17:
431:
Wang
Laboratories introduces Freestyle. Freestyle was an application that would do a screen capture from an MS-DOS application, and let the user add voice and handwriting annotations. It was a sophisticated predecessor to later note-taking applications for systems like the Tablet PC. The operating
217:
For example, a "pig-tail" shape (used often as a proofreader's mark) would indicate a "delete" operation. Depending on the implementation, what is deleted might be the object or text where the mark was made, or the stylus can be used as a pointing device to select what it is that should be deleted.
130:
There are a number of human factors to be considered when actually substituting a stylus and tablet for a mouse. For example, it is much harder to target or tap the same exact position twice with a stylus, so "double-tap" operations with a stylus are harder to perform if the system is expecting
262:, working on the Whirlwind computer at MIT, wrote the "first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer". The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting text recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.
807:
to bring the S Pen support, alongside the release of the S Pen Fold
Edition as the separate stylus to have exclusively compatible with the Galaxy Z Fold 3 onwards to avoid taking the screen damage rather than using the other stylus pens and the S Pen Pro without the Z Fold
236:
was a special operating system which incorporated gesture recognition and handwriting input at all levels of the operating system. Prior systems which employed gesture recognition only did so within special applications, such as CAD/CAM applications or text processing.
157:
On-line
Handwriting recognition mode: The strokes made with the stylus are analyzed as an "electronic ink" by software which recognizes the shapes of the strokes or marks as handwritten characters. The characters are then input as text, as if from a
568:
Personal
Communicator, an analog cellphone using a touch-screen and display. It did not include handwriting recognition, but did permit users to write messages and send them as faxes on the analog cellphone network, and included PDA and Email
205:
is used to touch, press, and drag on simulated objects directly. The Wang
Freestyle system is one example. Freestyle worked entirely by direct manipulation, with the addition of electronic "ink" for adding handwritten notes.
454:, featuring control of the operating system desktop via handwritten gesture shapes. Gestures included "flick" gestures in different directions, check-marks, cross-outs, pig-tails, and circular shapes, among others.
609:
Bill Gates of
Microsoft demonstrates first public prototype of a Tablet PC (defined by Microsoft as a pen-enabled computer conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of
1727:
999:
Text editing on a graphic display device using hand-drawn proofreader's symbols, from
Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the 2nd University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics
270:
258:, was granted in 1888. What is probably the first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1915. Around 1954
673:
In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the
Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by
1606:
594:
578:
792:, alongside the release of the S Pen Pro as the separate high-end stylus to have a compatible with the smartphones, tablets and PCs that supports the S Pen.
1767:
95:
as the primary means for interactive user input) predates the use of a mouse and graphical display by at least two decades, starting with the
Stylator and
406:
and CIC both offer PC computers for the consumer market using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse. Operating system is
1415:
1502:
428:, released in September. It ran GRiDPen (later released as PenRight), a graphic system with pen input and handwriting recognition running on MS-DOS.
1242:
392:
of
Waltham, Massachusetts markets a general-purpose computer terminal using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard and mouse.
1109:
677:
concerning user interfaces for pen computer operating systems. Microsoft's acquisition of the technology is the subject of a separate lawsuit.
478:
107:
User interfaces for pen computing can be implemented in several ways. Current systems generally employ a combination of these techniques.
1532:
56:. The term has been used to refer to the usage of any product allowing for mobile communication. An indication of such a device is a
1762:
541:
Apple Computer announces the Newton PDA, also known as the Apple MessagePad, which includes handwriting recognition with a stylus.
2138:
665:
Windows Vista released for general availability. Vista included the functionality of the special Tablet PC edition of Windows XP.
214:
This is the technique of recognizing certain special shapes not as handwriting input, but as an indicator of a special command.
1680:
395:
Cadre System markets the Inforite point-of-sale terminal using handwriting recognition and a small electronic tablet and pen.
225:
Recent systems have used digitizers which can recognize more than one "stylus" (usually a finger) at a time, and make use of
282:
475:, its original concept (which called for a larger screen and greater sketching capabilities) resembled that of a tablet PC.
265:
In addition to many academic and research systems, there were several companies with commercial products in the 1980s:
2176:
2053:
509:
GO Corp shipped PenPoint and IBM announced IBM 2521/700T pen computer (the first IBM model named "ThinkPad") in April.
1697:
1504:
Penpoint OS shipping, products introduced - Go Technology Corp,'s pen-based operating system - Product Announcement
457:
Portia Isaacsen of Future Computing estimates the total annual market for pen computers such as those running the
91:
Historically, pen computing (defined as a computer system employing a user-interface using a pointing device plus
1477:
150:
can be used to replace a keyboard, or both a mouse and a keyboard, by using the tablet and stylus in two modes:
328:
Tom Dimond demonstrates the Styalator electronic tablet with pen for computer input and handwriting recognition.
2126:
1799:
701:
179:
The term "on-line handwriting recognition" is used to distinguish recognition of handwriting using a real-time
1327:
1754:
contains a history of pen computing, including touch and gesture technology, from approximately 1917 to 1992.
1060:
830:
184:
162:
Different systems switch between the modes (pointing vs. handwriting recognition) by different means, e.g.
1512:
611:
246:
1647:
1248:
796:
789:
622:
531:, IBM's first commercialized portable tablet computer product available to the consumer market, as the
472:
49:
1624:
1549:
1117:
516:
1268:, Proc. 4th IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago IL USA, March 1..3, 1971, pp. 414–417
1156:
1083:
558:
1440:
1311:
963:
166:
by writing in separate areas of the tablet for pointing mode and for handwriting-recognition mode.
1399:
1279:
997:
905:
835:
800:
92:
1382:
1173:
922:
1508:
840:
1670:
1226:
2043:
1768:
Digital Ink, Breakthrough Technology in Tablet PC, Brings the Power of the Pen to the Desktop
1714:
1536:
1349:
654:
123:
pointing device (one uses the mouse to "push the cursor around" on a screen), a tablet is an
2058:
1987:
650:
1263:
281:
operating system for a tablet PC product: one of the patents from GO was the subject of a
8:
2048:
1584:
825:
804:
781:
196:
20:
980:
941:
1792:
1481:
1365:
1295:
863:
820:
785:
202:
147:
134:
A finger can be used as the stylus on a touch-sensitive tablet surface, such as with a
116:
57:
34:
1139:
2148:
1676:
888:
728:
180:
81:
73:
1210:
2010:
1887:
1837:
1113:
1758:
Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing
868:
709:
680:
317:
65:
45:
16:
1757:
172:
by context, such as treating any marks not recognized as text as pointing input.
2025:
1955:
1919:
1457:
1190:
1040:
930:, Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, Major Reference Work, Springer Nature
851:
747:
551:" or PDA600, a similar pen-based device. It did not achieve commercial success.
274:
259:
1772:
1017:
2170:
2020:
2005:
1939:
1827:
1785:
845:
684:
464:
NCR released model 3125 pen computer running MS-DOS, Penpoint or Pen Windows.
378:
309:
119:
are used as pointing devices, such as to replace a mouse. While a mouse is a
41:
985:, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, McGraw-Hill, pp. 575–582
2090:
2085:
1960:
1882:
1852:
1751:
788:, the first Samsung Galaxy S phone to bring the S Pen support found in the
766:
468:
425:
255:
53:
316:, a data archiving device including handwriting input, in an essay titled
302:
1915: U.S. Patent on handwriting recognition user interface with a stylus.
288:
The following timeline list gives some of the highlights of this history:
2111:
1877:
1842:
732:
636:
develops the touch technology and touch gestures later used in the Apple
633:
451:
336:
296:
278:
233:
226:
183:
for input, as contrasted to "off-line handwriting recognition", which is
135:
96:
69:
61:
2116:
2080:
2063:
1924:
1872:
1867:
1822:
705:
420:
The first commercially available tablet-type portable computer was the
169:
by pressing a special button on the side of the stylus to change modes.
127:
pointing device (one places the stylus where the cursor is to appear).
1672:
Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning
2131:
2095:
2015:
1970:
1892:
1862:
858:
762:
724:
565:
512:
219:
1562:
1088:, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237
893:, Proceedings of Eastern Joint Computer Conference, pp. 232–237
254:
The first patent for an electronic device used for handwriting, the
222:, text could be deleted by scratching in a zig-zag pattern over it.
1982:
1975:
1929:
1914:
770:
674:
535:
528:
486:
458:
447:
353:
349:
85:
1265:
An Innovation in Control Panels for Large Computer Control Systems
907:
Real-Time Recognition of Handprinted Text, Memorandum RM-5016-ARPA
273:, and Linus were among the best known of a crowded field. Later,
2155:
2075:
1965:
1909:
1857:
1847:
1832:
713:
697:
554:
544:
498:
494:
421:
403:
389:
266:
154:
Pointing mode: The stylus is used as a pointing device as above.
2143:
2121:
1934:
743:
637:
615:
598:
582:
548:
433:
407:
77:
37:
and tablet, over input devices such as a keyboard or a mouse.
1904:
1899:
751:
490:
482:
356:
that used pen input. However, no physical device was created.
313:
72:, as opposed to using a more traditional interface such as a
965:
Computerized Graphic Processing System: System User's Manual
365:
285:
in 2008 concerning Microsoft's Tablet PC operating system.
1552:. Computing History (2011-10-21). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
1997:
1808:
532:
773:
which includes pressure sensitivity and angle detection.
1777:
1586:
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 Hardware Requirements
1052:
305:
1942: U.S. Patent on touchscreen for handwriting input.
1459:
Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus
1442:
Control of a computer through a position-sensed stylus
1370:, BYTE Magazine, Vol 15. No 1, 1990-01-12, p. 285
1062:
Retrospectives 1: The early years in computer graphics
299:
on electrical stylus device for capturing handwriting.
1773:
Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (Youtube)
1034:
1032:
795:
In August 2021, as the discontinuation of the entire
471:
entered development; although it ultimately became a
352:
of Xerox PARC proposed an idea for a notebook called
33:
refers to any computer user-interface using a pen or
1354:, Communication Intelligence Corporation, 1985-01-15
40:
Pen computing is also used to refer to the usage of
1011:
1009:
683:releases the second MultiTouch capable tablet: the
625:
pen-based tablet platform for professional artists.
1029:
381:, an early commercial digital sampling workstation
1622:
1416:"Momenta Corporation 1/40 Pentop Computer - RICM"
1380:
1351:Handwriter (R) GrafText (TM) System Model GT-5000
2168:
1717:. Groklaw (2005-07-04). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
1006:
561:combining PenPoint with wireless communications.
1715:A New Antitrust Lawsuit - Go Corp. v. Microsoft
450:announced a dedicated operating system, called
1247:, RAND Corporation, 1998-09-01, archived from
251:Pen computing has very deep historical roots.
1793:
1763:A number of links to pen computing resources.
1645:
1465:, United States Patent 5,347,295 (full image)
1198:, United States Patent 2,269,599 (full image)
1077:
1075:
1048:, United States Patent 1,117,184 (full image)
1300:, Cadre Systems Limited, England, 1982-08-15
1297:Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal
1698:"Go files antitrust suit against Microsoft"
1649:Rubrik Apple: Das Lexikon der Fingersprache
1103:
1101:
1025:, United States Patent 386,815 (full image)
934:
1800:
1786:
1281:Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature
1110:"Microsoft to Appeal $ 367M Patent Ruling"
1085:Devices for reading handwritten characters
1072:
890:Devices for reading handwritten characters
731:Pro hybrid tablet/laptop with an optional
501:. The computer never went into production.
187:of static handwritten symbols from paper.
141:
23:phablets include a stylus, called "S-Pen".
1582:
1500:
1261:
1068:, SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings, pp. 27–28
110:
1455:
1438:
1397:
1154:
1098:
1038:
15:
1475:
1401:What's New in Laptops and Pen Computing
1329:Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen
995:
593:The "QBE Vivo" pen computer created by
461:OS to be on the order of $ 500 Million.
271:Communications Intelligence Corporation
2169:
1367:The BYTE Awards: GRiD System's GRiDPad
1188:
1171:
1081:
978:
920:
903:
886:
750:hybrid tablet/laptop which includes a
209:
190:
175:by recognizing a special gesture mark.
99:systems of the 1950s and early 1960s.
1781:
1695:
1668:
1107:
102:
1752:The Unknown History of Pen Computing
1208:
1137:
1058:
1015:
27:Uses a stylus and tablet/touchscreen
2139:List of types, brands and companies
968:, Applicon Incorporated, 1973-09-01
364:Touchscreen interface developed at
131:"double-click" input from a mouse.
13:
577:The "QBE" pen computer created by
64:, generally used to press upon a
14:
2188:
1745:
519:as a response to the PenPoint OS.
1675:. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 177.
1445:, United States Patent 5,347,295
1178:, United States Patent 2,269,599
1161:, United States Patent 1,117,184
444:The Momenta Pentop was released.
1720:
1708:
1689:
1662:
1639:
1616:
1599:
1576:
1555:
1543:
1525:
1501:Rohrbough, Linda (1992-04-17),
1494:
1478:"NCR Offers Pen-Based Computer"
1469:
1449:
1432:
1408:
1391:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1320:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1255:
1235:
1219:
1202:
1182:
1165:
1148:
1131:
982:The Ledeen Character Recognizer
1144:, United States Patent 386,815
1002:, University of Illinois Press
989:
972:
956:
914:
897:
880:
489:" (codenamed "STylus") at the
1:
1669:Druin, Allison (2009-03-16).
1456:Agulnick, Todd (1994-09-13),
1439:Agulnick, Todd (1994-09-13),
1209:Bush, Vannevar (1945-07-15),
1155:Goldberg, H.E. (1915-12-28),
1108:Mintz, Jessica (2008-04-04).
1039:Goldberg, H.E. (1915-12-28),
874:
831:Handwriting movement analysis
295:1888: U.S. Patent granted to
185:optical character recognition
1646:MacEssentials (2007-08-02),
1476:Shapiro, Eben (1991-06-24).
1262:Fryberger, D. (March 1972),
996:Coleman, Michael L. (1969),
904:Groner, G.F. (August 1966),
612:Windows XP Tablet PC Edition
7:
1696:Fried, Ina (July 6, 2005).
1564:Trends at COMDEX Event 1999
1398:Lempesis, Bill (May 1990),
1316:, Pencept, Inc., 1984-06-15
1313:Users Manual for Penpad 320
1284:, Pencept, Inc., 1982-08-15
1244:50 Years of Looking Forward
1189:Moodey, H.C. (1942-12-27),
1172:Moodey, H.C. (1942-12-27),
1016:Gray, Elisha (1888-07-31),
979:Newman, W.M. (1973-09-01),
887:Dimond, T.L. (1957-12-01),
814:
716:") which includes a stylus.
283:patent infringement lawsuit
247:History of tablet computers
10:
2193:
1623:Fingerworks, Inc. (2003),
1381:Wang Laboratories (1989),
1082:Dimond, Tom (1957-12-01),
803:, the first Galaxy Z Fold
797:Samsung Galaxy Note Series
790:Samsung Galaxy Note Series
244:
240:
194:
2177:User interface techniques
2104:
2036:
1996:
1948:
1815:
1533:"The history of ThinkPad"
1404:, Flat Panel Display News
1384:The Wang Freestyle System
946:, Wang Laboratories, 1989
517:Windows for Pen Computing
1807:
1626:iGesture Game Mode Guide
786:Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra
559:EO Personal Communicator
1652:, www.mac-essentials.de
836:Handwriting recognition
801:Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3
799:, Samsung releases the
564:BellSouth released the
142:Handwriting recognition
93:handwriting recognition
1509:Newsbytes News Network
1215:, The Atlantic Monthly
841:Interactive whiteboard
111:Pointing/locator input
24:
2044:Ballpoint pen artwork
1629:, www.fingerworks.com
1550:Amstrad PenPad PDA600
1332:, Pencept, Inc., 1985
924:Pen-based Interaction
621:Wacom introduces the
195:Further information:
19:
2059:Birmingham pen trade
2054:Counterfeit banknote
1607:"Annual Report 2009"
848:(e.g. highlighting)
651:LeapFrog Enterprises
2049:Ballpoint pen knife
1589:, www.microsoft.com
1387:, WANG Laboratories
1192:Telautograph System
1175:Telautograph System
1138:Gray (1888-07-31),
1059:Ross, Doug (1989),
943:WANG Freestyle demo
921:Signer, B. (2024),
826:Gesture recognition
702:Samsung Galaxy Note
595:Aqcess Technologies
579:Aqcess Technologies
210:Gesture recognition
197:Direct manipulation
191:Direct manipulation
21:Samsung Galaxy Note
1729:HP TouchSmart tx2z
1583:Microsoft (2005),
1482:The New York Times
910:, RAND Corporation
864:Sketch recognition
821:Stylus (computing)
103:General techniques
25:
2164:
2163:
2149:Mechanical pencil
1682:978-0-08-095409-7
852:Graffiti Lighting
729:Microsoft Surface
527:IBM releases the
181:digitizing tablet
2184:
1802:
1795:
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1541:
1540:
1535:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1511:, archived from
1498:
1492:
1491:
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1473:
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1420:sites.google.com
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1116:. Archived from
1114:Associated Press
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895:
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884:
277:brought out the
46:tablet computers
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1949:Parts and tools
1944:
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1220:
1212:As We May Think
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919:
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902:
898:
885:
881:
877:
869:Tablet computer
817:
746:introduces the
557:introduced the
485:presented the "
318:As We May Think
249:
243:
212:
199:
193:
146:The tablet and
144:
115:The tablet and
113:
105:
66:graphics tablet
28:
12:
11:
5:
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2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
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1994:
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1968:
1963:
1958:
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585:Best of Show.
584:
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218:With Apple's
215:
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63:
59:
55:
54:GPS receivers
51:
47:
43:
38:
36:
32:
31:Pen computing
22:
18:
2091:Pen spinning
2086:Pen painting
2070:
2011:Fountain pen
1838:Demonstrator
1734:, retrieved
1728:
1722:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1654:, retrieved
1648:
1641:
1631:, retrieved
1625:
1618:
1601:
1591:, retrieved
1585:
1578:
1568:, retrieved
1563:
1557:
1545:
1537:the original
1527:
1517:, retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1471:
1458:
1451:
1441:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1334:, retrieved
1328:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1257:
1249:the original
1243:
1237:
1231:, 1961-09-01
1227:
1221:
1211:
1204:
1191:
1184:
1174:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1141:Telautograph
1140:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1090:, retrieved
1084:
1061:
1054:
1041:
1019:Telautograph
1018:
998:
991:
981:
974:
964:
958:
948:, retrieved
942:
936:
923:
916:
906:
899:
889:
882:
767:Apple Pencil
469:Apple Newton
426:GRiD Systems
333:Early 1960s
292:Before 1950
287:
264:
256:telautograph
253:
250:
231:
224:
216:
213:
200:
178:
161:
145:
133:
129:
124:
120:
114:
106:
90:
39:
30:
29:
2112:Calligraphy
1961:Ink blotter
1878:highlighter
1228:RAND Tablet
733:Surface Pen
634:FingerWorks
483:Atari Corp.
479:Sam Tramiel
452:PenPoint OS
432:system was
346:Late 1960s
337:RAND Tablet
297:Elisha Gray
279:PenPoint OS
234:PenPoint OS
227:Multi-touch
136:touchscreen
97:RAND Tablet
70:touchscreen
62:digital pen
2117:Cartooning
2081:Penmanship
2064:Pen Museum
1920:Rollerball
1736:2008-11-28
1656:2009-05-16
1633:2009-04-30
1593:2009-03-14
1570:2008-08-11
1519:2007-04-20
1487:2024-09-12
1425:2020-06-04
1336:2009-05-21
1158:Controller
1124:2008-09-04
1092:2008-08-23
1042:Controller
950:2008-09-22
875:References
706:smartphone
424:1900 from
245:See also:
229:gestures.
2132:Lettering
2096:Retipping
2021:Iron gall
2006:Alizarine
1940:Technical
1888:permanent
1873:dry erase
1828:Ballpoint
859:Light pen
725:Microsoft
597:ties for
569:features.
566:IBM Simon
515:releases
513:Microsoft
339:invented.
220:Newton OS
158:keyboard.
2171:Category
1983:Penknife
1976:flex nib
1853:Fountain
1612:. Wacom.
815:See also
771:iPad Pro
769:for the
675:GO Corp.
555:AT&T
536:ThinkPad
529:ThinkPad
459:PenPoint
354:Dynabook
350:Alan Kay
125:absolute
121:relative
86:touchpad
74:keyboard
44:such as
2156:Narayam
2105:Related
2076:Pen gun
2026:Stark's
1966:Inkwell
1910:Rastrum
1843:Digital
782:Samsung
754:stylus.
714:phablet
704:hybrid
698:Samsung
657:pentop.
545:Amstrad
499:Germany
495:Hanover
493:'91 in
448:GO Corp
422:GRiDPad
404:Pencept
390:Pencept
267:Pencept
241:History
2144:Pencil
2127:Inking
2122:Comics
1988:Pounce
1935:Stylus
1925:Ruling
1868:Marker
1823:Active
1679:
744:Lenovo
710:tablet
638:iPhone
623:Cintiq
616:Comdex
599:Comdex
583:Comdex
549:PenPad
487:ST-Pad
434:MS-DOS
408:MS-DOS
400:1985:
325:1950s
308:1945:
203:stylus
148:stylus
117:stylus
78:keypad
58:stylus
35:stylus
2037:Other
2016:India
1905:Quill
1900:Qalam
1883:paint
1863:Light
1833:Brush
1816:Types
1610:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
1046:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
928:(PDF)
778:2021
763:Apple
759:2015
752:Wacom
740:2013
721:2012
694:2011
687:tx2z.
670:2008
662:2006
647:2005
630:2003
614:) at
606:2001
590:2000
581:wins
574:1999
524:1993
506:1992
491:CeBIT
441:1991
417:1989
386:1982
375:1979
361:1971
314:Memex
82:mouse
1998:Inks
1930:Skin
1915:Reed
1809:Pens
1732:, HP
1702:CNET
1677:ISBN
467:The
366:SLAC
232:The
201:The
52:and
50:PDAs
1971:Nib
1858:Gel
1848:Dip
655:Fly
533:IBM
481:of
473:PDA
84:or
68:or
60:or
2173::
1893:UV
1700:.
1507:,
1480:.
1418:.
1112:.
1100:^
1074:^
1031:^
1008:^
712:("
681:HP
497:,
269:,
138:.
88:.
80:,
76:,
48:,
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1704:.
1685:.
1490:.
1428:.
1127:.
735:.
708:/
640:.
618:.
436:.
410:.
368:.
320:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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