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actions served as a primer for positive change in Puerto Rico, including the improvement of labor conditions for peasants and workers, a more accurate assessment of the colonial relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States, and an awareness by the political establishment in
Washington, D.C. of this colonial relationship. Supporters state that the legacy is that of an exemplary sacrifice for the building of the Puerto Rican nation ... a legacy of resistance to colonial rule. His critics say that he "failed to attract and offer concrete solutions to the struggling poor and working class people and thus was unable to spread the revolution to the masses."
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1299:), and Carmen María Pérez Roque. The occupants of the building were surrounded by the police and the National Guard who, without warning, fired their weapons. Doris Torresola, who was shot and wounded, was carried out during a ceasefire by Muñoz Matos and Pérez Roque. Alvaro Rivera Walker, a friend of Pedro Albizu Campos, somehow made his way to the Nationalist leader. He stayed with Albizu Campos until the next day when they were attacked with gas. Rivera Walker then raised a white towel he attached to a pole and surrendered. All the Nationalists, including Albizu, were arrested.
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Italians. What the island needs is not public health work but a tidal wave or something to totally exterminate the population. It might then be livable. I have done my best to further the process of extermination by killing off 8 and transplanting cancer into several more. The latter has not resulted in any fatalities so far ... The matter of consideration for the patients' welfare plays no role here – in fact all physicians take delight in the abuse and torture of the unfortunate subjects.
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of trying to exterminate the native population, saying, "Evidently, submissive people coming under the North
American empire, under the shadow of its flag, are taken ill and die. The facts confirm absolutely a system of extermination." He went on, "It has in fact been working out a plan to exterminate our people by inoculating patients unfortunate enough to go to them with virus of incurable diseases such as cancer.
1069:(1937). The Nationalists believed these showed the violence which the United States was prepared to use in order to maintain its colonial regime in Puerto Rico. Historians Manuel Maldonado-Denis and César Ayala believe the motive for this repression, especially during the Great Depression, was because United States business interests were earning such enormous profits by this colonial arrangement.
1287:. Santiago Díaz fought alone against the attackers for three hours and received five bullet wounds, including one in the head. The entire gunfight was transmitted "live" via the radio airwaves, and was heard all over the island. Overnight Santiago Díaz, the barber who survived an armed attack by forty police and National Guardsmen, became a legend throughout Puerto Rico.
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Government of the United States. A jury of seven Puerto Ricans and five
Americans was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, voting 7-to-5 for acquittal. Following the hung jury, Judge Robert A. Cooper permitted a retrial. The second jury was composed of ten Americans and two Puerto Ricans. Following trial, this jury concluded that the defendants were guilty.
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about to graduate with the highest grade-point average in his entire law school class. As such, he was scheduled to give the valedictory speech during the graduation ceremonies. His professor delayed his exams so that he could not complete his work, and avoided the "embarrassment" of a Puerto Rican law valedictorian.
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also conducted their own investigation. Rhoads said he had written the letter in anger after he found his car vandalized, and it was intended "as a joke" in private with his colleague. An investigation concluded that he had conducted his research and treatment of Puerto Ricans appropriately. When the
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consider him "one of the island's greatest patriots of the 20th century." In describing his legacy, social scientist Juan Manuel Carrión wrote that "Albizu still represents a forceful challenge to the very fabric of colonial political order." His followers state that Albizu's political and military
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The FBI investigated any doctors who planned to visit and diagnose Pedro Albizu Campos. Dr. Nacine Hanoka (Miami Beach, FL), was thoroughly investigated. In one FBI memo to J. Edgar Hoover regarding Dr. Hanoka, an instruction near the end of the memo stated "The Miami office is requested to identify
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The mercantile monopoly is backed by the financial monopoly ... The United States have mortgaged the country to their own financial interests. The military intervention destroyed agriculture. It changed the country into a huge sugar plantation ..." Albizu Campos accused Rhoads and the United States
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I can get a damn fine job here and am tempted to take it. It would be ideal except for the Porto Ricans. They are beyond doubt the dirtiest, laziest, most degenerate and thievish race of men ever inhabiting this sphere. It makes you sick to inhabit the same island with them. They are even lower than
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His father never recognized young Pedro as his son and totally abandoned
Juliana, leaving them in poverty. Juliana, started to struggle with her mental health, taking a young Pedro to the river and attempting to drown him with her on various occasions. Luckily, he was saved many times by friends and
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in 1921 with the highest grade point average in his law class, an achievement that earned him the right to give the valedictorian speech at his graduation ceremony. However, animus towards his
African heritage led to his professors delaying two of his final exams in order to keep Albizu Campos from
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Marcantonio argued for Puerto Rican rights, saying "As long as Puerto Rico remains part of the United States, Puerto Rico must have the same freedom, the same civil liberties, and the same justice which our forefathers laid down for us. Only a complete and immediate unconditional pardon will, in a
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In 1924, Albizu Campos joined the Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party and became its vice president. He was elected president of the party in 1930. In 1950, he planned armed uprisings in several cities in Puerto Rico. Afterward he was convicted and returned to prison. He died in 1965 shortly after his
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On June 23, 1921, after graduating from
Harvard Law School, Albizu returned to Puerto Rico—but without his law diploma. He had been the victim of racial discrimination by one of his professors. He delayed Albizu Campos' third-year final exams for courses in Evidence and Corporations. Albizu was
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The law made it illegal to own or display a Puerto Rican flag anywhere, even in one's own home. It limited speech against the United States government or in favor of Puerto Rican independence and prohibited one to print, publish, sell or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the
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The prosecution based some of its charges on the
Nationalists' creation and organization of the Cadets, which the government referred to as the "Liberating Army of Puerto Rico". The prosecutors said that the military tactics which the cadets were taught were for the purpose of overthrowing the
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In 1930, Albizu and José Coll y Cuchí, president of the Party, disagreed on how the party should be run. Albizu Campos did not like what he considered to be Coll y Cuchí's attitude of fraternal solidarity with the enemy. As a result, Coll y Cuchí left the party and, with some of his followers,
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of New York. He stayed there until nearly the end of his sentence. In 1947, after eleven years of imprisonment, Albizu was released; he returned to Puerto Rico. Within a short period of time, he began preparing for an armed struggle against the United States' plan to turn Puerto Rico into a
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Because of this assassination attempt, Pedro Albizu Campos was immediately attacked at his home. After a shootout with the police, Albizu Campos was arrested and sentenced to eighty years in prison. Over the next few days, 3,000 independence supporters were arrested all over the island.
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of Puerto Rico and his attorney general Ramón Quiñones, as well as Puerto Rican medical doctors
Morales and Otero appointed thereby, conducted an investigation of the more than 250 cases treated during the period of Rhoads' work at Presbyterian Hospital. The
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office coordinated with FBI offices in New York, Chicago and other cities, in a decades-long surveillance of Albizu and Puerto Ricans who had contact or communication with him. These documents are viewable online, including some as recent as 1965.
564:, on June 29, 1893. There has been a long debate and confusion over his birthday. Official documents say it was September 12, 1891 while Albizu Campos has stated that his real birthday is June 29, 1893. His father Alejandro Albizu Romero, known as
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insular government or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years imprisonment, a fine of $ 10,000 (US), or both.
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On
November 15, 1964, on the brink of death, Pedro Albizu Campos was pardoned by Governor Luis Muñoz Marín. He died on April 21, 1965. More than 75,000 Puerto Ricans were part of a procession that accompanied his body for burial in the
1047:. The police were commanded by Colonel E. Francis Riggs, a former United States Army officer. Albizu withdrew the Nationalist Party from electoral politics, saying they would not participate until the United States ended colonial rule.
1881:, Federal Bureau of Investigation. In, "Freedom of Information – Privacy Acts Section. Office of Public and Congressional Affairs. Subject: Pedro Albizu Campos. File Number 105-11898, Section XIII." Page 38. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
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Albizu Campos left the United States, took and passed the required two exams in Puerto Rico, and in June 1922 received his law degree by mail. He passed the bar exam and was admitted to the bar in Puerto Rico on February 11, 1924.
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After being elected party president, Albizu declared: "I never believed in numbers. Independence will instead be achieved by the intensity of those that devote themselves totally to the Nationalist ideal." Under the slogan,
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1217:(Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, spoke out against the law, saying that it was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the
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for further training. Upon completing the training, he was assigned to the 375th Infantry Regiment. The United States Army, then segregated, assigned Puerto Ricans of recognizably African descent as soldiers to the
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p. 17. Note: It says that his father, Alejandro Albizu Romero, known as "El Vizcaíno", was a Basque merchant living in Ponce. His mother, Juliana Campos is described as being of Spanish, Indian (Taíno) and African
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During the revolt, Albizu was at the Nationalist Party's headquarters in Old San Juan, which also served as his residence. That day he was accompanied by Juan José Muñoz Matos, Doris Torresola Roura (cousin of
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1420:, a radiologist and president of the Cuban Cancer Association, traveled to Puerto Rico to examine him. From his direct physical examination of Albizu Campos, Dr. Daumy reached three specific conclusions:
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experiments in prison and said that he could see colored rays bombarding him. When he wrapped wet towels around his head in order to shield himself from the radiation, the prison guards ridiculed him as
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The Nationalist Party obtained poor electoral results in the 1932 election, but continued its campaign to unite the island behind an independent Puerto Rico platform. In 1933, Albizu Campos led a
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in 1920. On September 17, 1922, these three political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Coll y Cuchi was elected president and José S. Alegría (father of
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942:'s Presbyterian Hospital as part of his medical research. Albizu Campos had been given an unmailed letter by Rhoads addressed to a colleague, found after Rhoads returned to the United States.
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family but eventually his mother drowned herself on the Portuguese river in Ponce, never to be seen again. From there Pedro Albizu Campos would be raised by his maternal aunt, Rosa Campos.
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La Nación puertorriqueña: ensayos en torno a Pedro Albizu Campos. Juan Manuel Carrión, Teresa C. Gracia Ruiz, Carlos Rodríguez-Fraticelli, eds. p.12. University of Puerto Rico Press. 1993.
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1609:, another Puerto Rican who struggled for Puerto Rico's independence. Quite unique among Puerto Rican thought, the plaza-monument was erected and dedicated by a municipal government of the
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Nationalist activists wanted independence from foreign banks, absentee plantation owners, and United States colonial rule. Accordingly, they started organizing in Puerto Rico.
904:. On May 11, 1930, Albizu Campos was elected president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. He formed the first Women's Nationalist Committee, in the island municipality of
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and the following members of the cadets: Erasmo Velázquez, Julio H. Velázquez, Rafael Ortiz Pacheco, Juan Gallardo Santiago, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz. They were charged with
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916:(The Homeland is valor and sacrifice), a new campaign of national affirmation was carried out. Albizu Campos' vision of sacrifice was integrated with his Catholic faith.
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787:. Their position was that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris could not empower the Spanish to "give" to the United States what was no longer theirs.
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Upon graduation from law school, Albizu Campos was recruited for prestigious positions, including a law clerkship to the U.S. Supreme Court, a diplomatic post with the
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Albizu Campos has been the subject of hundreds of books and countless articles. He has also been honored both in the United States and in Puerto Rico in many ways:
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1605:, there is a "Plaza Monumento Don Pedro Albizu Campos", a plaza and 9-foot statue dedicated to his memory. It was dedicated on January 11, 2013, the birth day of
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during his time in the U.S. military altered his perspective on U.S.- Puerto Rico relations, and he became the leading advocate for Puerto Rican independence.
1142:, strongly criticized the proceedings, calling the trial a "frame-up" and "one of the blackest pages in the history of American jurisprudence." In his speech
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798:, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1915, he resigned to reduce his responsibilities, but stayed on the board. This company was later renamed as the
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1062:, the Nationalist youth organization, assassinated Colonel Riggs. After their arrest, they were killed without a trial at police headquarters in San Juan.
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Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico: Extension of Remarks of Hon. Vito Marcantonio of New York, in the House of Representatives, Saturday August 5, 1939.
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Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico: Extension of Remarks of Hon. Vito Marcantonio of New York, in the House of Representatives, Saturday August 5, 1939.
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Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico: Extension of Remarks of Hon. Vito Marcantonio of New York, in the House of Representatives, Saturday August 5, 1939
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544:. There is controversy over his medical treatment in prison. Albizu Campos had alleged that he was the subject of human radiation experiments in prison.
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dedicated to his memory. Every September 12, his contributions to Puerto Rico are remembered at this park on the celebration of his birthday.
1001:(AACR) considered the letter offensive enough to remove Rhoads' name from a prize established to honor his lifelong work in cancer research.
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1225:. Figueroa noted that since Puerto Ricans had been granted United States citizenship they were covered by its constitutional protections.
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In 1924, Pedro Albizu Campos joined the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and was elected vice president. In 1927, Albizu Campos traveled to
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Published by Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo of the Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 2003. p. 252.
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Part of what Rhoads wrote, in a letter to his friend which began by complaining about another's job appointment, included the following:
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Joan Klein, Oncology Times Interview: "Susan B. Horwitz, PhD, Finishes Term (Plus!!) As AACR President!/Cornelius P. Rhoads Controversy"
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Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora (San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 2008), pp. 210–217, 244–248, 313–397.
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Juan Manuel Carrión. "Two variants of Caribbean nationalism: Marcus Garvey and Pedro Albizu Campos." p. 42. Centro Journal. Spring 2005.
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Juan Manuel Carrión. "Two variants of Caribbean nationalism: Marcus Garvey and Pedro Albizu Campos." p. 27. Centro Journal. Spring 2005.
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Officials suggested that Pedro Albizu Campos was suffering from mental illness, but other prisoners at La Princesa prison including
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Dr. HANOKA, determine whether he made a trip to Puerto Rico since 9/30/53, and furnish any subversive information concerning him."
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Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 31, Issue 1520. Page 14. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
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655:, where he was elected president of the Harvard Cosmopolitan Club. He met with foreign students and world leaders, such as
516:. Albizu Campos spent a total of twenty-six years in prison at various times for his Puerto Rican independence activities.
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The Pedro Albizu Campos Park built at his birthplace: the Tenerias community of Barrio Machuelo Abajo, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
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Albizu Campos was honorably discharged from the Army in 1919, with the rank of First Lieutenant. However, his exposure to
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Luis Muñoz Marín, By A. W. Maldonado, Pg. 86, Publisher: La Editorial, Universidad de Puerto Rico, (December 1, 2006),
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and its significant icons was a result of Albizu Campos's efforts as the leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
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Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora (San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 2008), pp. 56–74.
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on March 1, 1954, with the intention of capturing world-wide attention to the cause of Puerto Rican independence.
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Packard, Gabriel. "RIGHTS: Group Strips Racist Scientist's Name from Award", IPS.org, 29 April 2003 21:45:36 GMT
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Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora (San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 2008), p. 71.
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By the 1920s, two other pro-independence organizations had formed on the Island: the Nationalist Youth and the
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Congressional Record. 76th Congress, 1st Session. 81:10780 Appendix. pp. 4062-4069. Accessed 19 January 2022.
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Congressional Record. 76th Congress, 1st Session. 81:10780 Appendix. pp. 4062-4069. Accessed 19 January 2022.
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Congressional Record. 76th Congress, 1st Session. 81:10780 Appendix. pp. 4062-4069. Accessed 19 January 2022.
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The Nationalist movement was intensified by some of its members being killed by police during unrest at the
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in 1921 while simultaneously studying literature, philosophy, Chemical Engineering, and Military Science at
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Colapsa en acto público Ayoroa Santaliz: inauguración de la Plaza Monumento Pedro Albizu Campos en Salinas.
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During his imprisonment, Albizu suffered deteriorating health. He alleged that he was the subject of human
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whom he had met at Harvard University. They had four children named Pedro, Laura, Rosa Emilia, and Héctor.
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3301:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Inside the US Crackdown on Pedro Albizu Campos and the Nationalist Party"
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500:(June 29, 1893 – April 21, 1965) was a Puerto Rican attorney and politician, and a leading figure in the
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In New York City the Campos Plaza Community Center and housing project in Manhattan are named after him.
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Despite this, just a few months later, the United States claimed ownership of the island as part of the
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Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
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Susan E. Lederer, " 'Porto Ricochet': Joking about Germs, Cancer, and Race Extermination in the 1930s"
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The bill was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the United States-appointed governor of Puerto Rico
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units, such as the 375th Regiment. Officers were men classified as white. Albizu Campos was black.
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Victor Villanueva. Colonial Memory and the Crime of Rhetoric: Pedro Albizu Campos. 2009. Page 636.
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Pedro Albizu Campos was jailed again after the October 30, 1950 Nationalist revolts, known as the
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America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico
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3) that wrapping himself in wet towels was the best way to diminish the intensity of the rays.
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Pedro Albizu Campos's legacy is the subject of discussion among supporters and detractors.
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2) that his symptoms corresponded to those of a person who had received intense radiation,
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and Pedro Albizu Campos (L to R), immediately before their trial and federal imprisonment.
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2003:"Juramentación de Pedro Albizu Campos como Abogado: Regreso de Harvard a Puerto Rico",
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matter was revisited in 2002, again no evidence was found of medical mistreatment. The
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in prison and was transferred to San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital under police guard.
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The Ponce Massacre, 1937. Carlos Torres Morales, a photo journalist for the newspaper
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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Page 117. Gobierno Municipal Autonomo de Ponce. Oficina de Cultura y Turismo. 2002.
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1361:
1351:
802:
company. According to historian Federico Ribes Tovar, Charles Allen leveraged his
308:
4029:
4019:
3803:
3793:
3713:
3490:
3294:
3200:
3086:
3067:
3046:
3004:
2986:
2968:
2870:
2798:
2623:
2575:
2485:
2466:
2448:
2430:
2339:
2289:
2254:
2094:
1878:
1315:
1261:
794:, the former first civilian U.S. governor of the island, became president of the
707:
298:
225:
215:
2913:
Ray Quintanilla. "From rebel to peacemaker." The Chicago Tribune. 9 January 2006
2479:
Timelines: "The Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism, 1930 – 1940"
2040:, Edición 132, November 2010. Page 7. A reproduction of a segment from the book
2007:, Edición 132, November 2010. Page 7. A reproduction of a segment from the book
1760:, Edición 132, November 2010. Page 7. A reproduction of a segment from the book
846:, took followers with him to form the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico in
3999:
3979:
3798:
3668:
3343:
3304:
2442:"FBI Files"; "Puerto Rico Nationalist Party"; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pages 104–134.
1871:
Puerto Rico's Secret Police/FBI Files on Suspect #4232070, Pedro Albizu Campos.
1479:
1292:
1257:
1066:
1025:
769:
757:
625:
616:
At the outbreak of World War I, Albizu Campos volunteered in the United States
553:
268:
191:
79:
3250:
Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
3210:
1540:
1521:
1264:
which culminated in what is known as the "Utuado Massacre"; and the attack on
4137:
3913:
3873:
3818:
3590:
3245:
2588:
1625:
1490:
In the 2000s, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files released under the
1303:
877:
738:
572:
merchant, from a family of Spanish immigrants who had temporarily resided in
569:
416:
318:
283:
2292:, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 151–154. This has full text of letter.
2042:
Las Llamas de la Aurora: Pedro Albizu Campos, un acercamiento a su biografía
2009:
Las Llamas de la Aurora: Pedro Albizu Campos, un acercamiento a su biografía
1762:
Las Llamas de la Aurora: Pedro Albizu Campos, un acercamiento a su biografía
1028:
against the Puerto Rico Railway and Light and Power Company for its alleged
3908:
3858:
3823:
3708:
3259:
2011:, by Marisa Rosado (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto. 1991.), p. 74.
1745:
1722:
1617:
1373:
1265:
1051:
1015:
976:
He used it as an opportunity to attack United States imperialism, writing:
803:
799:
783:. Persons opposed to the takeover over the years joined in what became the
630:
411:
401:
288:
20:
1157:
In 1943, Albizu Campos became seriously ill and had to be interned at the
3748:
3733:
3653:
1319:
1311:
683:
and later became a consultant in the drafting of the constitution of the
594:. His father did not acknowledge him until he was at Harvard University.
513:
3174:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
2875:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1036:
workers as a lawyer in a suit against the United States sugar industry.
1033:
760:, Puerto Rico finally received its colonial autonomy in 1898 through a
745:
3386:
2306:
Starr, Douglas. "Revisiting a 1930s Scandal: AACR to Rename a Prize",
1884:
1256:, where a group of Puerto Rican Nationalists, under the leadership of
636:
1399:
1199:
987:
A scandal erupted. Rhoads had already returned to New York. Governor
889:
573:
540:
pardon and release from federal prison, some time after suffering a
4087:
3284:
2630:, LEY NUM. 282 DE 22 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2006, accessed 8 December 2012
2393:
2391:
1764:, by Marisa Rosado (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto. 1991.)
1424:
1) that the sores on Albizu Campos were produced by radiation burns
1233:
1090:
1029:
969:
696:
617:
533:
2751:
3381:
3371:
2044:
by Marisa Rosado (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto. 1991.)
1275:
On October 31, police officers and National Guardsmen surrounded
1132:
1009:
905:
811:
756:
After nearly four hundred years of colonial domination under the
24:
2388:
2302:
2300:
2298:
1179:
In 1948, the Puerto Rican Senate passed Law 53, also called the
4259:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
3376:
1573:
1439:
1065:
Other police killed marchers and bystanders at a parade in the
885:
672:
645:
541:
1566:
La Casa de Don Pedro in Newark, New Jersey is named after him.
3341:
2754:"Lolita Lebrón, a bold fighter for Puerto Rican independence"
2295:
919:
881:
660:
582:
3228:
Vito Marcantonio. August 14, 1939. Accessed 19 January 2022.
2346:, Volume 14. No. 4, Winter 2002, Retrieved 12 December 2012.
1360:
Though in ill health, Pedro Albizu Campos was arrested when
1100:
822:
742:
1890:
1789:
1787:
1354:, opened fire from the gallery of the Capitol Building in
2404:
1772:
1770:
1495:
51:
2892:
1346:
but the pardon was revoked the following year after the
679:. Through this work, Albizu Campos met the Irish leader
1784:
2414:, pp.221–227; University of North Carolina Press, 1999
1846:, La Editorial, University of Puerto Rico, 2006, p. 85
1767:
1717:
Page 290. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.
892:, seeking support among other Latin Americans for the
580:
From an educated family, Albizu was the nephew of the
4099:
2998:
FBI Files on Surveillance of Puerto Ricans in general
1844:
Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution
1470:
called him "Puerto Rico's most visionary leader" and
3080:
Billy Ocasio, "Campos Deserves Respect-and A Statue"
2873:(2015). "Chapter 22: Weird Science in Puerto Rico".
1740:
p. 290. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.
1559:
In Chicago, an alternative high school is named the
1523:
one of the speeches made in Spanish by Albizu Campos
1228:
4164:
Burials at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
2114:, pp. 122–144, 197–204; Plus Ultra Publishers, 1971
1250:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
211:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3438:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
3242:, 25 July 2003, Vol. 25 – Issue 14, pp. 41–42
2151:, pp. 127–188; pub. Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 1992;
1962:
1932:(in Spanish). Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario.
1154:very small measure, right this historical wrong."
1337:
1268:(the Puerto Rican governor's mansion) during the
1032:on the island. The following year he represented
790:Several years after leaving Puerto Rico, in 1913
16:Puerto Rican politician and independence advocate
4135:
3009:
2772:"Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers 1915-1989"
930:In 1932, Albizu published a letter accusing Dr.
854:, the Puerto Rican patriot, from Paris, France.
671:and also helped to establish several centers in
3297:, Film Documentary website, not in distribution
2310:, Vol. 300. No. 5619. 25 April 2003, pp. 574–5.
1150:would back him until he did get a conviction."
1119:In 1937, a group of lawyers, including a young
1081:submitted an indictment against Albizu Campos,
504:. He was the president and spokesperson of the
31: and the second or maternal family name is
4234:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
1350:, when four Puerto Rican Nationalists, led by
1260:, held the town of Jayuya for three days; the
861:. The Independence Association was founded by
3327:
2701:"The Nationalist Insurrection of 1950 (2011)"
1620:, in supporting a statue of Albizu Campos in
1485:
1342:Albizu was pardoned in 1953 by then-governor
1095:federal law proscribing subversive activities
478:
4209:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
2719:
2399:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2385:pp. 57–62; Plus Ultra Publishers, Inc., 1972
2282:Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933
2055:Las Llamas de la Aurora: Pedro Albizu Campos
1613:political ideology as that of Albizu Campos.
1348:1954 United States Capitol shooting incident
1004:
4199:United States Army personnel of World War I
2860:, Plus Ultra Publishers, 1971; pp. 136–139.
1897:. Critical America. NYU Press. p. 95.
1891:Malavet, P.A.; New York University (2004).
1542:a portion of the Albizu Documentary Trailer
651:In 1919, Albizu returned to his studies at
547:
4189:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
3334:
3320:
3281:, Paredon Records, Smithsonian Institution
3160:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3130:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3093:, 12 August 1993. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
2814:, p. 136-139; Plus Ultra Publishers, 1971
2801:, Puerto Rico, Retrieved December 9, 2009.
2383:Albizu Campos" Puerto Rican Revolutionary,
2326:
2264:
1857:Albizu Campos" Puerto Rican Revolutionary,
1624:, likened him to such American leaders as
1198:. It closely resembled the anti-communist
920:Accusation against Dr. Cornelius P. Rhoads
640:Lieutenant Pedro Albizu Campos (U.S. Army)
590:, and cousin of Puerto Rican educator Dr.
485:
471:
231:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
173:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
50:
3145:
2858:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary
2812:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary
2167:
2112:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary
2083:
2081:
2069:
2057:, pp.98–107; Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 2008
1838:
1836:
1834:
1674:Statue of Pedro Albizu Campos in Mayagüez
1174:
823:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party leadership
659:, the Indian Nationalist leader, and the
3428:Hostosian National Independence Movement
3020:, Hugo D. Menendez(XLibris Pub., 2013),
2243:
2241:
2200:
2171:LMM: Puerto Rico's democratic revolution
2101:, 16 June 1915, accessed 2 November 2013
1955:
1826:Ponce En Su Historia Moderna: 1945–2002.
1478:The revival of public observance of the
1457:
1393:
1232:
1099:
1077:After these events, on April 3, 1936, a
1008:
999:American Association for Cancer Research
956:Albizu sent copies of the letter to the
826:
635:
560:to Juliana Campos, a domestic worker of
512:against the United States government in
3408:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
3039:Rememorarán a Burgos y Albizu en Ponce.
2827:; pub. Ediciones Puerto, 2008; p. 386.
2792:Secret files: FBI File on Albizu Campos
2752:Carlos "Carlitos" Rovira (March 2012).
2248:"Dr. Rhoads Cleared of Porto Rico Plot"
2014:
1924:
1572:In New York City, Public School 161 in
859:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
667:. He became interested in the cause of
524:graduating on time. During his time at
4224:Puerto Rican people of African descent
4219:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent
4136:
4071:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
4015:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3465:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
3105:
2847:, pub. Ediciones Ciba, 2000; pp. 32–62
2612:
2610:
2078:
1831:
1732:
1730:
1380:and opened fire on the members of the
938:, of killing Puerto Rican patients in
508:from 1930 until his death. He led the
4040:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
3315:
3226:Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico.
3168:
2869:
2595:from the original on December 1, 2011
2529:
2527:
2273:
2238:
2060:
1738:Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963).
1715:Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963).
1579:In Puerto Rico, there are streets in
1314:in Washington, D.C., where president
751:
3348:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
3212:100 Years of Don Pedro Albizu Campos
2877:. Bold Type Books. pp. 241–245.
2707:from the original on August 31, 2019
2417:
2359:(in Spanish). Proyecto Salón Hogar.
1969:. Simon and Schuster. 2005. p.
1918:
1813:Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce.
1144:Five Years of Tyranny in Puerto Rico
2881:
2764:
2607:
2453:
2435:
2363:from the original on March 16, 2010
2161:
2117:
1727:
1561:Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School
1138:In 1939, United States Congressman
934:, an American pathologist with the
510:nationalist revolts of October 1950
236:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
3142:, Vieques Times, Puerto Rico, 1995
3099:
2756:. S&L Magazine. Archived from
2641:"Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fria"
2633:
2524:
2460:"Nationalist Insurrection of 1950"
2319:"Charge Race Extermination Plot,"
2188:from the original on June 11, 2016
1302:On November 1, 1950, Nationalists
1020:took this when the shooting began.
552:He was born in a sector of Barrio
502:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
4270:
3218:
2681:from the original on May 24, 2024
2651:from the original on May 25, 2017
2226:from the original on June 4, 2016
2212:. SUNY Press. 1996. p. 129.
1662:Highway in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
1229:1950s uprisings and second arrest
1125:1st Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals
914:"La Patria es valor y sacrificio"
4121:
4109:
3342:
3146:Corretjer, Juan Antonio (1978).
3108:La Mordaza/Puerto Rico 1948–1957
2980:FBI Files on Pedro Albizu Campos
1667:
1655:
1534:
1515:
1215:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
1043:in 1935, in what was called the
506:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
167:
3418:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3267:, US Department of Energy, 1994
3073:
3052:
3031:
2991:
2973:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2817:
2804:
2785:
2745:
2693:
2663:
2581:
2562:
2544:
2507:
2495:
2472:
2401:, pp. 65–83; Random House, 1972
2375:
2349:
2313:
2141:
2104:
2047:
2030:
1997:
1946:
1930:Historia militar de Puerto Rico
1863:
1849:
1696:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1169:
1072:
817:
796:American Sugar Refining Company
691:he co-founded the university's
613:so as to continue his studies.
530:Irish struggle for independence
4244:People from Ponce, Puerto Rico
4169:Puerto Rican military officers
3954:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
3586:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
3423:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2727:"Borinquén : Throughline"
2671:"Premio a Jesús Vera Irizarry"
1818:
1805:
1796:
1750:
1707:
1338:Lolita Lebrón and third arrest
1270:Nationalist attack of San Juan
966:American Civil Liberties Union
785:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
452:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
135:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
3975:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3889:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3649:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
3501:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
3265:"Human Radiation Experiments"
2504:, 88 F.2d 138 (1st Cir. 1937)
2492:, Retrieved December 9, 2009.
2075:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122–144
2066:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106–109
1701:
1494:, revealed that the San Juan
1326:, Torresola and a policeman,
1202:passed in the United States.
1123:, appealed the case, but the
1121:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
968:, newspapers, embassies, and
810:over the entire Puerto Rican
609:. In 1913, he transferred to
597:Albizu Campos graduated from
432:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
4254:Puerto Rican revolutionaries
4229:Puerto Rican Roman Catholics
4204:University of Vermont alumni
4035:Truman assassination attempt
3413:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
3148:El Líder De La Desesperación
1992:pedro abizu campos catholic.
1686:Puerto Ricans in World War I
1322:was being renovated. During
831:Pedro Albizu Campos in 1936.
737:In 1922, Albizu married Dr.
112:Puerto Rican,Puertorriqueño.
23:, the first or paternal
7:
4194:United States Army officers
4184:Puerto Rican Army personnel
4025:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3634:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
3256:Pedro Albizu Campos Archive
3045:September 21, 2013, at the
2569:Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
2429:September 24, 2015, at the
2038:La Voz de la Playa de Ponce
2025:La Voz de la Playa de Ponce
2005:La Voz de la Playa de Ponce
1758:La Voz de la Playa de Ponce
1691:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1679:
1438:In 1956, Albizu suffered a
1324:the attack on the president
1191:presided over the chamber.
732:
221:San Juan Nationalist revolt
56:Campos during his years at
10:
4275:
4214:Puerto Rican party leaders
3403:Union Party of Puerto Rico
3209:Torres Santiago, José M.,
2591:. Welcome to Puerto Rico.
2424:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans
1648:
1616:In 1993, Chicago alderman
1492:Freedom of Information Act
1486:FBI files on Albizu Campos
1407:(The King of the Towels).
1240:The National Guard occupy
1219:United States Constitution
923:
865:, Eugenio Font Suárez and
844:Union Party of Puerto Rico
528:he became involved in the
18:
4179:Harvard Law School alumni
4159:Puerto Rican nationalists
4079:
4058:
3967:
3757:
3729:María de Lourdes Santiago
3724:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
3599:
3566:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
3473:
3446:
3395:
3354:
3293:February 9, 2012, at the
3205:National Louis University
3085:January 12, 2014, at the
3066:October 29, 2013, at the
2889:"Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos"
2843:Torres, Heriberto Marín;
2447:November 1, 2013, at the
2344:American Literary History
2168:Maldonado, A. W. (2004).
2093:February 1, 2020, at the
2088:Charles H. Allen Resigns"
1877:November 2, 2013, at the
1533:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1453:
1041:University of Puerto Rico
1005:Early Nationalist efforts
894:Puerto Rican Independence
719:University of Puerto Rico
695:chapter along with other
140:
130:
116:
108:
90:
65:
49:
42:
3561:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
3531:Francisco Ramírez Medina
3521:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
3286:¿Quién Es Albizu Campos?
2967:August 26, 2009, at the
2397:Manuel Maldonado-Denis,
1811:Neysa Rodriguez Deynes.
1592:Pedro Albizu Campos Park
1166:" of the United States.
1093:and other violations of
548:Early life and education
4045:Cerro Maravilla murders
3990:Levantamiento de Ciales
3949:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3869:Tomás López de Victoria
3854:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3844:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
3664:José M. Dávila Monsanto
3526:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
3516:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
3511:Eugenio María de Hostos
3481:Ramón Emeterio Betances
3396:Political organizations
3288:(Who is Albizu Campos?)
3193:Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos
3140:Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos
3138:Connerly, Charles, ed.
3106:Acosta, Ivonne (1987).
3003:August 6, 2014, at the
2985:August 6, 2014, at the
2962:Retrieved June 20, 2014
2574:March 27, 2012, at the
2502:Albizu v. United States
2465:April 26, 2012, at the
2280:Truman R. Clark. 1975.
1824:Carmelo Rosario Natal.
1607:Eugenio María de Hostos
1370:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
1213:, then a member of the
852:Ramón Emeterio Betances
397:Andres Figueroa Cordero
392:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
359:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
314:Tomás López de Victoria
153:Part of a series on the
4239:Politicians from Ponce
3944:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3839:Isabel Freire de Matos
3829:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3779:Margot Arce de Vázquez
3609:Antonio Rafael Barceló
3536:José Gualberto Padilla
3474:19th century activists
3454:Cadets of the Republic
3447:Militant organizations
2856:Federico Ribes Tovar,
2810:Federico Ribes Tovar,
2797:July 18, 2011, at the
2589:"Puerto Rican History"
2412:American Sugar Kingdom
2381:Federico Ribes Tovar,
2338:July 20, 2013, at the
2253:July 22, 2018, at the
2110:Federico Ribes Tovar;
1926:Negroni, Héctor Andrés
1855:Federico Ribes Tovar,
1736:Luis Fortuño Janeiro.
1713:Luis Fortuño Janeiro.
1463:
1328:Private Leslie Coffelt
1318:was staying while the
1245:
1175:Passage of the Gag Law
1112:
1109:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1083:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1060:Cadets of the Republic
1021:
994:Rockefeller Foundation
984:
953:
832:
806:of Puerto Rico into a
779:, which concluded the
766:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
702:Albizu graduated from
641:
519:Campos graduated from
407:Isabel Freire de Matos
382:Margot Arce de Vázquez
354:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
294:Juan Antonio Corretjer
197:Cadets of the Republic
3904:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3884:Francisco Matos Paoli
3849:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3809:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3744:Carlos Alberto Torres
3644:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
3600:20th and 21st century
3541:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
3355:Indigenous resistance
3271:"Pedro Albizu Campos"
3246:"Pedro Albizu Campos"
3199:May 18, 2006, at the
3170:Denis, Nelson Antonio
2622:June 5, 2012, at the
2484:May 31, 2009, at the
2357:"La Masacre de Ponce"
2288:May 28, 2016, at the
2209:Bridging the Atlantic
2174:. La Editorial, UPR.
2027:, November 2010, p. 7
1461:
1448:Old San Juan Cemetery
1412:Francisco Matos Paoli
1405:El Rey de las Toallas
1394:Later years and death
1366:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1236:
1148:Department of Justice
1103:
1085:, Luis F. Velázquez,
1058:, two members of the
1012:
979:
948:
936:Rockefeller Institute
830:
792:Charles Herbert Allen
715:U.S. State Department
639:
607:University of Vermont
592:Carlos Albizu Miranda
442:Helen Rodríguez Trías
324:Francisco Matos Paoli
304:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
274:Rafael Cancel Miranda
121:University of Vermont
102:San Juan, Puerto Rico
3995:Río Piedras massacre
3699:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3679:Víctor Manuel Gerena
3614:Félix Benítez Rexach
3459:Boricua Popular Army
3252:, Peace Host website
2760:on November 9, 2007.
2703:. October 13, 2011.
2321:Porto Rico Progress,
1611:opposite (statehood)
1129:Federal penitentiary
1045:Río Piedras Massacre
974:Porto Rico Progress.
808:controlling interest
781:Spanish–American War
768:and ratified by the
603:Chemical Engineering
457:Félix Benítez Rexach
376:Notable nationalists
187:Río Piedras massacre
4249:Puerto Rican rebels
4066:Grito de Lares flag
3959:Olga Viscal Garriga
3934:Clemente Soto Vélez
3924:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3834:José Ferrer Canales
3769:Pedro Albizu Campos
3719:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3704:Antonio S. Pedreira
3689:Luis Lloréns Torres
3684:Edwin Irizarry Mora
3556:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
3278:Habla Albizu Campos
3110:. Río Piedras, PR.
2825:Pedro Albizu Campos
2675:Jesús Vera Irizarry
2490:Puerto Rican Dreams
2149:Pedro Albizu Campos
1781:, November 3, 1950.
1581:most municipalities
1576:is named after him.
1285:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1221:, which guarantees
1105:Clemente Soto Vélez
1087:Clemente Soto Vélez
932:Cornelius P. Rhoads
926:Cornelius P. Rhoads
693:Knights of Columbus
669:Indian independence
665:Rabindranath Tagore
657:Subhas Chandra Bose
498:Pedro Albizu Campos
422:José Ferrer Canales
364:Olga Viscal Garriga
344:Clemente Soto Vélez
339:Vidal Santiago Díaz
254:Pedro Albizu Campos
248:Nationalist leaders
44:Pedro Albizu Campos
4154:COINTELPRO targets
3985:Intentona de Yauco
3939:Griselio Torresola
3894:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3789:Casimiro Berenguer
3739:Alejandrina Torres
3694:Oscar López Rivera
3659:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
3576:Fernando Fernandez
3571:Manuel Zeno Gandía
3273:Biografias y Vidas
2261:, 15 February 1932
1778:Boston Daily Globe
1638:Frederick Douglass
1520:You may listen to
1464:
1388:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1308:Griselio Torresola
1297:Griselio Torresola
1246:
1113:
1079:federal grand jury
1022:
962:Pan American Union
873:) vice president.
842:, a member of the
833:
762:Carta de Autonomía
752:Historical context
704:Harvard Law School
689:Harvard University
677:Irish independence
653:Harvard University
642:
611:Harvard University
558:Ponce, Puerto Rico
526:Harvard University
521:Harvard Law School
349:Griselio Torresola
329:Ruth Mary Reynolds
264:Casimiro Berenguer
181:Events and revolts
125:Harvard University
84:Ponce, Puerto Rico
58:Harvard University
4174:Anti-imperialists
4097:
4096:
4009:Ley de la Mordaza
3899:Germán Rieckehoff
3814:José Coll y Cuchí
3761:Nationalist Party
3674:Leopoldo Figueroa
3624:Americo Boschetti
3026:978-1-4836-0604-0
2960:NY Latino Journal
2781:on June 20, 2010.
2137:978-0-8477-0158-2
1965:American Gunfight
1939:978-84-7844-138-9
1904:978-0-8147-5680-5
1842:A. W. Maldonado,
1630:Chief Crazy Horse
1553:
1552:
1378:Puerto Rican flag
1223:Freedom of Speech
1211:Leopoldo Figueroa
1181:Ley de la Mordaza
1159:Columbus Hospital
989:James R. Beverley
958:League of Nations
867:Leopoldo Figueroa
840:José Coll y Cuchí
599:Ponce High School
588:Juan Morel Campos
495:
494:
437:Germán Rieckehoff
279:José Coll y Cuchí
204:Ley de la Mordaza
161:Nationalist Party
148:
147:
4266:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4105:
3551:Juan Ríus Rivera
3486:Mariana Bracetti
3346:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3190:García, Marvin,
3187:
3176:. Nation Books.
3165:
3159:
3151:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3094:
3077:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3017:Abuse of Process
3013:
3007:
2995:
2989:
2977:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2891:. Archived from
2885:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2823:Rosado, Marisa;
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2774:. Archived from
2768:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:. May 31, 2008.
2637:
2631:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2566:
2560:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2476:
2470:
2469:, Write of Fight
2457:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2410:César J. Ayala;
2408:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2330:
2324:
2323:4 February 1932.
2317:
2311:
2304:
2293:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2165:
2159:
2147:Rosado, Marisa;
2145:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2018:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1725:
1711:
1671:
1659:
1642:W. E. B. Du Bois
1583:named after him.
1549:made in English.
1543:
1538:
1537:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1506:
1356:Washington, D.C.
1344:Luis Muñoz Marín
1279:a barbershop in
1239:
1189:Luis Muñoz Marín
1140:Vito Marcantonio
900:returned to the
884:, Cuba, Mexico,
687:. Also while at
685:Irish Free State
562:African ancestry
487:
480:
473:
171:
150:
149:
97:
75:
73:
54:
40:
39:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4075:
4054:
4030:Utuado Uprising
4020:Jayuya Uprising
3963:
3804:Nemesio Canales
3794:Julia de Burgos
3784:Elías Beauchamp
3774:José S. Alegría
3760:
3753:
3714:Miguel Poventud
3601:
3595:
3496:Roberto Cofresí
3491:Mathias Brugman
3469:
3442:
3433:Socialist Front
3391:
3350:
3340:
3308:, 21 April 2015
3295:Wayback Machine
3221:
3201:Wayback Machine
3184:
3153:
3152:
3150:. Guaynabo, PR.
3123:
3122:
3118:
3102:
3100:Further reading
3097:
3091:Chicago Tribune
3087:Wayback Machine
3078:
3074:
3068:Wayback Machine
3057:
3053:
3047:Wayback Machine
3036:
3032:
3014:
3010:
3005:Wayback Machine
2996:
2992:
2987:Wayback Machine
2978:
2974:
2969:Wayback Machine
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
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2917:
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2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2799:Wayback Machine
2790:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2733:. July 16, 2020
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:Wayback Machine
2615:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2576:Wayback Machine
2567:
2563:
2549:
2545:
2532:
2525:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2486:Wayback Machine
2477:
2473:
2467:Wayback Machine
2458:
2454:
2449:Wayback Machine
2440:
2436:
2431:Wayback Machine
2422:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:Wayback Machine
2331:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2290:Wayback Machine
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2255:Wayback Machine
2246:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2146:
2142:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2095:Wayback Machine
2086:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2053:Marisa Rosado,
2052:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1879:Wayback Machine
1868:
1864:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1651:
1596:lifesize statue
1541:
1535:
1522:
1516:
1505:
1488:
1456:
1396:
1340:
1330:, were killed.
1316:Harry S. Truman
1262:Utuado uprising
1254:Jayuya uprising
1237:
1231:
1196:Jesús T. Piñero
1177:
1172:
1075:
1056:Elías Beauchamp
1007:
985:
954:
928:
922:
908:, Puerto Rico.
871:Ricardo Alegría
863:José S. Alegría
825:
820:
777:Treaty of Paris
754:
735:
708:Harvard College
681:Éamon de Valera
550:
491:
462:
461:
387:Elías Beauchamp
377:
369:
368:
299:Julia de Burgos
259:José S. Alegría
249:
241:
240:
226:Utuado uprising
216:Jayuya Uprising
182:
174:
160:
123:
117:Alma mater
104:
99:
95:
86:
77:
71:
69:
61:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
4000:Ponce massacre
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Grito de Lares
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:Isolina Rondón
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Blanca Canales
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Elizam Escobar
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Juan Mari Brás
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3305:Democracy Now!
3298:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3243:
3240:Oncology Times
3233:
3220:
3219:External links
3217:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3188:
3183:978-1568585017
3182:
3166:
3143:
3136:
3116:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3072:
3051:
3030:
3008:
2990:
2972:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2895:on May 2, 2009
2880:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2816:
2803:
2784:
2763:
2744:
2718:
2692:
2662:
2632:
2606:
2580:
2561:
2543:
2523:
2506:
2494:
2471:
2452:
2434:
2416:
2403:
2387:
2374:
2348:
2325:
2312:
2294:
2272:
2263:
2259:New York Times
2237:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2160:
2140:
2116:
2103:
2099:New York Times
2077:
2068:
2059:
2046:
2029:
2013:
1996:
1979:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1917:
1903:
1883:
1862:
1848:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1795:
1783:
1766:
1749:
1726:
1705:
1703:
1700:
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1645:
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1599:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1511:
1510:External audio
1504:
1501:
1487:
1484:
1480:Grito de Lares
1455:
1452:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1395:
1392:
1339:
1336:
1295:and sister of
1293:Blanca Canales
1277:Salón Boricua,
1258:Blanca Canales
1230:
1227:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1074:
1071:
1067:Ponce massacre
1006:
1003:
978:
947:
924:Main article:
921:
918:
824:
821:
819:
816:
770:Spanish Cortes
758:Spanish Empire
753:
750:
734:
731:
626:Camp Las Casas
566:"El Vizcaíno,"
554:Machuelo Abajo
549:
546:
493:
492:
490:
489:
482:
475:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
454:
449:
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389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Isolina Rondón
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Blanca Canales
266:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
199:
194:
192:Ponce massacre
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
164:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
98:(aged 71)
94:April 21, 1965
92:
88:
87:
80:Machuelo Abajo
78:
67:
63:
62:
55:
47:
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4271:
4260:
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4255:
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4250:
4247:
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4235:
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4230:
4227:
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4222:
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4207:
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4018:
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4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
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3957:
3955:
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3950:
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3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Daniel Santos
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Isabel Rosado
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Hugo Margenat
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Lolita Lebrón
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Oscar Collazo
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
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3640:
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3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Rubén Berríos
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402:Irvin Flores
289:Rosa Collazo
253:
203:
159:Puerto Rican
131:Organization
96:(1965-04-21)
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
4149:1965 deaths
4144:1891 births
4116:Puerto Rico
3749:Iris Zavala
3734:Piri Thomas
3654:Juan Dalmau
3362:Agüeybaná I
2367:January 10,
1910:October 20,
1320:White House
1312:Blair House
970:the Vatican
902:Union Party
514:Puerto Rico
109:Nationality
60:, 1913–1919
4138:Categories
2845:Eran Ellos
2711:October 6,
2685:October 6,
2655:October 6,
2192:January 1,
1746:1089503393
1723:1089503393
1702:References
1634:John Brown
1034:sugar cane
896:movement.
746:biochemist
699:students.
72:1893-06-29
4128:Biography
3639:Roy Brown
3602:activists
3231:Archived.
3156:cite book
3126:cite book
2628:Lex Juris
2558:Archived.
2540:Archived.
2520:Archived.
1539:and view
1400:radiation
1310:attacked
1200:Smith Law
1050:In 1936,
890:Venezuela
838:In 1919,
586:composer
574:Venezuela
202:Gag Law (
4088:Claridad
3291:Archived
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2965:Archived
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2737:July 16,
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1928:(1992).
1875:Archived
1860:descent.
1680:See also
1281:Santurce
1091:sedition
1030:monopoly
940:San Juan
848:San Juan
743:Peruvian
733:Marriage
697:Catholic
618:Infantry
534:polyglot
19:In this
4102:Portals
4059:Symbols
4005:Gag Law
3387:Urayoán
3382:Jumacao
3372:Arasibo
3028:, p.140
2731:NPR.org
2308:Science
1649:Gallery
1603:Salinas
1547:YouTube
1528:YouTube
1185:Gag Law
1133:Atlanta
906:Vieques
812:economy
605:at the
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3968:Events
3377:Hayuya
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