394:
149:
1230:
1326:
1302:
1254:
533:; the countess responded that she could only be cited by a peer. The absence of the two remaining peers in the documents of this era can be explained thus: the bishop of Laon had only been recently elected at the time the other ecclesiastical peers were mentioned, in 1216, and probably not yet consecrated; the Count of Toulouse, on the other hand, is a heretic. Thus, though there had been differences in the dates of the identification of the twelve peers, they were probably instituted simultaneously and their identities were known to their contemporaries.
386:
1266:
1218:
1278:
1290:
1314:
133:
1206:
1242:
1338:
1048:
36:
529:. Again this required the peers of France, so the County of Champagne is also a peerage. Six of the other peers were identified in the charter — the archbishop of Reims, the bishops of Langres, Chalons, Beauvais and Noyon, and the Duke of Burgundy. The tenth peerage that could be identified in the documents is the County of Flanders, in 1224. In that year John de Nesle entered a complaint against
510:, the Duke of Normandy and Duke of Aquitaine ranked above the Duke of Burgundy. However, given that the first two were absorbed into the crown early in the recorded history of the peerage, the Duke of Burgundy has become the premier lay peer. In their heyday, the Dukes of Normandy were undoubtedly the mightiest vassals of the French crown.
979:, who was neither very wealthy (by ducal standards), nor influential at court, but whose father had been made a peer. Louis XIV tried to promote the status in protocol of his legitimized bastards in various minor respects, and Saint-Simon devotes long chapters of his memoirs to his struggles against this.
597:
of the king, attested to as early as 1179, symbolically upholding his crown, and each original peer had a specific role, often with an attribute. Since the peers were never twelve during the coronation in early periods, due to the fact that most lay peerages were forfeited to or merged in the crown,
517:
in his capacity as vassal of the French crown. Based on the principle of trial by peers, a court wishing to acquire jurisdiction over John had to include persons deemed to be of equal rank to him in his capacity as either Duke of
Aquitaine or Normandy. None of the peers had been specified, but since
825:
One family could hold several peerages. The minimum age was 25. The majority of new peerages created until the fifteenth century were for royal princes, while new peerages from the sixteenth century on were increasingly created for non-royals. After 1569 no more countships were made into peers, and
924:
While many lay peerages became extinguished over time, as explained above, the ecclesiastical peerages, on the other hand, were perpetual, and only a seventh one was created before the French
Revolution, taking precedence behind the six original ones, being created in 1690 for the
992:
245:. On 10 October 1831, by a vote of 324 against 26 of the Chamber of Deputies, hereditary peerages were abolished, but peerages for the life of the holder continued to exist until the chamber and rank were definitively abolished in 1848.
1026:
in 1808 but did not create a system of peerages comparable to the United
Kingdom. He did create a House of Peers on his return from Elba in 1815, but the House was not constituted before his abdication at the end of the
1019:(in chief of politically insignificant estates in non-annexed parts of Italy) in 1806 and first recreated the honorary functions at (his own) imperial coronation, but now vested in Great Officers, not attached to fiefs.
570:. So popular was this notion that, for a long time, people thought that peerages had originated in the reign of Charlemagne, who was considered a model king and a shining example for knighthood and nobility.
210:(to whom the term "baronage", also employed as the title of the lowest noble rank, was applied in its generic sense), for the vast majority of French nobles, from baron to duke, were not peers. The title of
748:
was absorbed by the French crown, and later in the 13th century two more of the lay peerages were absorbed by the crown (Toulouse 1271, Champagne 1284), so in 1297 three new peerages were created, the
256:
in the peerage of France came under the control of the
British crown. All but one of these have either become extinct, or fallen into abeyance as their holders remained loyal to the French crown. The
624:
The twelve original peers were divided in two classes, six clerical peers hierarchically above the six lay peers, which were themselves divided in two, three dukes above three counts:
518:
John's trial required the presence of the peers of France, it can be said that the first two peerages identifiable in the documents would be the duchies of
Aquitaine and Normandy.
767:, specifying the fief to which the peerage was attached, and the conditions under which the fief could be transmitted (e.g. only male heirs) for princes of the blood who held an
1123:
equal in rank to such
European kingdoms as France (the origin of most of Jerusalem's knights) and England, had a peerage modelled on the French and using the French language.
774:
The number of lay peerages increased over time from 7 in 1297 to 26 in 1400, 21 in 1505, and 24 in 1588. By 1789, there were 43, including five held by princes of the blood (
321:
It signifies those noblemen and prelates considered to be equal to the monarch in honour (even though they were his vassals), and it considers the monarch thus to be
1155:—the elite of the imperial army and Charlemagne's closest advisors were called "The Twelve Peers". The exact names of the peers vary from text to text. In
961:
921:, and they were also given high positions at the court, and a few minor privileges such as entering the courtyards of royal castles in their carriages.
214:
was an extraordinary honour granted only to a small number of dukes, counts, and princes of the Roman
Catholic Church. It was analogous to the rank of
900:
161:
370:. Such a derivation would fit the early sense of "baron", as used for the whole peerage and not simply as a noble rank below the comital rank.
803:
1451:
420:
for secular ones. Peerages attached to fiefs were transmissible or inheritable with the fief, and these fiefs are often designated as
1091:
merely revised rather than overturned the
Charter of 1814. Throughout both the Restoration and July Monarchy, the Chamber met in the
393:
100:
72:
1514:
1377:
976:
148:
1023:
79:
598:
delegates were chosen by the king, mainly from the princes of the blood. In later periods peers also held up by poles a
53:
1325:
753:
119:
86:
1229:
859:
Apart from the coronation of French kings, the privileges of peers were largely matters of precedence, the titles
1103:
broke cleanly with the 1814 Charter and disbanded the
Chamber of Peers definitively, establishing a unicameral
152:
57:
17:
815:
715:
464:
206:) was held by the greatest, highest-ranking members of the French nobility. French peerage thus differed from
68:
1253:
1060:
242:
226:
1531:
1164:
1301:
987:
The original peerage of the French realm, like other feudal titles of nobility, was abolished during the
982:
333:
The main uses of the word refer to two historical traditions in the French kingdom, before and after the
253:
1541:
1265:
1104:
563:
530:
1313:
1277:
1487:
1289:
1217:
1100:
1064:
522:
234:
1536:
957:
1205:
1367:
46:
1241:
1170:
1096:
249:
93:
1404:
had no collective political role before the nineteenth-century creation of a
Chamber of Peers.
1396:
In addition, the English peerage would share in the growing power of Parliament, while French
1337:
526:
513:
The constitution of the peerage first became important in 1202, for the court that would try
797:
1372:
1116:
942:
514:
8:
1180:
926:
735:
644:
495:
443:
406:
334:
230:
141:
883:, suggesting parentage to the royal family, or at least equivalence, by the King, and a
787:
779:
775:
260:
holds the only French title of nobility that still exists today, as continued under the
1441:
1151:
707:
701:
686:
500:
479:
459:
324:
261:
257:
983:
Under the First Republic and the First Empire: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period
401:
Medieval French kings conferred the dignity of a peerage on some of their pre-eminent
1510:
1135:
1092:
988:
745:
721:
680:
672:
650:
614:
556:
490:
485:
474:
454:
385:
222:
791:
1142:
930:
819:
757:
544:, and the number twelve is sometimes said to have been chosen to mirror the twelve
215:
137:
1362:
1357:
1188:
1088:
1080:
1056:
783:
749:
729:
603:
469:
342:
207:
188:
180:
166:
683:, the only one of the five bishops not in the Reims province, bears the sceptre
1120:
1076:
907:
764:
658:
610:
449:
291:
238:
156:
1167:, Gerin, Gerier, Berengier, Oton, Samson, Engelier, Ivon, Ivoire, AnseĂŻs, and
1525:
1446:
1084:
853:
507:
413:
956:
was also sometimes used for groups of nobles within a French fief (e.g. the
132:
1047:
1028:
590:
305:
1146:
972:). These "peers" did not benefit from the royal privileges listed above.
862:
763:
Thus, beginning in 1297 the practice started of creating new peerages by
618:
567:
549:
412:
A peerage was attached to a specific territorial jurisdiction, either an
192:
1455:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 55.
998:
594:
338:
975:
A fanatical defender of the privileges of the peers was the memoirist
891:. This meant that judicial proceedings concerning the peers and their
373:
1001:, Emperor of the French from 1804, 'reinvented' the functions of the
838:
599:
1183:
are, however, not included in the 12 peers in this text; neither is
35:
1184:
768:
545:
298:
1485:
Richard A. Jackson, "Peers of France and Princes of the Blood",
1176:
1160:
525:
claimed the County of Champagne through the right of his wife,
402:
1440:
1187:
the traitor). The number of peers is thought to parallel the
613:, the even more prestigious and powerful first college in the
155:
and coronet of a duke and peer of France, shown here with the
760:, to compensate for the three peerages that had disappeared.
439:
The original number of peers in the Middle Ages was twelve:
350:
536:
These twelve peerages are known as the 'ancient peerage' or
1464:
1462:
1013:
417:
348:
Some etymologists posit that the French (and English) word
562:(see below). Parallels may also be seen with the mythical
653:, premier lay peer, bears the crown and fastens the belt
341:. The word also exists to describe an institution in the
1459:
903:. Members of the peerage had also the right to sit in a
647:, archbishop, premier peer, anoints and crowns the king
409:(1137–1180) to have created the French system of peers.
311:
in French and "peer" in English, derives from the Latin
1063:, albeit on a different basis from before 1789. A new
693:
after its refounding, holds the second square banner
1194:
697:
640:
1491:, volume 7, number 1 (Spring 1971), pp. 27–46.
1075:) was created, similar to the model of the British
1051:
Chamber of Peers in the Palais du Luxembourg (1841)
1009:, so to speak, as he created in 1806 the exclusive
405:, both clerical and lay. Some historians consider
237:was given a constitutional function somewhat along
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
609:This paralleled the arch-offices attached to the
397:Coats of arms of the twelve peers of France, 1516
221:The distinction was abolished in 1789 during the
1523:
1413:Such is the view of François Velde, for example.
899:were exclusively under the jurisdiction of the
225:, but it reappeared in 1814 at the time of the
802:(who was the son of a legitimized prince, the
1501:, edited and translated by Ian Short, Paris:
1126:
1503:
1495:
1398:
1168:
1133:
1069:
1033:
1011:
1003:
966:
950:
935:
915:
905:
893:
877:
869:
860:
846:
836:
828:
814:), and 37 other lay peers, ranking from the
808:
795:
663:
583:
575:
554:
538:
430:
422:
376:
303:
289:
278:
270:
267:
885:
606:over the king during much of the ceremony.
364:
356:
322:
313:
252:shortly before the French Revolution, some
913:, a formal preceding and speak before the
826:peerage was exclusively given to duchies (
187:) was a hereditary distinction within the
771:. By 1328 all apanagists would be peers.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Title of honor within the French nobility
1055:The French peerage was recreated by the
1046:
734:
728:
720:
714:
706:
700:
685:
679:
671:
657:
649:
643:
392:
384:
147:
131:
1110:
14:
1524:
991:, on the night of August 4, 1789, the
374:Under the Monarchy: feudal period and
198:The prestigious title and position of
1438:
1378:List of coats of arms of French peers
1083:of 1830, with some revisions, as the
977:Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon
1095:. However, the establishment of the
1079:. The Chamber of Peers survived the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1042:
993:Night of the Abolition of Feudalism
24:
191:which appeared in 1180 during the
25:
1553:
1195:Coats of arms of the Twelve Peers
1159:(Oxford edition), the peers are:
1141:and material associated with the
964:, was the overlord of its twelve
229:, which followed the fall of the
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1024:reinstituted French noble titles
34:
1439:Ellis, Robert Geoffrey (1911).
1175:(Charlemagne's trusted adviser
669:containing the sacred ointment
136:Heraldic depiction of a duke's
45:needs additional citations for
1432:
1407:
1390:
675:holds the first square banner
362:, also derives from the Latin
297:is equivalent to the English "
13:
1:
1420:
1145:that tell of the exploits of
482:, also called Duke of Guyenne
389:Arms of the Kingdom of France
1425:
929:, after centuries as a mere
856:conferring peerage on them.
593:, during the liturgy of the
416:for episcopal peerages or a
7:
1351:
581:played a role in the royal
10:
1558:
1478:
1127:Charlemagne's twelve peers
852:) refused to register the
818:, created in 1572, to the
564:Knights of the Round Table
329:, or "first among equals".
301:". The individual title,
1488:French Historical Studies
738:holds the royal standard
1383:
1149:and his knights—such as
958:Prince-Bishop of Cambrai
460:Bishop-Count of Beauvais
444:Archbishop-Duke of Reims
1452:Encyclopædia Britannica
1368:List of French peerages
1179:and the warrior-priest
1131:In the medieval French
704:bears the royal mantle
465:Bishop-Count of Châlons
354:, taken from the Latin
241:which lasted until the
1504:
1496:
1399:
1169:
1134:
1097:French Second Republic
1070:
1052:
1034:
1012:
1004:
967:
951:
936:
916:
906:
894:
886:
878:
870:
861:
847:
837:
829:
809:
796:
664:
584:
576:
555:
539:
455:Bishop-Duke of Langres
431:
423:
398:
390:
377:
365:
357:
323:
314:
304:
290:
279:
271:
203:
184:
172:
145:
1050:
718:bears the royal ring
527:Philippa of Champagne
470:Bishop-Count of Noyon
396:
388:
151:
135:
1497:La Chanson de Roland
1373:List of French peers
1171:GĂ©rard de Roussillon
1117:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1111:Peerage of Jerusalem
943:Duchy of Saint-Cloud
834:). Occasionally the
621:'s Frankish empire.
617:, the other heir of
515:King John of England
54:improve this article
1532:Bourbon Restoration
1211:Archbishop of Reims
1061:Bourbon Restoration
933:, styled as second
927:Archbishop of Paris
822:, created in 1787.
450:Bishop-Duke of Laon
335:First French Empire
231:First French Empire
227:Bourbon Restoration
69:"Peerage of France"
1331:Count of Champagne
1247:Bishop of Beauvais
1157:The Song of Roland
1152:The Song of Roland
1101:Revolution of 1848
1053:
1014:duchés grand-fiefs
848:Parlement de Paris
724:carries the sword
710:carries the spurs
496:Count of Champagne
399:
391:
325:primus inter pares
262:monarchy of Canada
258:Baron de Longueuil
243:Revolution of 1848
173:
146:
1542:Lists of peerages
1515:978-2-253-05341-5
1469:Chanson de Roland
1343:Count of Toulouse
1319:Count of Flanders
1259:Bishop of Châlons
1235:Bishop of Langres
1136:chansons de geste
1105:National Assembly
1093:Luxembourg Palace
1071:Chambre des Pairs
1005:anciennes pairies
989:French Revolution
962:County of Cambrai
854:letters of patent
804:Count of Toulouse
758:Duchy of Brittany
746:Duchy of Normandy
742:
741:
615:Holy Roman Empire
501:Count of Toulouse
491:Count of Flanders
480:Duke of Aquitaine
428:(for duchies) or
223:French Revolution
218:in this respect.
177:Peerage of France
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1549:
1507:
1499:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1436:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1394:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1307:Duke of Burgundy
1304:
1292:
1283:Duke of Normandy
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1174:
1143:Matter of France
1139:
1073:
1065:Chamber of Peers
1043:Chamber of Peers
1037:
1017:
1007:
970:
954:
941:for he held the
939:
919:
911:
897:
889:
887:priviligium fori
881:
875:and the address
873:
866:
850:
842:
832:
820:Duchy of Aubigny
812:
801:
750:County of Artois
667:
627:
626:
587:
579:
560:
557:Chanson de geste
542:
531:Joan of Flanders
523:Erard of Brienne
486:Duke of Burgundy
475:Duke of Normandy
436:(for counties).
434:
426:
380:
368:
360:
330:
328:
317:
309:
295:
287:The French word
282:
274:
250:Seven Years' War
235:Chamber of Peers
216:Grandee of Spain
185:Pairie de France
170:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1537:Peers of France
1522:
1521:
1520:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1442:"Peerage"
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1363:Dukes in France
1358:French nobility
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1296:
1295:Duke of Guyenne
1293:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1271:Bishop of Noyon
1269:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1197:
1189:twelve apostles
1129:
1113:
1089:Charter of 1830
1081:July Revolution
1057:Charter of 1814
1045:
985:
960:, who held the
948:The expression
754:County of Anjou
732:bears the belt
604:cloth of honour
540:pairie ancienne
383:
343:Crusader states
320:
285:
254:Canadian titles
208:British peerage
189:French nobility
164:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1519:
1518:
1505:Livre de Poche
1492:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1447:Chisholm, Hugh
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:Bishop of Laon
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1128:
1125:
1121:crusader state
1112:
1109:
1077:House of Lords
1044:
1041:
984:
981:
937:archevĂŞque-duc
908:lit de justice
901:Court of Peers
871:Votre Grandeur
810:pair de France
765:letters patent
740:
739:
733:
726:
725:
719:
712:
711:
705:
699:
695:
694:
689:, also called
684:
677:
676:
670:
665:sainte ampoule
655:
654:
648:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
446:, premier peer
382:
372:
284:
266:
248:Following the
212:Peer of France
204:Pair de France
200:Peer of France
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Peer of France
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:July Monarchy
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
980:
978:
973:
971:
969:
963:
959:
955:
953:
946:
944:
940:
938:
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43:This article
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1147:Charlemagne
1119:, the only
863:Monseigneur
830:duc et pair
619:Charlemagne
611:electorates
568:King Arthur
550:Charlemagne
319:, "equal".
233:, when the
193:Middle Ages
165: [
110:August 2019
1526:Categories
1421:References
1035:Cent jours
999:Napoleon I
879:mon cousin
798:Penthièvre
661:bears the
595:coronation
573:The dozen
339:Napoleon I
268:The words
80:newspapers
1471:, p. 265.
1426:Citations
1059:with the
1022:Napoleon
917:Parlement
839:Parlement
806:, also a
736:Champagne
687:Aquitaine
600:baldaquin
521:In 1216,
407:Louis VII
202:(French:
144:of a peer
1509:, 1990,
1352:See also
756:and the
722:Flanders
708:Toulouse
702:Beauvais
673:Normandy
651:Burgundy
633:Bishops
546:paladins
1479:Sources
1449:(ed.).
1185:Ganelon
1165:Olivier
1099:in the
790:, and
788:Enghien
784:Bourbon
776:Orléans
769:apanage
716:Châlons
698:Counts
691:Guyenne
681:Langres
552:in the
403:vassals
299:peerage
159:of the
157:collars
138:coronet
94:scholar
1513:
1181:Turpin
1177:Naimes
1161:Roland
752:, the
641:Dukes
566:under
292:pairie
280:pairie
181:French
153:Mantle
142:bonnet
96:
89:
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67:
1445:. In
1400:pairs
1384:Notes
968:pairs
792:Conti
780:Condé
730:Noyon
645:Reims
630:Rank
585:sacre
577:pairs
351:baron
169:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
1511:ISBN
1115:The
952:pair
659:Laon
636:Lay
418:fief
358:baro
306:pair
276:and
272:pair
175:The
73:news
1087:'s
1039:).
794:),
602:or
589:or
548:of
366:par
337:of
315:par
56:by
1528::
1461:^
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183::
167:fr
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98:·
91:·
84:·
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20:)
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