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occur near the surface of the ocean, where the ambient water pressure is relatively low. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.
1809:
3154:
2601:
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2132:
3642:– that all vertebrate paired fins and limbs were transformations of the Archipterygium. Based on this theory, paired appendages such as pectoral and pelvic fins would have differentiated from the branchial arches and migrated posteriorly. However, there has been limited support for this hypothesis in the fossil record both morphologically and phylogenically. In addition, there was little to no evidence of an anterior-posterior migration of pelvic fins. Such shortcomings of the gill-arch theory led to its early demise in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory proposed by
2245:
1295:
2098:
1945:
7771:
1996:
2567:
2166:
2814:
3583:
1611:
3733:
2652:
1520:
3627:,” was posited in 1870 and proposes that the “paired fins are derived from gill structures”. This fell out of popularity in favor of the lateral fin-fold theory, first suggested in 1877, which proposes that paired fins budded from longitudinal, lateral folds along the epidermis just behind the gills. There is weak support for both hypotheses in the fossil record and in embryology. However, recent insights from developmental patterning have prompted reconsideration of both theories in order to better elucidate the origins of paired fins.
1792:
2618:
33:
1310:
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single parameter, such as flexibility or a specific motion control. Researchers can directly measure forces, which is not easy to do in live fish. "Robotic devices also facilitate three-dimensional kinematic studies and correlated hydrodynamic analyses, as the location of the locomotor surface can be known accurately. And, individual components of a natural motion (such as outstroke vs. instroke of a flapping appendage) can be programmed separately, which is certainly difficult to achieve when working with a live animal."
2550:
2928:
1666:
653:
459:
846:
2047:
2013:
1554:
1962:
1928:
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of the female, with hook-like adaptations that allow the fish to grip onto the female to ensure impregnation. If a female remains stationary and her partner contacts her vent with his gonopodium, she is fertilized. The sperm is preserved in the female's oviduct. This allows females to fertilize themselves at any time without further assistance from males. In some species, the gonopodium may be half the total body length. Occasionally the fin is too long to be used, as in the "lyretail" breeds of
1843:
2669:
3058:
2030:
3387:
3495:
1979:
1894:
1826:
3471:
2695:
3363:
2721:
3828:
3949:
3933:
3917:
3901:
2770:
1649:
8170:
3042:
1322:
2584:
1698:
3136:
2064:
1169:
2183:
2797:
9162:
9144:
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3564:
3344:
2940:
2747:
2230:
1537:
2838:
546:
2149:
1911:
3878:
2200:
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1425:
kind of movement. Coelacanths can create thrust for quick starts by using their caudal fins. Due to the high number of fins they possess, coelacanths have high maneuverability and can orient their bodies in almost any direction in the water. They have been seen doing headstands and swimming belly up. It is thought that their rostral organ helps give the coelacanth electroperception, which aids in their movement around obstacles.
1775:
732:
9174:
558:
3407:
3704:(four-legged animals) evolved from fish and made their first forays onto land about 390 million years ago. They used paired pectoral and pelvic fins for locomotion. The pectoral fins developed into forelegs (arms in the case of humans) and the pelvic fins developed into hind legs. Much of the genetic machinery that builds a walking limb in a tetrapod is already present in the swimming fin of a fish.
827:
3026:
834:
2995:. There has been much speculation about the function of these finlets. Research done in 2000 and 2001 by Nauen and Lauder indicated that "the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady swimming" and that "the most posterior finlet is oriented to redirect flow into the developing tail vortex, which may increase thrust produced by the tail of swimming mackerel".
1760:. They are segmented and appear as a series of disks stacked one on top of another. They may have been derived from dermal scales. The genetic basis for the formation of the fin rays is thought to be genes coded for the production of certain proteins. It has been suggested that the evolution of the tetrapod limb from lobe-finned fishes is related to the loss of these proteins.
2290:, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction.
3086:. For this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads. The pectoral and pelvic fins of many reef fish, such as
3717:, and made the following prophetic comparison: "Birds in a way resemble fishes. For birds have their wings in the upper part of their bodies and fishes have two fins in the front part of their bodies. Birds have feet on their underpart and most fishes have a second pair of fins in their under-part and near their front fins."
3311:, they streamline themselves by retracting their dorsal fins into a groove in their body when they swim. The huge dorsal fin, or sail, of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time. Sailfish raise them if they want to herd a school of small fish, and also after periods of high activity, presumably to cool down.
805:
adipose fin develops late after the larval-fin fold has diminished and the other median fins have developed. They claim the existence of the characiform-type of development suggests the adipose fin is not "just a larval fin fold remainder" and is inconsistent with the view that the adipose fin lacks function.
3657:
The lateral fin-fold theory hypothesized that paired fins developed from lateral folds along the body wall of the fish. Just as segmentation and budding of the median fin fold gave rise to the median fins, a similar mechanism of fin bud segmentation and elongation from a lateral fin fold was proposed
3003:
techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in the formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly
800:
The function of the adipose fin is something of a mystery. It is frequently clipped off to mark hatchery-raised fish, though data from 2005 showed that trout with their adipose fin removed have an 8% higher tailbeat frequency. Additional information released in 2011 has suggested that the fin may be
353:
2984:
occurs when negative pressure causes bubbles (cavities) to form in a liquid, which then promptly and violently collapse. It can cause significant damage and wear. Cavitation damage can occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to
3223:
during mating. The third, fourth and fifth rays of the male's anal fin are formed into a tube-like structure in which the sperm of the fish is ejected. When ready for mating, the gonopodium becomes erect and points forward towards the female. The male shortly inserts the organ into the sex opening
804:
A comparative study in 2013 indicates the adipose fin can develop in two different ways. One is the salmoniform-type way, where the adipose fin develops from the larval-fin fold at the same time and in the same direct manner as the other median fins. The other is the characiform-type way, where the
4047:
Robotic fish offer some research advantages, such as the ability to examine an individual part of a fish design in isolation from the rest of the fish. However, this risks oversimplifying the biology so key aspects of the animal design are overlooked. Robotic fish also allow researchers to vary a
1424:
Locomotion of the coelacanths is unique to their kind. To move around, coelacanths most commonly take advantage of up or downwellings of the current and drift. They use their paired fins to stabilize their movement through the water. While on the ocean floor their paired fins are not used for any
3862:
Fins or flippers of varying forms and at varying locations (limbs, body, tail) have also evolved in a number of other tetrapod groups, including diving birds such as penguins (modified from wings), sea turtles (forelimbs modified into flippers), mosasaurs (limbs modified into flippers), and sea
3658:
to have given rise to the paired pectoral and pelvic fins. However, there was little evidence of a lateral fold-to-fin transition in the fossil record. In addition, it was later demonstrated phylogenically that pectoral and pelvic fins arise from distinct evolutionary and mechanistic origins.
2998:
Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using
801:
vital for the detection of, and response to, stimuli such as touch, sound and changes in pressure. Canadian researchers identified a neural network in the fin, indicating that it likely has a sensory function, but are still not sure exactly what the consequences of removing it are.
3773:"to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to find out how the load-bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods evolved." Further research at the University of Chicago found bottom-walking lungfishes had already evolved characteristics of the walking gaits of terrestrial tetrapods.
3295:
Other uses of fins include walking and perching on the sea floor, gliding over water, cooling of body temperature, stunning of prey, display (scaring of predators, courtship), defence (venomous fin spines, locking between corals), luring of prey, and attachment structures.
2334:) of China. Fanjingshania possess compound pectoral plates composed of dermal scales fused to a bony plate and fin spines formed entirely of bone. Fin spines associated with the dorsal fins are rare among extant cartilaginous fishes, but are present, for instance, in
3110:, have evolved bodies which are deep and laterally compressed like a pancake, and will fit into fissures in rocks. Their pelvic and pectoral fins have evolved differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise manoeuvrability. Some fishes, such as
1724:. Spines are generally stiff and sharp. Rays are generally soft, flexible, segmented, and may be branched. This segmentation of rays is the main difference that separates them from spines; spines may be flexible in certain species, but they will never be segmented.
3638:'s concept of the “Archipterygium” was introduced in 1876. It was described as a gill ray, or “joined cartilaginous stem,” that extended from the gill arch. Additional rays arose from along the arch and from the central gill ray. Gegenbaur suggested a model of
2285:
in hair and feathers. Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and puboischiadic bars evolved. In
1138:
of a ship, this is a lateral ridge on the caudal peduncle, usually composed of scutes (see below), that provides stability and support to the caudal fin. There may be a single paired keel, one on each side, or two pairs above and below.
1305:, have fins that are borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body. Due to the high number of fins it possesses, the coelacanth has high maneuverability and can orient its body in almost any direction in the water.
4002:. The fish were designed to be autonomous, swimming around and avoiding obstacles like real fish. Their creator claimed that he was trying to combine "the speed of tuna, acceleration of a pike, and the navigating skills of an eel."
3691:
demonstrated that there are shared molecular patterning mechanisms in the early development of the chondricthyan gill arch and paired fins. Findings such as these have prompted reconsideration of the once-debunked gill-arch theory.
3680:, the most basal living vertebrate with paired fins. In 2006, researchers found that the same genetic programming involved in the segmentation and development of median fins was found in the development of paired appendages in
5249:
3846:
and tail fin for improved aquatic locomotion. These structures are all the more remarkable because they evolved from nothing — the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a
3622:
There are two prevailing hypotheses that have been historically debated as models for the evolution of paired fins in fish: the gill arch theory and the lateral fin-fold theory. The former, commonly referred to as the
3082:. Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water. Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of
5280:
1348:, paired fins, which are joined to the body by a series of bones. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobe-like, scaly stalk extending from the body.
3792:
further evolved along independent paths into flying wings. Even with flying wings there are many similarities with walking legs, and core aspects of the genetic blueprint of the pectoral fin have been retained.
988:
where the fin usually appears superficially symmetric but in fact the vertebrae extend for a very short distance into the upper lobe of the fin. Homocercal caudal fins can, however, also appear asymmetric (e.g.
1241:. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, making up more than 50% of species. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant; however, there are currently only 8 species.
4868:
Zhang, J.; Wagh, P.; Guay, D.; Sanchez-Pulido, L.; Padhi, B. K.; Korzh, V.; Andrade-Navarro, M. A.; Akimenko, M. A. (2010). "Loss of fish actinotrichia proteins and the fin-to-limb transition".
310:. The pectoral and pelvic fins are paired, whereas the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are unpaired and situated along the midline of the body. For every type of fin, there are a number of fish
3684:. Although these findings do not directly support the lateral fin-fold hypothesis, the original concept of a shared median-paired fin evolutionary developmental mechanism remains relevant.
2991:
fishes (tuna, mackerel and bonito) are particularly high-performance swimmers. Along the margin at the rear of their bodies is a line of small rayless, non-retractable fins, known as
1720:
called
Actinopterygii. Their fins contain spines or rays. A fin may contain only spiny rays, only soft rays, or a combination of both. If both are present, the spiny rays are always
2425:, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the
7337:
3824:. Fish tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend the same way as in other mammals.
3457:. "The researchers found that males clearly preferred females with a larger pelvic fin and that pelvic fins grew in a more disproportionate way than other fins on female fish."
5998:
5329:
7116:
6186:
Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the
Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish." Journal of Cell Science s2-50 (198): 333–76.
3287:. The clasper is then inserted into the cloaca, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm.
577:
are located on the back. A fish can have up to three dorsal fins. The dorsal fins serve to protect the fish against rolling, and assist it in sudden turns and stops.
338:("spiny sharks"), one or more pairs of "intermediate" or "prepelvic" spines are present between the pectoral and pelvic fins, but these are not associated with fins.
3687:
A similar renovation of an old theory may be found in the developmental programming of chondricthyan gill arches and paired appendages. In 2009, researchers at the
2236:, like this shark, have fins that are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny
3279:. They are the posterior part of the pelvic fins that have also been modified to function as intromittent organs, and are used to channel semen into the female's
746:
is a soft, fleshy fin found on the back behind the dorsal fin and just forward of the caudal fin. It is absent in many fish families, but found in nine of the 31
5004:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
952:
refers to a condition that is intermediate between heterocercal and homocercal (see below), where the vertebrae do not extend to the tip the upper lobe (e.g. in
6288:
4173:
Bender, Anke; Moritz, Timo (1 September 2013). "Developmental residue and developmental novelty – different modes of adipose-fin formation during ontogeny".
6602:
3820:, while the hindlimbs were either lost (cetaceans) or also modified into flipper (pinnipeds). In cetaceans, the tail gained two fins at the end, called a
4273:
2080:
4736:
Fricke, Hans; Reinicke, Olaf; Hofer, Heribert; Nachtigall, Werner (1987). "Locomotion of the
Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae in Its Natural Environment".
7073:
Martill D.M. (1993). "Soupy
Substrates: A Medium for the Exceptional Preservation of Ichthyosaurs of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Jurassic) of Germany".
4160:
Gene
Helfman, Bruce Collette, Douglas Facey, & Brian Bowen. (2009) The Diversity of Fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons.
5662:
2281:
Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny
6407:
Freitas, Renata; Zhang, GuangJun; Cohn, Martin J. (2006). "Evidence That
Mechanisms of Fin Development Evolved in the Midline of Early Vertebrates".
6303:
Elements of
Comparative Anatomy. By Carl Gegenbaur ... Tr. by F. Jeffrey Bell ... The Translation Rev. and a Preface Written by E. Ray Lankester ...
3838:
are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about 90 million years ago.
2437:, has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as the
2311:) possessed pectoral dermal plates as well as dermal spines associated with the paired fins. The oldest species demonstrating these features is the
1449:). Lungfish evolved during the Devonian Period. Genetic studies and paleontological data confirm that lungfish are the closest living relatives of
2634:
7672:
2786:
1260:, so it can sink or float without having to use the fins to swim up and down. However, swim bladders are absent in many fish, most notably in
7478:
4044:
by surgically transplanting muscles from frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing the muscle fibers with electricity.
1572:
7166:
3436:
has large pectoral fins which it normally holds against its body, and expands when threatened to scare predators. Despite its name, it is a
3283:
during copulation. The act of mating in sharks usually includes raising one of the claspers to allow water into a siphon through a specific
2131:
1859:
7523:
2902:
when moved, the lift of the fin sets water or air in motion and pushes the fin in the opposite direction. Aquatic animals get significant
8874:
8071:
7334:
6531:
3067:
fibers that work "like riggings that stabilize a ship's mast", and stiffen dynamically as the shark swims faster to control roll and yaw.
1500:
3219:
families. They are anal fins that have been modified to function as movable intromittent organs and are used to impregnate females with
2813:
2097:
880:
and pterygiophores (radials). Depending on the relationship with the axial skeleton, four types of caudal fins (A-D) are distinguished:
6066:
1995:
1591:
8616:
8028:
4087:
3800:
period (between 251.9 and 201.4 million years ago). Several groups of these mammals started returning to the sea, including the
1421:
Coelacanths are thought to have evolved roughly into their current form about 408 million years ago, during the early
Devonian.
6804:
3816:. What had become walking limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved independently into new forms of swimming fins. The forelimbs became
2769:
2165:
1876:
6994:
5991:
3986:
studies of underwater robots which attempt to emulate the locomotion of aquatic animals. An example is the Robot Tuna built by the
2600:
6955:"Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships"
4931:
Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering
2444:
On the other hand, rays rely on their enlarged pectoral fins for propulsion. Similarly enlarged pectoral fins can be found in the
1721:
5068:
2872:
of sharks have impacted consumption and availability of shark fin soup worldwide. Shark finning is prohibited in many countries.
1944:
7214:
7147:
5215:
2651:
1629:
4394:
2549:
1791:
8033:
7488:
6880:
6164:
6027:
5871:
5679:
4980:
4539:
2668:
2566:
7124:
5838:
2617:
1808:
1456:
Fin arrangement and body shape is relatively conservative in lobe-finned fishes. However, there are a few examples from the
6314:
Goodrich, Edwin S. 1906. "Memoirs: Notes on the
Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish."
5940:
5727:
Lingham-Soliar, T. (2005). "Dorsal fin in the white shark,Carcharodon carcharias: A dynamic stabilizer for fast swimming".
1648:
1519:
7424:
5141:
Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019).
2114:
8443:
7665:
5914:
1842:
5373:
1961:
7641:
7581:
5950:
4404:
3812:. About 23 million years ago another group of bearlike land mammals started returning to the sea. These were the
3667:
1927:
2694:
8473:
7535:
7516:
7274:
7103:
6617:
6583:
6557:
6174:
5978:
5848:
5715:
5689:
5647:
5356:
4943:
3324:
5817:"Notes on the Habits, Morphology of the Reproductive Organs, and Embryology of the Viviparous Fish Gambusia affinis"
4781:"Support for lungfish as the closest relative of tetrapods by using slowly evolving ray-finned fish as the outgroup"
2046:
5250:"In China, victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup - The Washington Post"
939:, means that the vertebrae extend into the lower lobe of the tail, making it longer than the upper lobe (as in the
5397:"Locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the Chub mackerel
2383:
shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a
8127:
8064:
6916:
4615:
Biscotti, M.A.; Gerdol, M.; Canapa, A.; Forconi, M.; Olmo, E.; Pallavicini, A.; Barruca, M.; Schartl, M. (2016).
2720:
2012:
615:". In rock-hard, spinous fins the distal pterygiophores are often fused to the middle ones, or not present at all
6042:
1893:
1375:. Sarcopterygians also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of most
7658:
7249:
4281:
4072:
3032:
2182:
1536:
6746:"Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes"
5968:
3842:"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a
3672:
Recent studies in the ontogeny and evolution of paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates – such as
2379:
As with most fish, the tails of sharks provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape.
1280:, which help them breathe without needing to swim forward to force the water into the mouth across the gills.
886:
means the vertebrae extend into the upper lobe of the tail, often making it longer than the lower lobe (as in
494:
The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly.
331:, additional unpaired fins were acquired during evolution (e.g. additional dorsal fins, adipose fin). In some
203:
6573:
5659:
5098:
n. gen and sp., (Thrinacodontidae, new family) from the Bear Gulch
Limestone, Serpukhovian of Montana, USA".
4833:"A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian
4617:"The Lungfish Transcriptome: A Glimpse into Molecular Evolution Events at the Transition from Water to Land"
2583:
2029:
1978:
195:
183:
Fins at different locations of the fish body serve different purposes, and are divided into two groups: the
9178:
8212:
7542:
4482:
Piveteau, 1945 (Actinopterygii, Early Triassic), with implications for the early saurichthyid morphotype".
2846:
2001:
1399:
1156:, they are rayless, non-retractable, and found between the last dorsal and/or anal fin and the caudal fin.
663:
17:
7289:
5883:
Maxwell; et al. (2018). "Re-evaluation of the ontogeny and reproductive biology of the Triassic fish
2063:
1825:
1553:
8112:
7792:
7770:
3035:, three translational (heaving, swaying and surging) and three rotational (pitching, yawing and rolling).
2821:
2796:
480: 'belly') are typically located ventrally below and behind the pectoral fins, although in many fish
4346:"The origins of adipose fins: an analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages"
2746:
1610:
8864:
8591:
8561:
8448:
8057:
7884:
7720:
7630:
7506:
6912:"More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen"
6547:
4062:
3991:
3000:
2659:
1867:
869:
7304:
3804:(whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the
1774:
1064:
means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical and expanded (as in the
969:
means the vertebrae extend to the tip of the tail and the tail is symmetrical but not expanded (as in
9137:
9130:
9097:
8839:
8511:
8192:
7319:
3643:
2199:
1237:. Most living fish are ray-finned, an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of over 30,000
5308:
3970:
of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated that some fish can achieve a
2148:
9147:
8906:
5544:
4297:"Neural network detected in a presumed vestigial trait: ultrastructure of the salmonid adipose fin"
3995:
3647:
3572:
have modified first dorsal fins, which take the form of an oval, sucker-like organ with which they
3510:
3449:
3421:
have elongated pectoral and pelvic fins, and an elongated caudal fin, which allow them to move and
1910:
1799:
1731:, they are used as a form of defense; many catfish have the ability to lock their spines outwards.
7192:
5816:
5346:
3700:
Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. In particular, terrestrial
3012:
Once motion has been established, the motion itself can be controlled with the use of other fins.
502:, the pelvic fins are often fused into a single sucker disk. This can be used to attach to objects
9125:
9107:
8669:
8418:
8169:
7170:
6728:
6662:
6516:
6089:
3477:
3433:
3004:
entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat".
2853:. After the fins are cut off, the mutilated sharks are thrown back in the water and left to die.
2711:
2171:
2137:
1665:
717:
638:
42:
6867:
9087:
8911:
8896:
8719:
8438:
8327:
8023:
7967:
7962:
7947:
7014:
5772:
5592:
Fish, FE; Lauder, GV (2006). "Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals".
5303:
3785:
3757:
3723:
3651:
3190:
3098:, have evolved so they can act as brakes and allow complex manoeuvres. Many reef fish, such as
2957:
2891:
2574:
2322:
2188:
2054:
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by squeezing into coral crevices and using spines in their fins to anchor themselves in place.
122:
5635:
5499:"Locomotion in scombrid fishes: morphology and kinematics of the finlets of the Chub mackerel
4687:
Johanson, Zerina; Long, John A.; Talent, John A.; Janvier, Philippe; Warren, James W. (2006).
9200:
9117:
9102:
8611:
8428:
8038:
6881:"Scientists find missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo"
6282:
4092:
3714:
3688:
3624:
3530:
3369:
3300:
3153:
2557:
1544:
1407:
1268:, which may have a shared evolutionary origin with those of their terrestrial relatives, the
275:
199:
153:
6632:"[www.sicb.org/dl/saawok/449.pdf "Understanding nature—form and function"] Page 485"
3831:
Similar adaptations for fully aquatic lifestyle are found both in dolphins and ichthyosaurs.
864:
meaning tail), located at the end of the caudal peduncle. It is used for propulsion in most
373:
A peculiar function of pectoral fins, highly developed in some fish, is the creation of the
9112:
8408:
7977:
7904:
7889:
7596:
7439:
7425:"Swimming hydrodynamics: ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them"
6819:
6757:
6471:
6460:"Shared Developmental Mechanisms Pattern the Vertebrate Gill Arch and Paired Fin Skeletons"
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has claspers, a modification to the pelvic fins which also function as intromittent organs.
2849:, approximately 100 million sharks are killed each year for their fins, in an act known as
2233:
1969:
1935:
1461:
809:
6930:
6911:
4593:
2384:
2244:
1294:
505:
Pelvic fins can take many positions along the ventral surface of the fish. The ancestral
406:
Certain rays of the pectoral fins may be adapted into finger-like projections, such as in
8:
8901:
8844:
8644:
8531:
8320:
7972:
7899:
6851:
5498:
4529:
3999:
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efficiency greater than 90%. Fish can accelerate and maneuver much more effectively than
3443:
Fins can have an adaptive significance as sexual ornaments. During courtship, the female
3226:
2865:
2508:
2086:
1850:
1782:
1656:
908:). However, the external shape of heterocercal tail fins can also appear symmetric (e.g.
392:
374:
239:
215:
7600:
7547:"Experimental Hydrodynamics and Evolution: Function of Median Fins in Ray-finned Fishes"
7443:
7407:
6823:
6761:
6475:
6420:
6266:
6122:
5605:
5299:
5111:
5021:
4930:
4881:
4749:
4632:
4495:
1148:, there are only finlets on the dorsal surface and no dorsal fin). In some fish such as
382:
8483:
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6780:
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6706:
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6141:
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5184:
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4370:
4345:
4321:
4296:
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3805:
3639:
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Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes, for example the
3186:
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1952:
1527:
1195:
990:
485:
363:
219:
157:
80:
7385:
7358:
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102:
Fish fins are distinctive anatomical features with varying structures among different
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6023:
5974:
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5789:
5744:
5711:
5685:
5643:
5574:
5525:
5471:
5420:
5396:
5352:
5188:
5176:
5147:: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution"
5053:
5041:
5033:
5005:
4986:
4976:
4905:
4893:
4810:
4718:
4656:
4545:
4535:
4400:
4375:
4326:
4190:
4143:
3971:
3852:
3817:
3766:
3612:
3582:
3481:
3440:, not a flying fish, and uses its pelvic fins to walk along the bottom of the ocean.
2779:
2737:
2642:
2625:
2608:
2451:
2404:
2357:
2308:
1104:
970:
563:
194:. Unpaired fins are predominantly associated with generating linear acceleration via
173:
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7226:
7151:
7060:
6393:
5483:
5325:
5227:
5127:
4511:
4451:
4430:
Brough, James (1936). "On the evolution of bony fishes during the Triassic Period".
3732:
8571:
8516:
8478:
8433:
8391:
8315:
8102:
8013:
7787:
7604:
7558:
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6966:
6925:
6847:
6827:
6775:
6765:
6701:
6691:
6643:
6489:
6479:
6444:
6424:
6371:
6340:
6270:
6220:
6212:
6136:
6126:
5896:
5736:
5642:, Volume 7: Locomotion, WS Hoar and DJ Randall (Eds) Academic Press. Page 240–308.
5621:
5609:
5564:
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5517:
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5412:
5313:
5166:
5158:
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4885:
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4708:
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4365:
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4316:
4308:
4254:
4221:
4182:
4133:
3377:
2591:
2513:
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1882:
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1372:
1337:
1309:
1298:
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1253:
1234:
1223:
905:
481:
133:
92:
7459:
6888:
5756:
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8788:
8768:
8596:
8583:
8566:
8521:
8403:
8342:
8266:
8261:
8197:
8184:
8154:
7957:
7861:
7844:
7715:
7341:
7091:
6696:
6002:
5666:
5439:
4067:
3252:
3230:. Hormone treated females may develop gonopodia. These are useless for breeding.
3182:
2886:
2804:
2522:
2350:
2249:
2103:
1816:
1735:
also use spines to lock themselves in crevices to prevent them being pulled out.
1713:
1483:
1376:
1230:
1177:
783:
362:
are located on each side, usually kept folded just behind the operculum, and are
314:
in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution (e.g. pelvic fins in
235:
118:
107:
7031:
6995:"Some functional and structural characteristics of cetacean flippers and flukes"
6360:"Insights from Sharks: Evolutionary and Developmental Models of Fin Development"
4029:, respectively emulating the locomotion of manta rays, jellyfish and barracuda.
3170:"Gonopodium" redirects here. For the reproductive appendages of arthropods, see
2927:
845:
652:
458:
222:. Fins can also be used for other locomotions other than swimming, for example,
32:
9064:
9037:
8929:
8921:
8854:
8824:
8763:
8745:
8699:
8689:
8293:
8246:
8018:
7909:
7832:
7779:
7750:
7710:
7685:
5119:
5029:
4082:
4057:
4037:
3998:
displayed three robotic fish created by the computer science department at the
3677:
3635:
3393:
3239:
2869:
2861:
2704:
2685:
2438:
2422:
2301:
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1899:
1692:
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1601:
1398:
is one type of living lobe-finned fish. Both extant members of this group, the
1345:
1207:
1187:
1084:
901:
877:
755:
751:
473:
411:
267:
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227:
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111:
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6971:
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6575:
Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body
6216:
5861:
4990:
3952:
3936:
3920:
3904:
2346:. Dorsal fin spines are typically developed in many fossil groups, such as in
9194:
9166:
9069:
8983:
8803:
8778:
8773:
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8724:
8679:
8674:
8654:
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8305:
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7839:
7755:
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4013:
of Germany, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of
3737:
3437:
3160:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
2911:
2850:
2730:
2495:
2372:
2069:
1620:
1457:
1289:
1245:
1191:
1031:
997:) have a homocercal tail. These come in a variety of shapes, and can appear:
775:
767:
713:
695:
634:
525:
position, when the pelvics are anterior to the pectoral fins, as seen in the
518:
439:; this is actually a modification of the anterior portion of the pectoral fin
324:
177:
137:
7608:
7563:
7546:
7250:"Merlin Entertainments tops up list of London attractions with aquarium buy"
6770:
6484:
6274:
5521:
5416:
4549:
3595:
spines (fin rays) on their dorsal, pelvic and anal fins, which they use for
9059:
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8758:
8659:
8601:
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8453:
8369:
8359:
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6715:
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6631:
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5560:
5529:
5475:
5424:
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5180:
5162:
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4897:
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4832:
4814:
4722:
4704:
4660:
4379:
4361:
4330:
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4186:
4147:
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3494:
3417:
3386:
3284:
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1326:
1249:
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779:
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they may be positioned in front of the pectoral fins (e.g. cods). They are
417:
400:
319:
259:
207:
165:
7635:
7375:
6939:
6839:
6678:
Cole, NJ; Hall, TE; Don, EK; Berger, S; Boisvert, CA; et al. (2011).
6663:
Lungfish Provides Insight to Life On Land: 'Humans Are Just Modified Fish'
6344:
4947:
4566:
3470:
3362:
2376:, the first dorsal fin spine was modified, forming a spine-brush complex.
2258:
form a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons made of
1321:
9042:
9030:
8956:
8714:
8709:
8684:
8664:
8606:
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8396:
8374:
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7807:
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1918:
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1472:
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1433:
1168:
974:
956:
699:
594:
386:
287:
283:
251:
223:
184:
7650:
7582:"Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control surfaces"
6428:
5900:
5636:"Locomotion by scombrid fishes: Hydromechanics, morphology and behavior"
4889:
3821:
3135:
3057:
716:
use their anal fin in combination with their dorsal fin for propulsion (
637:
use their dorsal fin in combination with their anal fin for propulsion (
9092:
8891:
8859:
8793:
8783:
8704:
8694:
8379:
8347:
8332:
8278:
8251:
8234:
7817:
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7730:
7725:
6376:
6359:
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5707:
5467:
4294:
4138:
4117:
3983:
3872:
3843:
3550:
3515:
3454:
3304:
3264:
3145:
has a gonopodium, an anal fin which functions as an intromittent organ.
3103:
3091:
3083:
2981:
2907:
2441:'s usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid.
2399:
extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for
2380:
2294:
2205:
1582:
1395:
1384:
1353:
1302:
1261:
1206:); they have skeletons made of bone mostly, and can be contrasted with
1088:
1077:
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953:
898:
894:
709:
630:
619:
582:
573:
535:
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448:
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396:
335:
279:
141:
126:
88:
57:
51:
47:
6194:
6192:
5440:"Three-dimensional analysis of finlet kinematics in the Chub mackerel
5317:
4970:
4641:
4343:
4226:
4209:
3543:
3356:
above the surface of the water thanks to their enlarged pectoral fins.
3122:, rely on pectoral fins for swimming and hardly use tail fins at all.
8849:
8834:
8819:
8649:
8310:
8256:
8241:
8219:
8202:
8149:
7894:
6610:
Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods
6326:
6324:
6107:"Male mate choice scales female ornament allometry in a cichlid fish"
6105:
Baldauf, SA; Bakker, TCM; Herder, F; Kullmann, H; ThĂĽnken, T (2010).
4757:
4033:
3979:
3781:
3744:. Bones considered to correspond with each other have the same color.
3563:
3413:
3343:
3244:
3119:
3075:
3048:
2837:
2760:
2531:
2459:
2426:
2259:
1984:
1831:
1717:
1416:
1365:
1341:
1219:
1211:
1183:
1051:
978:
873:
747:
432:
407:
352:
68:
5939:
Heinicke, Matthew P.; Naylor, Gavin J. P.; Hedges, S. Blair (2009).
5459:
4258:
4243:"Hydrodynamic and phylogenetic aspects of the adipose fin in fishes"
2939:
545:
254:-like dorsal fins for attaching to surfaces and "hitchhiking"; male
9052:
8993:
8939:
8934:
8753:
8621:
8283:
8144:
7926:
7827:
7032:"From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises"
6729:
A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking"
6189:
6075:
4118:"Muscle activity and hydrodynamic function of pelvic fins in trout
4077:
4041:
3877:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3770:
3748:
3741:
3701:
3681:
3592:
3588:
3330:
3308:
3115:
2988:
2477:
2430:
2408:
2331:
2327:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2229:
2018:
1563:
1450:
1428:
1380:
1369:
1361:
1269:
1257:
1248:
or "rays" (due to how the spines spread open). They typically have
1203:
1069:
943:
913:
791:
682:
608:
489:
425:
367:
291:
231:
149:
145:
27:
Bony skin-covered spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish
6831:
6321:
4242:
1356:
have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These fins
9025:
9020:
8998:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8506:
8458:
8352:
8122:
8117:
7854:
4014:
3673:
3505:
3444:
3271:
3171:
2468:
2445:
2434:
2392:
2342:
2282:
2237:
2035:
1753:
1728:
1702:
1478:
1238:
1173:
1153:
1073:
994:
795:
731:
705:
626:
395:, especially in the lobe-like fins of some anglerfish and in the
311:
169:
38:
7483:(1st ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 56.
5094:
Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard (2008). "A basal elasmobranch,
3982:, and produce less water disturbance and noise. This has led to
3761:
developed fins (or flippers) very similar to fish (or dolphins).
1697:
557:
8944:
7812:
6331:
Begemann, Gerrit (2009). "Evolutionary Developmental Biology".
3569:
3280:
3064:
2992:
2970:
2966:
2903:
2899:
2400:
2120:
1145:
1065:
787:
686:
671:
612:
526:
328:
247:
243:
96:
76:
4344:
Stewart, Thomas A.; Smith, W. Leo; Coates, Michael I. (2014).
3406:
1144:
are small fins, generally behind the dorsal and anal fins (in
808:
Research published in 2014 indicates that the adipose fin has
9047:
8976:
8386:
5006:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China"
4735:
4010:
3752:
In a parallel but independent evolution, the ancient reptile
3537:
themselves in place with the first spine of their dorsal fin.
3181:(sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing
3051:
have pectoral and pelvic fins optimised for flattened bodies.
2267:
1215:
1041:
1021:
887:
378:
271:
255:
103:
7480:
Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes
6680:"Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin"
4399:(3 ed.). The University of Chicago Press. p. 210.
3025:
2933:
Fish get thrust moving vertical tail fins from side to side.
2538:
833:
826:
8949:
8536:
8089:
8080:
8008:
7876:
7689:
7508:
Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation
7029:
6549:
Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation
6104:
5942:
The Timetree of Life: Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes)
5542:
5140:
4933:- The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2365–2374 (2002)
4867:
4614:
4295:
Buckland-Nicks, J. A.; Gillis, M.; Reimchen, T. E. (2011).
3987:
3975:
3220:
2857:
2263:
1739:
1388:
1277:
1265:
1149:
1135:
865:
667:
499:
129:
115:
84:
72:
7030:
Thewissen, JGM; Cooper, LN; George, JC; Bajpai, S (2009).
6017:
5543:
Flammang, BE; Lauder, GV; Troolin, DR; Strand, TE (2011).
3889:, designed to collect underwater intelligence undetected.
3031:
Like boats and airplanes, fish need some control over six
2411:
cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a
1489:
8988:
8556:
7697:
7681:
7222:
6953:
Flynn JJ, Finarelli JA, Zehr S, Hsu J, Nedbal MA (2005).
6052:. Updated: 15 September 2012. Retrieved: 2 November 2012.
4778:
4689:"Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia"
4686:
3882:
2895:
1763:
1706:
5863:
The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
1431:
are also living lobe-finned fish. They occur in Africa (
692:
Most fish use their anal fin to stabilize while swimming
8049:
6301:
Gegenbaur, C., F. J. Bell, and E. Ray Lankester. 1878.
5151:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4830:
4350:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4301:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2910:
is used, but some aquatic animals generate thrust from
2507:(Squatinactiformes). Some cartilaginous fishes have an
6253:
Coates, M. I. (2003). "The Evolution of Paired Fins".
5281:"Review of Fish Swimming Modes for Aquatic Locomotion"
4912:
3553:
is modified so it functions like a fishing rod with a
1709:, is ray-finned. It has three dorsal and two anal fins
1264:, who have evolved their swim bladders into primitive
148:, fins are short rays based around a muscular central
7522:
Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009)
6952:
6201:"Origin and Comparative Anatomy of the Pectoral Limb"
5860:
Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DH and Bowen BW (2009)
5278:
3661:
585:, the anterior of the dorsal fin is modified into an
7631:
Homology of fin lepidotrichia in osteichthyan fishes
7096:
Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History
6870:
University of California. Updated 29 September 2005.
6743:
5938:
5843:
pp. 497–498, Springer Science & Business Media.
3753:
3533:
squeeze into coral crevices to avoid predators, and
3255:
2782:
2776:
2756:
2733:
2727:
2707:
2701:
2681:
2675:
2527:
2518:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2448:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2298:
1671:
1635:
1616:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1506:
1101:
1081:
940:
918:
909:
891:
332:
315:
7359:"A Swimming Robot Actuated by Living Muscle Tissue"
6744:King, HM; Shubin, NH; Coates, MI; Hale, ME (2011).
5973:pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000.
5003:
4831:Zylberberg, L.; Meunier, F. J.; Laurin, M. (2016).
4240:
3185:, have fins that have been modified to function as
1130:Some types of fast-swimming fish have a horizontal
7541:
7195:. Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University
6805:"Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs"
6802:
6458:Gillis, J. A.; Dahn, R. D.; Shubin, N. H. (2009).
4464:von Zittel KA, Woodward AS and Schlosser M (1932)
3863:snakes (vertically expanded, flattened tail fin).
3808:, and that they share a common ancestor with the
2906:by moving fins back and forth in water. Often the
7524:"Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding"
7075:Kaupia - Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte
6677:
6287:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
5821:Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries
5345:Franc, Jean-Pierre and Michel, Jean-Marie (2004)
4826:
4824:
4596:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
3855:said the ichthyosaur was his favorite example of
3453:, displays a large and visually arresting purple
1210:(see below), which have skeletons made mainly of
603:The bones that support the dorsal fin are called
9192:
6457:
6406:
7164:
6750:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6464:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6022:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 138–139.
1325:Skeleton of the pectoral girdle and fin of the
1020:, ending in a more-or-less vertical edge (e.g.
677:The bones that support the anal fin are called
282:use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a
91:, fish fins have no direct connection with the
7363:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
5726:
5279:Sfakiotakis, M; Lane, DM; Davies, JBC (1999).
5274:
5272:
5270:
4821:
4477:
4274:"Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve"
3211:are found on the males of some species in the
2945:Stingrays get thrust from large pectoral fins.
2860:, shark fins are a culinary delicacy, such as
2391:portion is usually noticeably larger than the
926:). Heterocercal is the opposite of hypocercal
786:). Famous representatives of these orders are
8065:
7666:
7579:
7241:
7169:. Institute of Field Robotics. Archived from
7067:
4425:
4423:
3769:in Australia used primitive but still living
3709:Aristotle recognised the distinction between
3201:, and in cartilaginous fish, they are called
2864:. Currently, international concerns over the
2293:Unlike modern cartilaginous fish, members of
424:, the pectoral fins are used for propulsion (
381:, in maintaining depth and also enables the "
270:have spines in their dorsal fins that inject
7290:Bionic penguins fly through water... and air
7193:"Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC"
6358:Cole, Nicholas J.; Currie, Peter D. (2007).
5964:
5962:
5437:
5394:
5213:
4680:
4561:
4559:
4172:
4168:
4166:
3736:Comparison between A) the swimming fin of a
2485:(ratfish and their fossil relatives), or in
1134:just forward of the tail fin. Much like the
1091:fishes had a diphycercal heterocercal tail.
266:use their caudal fin to whip and stun prey;
242:. Fins can also be used for other purposes:
202:; while paired fins are used for generating
6873:
6166:Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish
5702:
5700:
5698:
5496:
5267:
4594:"Introduction to the Dipnoi - the lungfish"
3617:
3018:Specialised fins are used to control motion
206:, deceleration, and differential thrust or
8072:
8058:
7673:
7659:
7320:The AquaJelly Robotic Jellyfish from Festo
6909:
6357:
6205:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
5591:
5093:
4729:
4420:
1030:, ending with a slight inward curve (e.g.
8617:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
8029:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
7680:
7562:
7384:
7374:
7356:
7335:Lightweight robots: Festo's flying circus
7145:
7050:
6970:
6929:
6779:
6769:
6705:
6695:
6647:
6517:"Primordial Fish Had Rudimentary Fingers"
6493:
6483:
6375:
6224:
6140:
6130:
6090:Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate
5959:
5568:
5307:
5170:
4861:
4852:
4804:
4712:
4650:
4640:
4556:
4523:
4521:
4478:Kogan , Romano (2016). "Redescription of
4468:Volume 2, Macmillan and Company. Page 13.
4369:
4320:
4225:
4163:
4137:
4088:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3549:The first spine of the dorsal fin of the
3514:, displays her visually arresting purple
2539:Diversity of fins in cartilaginous fishes
492:or the lower limbs of bipedal tetrapods.
370:or the upper limbs of bipedal tetrapods.
6803:Shubin, N; Tabin, C; Carroll, S (1997).
6330:
5945:. Oxford University Press. p. 320.
5708:"Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology"
5695:
5628:
5367:
5365:
5216:"Shark utilization, marketing and trade"
3876:
3826:
3747:
3731:
3063:The dorsal fin of a white shark contain
2836:
2243:
2228:
1696:
1344:called Sarcopterygii. They have fleshy,
1320:
1308:
1293:
1167:
1100:is a diphycercal fin with a short base (
611:" (axonosts), "middle" (baseosts), and "
556:
31:
7476:
7357:Huge Herr, D. Robert G (October 2004).
6537:, 25 November 2020, Harvard University.
6061:
5882:
5768:
5766:
5545:"Volumetric imaging of fish locomotion"
4936:
4918:
4115:
2403:attachment. This allows more efficient
2218:
1490:Diversity of fins in lobe-finned fishes
1276:that function to draw water across the
810:evolved repeatedly in separate lineages
623:uses only its dorsal fin for propulsion
593:, a biological equivalent to a fishing
391:In many fish, the pectoral fins aid in
14:
9193:
7422:
6868:Vertebrate flight: The three solutions
6532:"From fins to limbs and water to land"
6252:
5992:Species Spotlight: Atlantic Sailfish (
5684:Page 391, Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
5614:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092201
5371:
4968:
4527:
4518:
4429:
4396:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
4271:
4207:
3990:, to analyze and mathematically model
3796:The first mammals appeared during the
3396:uses its very elongated caudal fin to
3333:use their pectoral and pelvic fins to
3193:. In ray finned fish, they are called
3189:, reproductive appendages which allow
1764:Diversity of fins in ray-finned fishes
1738:Lepidotrichia are usually composed of
946:). It is the opposite of heterocercal.
509:position is seen in (for example) the
377:force that assists some fish, such as
8053:
7654:
7247:
6931:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790
6629:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6198:
5814:
5787:
5362:
5339:
5071:. Columbia University. Archived from
5069:"Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks"
4591:
4392:
3695:
3630:
3576:themselves to other marine organisms.
3007:
2429:, which hunts schooling fish such as
2395:portion. This is because the shark's
1050:or shaped like a crescent moon (e.g.
262:use a modified fin to deliver sperm;
75:that interact with water to generate
7148:"What is the market for robot fish?"
5763:
4779:Takezaki, N.; Nishihara, H. (2017).
3368:Large retractable dorsal fin of the
2880:
1387:is either heterocercal (only fossil
1252:, which allow the fish to alter the
977:, and a more primitive precursor in
872:). The tail fin is supported by the
238:use pectoral and/or pelvic fins for
9173:
8444:Electroreception and electrogenesis
7207:
6903:
6018:Bertelsen E and Pietsch TW (1998).
5887:(Actinopterygii, Saurichthyidae)".
5372:Brahic, Catherine (28 March 2008).
5288:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
5066:
4241:Reimchen, T E; Temple, N F (2004).
4126:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1272:. Bony fishes also have a pair of
607:. There are two to three of them: "
56:(4) adipose fin, (5) anal fin, (6)
24:
7499:
7215:"Robotic fish make aquarium debut"
6241:
5100:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4484:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4444:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1936.tb00912.x
3668:Evolutionary developmental biology
3662:Evolutionary developmental biology
3290:
3078:are often shaped differently from
2297:chondrichthyan lineages (e.g. the
1727:Spines have a variety of uses. In
25:
9212:
7624:
7545:; Nauen, JC; Drucker, EG (2002).
7225:. 10 October 2005. Archived from
7005:, University of California Press.
6887:. 25 January 2005. Archived from
6169:Page 250, John Wiley & Sons.
5776:Florida Museum of Natural History
4944:"A Shark's Skeleton & Organs"
4534:. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
4210:"The Mysterious Little Fatty Fin"
3303:has a prominent dorsal fin. Like
1313:Pectoral fin with fleshy lobe of
1244:Bony fish have fin spines called
9172:
9161:
9160:
9143:
9142:
8168:
7769:
7580:Lauder, GV; Drucker, EG (2004).
7528:The Diversity of Fishes: Biology
7526:Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In:
7416:
7401:
7350:
7328:
7313:
7298:
5594:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
5374:"Dolphins swim so fast it hurts"
3947:
3931:
3915:
3899:
3581:
3562:
3542:
3523:
3493:
3469:
3405:
3385:
3361:
3342:
3323:
3152:
3134:
3056:
3040:
3024:
2956:
2938:
2926:
2875:
2832:
2812:
2795:
2768:
2745:
2719:
2693:
2667:
2650:
2633:
2616:
2599:
2582:
2565:
2548:
2198:
2181:
2164:
2147:
2130:
2113:
2096:
2079:
2062:
2045:
2028:
2011:
1994:
1977:
1960:
1943:
1926:
1909:
1892:
1875:
1858:
1841:
1824:
1807:
1790:
1773:
1664:
1647:
1628:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1552:
1535:
1518:
1499:
1123:
860:is the tail fin (from the Latin
844:
832:
825:
730:
698:use their anal fins for thrust (
681:. There are up to two series, a
651:
544:
488:to the hindlimbs of quadrupedal
457:
366:to the forelimbs of quadrupedal
351:
297:
46:(1) pectoral fins (paired), (2)
8128:Environmental impact of fishing
7469:
7283:
7275:For Festo, Nature Shows the Way
7268:
7185:
7158:
7139:
7109:
7084:
7023:
7018:University of California Museum
7008:
7003:Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
6987:
6946:
6917:Molecular Biology and Evolution
6861:
6796:
6737:
6722:
6671:
6656:
6623:
6595:
6563:
6540:
6525:
6510:
6451:
6400:
6351:
6308:
6295:
6180:
6157:
6098:
6083:
6055:
6036:
6011:
5984:
5932:
5907:
5876:
5854:
5831:
5808:
5781:
5720:
5672:
5653:
5585:
5536:
5510:Journal of Experimental Biology
5490:
5438:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001b).
5431:
5405:Journal of Experimental Biology
5395:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2001a).
5388:
5242:
5207:
5204:. Humane Society International.
5195:
5134:
5087:
5060:
4997:
4972:Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes
4962:
4924:
4772:
4667:
4608:
4585:
4471:
4458:
4272:Temple, Nicola (18 July 2011).
4214:Journal of Experimental Biology
3885:built a robotic catfish called
3866:
3125:
2686:Lebachacanthus senckenbergianus
435:and their relatives are called
190:and the more laterally located
114:), fins are mainly composed of
7642:Can robot fish find pollution?
7589:Journal of Oceanic Engineering
5837:Kapoor BG and Khanna B (2004)
5497:Nauen, JC; Lauder, GV (2000).
4975:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
4386:
4337:
4288:
4265:
4234:
4201:
4154:
4109:
4073:Polydactyly in early tetrapods
3263:, the oldest known example of
2920:Moving fins can provide thrust
2107:Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus
1198:group called Osteichthyes (or
1163:
13:
1:
7511:University of Chicago Press.
7413:/ Retrieved 22 November 2012.
7248:Walsh, Dominic (3 May 2008).
7123:. 4 June 2013. Archived from
7117:"Charlie: CIA's Robotic Fish"
7020:. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
6552:University of Chicago Press.
6277:(inactive 18 September 2024).
5778:. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
5220:FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
4841:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
4504:10.1080/02724634.2016.1151886
4098:
3480:has large pectoral fins with
2973:develops around the tail fin.
1654:West Indian Ocean coelacanth
1229:Bony fishes are divided into
1040:, ending in two prongs (e.g.
472:are the belly fins (from
125:covered by a thin stretch of
8213:intramembranous ossification
7477:Hamlett, William C. (1999).
6697:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168
6612:, Indiana University Press.
6305:London,: Macmillan and Co.,.
4785:Genome Biology and Evolution
4480:Saurichthys madagascariensis
4175:Zoosystematics and Evolution
4103:
3740:and B) the walking leg of a
3606:
2847:Humane Society International
2002:Tropical two-wing flyingfish
1400:West Indian Ocean coelacanth
1283:
71:protruding from the body of
7:
7647:. Accessed 30 January 2012.
7121:Central Intelligence Agency
5669:Retrieved 22 November 2012.
4592:Speer, B.R. (29 May 2000).
4247:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4051:
4040:robotic fish with a living
3988:Institute of Field Robotics
3352:achieve sufficient lift to
2822:Callorhinchus callorhynchus
1686:
839:Heterocercal caudal fin (A)
10:
9217:
8592:Fin and flipper locomotion
8562:Sequential hermaphroditism
8449:Jamming avoidance response
8166:
7885:Flying and gliding animals
7721:Fin and flipper locomotion
6605:Chapter 6, pages 187–260,
6001:December 17, 2010, at the
5665:November 25, 2011, at the
5348:Fundamentals of Cavitation
5120:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.970
5030:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8
4567:"Osteichthyes - Bony Fish"
4528:Nelson, Joseph S. (1994).
4063:Fin and flipper locomotion
3870:
3665:
3610:
3275:are found on the males of
3169:
2964:Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling
2884:
2660:Chlamydoselachus anguineus
2222:
2090:Tetrapturus angustirostris
1868:Hoplostethus mediterraneus
1690:
1414:), are found in the genus
1287:
1129:
870:body-caudal fin locomotion
855:
741:
657:
555:
463:
357:
95:and are supported only by
9156:
9080:
9013:
8920:
8882:
8873:
8812:
8743:
8630:
8582:
8492:
8417:
8177:
8087:
7996:
7935:
7875:
7778:
7767:
7696:
7530:, John Wiley & Sons.
7452:10.1007/s00348-009-0765-8
7408:How Biomechatronics Works
7340:19 September 2015 at the
7090:Gould,Stephen Jay (1993)
7052:10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2
6972:10.1080/10635150590923326
6910:Gatesy, J. (1 May 1997).
6601:Clack, Jennifer A (2012)
6217:10.1007/s11999-007-0102-6
6199:Brand, Richard A (2008).
6008:. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
5970:Aquatic Life of the World
5796:. Smithsonian Institution
4573:. New Hampshire PBS. 2023
4466:Text-book of Paleontology
3946:
3930:
3914:
3898:
3893:
3644:St. George Jackson Mivart
2141:Blenniella periophthalmus
1583:Osteolepis macrolepidotus
1256:of its body and thus the
851:Homocercal caudal fin (C)
230:above water surface, and
8079:
6132:10.1186/1471-2148-10-301
6111:BMC Evolutionary Biology
6079:. November 2012 version.
6065:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
5866:p. 35, Wiley-Blackwell.
5710:Gulf Publishing Company
5143:"The early elasmobranch
3996:Sea Life London Aquarium
3780:, the pectoral limbs of
3776:In a classic example of
3765:In 2011, researchers at
3618:Evolution of paired fins
3511:Pelvicachromis taeniatus
3450:Pelvicachromis taeniatus
2969:may influence the way a
2387:caudal fin in which the
1800:Halieutichthys aculeatus
906:sturgeons and paddlefish
685:series (axonosts) and a
9108:Glossary of ichthyology
8670:Diel vertical migration
7609:10.1109/joe.2004.833219
7015:The evolution of whales
6771:10.1073/pnas.1118669109
6485:10.1073/pnas.0810959106
6316:Journal of Cell Science
6275:10.1078/1431-7613-00087
6069:Dactyloptena orientalis
6045:Dactyloptena orientalis
6043:Purple Flying Gurnard,
5660:Ship's movements at sea
5522:10.1242/jeb.203.15.2247
5448:The Biological Bulletin
5417:10.1242/jeb.204.13.2251
4969:Burrow, Carole (2021).
4571:Wildlife Journal Junior
4017:. Festo also developed
3640:transformative homology
3478:Oriental flying gurnard
3434:oriental flying gurnard
3337:along the ocean bottom.
2712:Stethacanthus productus
2555:Small-spotted catshark
2407:among these negatively
2172:Coastal cutthroat trout
2138:Blue-dashed rockskipper
1848:Diaphanous hatchetfish
1564:Dipterus valenciennesi
1333:(Citron / CC-BY-SA-3.0)
1317:(Citron / CC-BY-SA-3.0)
993:). Most modern fishes (
198:, as well as providing
8474:Surface wave detection
8439:Hydrodynamic reception
8113:Diseases and parasites
8024:Terrestrial locomotion
7968:Evolution of cetaceans
7963:Origin of avian flight
7948:Evolution of tetrapods
7423:Lauder, G. V. (2011).
6630:Moore, John A (1988).
6364:Developmental Dynamics
6020:Encyclopedia of Fishes
5815:Kuntz, Albert (1913).
5561:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0282
5254:www.washingtonpost.com
5163:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336
5096:Thrinacoselache gracia
4854:10.4202/app.00161.2015
4835:Cheirolepis canadensis
4705:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0470
4393:Hyman, Libbie (1992).
4362:10.1098/rspb.2013.3120
4313:10.1098/rspb.2011.1009
4187:10.1002/zoos.201300007
3963:
3849:
3832:
3762:
3758:Ichthyosaurus communis
3745:
3719:
3652:James Kingsley Thacher
3267:in a ray-finned fish.
3191:internal fertilization
2842:
2819:American elephantfish
2575:Carcharodon carcharias
2323:Fanjingshania renovata
2252:
2241:
2189:African butter catfish
2055:Bathypterois grallator
2022:Benthocometes robustus
1710:
1443:), and South America (
1334:
1318:
1306:
1202:, which includes also
1180:
1098:Abbreviate diphycercal
737:Adipose fin of a trout
568:
561:Dorsal fin of a chub (
226:use pectoral fins for
196:oscillating propulsion
61:
8612:Undulatory locomotion
8429:Ampullae of Lorenzini
8039:Undulatory locomotion
7988:Homologous structures
7564:10.1093/icb/42.5.1009
7505:Hall, Brian K (2007)
7432:Experiments in Fluids
7376:10.1186/1743-0003-1-6
7165:Witoon Juwarahawong.
6857:on 16 September 2012.
6546:Hall, Brian K (2007)
6345:10.1089/zeb.2009.0593
6255:Theory in Biosciences
5729:Journal of Morphology
5678:Rana and Joag (2001)
5214:Vannuccini S (1999).
4120:(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
4093:Undulatory locomotion
3880:
3840:
3830:
3751:
3735:
3715:homologous structures
3707:
3689:University of Chicago
3484:which it displays to
3370:Indo-Pacific sailfish
3301:Indo-Pacific sailfish
2856:In some countries of
2840:
2787:Sibyrhynchus denisoni
2623:Marbled electric ray
2558:Scyliorhinus canicula
2266:. The class includes
2247:
2240:in hair and feathers.
2232:
1742:, but those of early
1700:
1691:Further information:
1640:Allenypterus montanus
1602:Eusthenopteron foordi
1545:Neoceratodus forsteri
1412:Latimeria menadoensis
1408:Indonesian coelacanth
1324:
1312:
1297:
1171:
937:reversed heterocercal
560:
551:Dorsal fin of a shark
449:Pelvic / Ventral fins
276:anti-predator defense
204:paddling acceleration
200:directional stability
35:
8840:Genetically modified
7983:Analogous structures
7978:Convergent evolution
6649:10.1093/icb/28.2.449
6535:The Harvard Gazzette
6522:, 23 September 2008.
6318:s2-50 (198): 333–76.
6163:Schultz, Ken (2011)
5994:Istiophorus albicans
5840:Ichthyology Handbook
5335:on 24 December 2013.
4677:. Indiana University
4673:Clack, J. A. (2002)
4116:Standen, EM (2009).
4036:at MIT prototyped a
3966:The use of fins for
3857:convergent evolution
3778:convergent evolution
3725:De incessu animalium
3625:Gegenbaur hypothesis
3372:, possibly used for
3277:cartilaginous fishes
3179:cartilaginous fishes
2643:Hemitrygon bennettii
2256:Cartilaginous fishes
2234:Cartilaginous fishes
2219:Cartilaginous fishes
2209:Leptocephalus conger
2175:Oncorhynchus clarkii
2039:Trachonurus sulcatus
1970:Ceratias uranoscopus
1967:Stargazing seadevil
1950:Stellate pufferfish
1936:Polyprion americanus
1542:Queensland lungfish
1208:cartilaginous fishes
172:), fins are fleshy "
43:Hector's lanternfish
8645:Aquatic respiration
8532:Life history theory
8034:Rotating locomotion
7973:Comparative anatomy
7601:2004IJOE...29..556L
7444:2011ExFl...51...23L
7305:Festo AquaRay Robot
7278:Control Engineering
7229:on 26 November 2020
7092:"Bent Out of Shape"
6824:1997Natur.388..639S
6762:2011PNAS..10821146K
6756:(52): 21146–21151.
6734:, 13 December 2011.
6603:"From fins to feet"
6476:2009PNAS..106.5720G
6429:10.1038/nature04984
6421:2006Natur.442.1033F
6267:2003ThBio.122..266C
6123:2010BMCEE..10..301B
6006:littoralsociety.org
5901:10.5061/dryad.vc8h5
5706:Alevizon WS (1994)
5681:Classical Mechanics
5634:Magnuson JJ (1978)
5606:2006AnRFM..38..193F
5442:(Scomber japonicus)
5300:1999IJOE...24..237S
5112:2008JVPal..28..970G
5075:on 24 December 2011
5022:2022Natur.609..969A
4890:10.1038/nature09137
4882:2010Natur.466..234Z
4750:1987Natur.329..331F
4633:2016NatSR...621571B
4531:Fishes of the World
4496:2016JVPal..36E1886K
4284:on 12 January 2014.
4208:Tytell, E. (2005).
4000:University of Essex
3806:even-toed ungulates
3425:on the ocean floor.
3227:Xiphophorus helleri
3187:intromittent organs
2640:Bennett's stingray
2606:Largetooth sawfish
2509:eel-like locomotion
2481:), which belong to
2421:have a large upper
2087:Shortbill spearfish
1988:Poromitra unicornis
1933:Atlantic wreckfish
1903:Equetus lanceolatus
1851:Sternoptyx diaphana
1835:Pteraclis carolinus
1783:Caulophryne jordani
1657:Latimeria chalumnae
1460:that show aberrant
1404:Latimeria chalumnae
1331:Latimeria chalumnae
1315:Latimeria chalumnae
666:surface behind the
302:Fins can either be
216:surfacing or diving
8484:Weberian apparatus
7953:Evolution of birds
7706:Aquatic locomotion
7551:Integr. Comp. Biol
7173:on 4 November 2007
7098:. Norton, 179–94.
6959:Systematic Biology
6885:Science News Daily
6636:American Zoologist
6377:10.1002/dvdy.21268
5741:10.1002/jmor.10207
5516:(Pt 15): 2247–59.
5411:(Pt 13): 2251–63.
4797:10.1093/gbe/evw288
4621:Scientific Reports
4432:Biological Reviews
4356:(1781): 20133120.
4139:10.1242/jeb.033084
3964:
3881:In the 1990s, the
3833:
3763:
3746:
3696:From fins to limbs
3631:Classical theories
3463:Other uses of fins
3317:Other uses of fins
3033:degrees of freedom
3008:Controlling motion
3001:volumetric imaging
2843:
2572:Great white shark
2253:
2242:
2124:Remora brachyptera
1953:Arothron stellatus
1886:Lophonectes gallus
1711:
1528:Protopterus dolloi
1391:) or diphycercal.
1364:land vertebrates (
1338:Lobe-finned fishes
1335:
1319:
1307:
1299:Lobe-finned fishes
1214:(except for their
1181:
662:is located on the
569:
286:to lure prey; and
158:cartilaginous fish
79:and help the fish
62:
9188:
9187:
9098:Fish common names
9009:
9008:
8640:Aquatic predation
8464:Capacity for pain
8193:Age determination
8047:
8046:
8004:Animal locomotion
7943:Evolution of fish
7823:facultative biped
7490:978-0-8018-6048-5
7256:. Times of London
7127:on 16 August 2013
6818:(6643): 639–648.
6668:, 7 October 2011.
6415:(7106): 1033–37.
6095:. 8 October 2010.
6050:Australian Museum
6029:978-0-12-547665-2
5915:"System glossary"
5872:978-1-4051-2494-2
5501:Scomber japonicus
5399:Scomber japonicus
5318:10.1109/48.757275
5067:Michael, Bright.
5016:(7929): 969–974.
4982:978-3-89937-271-7
4876:(7303): 234–237.
4663:. Art. No. 21571.
4642:10.1038/srep21571
4541:978-0-471-54713-6
4307:(1728): 553–563.
4227:10.1242/jeb.01391
3992:thunniform motion
3962:
3961:
3853:Stephen Jay Gould
3767:Monash University
3613:Evolution of fish
3183:ray finned fishes
3080:open water fishes
2881:Generating thrust
2845:According to the
2780:Iniopterygiformes
2738:Wodnika striatula
2626:Torpedo marmorata
2609:Pristis perotteti
2452:Petalodontiformes
2358:Ctenacanthiformes
2158:Polypterus bichir
2005:Exocoetus evolans
1916:Atlantic pomfret
1714:Ray-finned fishes
1525:Spotted lungfish
1358:evolved into legs
1161:
1160:
1105:Saurichthyiformes
852:
840:
822:
738:
689:series (baseosts)
648:Anal/cloacal fin
564:Squalius cephalus
552:
541:
454:
348:
236:amphibious fishes
176:" supported by a
83:. Apart from the
58:caudal (tail) fin
16:(Redirected from
9208:
9176:
9175:
9164:
9163:
9146:
9145:
8880:
8879:
8172:
8103:Ethnoichthyology
8074:
8067:
8060:
8051:
8050:
8014:Robot locomotion
7788:Limb development
7773:
7746:Lobe-finned fish
7675:
7668:
7661:
7652:
7651:
7620:
7586:
7576:
7566:
7557:(5): 1009–1017.
7494:
7464:
7463:
7429:
7420:
7414:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7388:
7378:
7354:
7348:
7332:
7326:
7317:
7311:
7310:, 20 April 2009.
7302:
7296:
7295:, 27 April 2009.
7287:
7281:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7150:. Archived from
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7113:
7107:
7088:
7082:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7039:Evo Edu Outreach
7036:
7027:
7021:
7012:
7006:
7001:Norris KS (ed.)
6991:
6985:
6984:
6974:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6933:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6850:. Archived from
6809:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6773:
6741:
6735:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6699:
6690:(10): e1001168.
6675:
6669:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6627:
6621:
6599:
6593:
6567:
6561:
6544:
6538:
6529:
6523:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6487:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6379:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6328:
6319:
6312:
6306:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6286:
6278:
6250:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6196:
6187:
6184:
6178:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6102:
6096:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6059:
6053:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6015:
6009:
5988:
5982:
5966:
5957:
5956:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5880:
5874:
5858:
5852:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5792:Gambusia affinis
5785:
5779:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5724:
5718:
5704:
5693:
5676:
5670:
5657:
5651:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5507:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5369:
5360:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5328:. Archived from
5311:
5285:
5276:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5230:on 2 August 2017
5226:. Archived from
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5174:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4950:on 5 August 2010
4946:. Archived from
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4758:10.1038/329331a0
4744:(6137): 331–33.
4733:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4684:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4475:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4280:. Archived from
4269:
4263:
4262:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4170:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4113:
3951:
3950:
3935:
3934:
3919:
3918:
3903:
3902:
3891:
3890:
3755:
3738:lobe-finned fish
3728:
3585:
3566:
3557:to attract prey.
3546:
3527:
3497:
3473:
3409:
3389:
3378:thermoregulation
3365:
3346:
3327:
3257:
3159:This young male
3156:
3138:
3060:
3044:
3028:
2960:
2942:
2930:
2816:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2758:
2749:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2654:
2637:
2620:
2603:
2592:Alopias vulpinus
2589:Common thresher
2586:
2569:
2552:
2529:
2520:
2514:Chlamydoselachus
2501:
2488:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2397:vertebral column
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2248:Caudal fin of a
2202:
2185:
2168:
2151:
2134:
2117:
2100:
2083:
2073:Regalecus glesne
2066:
2049:
2032:
2015:
1998:
1981:
1964:
1947:
1930:
1913:
1896:
1883:Crested flounder
1879:
1862:
1845:
1828:
1814:Slender sunfish
1811:
1797:Pancake batfish
1794:
1777:
1716:form a class of
1673:
1668:
1651:
1637:
1632:
1618:
1613:
1599:
1594:
1580:
1575:
1561:
1556:
1539:
1522:
1511:Tiktaalik roseae
1508:
1503:
1451:land vertebrates
1340:form a class of
1254:relative density
1235:lobe-finned fish
1204:land vertebrates
1127:
1103:
1083:
991:blue flying fish
971:the first fishes
950:Hemiheterocercal
942:
935:, also known as
920:
911:
893:
850:
848:
838:
836:
829:
820:
736:
734:
660:anal/cloacal fin
655:
550:
548:
539:
461:
452:
355:
346:
341:
340:
334:
323:, caudal fin in
317:
134:lobe-finned fish
21:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9152:
9076:
9005:
8916:
8869:
8808:
8739:
8632:
8626:
8578:
8522:Ichthyoplankton
8488:
8420:
8413:
8409:Digital Library
8404:Teleost leptins
8343:Shark cartilage
8267:pharyngeal slit
8262:pharyngeal arch
8198:Anguilliformity
8183:
8181:
8173:
8164:
8083:
8078:
8048:
8043:
7992:
7958:Origin of birds
7931:
7871:
7793:Limb morphology
7774:
7765:
7751:Ray-finned fish
7716:Fish locomotion
7692:
7679:
7627:
7584:
7502:
7500:Further reading
7497:
7491:
7472:
7467:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7406:
7402:
7355:
7351:
7347:, 18 July 2011.
7342:Wayback Machine
7333:
7329:
7325:, 12 July 2012.
7318:
7314:
7303:
7299:
7288:
7284:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7246:
7242:
7232:
7230:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7163:
7159:
7154:on 4 July 2009.
7146:Richard Mason.
7144:
7140:
7130:
7128:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7089:
7085:
7072:
7068:
7034:
7028:
7024:
7013:
7009:
6992:
6988:
6951:
6947:
6908:
6904:
6894:
6892:
6891:on 4 March 2007
6879:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6854:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6742:
6738:
6727:
6723:
6676:
6672:
6661:
6657:
6628:
6624:
6600:
6596:
6578:Vintage Books.
6568:
6564:
6545:
6541:
6530:
6526:
6515:
6511:
6470:(14): 5720–24.
6456:
6452:
6405:
6401:
6356:
6352:
6329:
6322:
6313:
6309:
6300:
6296:
6280:
6279:
6261:(2–3): 266–87.
6251:
6242:
6197:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6162:
6158:
6103:
6099:
6088:
6084:
6060:
6056:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6016:
6012:
6003:Wayback Machine
5989:
5985:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5881:
5877:
5859:
5855:
5836:
5832:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5786:
5782:
5771:
5764:
5725:
5721:
5705:
5696:
5677:
5673:
5667:Wayback Machine
5658:
5654:
5640:Fish Physiology
5633:
5629:
5590:
5586:
5549:Biology Letters
5541:
5537:
5505:
5495:
5491:
5460:10.2307/1543081
5436:
5432:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5376:. New Scientist
5370:
5363:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5309:10.1.1.459.8614
5283:
5277:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5139:
5135:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5065:
5061:
5002:
4998:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4866:
4862:
4829:
4822:
4777:
4773:
4734:
4730:
4693:Biology Letters
4685:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4542:
4526:
4519:
4490:(4): e1151886.
4476:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4428:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4342:
4338:
4293:
4289:
4270:
4266:
4259:10.1139/Z04-069
4239:
4235:
4206:
4202:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4068:Fish locomotion
4054:
4009:, developed by
3994:. In 2005, the
3948:
3932:
3916:
3900:
3894:External videos
3875:
3869:
3730:
3721:
3698:
3670:
3664:
3648:Francis Balfour
3633:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3486:scare predators
3474:
3465:
3464:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3382:
3381:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3293:
3291:Other functions
3253:Middle Triassic
3175:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3128:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3010:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2889:
2887:Fish locomotion
2883:
2878:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2808:
2805:Chimaera cubana
2802:Cuban chimaera
2800:
2791:
2773:
2764:
2750:
2741:
2724:
2715:
2698:
2689:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2638:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2553:
2541:
2523:Thrinacoselache
2427:porbeagle shark
2351:Hybodontiformes
2326:from the lower
2250:grey reef shark
2227:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2186:
2177:
2169:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2109:
2104:Ghost knifefish
2101:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1817:Ranzania laevis
1812:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1766:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1624:
1614:
1605:
1595:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1557:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1523:
1514:
1504:
1492:
1484:tetrapodomorphs
1377:ray-finned fish
1292:
1286:
1178:ray-finned fish
1166:
1119:
1118:
1117:
853:
843:
842:
841:
831:
830:
819:
784:Argentiniformes
739:
718:tetraodontiform
639:tetraodontiform
553:
538:
451:
431:The "horns" of
412:flying gurnards
375:dynamic lifting
345:
300:
264:thresher sharks
108:ray-finned fish
60:
55:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9214:
9204:
9203:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9170:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9140:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9028:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8926:
8924:
8922:Wild fisheries
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8888:
8886:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8845:Hallucinogenic
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8816:
8814:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8720:Schooling fish
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8680:Filter feeders
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8655:Bottom feeders
8652:
8647:
8642:
8636:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8588:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8498:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8425:
8423:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8356:
8355:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8301:Leydig's organ
8298:
8297:
8296:
8294:pharyngeal jaw
8291:
8281:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8247:branchial arch
8239:
8238:
8237:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8189:
8187:
8175:
8174:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8092:
8085:
8084:
8077:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8054:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7922:Pterosaur wing
7919:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7711:Cephalopod fin
7708:
7702:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7639:
7636:The Fish's Fin
7633:
7626:
7625:External links
7623:
7622:
7621:
7595:(3): 556–571.
7577:
7539:
7520:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7489:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7415:
7400:
7349:
7327:
7323:Engineering TV
7312:
7297:
7282:
7280:, 18 May 2009.
7267:
7254:thetimes.co.uk
7240:
7206:
7184:
7157:
7138:
7108:
7083:
7081: : 77-97.
7066:
7045:(2): 272–288.
7022:
7007:
6997:Pages 255–275
6986:
6965:(2): 317–337.
6945:
6924:(5): 537–543.
6902:
6872:
6860:
6795:
6736:
6721:
6670:
6655:
6642:(2): 449–584.
6622:
6594:
6562:
6539:
6524:
6509:
6450:
6399:
6370:(9): 2421–31.
6350:
6320:
6307:
6294:
6240:
6188:
6179:
6156:
6097:
6082:
6063:Froese, Rainer
6054:
6047:(Cuvier, 1829)
6035:
6028:
6010:
5983:
5958:
5952:978-0191560156
5951:
5931:
5906:
5875:
5853:
5830:
5807:
5788:Masterson, J.
5780:
5762:
5719:
5694:
5671:
5652:
5627:
5600:(1): 193–224.
5584:
5555:(5): 695–698.
5535:
5489:
5430:
5387:
5361:
5338:
5294:(2): 237–252.
5266:
5241:
5206:
5194:
5133:
5106:(4): 970–988.
5086:
5059:
4996:
4981:
4961:
4935:
4923:
4921:, p. 528.
4911:
4860:
4847:(2): 363–376.
4820:
4771:
4728:
4679:
4675:Gaining Ground
4666:
4607:
4584:
4555:
4540:
4517:
4470:
4457:
4438:(3): 385–405.
4419:
4406:978-0226870137
4405:
4385:
4336:
4287:
4264:
4253:(6): 910–916.
4233:
4200:
4181:(2): 209–214.
4162:
4153:
4132:(5): 831–841.
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Shark fin soup
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:Cephalopod fin
4053:
4050:
4038:biomechatronic
3968:the propulsion
3960:
3959:
3957:Festo, YouTube
3944:
3943:
3941:Festo, YouTube
3928:
3927:
3925:Festo, YouTube
3912:
3911:
3909:Festo, YouTube
3896:
3895:
3868:
3865:
3851:The biologist
3706:
3697:
3694:
3663:
3660:
3636:Carl Gegenbaur
3632:
3629:
3619:
3616:
3608:
3605:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3394:thresher shark
3391:
3384:
3383:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3292:
3289:
3240:Hemirhamphodon
3158:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3074:The bodies of
3062:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3006:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2866:sustainability
2862:shark fin soup
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2761:Bandringa rayi
2751:
2744:
2742:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2657:Frilled shark
2656:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2439:thresher shark
2225:Chondrichthyes
2223:Main article:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2192:Schilbe mystus
2187:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1900:Jack-knifefish
1898:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1865:Silver roughy
1864:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1780:Fanfin angler
1779:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1693:Actinopterygii
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:Mawsonia gigas
1670:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1437:), Australia (
1288:Main article:
1285:
1282:
1188:Actinopterygii
1172:Skeleton of a
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1085:Tarrasiiformes
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
963:
962:
961:
960:
947:
902:Actinopterygii
878:axial skeleton
854:
849:
837:
823:
815:
814:
756:Myctophiformes
752:Percopsiformes
740:
735:
728:
724:
723:
722:
721:
703:
693:
690:
679:pterygiophores
656:
649:
645:
644:
643:
642:
624:
616:
605:pterygiophores
601:
554:
549:
542:
532:
531:
530:
529:
503:
462:
455:
445:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
414:
404:
389:
356:
349:
299:
296:
268:reef stonefish
228:gliding flight
162:Chondrichthyes
112:Actinopterygii
50:(paired), (3)
37:Ray fins on a
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9213:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9181:
9180:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9149:
9148:more lists...
9141:
9139:
9136:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9103:Fish families
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9088:Aquarium life
9086:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9071:
9070:fleshy-finned
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9038:Cartilaginous
9036:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8742:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:Electric fish
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8306:Mauthner cell
8304:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8225:Chromatophore
8223:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8070:
8068:
8063:
8061:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7772:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:Pectoral fins
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7671:
7669:
7664:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7646:
7645:HowStuffWorks
7643:
7640:
7638:Earthlife Web
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7536:9781444311907
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:9780226313375
7514:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7503:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7411:HowStuffWorks
7409:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7331:
7324:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7306:
7301:
7294:
7291:
7286:
7279:
7276:
7271:
7255:
7251:
7244:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7194:
7188:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7105:
7104:9780393311396
7101:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7016:
7011:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6832:10.1038/41710
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6664:
6659:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6618:9780253356758
6615:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6584:9780307277459
6581:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6558:9780226313375
6555:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6533:
6528:
6521:
6518:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6325:
6317:
6311:
6304:
6298:
6290:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6211:(3): 531–42.
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6193:
6183:
6176:
6175:9781118039885
6172:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6091:
6086:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6039:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5987:
5980:
5979:9780761471707
5976:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5935:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5889:Palaeontology
5886:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5849:9783540428541
5846:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5795:
5793:
5784:
5777:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5717:
5716:1-55992-077-7
5713:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5691:
5690:9780074603154
5687:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5648:9780123504074
5645:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5391:
5375:
5368:
5366:
5358:
5357:9781402022326
5354:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5202:Shark Finning
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4825:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:(1): 93–101.
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4699:(3): 443–46.
4698:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4595:
4588:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3958:
3954:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:– Aristotle,
3718:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:chondricthyes
3675:
3669:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:, the female
3503:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3438:demersal fish
3435:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3162:
3161:spinner shark
3155:
3144:
3137:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:butterflyfish
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:butterflyfish
3085:
3081:
3077:
3066:
3059:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3027:
3013:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2941:
2929:
2915:
2913:
2912:pectoral fins
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2876:Fin functions
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2851:shark finning
2848:
2839:
2833:Shark finning
2824:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2790:(Holocephali)
2789:
2788:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2496:Selachimorpha
2493:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:Stethacanthus
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2309:diplacanthids
2303:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:Giant oarfish
2065:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:osteichthyans
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1458:fossil record
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:(except some
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:of the first
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:Sarcopterygii
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:swim bladders
1247:
1246:lepidotrichia
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Sarcopterygii
1189:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:Eurasian carp
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
996:
992:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
958:
955:
951:
948:
945:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
925:
924:
916:
915:
907:
903:
900:
896:
889:
885:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
847:
835:
828:
824:
817:
816:
813:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Characiformes
773:
769:
768:Salmoniformes
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
733:
729:
726:
725:
719:
715:
714:ocean sunfish
711:
707:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
650:
647:
646:
640:
636:
635:ocean sunfish
632:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
578:
576:
575:
566:
565:
559:
547:
543:
540:(Spinal fins)
537:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
496:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
460:
456:
450:
447:
446:
438:
437:cephalic fins
434:
430:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:pectoral fins
354:
350:
344:Pectoral fins
343:
342:
339:
337:
330:
326:
325:ocean sunfish
322:
321:
313:
309:
305:
298:Types of fins
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:have evolved
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:unpaired fins
186:
181:
179:
178:cartilaginous
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:jointed bones
152:supported by
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:Sarcopterygii
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
53:
49:
44:
40:
34:
30:
19:
9201:Fish anatomy
9177:
9165:
9065:spiny-finned
9014:Major groups
8735:Intelligence
8715:Scale eaters
8660:Cleaner fish
8542:Mouthbrooder
8494:Reproduction
8469:Schreckstoff
8454:Lateral line
8370:Swim bladder
8360:Spiral valve
8289:hyomandibula
8272:pseudobranch
8229:
8155:Hypoxia in -
7735:
7644:
7592:
7588:
7554:
7550:
7527:
7507:
7479:
7470:Bibliography
7438:(1): 23–35.
7435:
7431:
7418:
7410:
7403:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7345:The Engineer
7344:
7330:
7322:
7315:
7307:
7300:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7270:
7258:. Retrieved
7253:
7243:
7231:. Retrieved
7227:the original
7218:
7209:
7197:. Retrieved
7187:
7175:. Retrieved
7171:the original
7167:"Fish Robot"
7160:
7152:the original
7141:
7129:. Retrieved
7125:the original
7120:
7111:
7095:
7086:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7042:
7038:
7025:
7017:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6962:
6958:
6948:
6921:
6915:
6905:
6893:. Retrieved
6889:the original
6884:
6875:
6863:
6852:the original
6815:
6811:
6798:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6732:ScienceDaily
6731:
6724:
6687:
6684:PLOS Biology
6683:
6673:
6666:ScienceDaily
6665:
6658:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6609:
6606:
6597:
6588:
6574:
6570:Shubin, Neil
6565:
6548:
6542:
6534:
6527:
6520:ScienceDaily
6519:
6512:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6339:(3): 303–4.
6336:
6332:
6315:
6310:
6302:
6297:
6283:cite journal
6258:
6254:
6208:
6204:
6182:
6165:
6159:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6093:ScienceDaily
6092:
6085:
6074:
6068:
6057:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6019:
6013:
6005:
5993:
5986:
5969:
5941:
5934:
5922:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5862:
5856:
5839:
5833:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5791:
5783:
5775:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5680:
5674:
5655:
5639:
5630:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5513:
5509:
5500:
5492:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5347:
5341:
5330:the original
5291:
5287:
5257:. Retrieved
5253:
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5228:the original
5223:
5219:
5209:
5197:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5073:the original
5062:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4971:
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4948:the original
4938:
4926:
4919:Hamlett 1999
4914:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4674:
4669:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4570:
4530:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4435:
4431:
4410:. Retrieved
4395:
4388:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4282:the original
4277:
4267:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4178:
4174:
4156:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4111:
4046:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4004:
3965:
3956:
3940:
3924:
3908:
3886:
3867:Robotic fins
3861:
3850:
3841:
3836:Ichthyosaurs
3834:
3810:hippopotamus
3795:
3775:
3764:
3756:
3724:
3720:
3708:
3699:
3686:
3671:
3656:
3634:
3621:
3596:
3573:
3554:
3534:
3509:
3501:
3485:
3448:
3442:
3431:
3422:
3418:Bathypterois
3416:
3397:
3373:
3353:
3334:
3298:
3294:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3176:
3143:mosquitofish
3126:Reproduction
3073:
3011:
2997:
2987:
2980:
2890:
2855:
2844:
2820:
2803:
2785:
2759:
2754:elasmobranch
2736:
2731:ctenacanthid
2710:
2705:symmoriiform
2684:
2658:
2641:
2624:
2607:
2590:
2573:
2556:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2504:Squatinactis
2502:
2489:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2443:
2419:Tiger sharks
2417:
2415:caudal fin.
2385:heterocercal
2378:
2371:
2365:Xenacanthida
2341:
2337:Heterodontus
2335:
2321:
2292:
2280:
2262:rather than
2254:
2208:
2191:
2174:
2157:
2140:
2123:
2106:
2089:
2072:
2053:
2052:Tripod fish
2038:
2021:
2004:
1987:
1968:
1951:
1934:
1917:
1902:
1885:
1866:
1849:
1834:
1815:
1798:
1781:
1747:
1737:
1726:
1712:
1705:, a type of
1674:
1655:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1581:
1562:
1543:
1526:
1509:
1477:
1471:
1467:Allenypterus
1465:
1462:morphologies
1455:
1444:
1440:Neoceratodus
1438:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1393:
1336:
1330:
1314:
1301:, like this
1243:
1228:
1200:Euteleostomi
1182:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1097:
1061:
1059:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1003:
985:
983:
966:
964:
949:
936:
932:
923:Bobasatrania
921:
912:
884:Heterocercal
883:
881:
861:
857:
807:
803:
799:
780:Siluriformes
772:Osmeriformes
764:Stomiiformes
760:Aulopiformes
748:euteleostean
743:
727:Adipose fin
678:
659:
618:
604:
590:
586:
572:
570:
562:
522:
517:position in
514:
506:
493:
477:
470:ventral fins
469:
465:
453:(Belly fins)
436:
428:propulsion)
401:walking fish
359:
320:Bobasatrania
318:
307:
303:
301:
260:mosquitofish
191:
187:
182:
166:jawless fish
101:
64:
63:
39:teleost fish
29:
18:Pectoral fin
9179:WikiProject
9138:Prehistoric
9122:Threatened
8813:Other types
8710:Sardine run
8685:Forage fish
8665:Corallivory
8517:Development
8502:Bubble nest
8375:physoclisti
8365:Suckermouth
8338:Root effect
8160:Ichthyology
7917:Insect wing
7867:Webbed foot
7808:unguligrade
7803:plantigrade
7798:digitigrade
7308:Technovelgy
7131:12 December
5924:15 February
5895:: 559–574.
5885:Saurichthys
5773:Ichthyology
5735:(1): 1–11.
5454:(1): 9–19.
4220:(1): v–vi.
4007:AquaPenguin
3905:AquaPenguin
3847:precursor."
3531:Triggerfish
3414:tripod fish
3412:Species of
3350:Flying fish
3260:Saurichthys
3235:andropodium
3217:Poeciliidae
3213:Anablepidae
3112:puffer fish
3084:coral reefs
3076:reef fishes
2491:Aquilolamna
2483:Holocephali
2316:acanthodian
2155:Nile bichir
1919:Brama brama
1752:- also had
1749:Cheirolepis
1733:Triggerfish
1718:bony fishes
1621:Undina gulo
1473:Rebellatrix
1446:Lepidosiren
1434:Protopterus
1354:pelvic fins
1342:bony fishes
1329:coelacanth
1184:Bony fishes
1164:Bony fishes
1132:caudal keel
1116:Caudal keel
1078:coelacanths
1062:Diphycercal
975:cyclostomes
967:Protocercal
957:Neopterygii
744:adipose fin
720:propulsion)
702:propulsion)
700:gymnotiform
641:propulsion)
574:dorsal fins
464:The paired
387:flying fish
358:The paired
327:). In some
288:triggerfish
284:fishing rod
224:flying fish
192:paired fins
185:midsagittal
142:coelacanths
67:are moving
48:pelvic fins
8794:Groundfish
8789:Freshwater
8784:Euryhaline
8769:Coral reef
8705:Salmon run
8695:Paedophagy
8597:Amphibious
8584:Locomotion
8392:pharyngeal
8380:physostome
8333:Photophore
8279:Glossohyal
8252:gill raker
8235:dorsal fin
8185:physiology
7845:Cephalopod
7761:Pelvic fin
7731:Dorsal fin
7726:Caudal fin
7543:Lauder, GV
7199:25 October
7177:25 October
6993:Felts WJL
6117:(1): 301.
5827:: 181–190.
5800:21 October
5351:Springer.
5259:20 January
5234:21 January
4991:1335983356
4412:18 October
4099:References
3984:biomimetic
3972:propulsive
3873:Robot fish
3871:See also:
3844:dorsal fin
3782:pterosaurs
3666:See also:
3611:See also:
3551:anglerfish
3516:pelvic fin
3455:pelvic fin
3307:and other
3305:scombroids
3265:viviparity
3249:gonopodium
3243:or in the
3199:andropodia
3141:This male
3104:damselfish
3092:damselfish
2982:Cavitation
2885:See also:
2413:homocercal
2405:locomotion
2381:Caudal fin
2302:climatiids
2206:Conger eel
1746:- such as
1464:, such as
1406:) and the
1396:coelacanth
1385:caudal fin
1366:amphibians
1303:coelacanth
1262:lungfishes
1231:ray-finned
1220:fin spines
1089:Palaeozoic
1028:emarginate
1012:round goby
986:Homocercal
933:Hypocercal
895:Placodermi
868:(see also
858:caudal fin
821:(Tail fin)
818:Caudal fin
710:pufferfish
631:pufferfish
620:Gymnarchus
583:anglerfish
536:Dorsal fin
521:; and the
486:homologous
433:manta rays
408:sea robins
399:(see also
397:mudskipper
364:homologous
347:(Arm fins)
336:Acanthodii
280:anglerfish
180:skeleton.
140:) such as
89:caudal fin
69:appendages
52:dorsal fin
9043:chimaeras
8930:Predatory
8907:Salmonids
8865:Whitefish
8855:Poisonous
8830:Diversity
8764:Coldwater
8700:Predatory
8690:Migratory
8650:Bait ball
8633:behaviour
8552:Pregnancy
8547:Polyandry
8321:papillare
8316:Operculum
8311:Meristics
8257:gill slit
8220:Cleithrum
8150:Fish kill
8140:Fear of -
8133:- as food
8123:Fisheries
8108:Evolution
8098:Diversity
7936:Evolution
7895:Bird wing
7840:Arthropod
7833:quadruped
6591:interview
6333:Zebrafish
5990:Dement J
5304:CiteSeerX
5189:203619135
5145:Phoebodus
5079:29 August
5054:252570103
5038:1476-4687
4954:14 August
4906:205221027
4627:: 21571.
4195:1860-0743
4104:Citations
4034:Hugh Herr
4032:In 2004,
4023:AquaJelly
3980:submarine
3953:AiraCuda
3937:AquaJelly
3802:cetaceans
3711:analogous
3702:tetrapods
3682:catsharks
3607:Evolution
3502:courtship
3482:eye spots
3245:Goodeidae
3209:Gonopodia
3195:gonopodia
3120:trunkfish
3108:angelfish
3096:angelfish
3049:reef fish
2898:generate
2841:Shark fin
2679:xenacanth
2532:Phoebodus
2460:Belantsea
2276:chimaeras
2260:cartilage
1985:Ridgehead
1417:Latimeria
1368:) in the
1284:Lobe-fins
1270:tetrapods
1224:denticles
1212:cartilage
1196:taxonomic
1194:) form a
1120:Finlets
1052:swordfish
1018:truncated
979:lancelets
874:vertebrae
792:characids
696:Knifefish
507:abdominal
490:tetrapods
368:tetrapods
292:predators
234:and many
127:scaleless
93:back bone
9195:Category
9167:Category
9118:Smallest
9031:lampreys
8994:flatfish
8984:Demersal
8940:mackerel
8935:billfish
8875:Commerce
8804:Tropical
8779:Demersal
8774:Deep-sea
8730:Venomous
8622:RoboTuna
8572:triggers
8567:Spawning
8527:Juvenile
8512:Egg case
8145:FishBase
7927:Wingspan
7910:feathers
7905:skeleton
7890:Bat wing
7850:Tetrapod
7736:Fish fin
7617:36207755
7573:21680382
7395:15679914
7369:(1): 6.
7338:Archived
7061:11583496
6981:16012099
6790:22160688
6716:21990962
6504:19321424
6437:16878142
6394:40763215
6386:17676641
6235:18264841
6151:20932273
6076:FishBase
5999:Archived
5919:FishBase
5749:15536651
5663:Archived
5579:21508026
5530:10887065
5484:28910289
5476:11249216
5425:11507109
5380:31 March
5326:17226211
5181:31575362
5157:(1912).
5128:84735866
5046:36171377
4898:20574421
4815:28082606
4723:17148426
4661:26908371
4600:31 March
4577:31 March
4550:28965588
4512:87234436
4452:84992418
4380:24598422
4331:21733904
4148:20154199
4078:RoboTuna
4052:See also
4042:actuator
4027:AiraCuda
4015:penguins
3818:flippers
3798:Triassic
3771:lungfish
3742:tetrapod
3674:lampreys
3593:venomous
3589:Lionfish
3331:Frogfish
3309:billfish
3272:Claspers
3203:claspers
3116:filefish
2989:Scombrid
2908:tail fin
2478:Menaspis
2431:mackerel
2332:Aeronian
2328:Silurian
2304:and the
2019:Cusk-eel
1722:anterior
1687:Ray-fins
1429:Lungfish
1381:teleosts
1370:Devonian
1362:tetrapod
1350:Pectoral
1274:opercula
1258:buoyancy
1087:). Most
1070:lungfish
995:teleosts
973:and the
944:Anaspida
914:Birgeria
750:orders (
683:proximal
609:proximal
587:illicium
515:thoracic
482:families
426:rajiform
308:unpaired
240:crawling
232:frogfish
174:flippers
146:lungfish
9113:Largest
9026:hagfish
9021:Jawless
8999:pollock
8972:sardine
8967:herring
8962:anchovy
8912:Tilapia
8902:Octopus
8897:Catfish
8884:Farming
8799:Pelagic
8759:Coastal
8746:habitat
8602:Walking
8507:Clasper
8459:Otolith
8421:systems
8419:Sensory
8353:ganoine
8328:Papilla
8179:Anatomy
8118:Fishing
7997:Related
7855:dactyly
7741:Flipper
7597:Bibcode
7440:Bibcode
7260:12 June
7233:12 June
7219:cnn.com
6940:9159931
6895:18 June
6848:2913898
6840:9262397
6820:Bibcode
6781:3248479
6758:Bibcode
6707:3186808
6572:(2009)
6495:2667079
6472:Bibcode
6445:4322878
6417:Bibcode
6263:Bibcode
6226:2505211
6142:2958921
6119:Bibcode
5622:4983205
5602:Bibcode
5570:3169073
5468:1543081
5296:Bibcode
5172:6790773
5108:Bibcode
5018:Bibcode
4878:Bibcode
4806:5381532
4766:4353395
4746:Bibcode
4714:1686207
4652:4764851
4629:Bibcode
4492:Bibcode
4371:3953844
4322:3234561
4019:AquaRay
3921:AquaRay
3887:Charlie
3676:– with
3597:defense
3570:Remoras
3506:cichlid
3500:During
3445:cichlid
3374:cooling
3285:orifice
3251:in the
3247:or the
3237:in the
3172:Gonopod
2993:finlets
2967:Finlets
2894:shaped
2870:welfare
2469:Janassa
2446:extinct
2435:herring
2409:buoyant
2393:ventral
2343:Squalus
2283:keratin
2238:keratin
2036:Rattail
1832:Fanfish
1754:dentine
1729:catfish
1703:haddock
1482:or the
1479:Foreyia
1383:). The
1239:species
1174:lingcod
1154:sauries
1146:bichirs
1142:Finlets
1074:lamprey
1008:pointed
1004:rounded
897:, most
876:of the
796:catfish
706:Boxfish
664:ventral
627:Boxfish
523:jugular
519:sunfish
511:minnows
393:walking
312:species
244:remoras
220:rolling
212:turning
170:Agnatha
97:muscles
9131:sharks
9048:sharks
8977:sprats
8957:Forage
8945:salmon
8825:Coarse
8607:Flying
8479:Vision
8434:Barbel
8348:Scales
8208:dermal
8088:About
8019:Samara
7828:triped
7813:uniped
7615:
7571:
7534:
7515:
7487:
7460:890431
7458:
7393:
7386:544953
7383:
7293:Gizmag
7102:
7059:
6979:
6938:
6846:
6838:
6812:Nature
6788:
6778:
6714:
6704:
6616:
6582:
6556:
6502:
6492:
6443:
6435:
6409:Nature
6392:
6384:
6233:
6223:
6173:
6149:
6139:
6026:
5977:
5949:
5870:
5847:
5757:827610
5755:
5747:
5714:
5688:
5646:
5620:
5577:
5567:
5528:
5482:
5474:
5466:
5423:
5355:
5324:
5306:
5187:
5179:
5169:
5126:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5010:Nature
4989:
4979:
4904:
4896:
4870:Nature
4813:
4803:
4764:
4738:Nature
4721:
4711:
4659:
4649:
4548:
4538:
4510:
4450:
4403:
4378:
4368:
4329:
4319:
4278:Cosmos
4193:
4146:
3650:, and
3574:attach
3281:cloaca
3065:dermal
2971:vortex
2904:thrust
2900:thrust
2511:(e.g.
2498:) and
2454:(e.g.
2401:muscle
2389:dorsal
2268:sharks
2121:Remora
1758:enamel
1373:Period
1327:extant
1222:, and
1066:bichir
1060:(D) -
1048:lunate
1038:forked
1010:(e.g.
984:(C) -
965:(B) -
904:, and
888:sharks
882:(A) -
788:salmon
687:distal
672:cloaca
613:distal
527:burbot
513:; the
500:gobies
478:venter
466:pelvic
418:skates
385:" for
383:flight
379:sharks
329:clades
304:paired
290:avoid
274:as an
256:sharks
252:sucker
248:gobies
164:) and
119:spines
104:clades
77:thrust
9093:Blind
9081:Lists
8860:Rough
8725:Sleep
8631:Other
8397:shark
8387:Teeth
7877:Wings
7862:Digit
7818:biped
7780:Limbs
7690:wings
7686:limbs
7613:S2CID
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