24 February
1855:24 February
1800:10 November
1738:10 November
1617:8 September
1591:10 November
1534:10 November
1401:(1): 1117.
1221:11 November
1182:11 November
1013:25 km
989:15 km
965:13 km
941:19 km
920:12 km
824:8.4 km
752:10 km
680:10 km
536:Earthquake
533:Fatalities
461:Very heavy
411:41.4 – 85.8
355:Very light
228:0.001
58:Unlike the
2347:Seismology
2341:Categories
2308:(3): 557.
2049:12 October
1826:2023-04-07
1660:2022-09-23
1196:See also:
1050:References
848:10 km
800:10 km
728:18 km
632:30 km
583:1,000–6000
580:33 km
552:15 km
521:Magnitude
432:85.8 – 178
271:Intensity
157:vector sum
104:hypocentre
98:Geophysics
32:earthquake
2330:110698014
2227:129134843
1713:4 January
776:5 km
704:8 km
656:8 km
397:Moderate
390:20 – 41.4
369:9.64 – 20
352:Moderate
301:Not felt
145:shake map
36:amplitude
2018:15 March
1687:21 March
1566:18 March
1512:22 March
1474:. 2024,
1433:30718810
1374:22 March
1344:22 March
1314:15 March
1284:15 March
1254:22 March
1143:22 March
1107:Archived
1028:See also
458:Extreme
454:> 178
436:Violent
279:Velocity
2310:Bibcode
2281:Bibcode
2245:Bibcode
2207:Bibcode
1972:7 March
1775:7 April
1424:6361895
1403:Bibcode
1079:Bibcode
755:57,658
415:Severe
373:Strong
309:II–III
281:(cm/s)
194:(MCE).
125:g-force
60:Richter
2328:
2225:
2117:
1962:GeoNet
1905:Geonet
1875:Geonet
1845:Geonet
1707:47news
1431:
1421:
992:5,778
933:0.65
635:19,759
623:2.99
604:16 km
530:Depth
439:Heavy
376:Light
335:Light
182:(PE).
68:energy
47:, The
2326:S2CID
2269:(PDF)
2223:S2CID
2079:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
1769:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1643:[
1637:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1067:(PDF)
1002:0.18
978:0.34
885:0.91
861:0.98
837:1.04
827:58–65
813:1.25
789:1.26
765:1.51
741:1.62
717:1.82
707:2,415
693:1.92
671:2.88
647:4.36
593:2.88
571:3.54
565:2.93
541:3.23
490:India
447:>
402:VIII
338:None
321:None
318:Weak
304:None
53:DBEGM
2166:help
2147:2011
2115:ISBN
2087:2022
2051:2021
2020:2011
1993:help
1974:2011
1944:2011
1917:2011
1887:2011
1857:2011
1802:2021
1795:USGS
1777:2021
1740:2021
1733:USGS
1715:2024
1689:2011
1619:2017
1593:2021
1586:USGS
1568:2011
1536:2021
1514:2011
1458:2023
1451:USGS
1429:PMID
1376:2011
1346:2011
1316:2011
1286:2011
1256:2011
1223:2015
1184:2015
1145:2011
1016:131
1010:9.2
986:6.4
962:7.0
954:0.5
938:6.9
923:222
917:7.2
909:0.8
893:6.9
875:118
869:7.0
749:7.8
677:7.5
617:2.7
607:260
601:7.5
514:PGA
507:PGA
449:1.39
381:VII
276:(g)
255:The
153:mean
62:and
2318:doi
2289:doi
2253:doi
2215:doi
1419:PMC
1411:doi
1087:doi
944:63
845:6.6
821:6.6
797:7.1
779:185
773:6.2
725:6.7
701:7.7
683:78
653:6.9
629:9.1
577:9.5
549:7.8
488:In
480:).
444:X+
423:IX
360:VI
326:IV
133:Gal
24:PGA
2343::
2324:.
2316:.
2306:15
2304:.
2287:.
2277:93
2275:.
2271:.
2251:.
2241:68
2239:.
2221:.
2213:.
2203:67
2201:.
2138:.
2109:.
2070:.
2037:.
2010:.
1960:.
1934:.
1903:.
1873:.
1843:.
1793:.
1760:.
1731:.
1705:.
1679:.
1639:.
1584:.
1500:.
1478:,
1449:.
1427:.
1417:.
1409:.
1397:.
1393:.
1362:.
1332:.
1302:.
1276:.
1264:^
1242:.
1231:^
1167:.
1131:.
1118:^
1085:.
1075:61
1073:.
1069:.
851:11
731:57
659:12
343:V
292:I
94:.
2332:.
2320::
2312::
2295:.
2291::
2283::
2259:.
2255::
2247::
2229:.
2217::
2209::
2168:)
2149:.
2123:.
2089:.
2053:.
2022:.
1995:)
1976:.
1946:.
1919:.
1889:.
1859:.
1829:.
1804:.
1779:.
1742:.
1717:.
1691:.
1663:.
1621:.
1595:.
1570:.
1538:.
1516:.
1460:.
1435:.
1413::
1405::
1399:9
1378:.
1348:.
1318:.
1288:.
1258:.
1225:.
1186:.
1147:.
1093:.
1089::
1081::
1004:g
980:g
956:g
911:g
887:g
863:g
839:g
815:g
803:0
791:g
767:g
743:g
719:g
695:g
673:g
649:g
625:g
619:g
595:g
573:g
567:g
555:2
543:g
525:w
523:M
494:g
478:g
244:g
237:g
230:g
137:g
129:g
116:g
51:(
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.