1337:
2223:
their time, or trying to please prison staff (which can often secure early release for good behavior). However, the educational needs of prisoners often come into conflict with the security concerns of prison staff and with a public that wants to be "tough on crime" (and thus supports denying prisoners access to education). Whatever their reasons for participating in educational programs, prison populations tend to have very low literacy rates and lack of basic mathematical skills, and many have not completed secondary education. This lack of basic education severely limits their employment opportunities outside of prison, leading to high rates of recidivism, and research has shown that prison education can play a significant role in helping prisoners reorient their lives and become successful after reentry.
2281:
without any recreational opportunities. The tension between these two opinions, coupled with lack of funding, leads to a large variety of different recreational procedures at different prisons. Prison administrators, however, generally find the provision of recreational opportunities to be useful at maintaining order in the prisons, because it keeps prisoners occupied and provides leverage to gain compliance (by depriving prisoners of recreation as punishment). Examples of common facilities/programs that are available in some prisons are: gyms and weightlifting rooms, arts and crafts, games (such as cards, chess, or bingo), television sets, and sports teams. Additionally, many prisons have an outdoor recreation area, commonly referred to as an "exercise yard".
2150:
monitored and accounted for at all times, and the layout of prison kitchens must be designed in a way that allows staff to observe activity of the kitchen staff (who are usually prisoners). The quality of kitchen equipment varies from prison to prison, depending on when the prison was constructed, and the level of funding available to procure new equipment. Prisoners are often served food in a large cafeteria with rows of tables and benches that are securely attached to the floor. However, inmates that are locked in control units, or prisons that are on "lockdown" (where prisoners are made to remain in their cells all day) have trays of food brought to their cells and served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door. Prison food in many
2042:
subjective determinations made by intake personnel (which include mental health workers, counselors, clerical staff, sheriff deputies, prison unit managers, and others). This process will have a major impact on the prisoner's experience, determining their security level, educational and work programs, mental health status (e.g. the determination of whether they will be placed in a mental health unit), and many other factors. This sorting of prisoners is one of the fundamental techniques through which the prison administration maintains control over the inmate population and attempts to reduce risks and liabilities in an attempt to create an orderly and secure prison environment. At some prisons, prisoners are made to wear a
1650:, and mines. Besides the economic benefits of providing a free source of hard labor, the proponents of the new penal code also thought that this would deter criminal activity by making a conspicuous public example of consequences of breaking the law. However, what actually ended up happening was frequent spectacles of disorderly conduct by the convict work crews, and the generation of sympathetic feelings from the citizens who witnessed the mistreatment of the convicts. The laws quickly drew criticism from a humanitarian perspective (as cruel, exploitative and degrading) and from a utilitarian perspective (as failing to deter crime and delegitimizing the state in the eyes of the public). Reformers such as
2622:
2389:
adult offenders is a relatively modern idea. The earliest known use of the term "juvenile delinquency" was in London in 1816, from where it quickly spread to the United States. The first juvenile correctional institution in the United States opened in 1825 in New York City. By 1917, juvenile courts had been established in all but 3 states. It was estimated that in 2011 more than 95,000 juveniles were locked up in prisons and jails in the United States (the largest youth prisoner population in the world). Besides prisons, many other types of residential placement exist within juvenile justice systems, including youth homes, community-based programs, training schools and boot camps.
2018:
1982:
cell blocks which permitted only intermittent observation of prisoners.) Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or "modules" are designed to hold 16 to 50 prisoners and are arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern. A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, supervise each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or desk from which a single officer can monitor all the cells and the entire pod, control cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison.
1620:
1682:
2630:
2212:
2451:
1105:
804:
2030:
2726:
1564:, where the ladies' section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The inmates did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept on straw. In 1816, Fry founded a prison school for the children who were imprisoned with their parents. She also began a system of supervision and required the women to sew and to read the Bible. In 1817, she helped to found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate.
2483:
1912:
2800:: Theories of rehabilitation argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to change prisoners' lives in a way that will make them productive and law-abiding members of society once they are released. The idea was promoted by 19th century reformers, who promoted prisons as a humane alternative to harsh punishments of the past. Many governments and prison systems have adopted rehabilitation as an official aim. In the United States and Canada, prison agencies are often referred to as "
2318:
1262:, with few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death. Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of
1385:
10159:
2173:
in mental health units, etc.). Prison populations are largely from poor minority communities that experience greater rates of chronic illness, substance abuse, and mental illness than the general population. This leads to a high demand for medical services, and in countries such as the US that do not provide tax-payer funded healthcare, prison is often the first place that people are able to receive medical treatment (which they could not afford outside).
1990:, educational materials, religious services and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well. Some modern prisons may exclude certain inmates from the general population, usually for safety reasons, such as those within solitary confinement, celebrities, political figures and former law enforcement officers, those convicted of sexual crimes and/or crimes against children, or those on the medical wing or protective custody.
2438:
into state prisons are pregnant and in jails 6% of women are pregnant". The standard of care that female prisoners receive before and after giving birth is often far worse than the standard expected by the general population, and sometimes almost none is given. In some countries, female prisoners may be restrained while giving birth. In many countries including the United States, mothers will frequently be separated from their baby after giving birth.
2434:, the guards of women's prisons are usually female, though not always. For example, in federal women's correction facilities of the United States, 70% of guards are male. Rape and sexual offenses remain commonplace in many women's prisons, and are usually underreported. Two studies in the late 2000s noted that because a high proportion of female inmates have experienced sexual abuse in the past, they are particularly vulnerable to further abuse.
2416:
2371:
2074:
1971:
2085:(which rarely results in incarceration) are almost always sent to minimum-security prisons due to them having committed nonviolent crimes. Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them free movement around the grounds to work or partake in activities during the day. Some countries (such as
8996:
61:
2102:
tend to have very tall walls and towers, barbed wire and other serious security measures whereas these types of high level security measures are absent at many female prisons. This is due to multiple factors including females being convicted of less severe offences, and being less likely to be convicted of violent offences, in comparison to males, and due to female prisoners being less likely to be violent than male prisoners.
2781:, earn less money when they do find work, and experience a wide range of medical and psychological issues. Many countries have a high recidivism rate. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 67.8% of released prisoners in the United States are rearrested within three years and 76.6% are rearrested within five years. If the prisoner has a family, they are likely to suffer socially and economically from their absence.
2111:
10171:
8984:
1877:
1487:
1290:, was based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of moral instruction, and that prisoners' behavior could be "corrected" so that when they were released, they would be model members of society.
1741:, although state prison systems were largely in place by the end of the 19th century in most European countries. After the unification of Italy in 1861, the government reformed the repressive and arbitrary prison system they inherited, and modernized and secularized criminal punishment by emphasizing discipline and deterrence. Italy developed an advanced penology under the leadership of
1146:, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of for retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used commonly for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. The prison in ancient Athens was known as the
2551:, at first prisoners of war were released, after they promised not to fight again unless formally exchanged. When the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners the system broke down, and each side built large-scale POW camps. Conditions in terms of housing, food, and medical care were bad in the Confederacy, and the Union retaliated by imposing harsh conditions.
2232:
reading has a variety of benefits including improved literacy, ability to understand rules and regulations (leading to improved behavior), ability to read books that encourage self-reflection and analysis of one's emotional state, consciousness of important real-world events, and education that can lead to successful re-entry into society after release.
1999:
1986:
prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry,
2393:
also lead to the decrease in availability to provide the youth with much needed and promised programs and services while they are in the facility. Many times the administration is not prepared to handle the large number of residents and therefore the facilities can become unstable and create instability in simple logistics.
1585:
the first prisons used as criminal rehabilitation centers. At a time when the implementation of capital punishment for a variety of relatively trivial offenses was on the decline, the notion of incarceration as a form of punishment and correction held great appeal to reform-minded thinkers and politicians.
2744:
in the present day. By their very definition, prisons house individuals who may be prone to violence and rule-breaking. It is also typical that a high proportion of inmates have mental health concerns. A 2014 US report found that this included 64% of local jail inmates, 54% of state prisoners and 45%
2669:
Not all countries have experienced a rise in prison population: Sweden closed four prisons in 2013 due to a significant drop in the number of inmates. The head of Sweden's prison and probation services characterized the decrease in the number of
Swedish prisoners as "out-of-the-ordinary", with prison
2554:
By 1900 the legal framework of the Geneva and Hague
Convention provided considerable protection. In the First World War, millions of prisoners were held on both sides, with no major atrocities. Officers received privileged treatment. There was an increase in the use of forced labor throughout Europe.
2222:
Some prisons provide educational programs for inmates that can include basic literacy, secondary education, or even college education. Prisoners seek education for a variety of reasons, including the development of skills for after release, personal enrichment and curiosity, finding something to fill
2070:, often for more than 23 hours per day. Meals are served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door, and each inmate is allowed one hour of outdoor exercise per day, alone. They are normally permitted no contact with other inmates and are under constant surveillance via closed-circuit television cameras.
1985:
Pods may be designed for high-security "indirect supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells. An alternative is "direct supervision", in which officers work within the pod and directly interact with and supervise
1654:
came up with a solution that would enable the continued use of forced labor while keeping disorderly conduct and abuse out of the eyes of the public. They suggested that prisoners be sent to secluded "houses of repentance" where they would be subjected (out of the view of the public) to "bodily pain,
1584:
introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. His views influenced the establishment of
6797:
it is apparent that while the number of prisoner receivals at the women's prison, Bandyup, has been declining over the last five years, the prison muster has been steadily rising. For the first time in its history, Bandyup is filling to capacity. The current high prison muster reflects an unchanging
2699:
In the United States alone, more than $ 74 billion per year is spent on prisons, with over 800,000 people employed in the prison industry. As the prison population grows, revenues increase for a variety of small and large businesses that construct facilities, and provide equipment (security systems,
2134:
Modern prisons often hold hundreds or thousands of inmates, and must have facilities onsite to meet most of their needs, including dietary, health, fitness, education, religious practices, entertainment, and many others. Conditions in prisons vary widely around the world, and the types of facilities
2049:
The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. At one end of the spectrum are the most secure facilities ("maximum security"), which typically hold prisoners that are considered dangerous, disruptive or likely to try
1533:
in 1777. He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they could not pay the jailer's fees. He proposed wide-ranging reforms to the system, including the housing of each prisoner in a separate cell and the requirements that staff should be
2662:
States government spent an estimated US$ 80.7 billion to maintain prisons. CNBC estimated that the cost of maintaining the US prison system was US$ 74 billion per year. This increases government spending on prisons. As of 2023, the US no longer has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with
2573:
Political prisoners are people who have been imprisoned because of their political beliefs, activities and affiliations. There is much debate about who qualifies as a "political prisoner". The category of "political prisoner" is often contested, and many regimes that incarcerate political prisoners
2426:
In the 19th century, a growing awareness that female prisoners had different needs to male prisoners led to the establishment of dedicated prisons for women. In modern times, it is the norm for female inmates to be housed in either a separate prison or a separate wing of a unisex prison. The aim is
2196:
In the United States, a million incarcerated people suffer from mental illness without any assistance or treatment for their condition. The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, known as the rate of recidivism, is unusually high for those with the most serious disorders. Analysis of data in
2172:
Prisons in wealthy, industrialized nations provide medical care for most of their inmates. Additionally, prison medical staff play a major role in monitoring, organizing, and controlling the prison population through the use of psychiatric evaluations and interventions (psychiatric drugs, isolation
1406:
Jails at the time were run as business ventures, and contained both felons and debtors; the latter were often housed with their wives and younger children. The jailers made their money by charging the inmates for food, drink, and other services, and the system was generally corruptible. One reform
2879:
The argument that prisons can reduce crime through incapacitation is more widely accepted, even among academics who doubt that prisons can rehabilitate or deter offenders. A dissenting argument from Arrigo and
Milovanovic, who argue that prisoners will simply continue to victimize people inside of
2784:
If a society has a very high imprisonment rate, these effects become noticeable not just on family units, but also on entire poor communities or communities of color. The expensive cost of maintaining a high imprisonment rate also costs money that must come at the expense of either the taxpayer or
2761:", an informal set of internal values and rules that govern prison life and relationships, but that may be at odds with the interests of prison management or external society, compromising future rehabilitation and increasing recidivism rates. In some cases, disorder can escalate into a full-scale
2437:
The needs of mothers during pregnancy and childbirth often conflict with the demands of the prison system. The
Rebecca Project, a non-profit organization that campaigns for women's rights issues, reports that "In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that, on average, 5% of women who enter
2392:
Like adult facilities, youth detention centers in some countries are experiencing overcrowding due to large increases in incarceration rates of young offenders. Crowding can create extremely dangerous environments in juvenile detention centers and juvenile correctional facilities. Overcrowding may
2271:
literacy frameworks have also been supported by scholars like
Alexandra Cavallaro who see the incorporation of LGBTQ individuals' stories as key to promoting lifelong learning. Keeping forward solutions in mind, rhetorical listening is a final approach that is spread by leaders like Wendy Hinshaw.
2101:
There are fundamental differences between the security level of men's prisons and that of women's prisons. Male prisons tend to have higher, or more severe, security levels/classifications than female prisons. This is even noticeable when comparing the construction and design of male prisons which
1981:
Modern prison designs have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility and also to allow a smaller prison staff to monitor prisoners directly, often using a decentralized "podular" layout. (In comparison, 19th-century prisons had large landings and
2830:
argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to cause a sufficient level of misery to the prisoner, in proportion to the perceived seriousness of their crime. These theories do not necessarily focus on whether or not a particular punishment benefits the community, but instead are based upon a belief
2661:
In 2021, the United States of
America had the world's largest prison population, with over 2 million people in American prisons or jails—up from 744,000 in 1985—making 1 in every 200 American adults a prisoner. In 2017, the nonprofit organization Prison Policy Initiative estimated that the United
2388:
are known by a variety of names, including "youth detention facilities", "juvenile detention centers", and "reformatories". The purpose of youth detention facilities is to keep young offenders away from the public, while working towards rehabilitation. The idea of separately treating youthful and
2231:
being shut down. Meanwhile, many nations that have historically lacked prison libraries are starting to develop them. Prison libraries can dramatically improve the quality of life for prisoners, who have large amounts of empty time on their hands that can be occupied with reading. This time spent
5598:
American
Library Association, American Library Association Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained Working Group, American Library Association Council Committee on Diversity, American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services, San Francisco
2577:
Many countries maintain or have in the past had a system of prisons specifically intended for political prisoners. In some countries, dissidents can be detained, tortured, executed, and/or "disappeared" without trial. This can happen either legally, or extralegally (sometimes by falsely accusing
2266:
into helpful workforce members upon release, scholars like
Michael Sutcliffe argue that there needs to be a focus on re-enfranchising members and helping them share their voices. Still others advocate for styles of collective life-writing to capture the experience of incarcerated individuals and
1797:
are people who perform correctional casework in an institutional setting; develop, evaluate, and analyze program needs and other data about inmates; evaluate progress of individual offenders in the institution; coordinate and integrate inmate training programs; develop social histories; evaluate
1439:. While conditions on these ships were generally appalling, their use and the labor thus provided set a precedent which persuaded many people that mass incarceration and labor were viable methods of crime prevention and punishment. The turn of the 19th century would see the first movement toward
2280:
Many prisons provide limited recreational and fitness facilities for prisoners. The provision of these services is controversial, with certain elements of society claiming that prisons are being "soft" on inmates, and others claiming that it is cruel and dehumanizing to confine people for years
2149:
Prisons generally have to provide food for a large number of individuals, and thus are generally equipped with a large institutional kitchen. There are many security considerations, however, that are unique to the prison dining environment. For instance, cutlery equipment must be very carefully
2093:
in
Finland is an example of one such "open" correctional facility. The prison has been open since 1971 and, as of September 2013, the facility's 95 male prisoners leave the prison grounds on a daily basis to work in the corresponding township or commute to the mainland for either work or study.
2844:
Prisoners are at risk of being drawn further into crime, as they may become acquainted with other criminals, trained in further criminal activity, exposed to further abuse (both from staff and other prisoners) and left with criminal records that make it difficult to find legal employment after
2711:
freed slaves but allowed forced labor for people convicted of crimes. Prisons are very attractive to employers, because prisoners can be made to perform a great array of jobs, under conditions that most free laborers would not accept (and would be illegal outside of prisons): sub-minimum wage
2041:
Generally, when an inmate arrives at a prison, they go through a security classification screening and risk assessment that determines where they will be placed within the prison system. Classifications are assigned by assessing the prisoner's personal history and criminal record, and through
1699:
But, by 1820, faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined, as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes. In response, New York developed the
1505:
that underpin the design of the modern prison. In the panopticon model, prisoners were housed in one-person cells arranged in a circular pattern, all facing towards a central observation tower in such a way that the guards could see into all of the cells from the observation tower, while the
1760:
Prisons employ people to run and maintain the prison while keeping control of the inmates. Oftentimes, the number of people employed within a prison depends upon factors such as the size of the prison, how many inmates the prison has, and how much funding the prison gets. Staff may include:
3297:
There were several reasons that early prison reformers sought to move punishment out of the view of the public, by placing prisons away from population centers and restricting access to the inside of prison facilities. For a detailed history of the ideological origins of these practices of
2192:
treatment, and other forms of specialized care, depending on the needs of the inmate population and the willingness of the prison to provide for these needs. Health care services in many prisons have long been criticized as inadequate, underfunded, and understaffed, and many prisoners have
2969:
programs, which overlap with the above methods. Restorative justice is based around arranging a mediation between the offender and victim, so that the offenders can take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done—by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community
2135:
within prisons depend on many intersecting factors including funding, legal requirements, and cultural beliefs/practices. Nevertheless, in addition to the cell blocks that contain the prisoners, there are also certain auxiliary facilities that are common in prisons throughout the world.
1368:
made this option available for lesser crimes, or offered it by discretion as a longer-term alternative to the death penalty, which could theoretically be imposed for the growing number of offenses in
Britain. The substantial expansion of transportation was the first major innovation in
1720:: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included
1806:
are people who are employed to intervene therapeutically with various clients, the majority of whom happen to be offenders. These interventions include prison adjustment, prerelease and postrelease vocational and marital/family readjustment, and work with adolescent adjustment
1588:
In the first half of the 19th century, capital punishment came to be regarded as inappropriate for many crimes that it had previously been carried out for, and by the mid-19th century, imprisonment had replaced the death penalty for the most serious offenses except for murder.
2226:
Many prisons also provide a library where prisoners can check out books, or do legal research for their cases. Often these libraries are very small, consisting of a few shelves of books. In some countries, such as the United States, drastic budget cuts have resulted in many
2543:"These great trunks of ships were immense coffins, in which living men were consigned to a slow death.... black army bread full of gritty particles, biscuit full of maggots, salt meat that was already decomposing, rancid lard, spoiled cod, stale rice, peas, and beans."
2848:
This has resulted in a series of studies that are skeptical towards the idea that prison can rehabilitate offenders. As Morris and Rothman (1995) point out, "It's hard to train for freedom in a cage." A few countries have been able to operate prison systems with a low
2986:, although abolitionists often support reform campaigns, regarding them as incremental steps towards abolishing prisons. The abolition movement is motivated by a belief that prisons are inherently ineffective and discriminatory. The movement is associated with
2902:. Prison reformers also argue that alternative methods are often better at rehabilitating offenders and preventing crime in the long term. Among the countries that have sought to actively reduce prison populations include Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands.
2254:, all prison institutions offer literacy programs to expand inmates' educational opportunities. Some scholars in the field see prison literacy programs as organic, tactical spaces that resist institutionalization. They warn against the dehumanizing nature of
1328:" jobs that were anticipated to shape them into hardworking individuals and prepare them for the real world. By the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace.
1247:. He traces the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison used by the "disciplines" – new technological powers that can be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks.
1545:
was passed in 1779. This introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries (one for men and one for women). However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from
1204:
in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. The capability to imprison citizens granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government and served as a signifier of who possessed
3266:
But some authors have pointed out that many historical treatments overemphasize Howard's work, and that there were many other individuals (including local prison administrators) that also played a significant role in the development of modern prisons. See
2700:
furniture, clothing), and services (transportation, communications, healthcare, food) for prisons. These parties have a strong interest in the expansion of the prison system since their development and prosperity directly depends on the number of inmates.
2712:
payments, no insurance, no collective bargaining, lack of alternative options, etc. Prison labor can soon deprive the free labor of jobs in a number of sectors, since the organized labor turns out to be uncompetitive compared to the prison counterpart.
2604:
facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of
2520:, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Military prisons in the United States have also been converted to civilian prisons, to include
2810:: Theories of deterrence argue that by sentencing criminals to extremely harsh penalties, other people who might be considering criminal activities will be so terrified of the consequences that they will choose not to commit crimes out of fear.
5613:
2344:
In addition to the above facilities, others that are common include prison factories and workshops, visiting areas, mail rooms, telephone and computer rooms, a prison store (often called a "canteen") where prisoners can purchase goods with
1091:, while the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used in speech, officially named facilities use "facility", "correctional centre", "penitentiary", or "institution". A number of facilities retain their historical designation as a "jail".
2840:
Academic studies have been inconclusive as to whether high imprisonment rates reduce crime rates in comparison to low imprisonment rates; only a minority suggest it creates a significant reduction, and others suggest it increases crime.
1669:
into a state prison, in 1790. This prison was modeled on what became known as the "Pennsylvania system" (or "separate system"), and placed all prisoners into solitary cells with nothing other than religious literature, made them wear
2574:
often claim that they are merely "criminals". Others who are sometimes classified as "political prisoners" include prisoners who were politicized in prison, and are subsequently punished for their involvement with political causes.
6139:
2538:
In the Napoleonic wars, the broken down hulks were still in use for naval prisoners. One French surgeon recalled his captivity in Spain, where scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery, and typhus abounded, and prisoners died by the thousands:
2400:
rates, and the fact that most of the youths that are incarcerated are those from lower socio-economic classes (who often suffer from broken families, lack of educational/job opportunities, and violence in their communities).
2441:
Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (mainly male violence against women).
1153:
The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and
1967:, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility.
1313:). From the Middle Ages up to the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, imprisonment was rarely used as a punishment in its own right, and prisons were mainly to hold those awaiting trial and convicts awaiting punishment.
1534:
professional and paid by the government, that outside inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions. The prison reform charity, the
1550:, and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms, and eventually, in 1815, jail fees were abolished.
2974:
These alternatives do not eliminate the need for imprisonment altogether. Suspended sentences entail the threat of time in prison, while for others, actual imprisonment may be used as a punishment for noncompliance.
8156:
2515:
Prisons have formed parts of military systems since the French Revolution. France set up its system in 1796. They were modernized in 1852 and since their existence, are used variously to house prisoners of war,
8107:
1280:, claims that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they deter people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison. The second theory, which saw prisons as a form of
6053:
1266:, often with hard labor, as a solution. The prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of
4032:
An act to authorise, for a limited time, the punishment by hard labour of offenders who, for certain crimes, are or shall become liable to be transported to any of his Majesty's colonies and plantations.
2677:
website hosts data regarding prison populations around the world, including "Persons held – by sex, by age group," "Persons held – by status and sex" and "Prison capacity and overcrowding – totals".
5223:
Cook, Emma S.; Lee, Yee Ming; White, B. Douglas; Gropper, Sareen S. (14 August 2015). "The Diet of Inmates: An Analysis of a 28-Day Cycle Menu Used in a Large County Jail in the State of Georgia".
1377:
instead. The suspension of transport also prompted the use of prisons for punishment and the initial start of a prison building program. Britain would resume transportation to specifically planned
7268:
4557:"Purpose of Correctional Counseling and Treatment (From Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation, Fourth Edition, P 23-39, 2000, Patricia van Voorhis, Michael Braswell, et al. – See NCJ-183019)"
3160:
is a place where individuals in pretrial custody or given short sentences are sent. In the United States, jails are often run by counties, while prisons are run by the state or federal government.
1642:
In 1786, the state of Pennsylvania passed a law that mandated that all convicts who had not been sentenced to death would be placed in penal servitude to do public works projects such as building
2865:
are not entirely opposed to attempting to rehabilitate offenders, but instead argue that most prisoners would be more likely to be rehabilitated if they received a punishment other than prison.
2258:
practices and encourage the maintenance of agency and control in these programs to prevent them from becoming self-serving entities that cause further exploitation. Others argue that certain
6130:
2633:
A graph showing the incarceration rate per 100,000 population in the United States. The rapid rise in the rate of imprisonment in the United States came in response to the declaration of a
2861:. On the other hand, in many countries including the United States, the vast majority of prisoners are rearrested within 3 years of their release. Prison reform organizations such as the
2353:
where prisoners who have been sentenced to death await execution and an execution room, where the death sentence is carried out. In places like Singapore and Malaysia, there is place for
2098:, prisoners are also allowed to visit their families in Helsinki and eat together with the prison staff. Prisoners in Scandinavian facilities are permitted to wear their own clothes.
2197:
2000 from several forensic hospitals in California, New York and Oregon found that with treatment the rate of recidivism was "much lower" than for untreated mentally ill offenders.
2081:
On the other end are "minimum security" prisons which are most often used to house those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. For example, prisoners convicted of
4963:
4790:
Wolff, Nancy, and Jing Shi. "Patterns of victimization and feelings of safety inside prison: The experience of male and female inmates." Crime & Delinquency 57.1 (2011): 29–55.
2094:
Prisoners can rent flat-screen televisions, sound systems, and mini-refrigerators with the prison-labor wages that they can earn—wages range between 4.10 and €7.30 per hour. With
1051:, the words "gaol", "jail" and "prison" are commonly used. The spelling "gaol" was in official use in the past, and many historical gaols are now tourist attractions, such as the
2778:
9766:
6741:
1274:, and suggested that prisons should simply be used as a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as whipping, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as
7365:
5084:
Harer, Miles D.; Langan, Neal P. (October 2001). "Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence: Assessing the Predictive Validity of a Risk Classification System".
7739:
6335:
Woolhouse, Rachel; McKinlay, Audrey; Grace, Randolph C. (August 2018). "Women in Prison With Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Mechanism, and Impact on Mental Health".
6080:
8148:
8133:
6945:
5924:
2927:: The offender performs of a period of probation, and only serves a prison sentence if the terms of probation are broken. This is similar to the Canadian concept of a
2325:", where prisoners are held prior to their executions, as well as an execution chamber, where they are put to death under controlled conditions. Pictured here is the
8088:
6216:
2289:
Most prisoners are part of the "general population" of the prison, members of which are generally able to socialize with each other in common areas of the prison. A
1781:, are enforcement officials who are in charge of enforcing prison rules among the inmates. Thus they are responsible for the care, custody and control of the prison.
2535:, British prisoners held by the U.S. were assigned to local farmers as laborers. The British kept American sailors in broken down ship hulls with high death rates.
6099:
1293:
The concept of the modern prison was imported to Europe in the early 19th-century. Prior forms of punishment were usually physical, including capital punishment,
6045:
1596:, established in 1816 with a capacity for just under 1,000 inmates. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted the disciplinary system advocated by the SIPD. By the 1840s,
1239:
during the modern age based on historical documents from France. Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the
6437:"Lawrie, Rowena --- "Speak Out Speak Strong: Rising Imprisonment Rates of Aboriginal Women" [2003] IndigLawB 24; (2003) 5(24) Indigenous Law Bulletin 5"
5603:
Edited by Erin Boyington, Randall Horton, Eldon Ray James, Sharaya Olmeda, and Victoria Van Hyning. 2024 revised edition. Chicago: American Library Association.
1369:
eighteenth-century British penal practice. Transportation to America was abruptly suspended by the Criminal Law Act 1776 (16 Geo. 3 c.43) with the start of the
9614:
2960:: The offender is not punished for the crime if they abide by certain conditions; typically they must not commit any further crimes within a designated period.
2708:
5061:"Gender Differences in Prisoner Subcultures (From Women and Crime in America, P 409-419, 1981, Lee H Bowker, ed. -See NCJ-93434) | Office of Justice Programs"
3109:
7184:
10208:
5060:
1443:, and by the 1810s, the first state prisons and correctional facilities were built, thereby inaugurating the modern prison facilities available today.
790:
6811:
6113:
Brown, Sherri (April 2011). "Working with Women who are Survivors of the United States 'Corrections' Systems: Challenges for Social Service Workers".
3623:
2998:, with some prison abolitionists arguing that imprisoning people for actions the state designates as crimes is not only inexpedient but also immoral.
2422:(Toronto, Canada), which opened in 1874 and was Canada's first dedicated prison for women. The reformatory was closed in 1969 due to an abuse scandal.
2396:
In addition to overcrowding, juvenile prisons are questioned for their overall effectiveness in rehabilitating youth. Many critics note high juvenile
1612:
opened in 1842, beginning a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment. Robert Peel's
1336:
5585:
2872:
argues that offenders can be deterred by the fear of being caught but are unlikely to be deterred by the fear or experience of the punishment. Like
2555:
Food and medical treatment were generally comparable to what active duty soldiers received, and housing was much better than front-line conditions.
2167:
6386:
4556:
3537:
8399:
7460:
8672:
5012:
Bagaric, Mirko; Bagaric, Brienna (2016). "Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black".
3588:
2262:
systems are falsely advertised as a perfect solution when in reality there are much larger systemic issues at hand. Rather than trying to shape
1027:, the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used, although the terms "correctional facility" and "prison" among others are in official usage.
10446:
6460:
Wilson, Mandy; Jones, Jocelyn; Butler, Tony; Simpson, Paul; Gilles, Marisa; Baldry, Eileen; Levy, Michael; Sullivan, Elizabeth (January 2017).
1616:
of 1823 introduced regular visits to prisoners by chaplains, provided for the payment of jailers and prohibited the use of irons and manacles.
1231:
1079:
in Australia are referred to as "youth correctional facilities" or "youth detention centres" among other names, depending on the jurisdiction.
6893:
6798:
policy of sentencing a comparatively large number of the population, compounded by an apparent increase in prisoners' terms of imprisonment .
4067:
4047:
4021:
1936:
Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers,
3709:
A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria /
2765:, which could lead to serious injury or death en masse. Academic research has found that poor conditions tend to increase the likelihood of
2305:
to isolate them from the general population. Other prisoners that are often segregated from the general population include those who are in
6022:
5905:
4534:
3738:
Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses
2757:, self-harm, and the widespread smuggling of illegal drugs and other contraband. The social system within the prison commonly develops an "
2703:
The prison industry also includes private businesses that benefit from the exploitation of the prison labor. Some scholars, using the term
1858:
to meet the religious need for inmates. Religious workers are also in charge of the weddings when inmates marry someone outside the prison.
6238:
4955:
4023:
The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761 [continued to 1806]
10174:
9746:
8271:
7909:
7555:
6195:
5812:
5554:
5492:
5365:
5298:
5168:
4850:
4777:
4713:
4655:
3902:
3751:
1425:
halted in the 1770s, the immediate need for additional penal accommodations emerged. Given the undeveloped institutional facilities, old
8304:
8074:
7680:
7521:
6918:
6654:
5891:
5459:
5396:
5331:
4914:
4881:
4819:
4744:
4389:
4358:
4327:
4205:
4174:
3984:
3654:
1174:
system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions contaminated with
9788:
8238:
7843:
7812:
7779:
6687:
5996:
5523:
3936:
3780:
C. Fred Alford, "What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years."
1789:
are employed to provide education for inmates to use after their release, in order to reduce the likelihood of the inmates reoffending.
9867:
9649:
2793:
A variety of justifications and explanations are put forth for why people are imprisoned by the state. The most common of these are:
1197:
could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire.
998:
holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government. After a conviction, a
8704:
The State of Prisons of England, Scotland and Wales: Not for the Debtor Only, But for Felons Also, and Other Less Criminal Offenders
6737:
4932:
1704:
in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at
1235:(1975), energized the historical study of prisons and their role in the overall social system. The book analyzed changes in Western
10201:
7333:
6520:
3840:
2674:
1678:
soon built the Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village, which was modeled on the Pennsylvania system, and other states followed.
407:
7430:
Ellis, D. (1984) Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11 (3). 277–308.
3998:
9938:
9038:
7355:
2646:
1324:. These houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities the inmates were given "
7730:
4210:
Architectural innovation lay at the heart of eighteenth-century prison reform and one of its master thinkers was Jeremy Bentham
10063:
8988:
783:
8125:
6937:
5828:
10512:
8966:
8943:
8922:
8899:
8878:
8857:
8836:
8798:
8775:
8754:
8733:
8712:
8691:
8661:
8640:
8619:
8598:
8572:
8541:
8520:
8497:
8455:
8428:
8393:
8298:
8265:
8232:
8199:
8101:
8068:
7903:
7874:
7837:
7806:
7773:
7712:
7674:
7647:
7549:
7515:
7407:
7261:"To Challenge and Suffer: The Forms and Foundations of Working Inmates' Social Criticism (Sociétés Contemporaines 87 (2012))"
7221:
7102:
6779:
6720:
6681:
6648:
6189:
5990:
5963:
5885:
5838:
5806:
5579:
5548:
5517:
5486:
5453:
5390:
5359:
5325:
5292:
5162:
4908:
4875:
4844:
4813:
4771:
4738:
4707:
4680:
4649:
4420:
4383:
4352:
4321:
4282:
4199:
4168:
4126:
3978:
3930:
3896:
3867:
3745:
3681:
3648:
3455:
3421:
3393:
3371:
3343:
3313:
3282:
3251:
3223:
1752:
who advocated for the necessity of humanizing and socializing methods within the prison system in Great Britain and America.
8205:
7227:
6785:
5127:
4229:
10518:
10077:
5639:"Literacy as an Act of Creative Resistance: Joining the Work of Incarcerated Teaching Artists at a Maximum-Security Prison"
1217:, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels.
130:
6212:
2062:, and inmates from other prisons who have a history of violent or other disruptive behavior in prison or are suspected of
10524:
10194:
10162:
9577:
8332:
4669:
Sheridan, Francis (1996). "Security and Control: Perimeter Security". In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.).
2707:, have argued that the trend of "hiring out prisoners" is a continuation of the slavery tradition, pointing out that the
2419:
1178:. Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to
10309:
10142:
10021:
8818:: the impact of decarceration and prison closure on local communities in Kazakhstan, Post-Soviet Affairs, 40:2, 71–87,
8555:
3769:
3028:
3008:
2463:
1867:
may be utilized for tasks within the prison, such as cooking food for the other inmates or providing cleaning services.
757:
611:
10112:
9963:
9688:
9506:
9454:
8479:
7569:
SpearIt (2015-07-09). "Shackles Beyond the Sentence: How Legal Financial Obligations Create a Permanent Underclass".
6548:
5677:
3716:
776:
7923:
3825:
Schwan, A., & Shapiro, S. (2011). How to read Foucault's discipline and punish. London : Pluto Press, 2011.
9672:
1340:
Women in Plymouth, England (Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll) mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to
4098:
Horrors of the prison ships: Dr. West's description of the wallabout floating dungeons, how captive patriots fared
2831:
that some kind of moral balance will be achieved by "paying back" the prisoner for the wrongs they have committed.
2820:
argue that while prisoners are incarcerated, they will be unable to commit crimes, thus keeping communities safer.
10494:
10126:
10119:
9851:
9463:
7161:
5727:"Making Citizens Behind Bars (and the Stories We Tell About It): Queering Approaches to Prison Literacy Programs"
5599:
Public Library Jail and Reentry Services, and Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies. 2024.
4620:
4251:
2510:
2321:
In countries where capital punishment is practiced, such as the United States, some prisons are equipped with a "
2089:) also have "open" prisons where prisoners are allowed home-leave or part-time employment outside of the prison.
1749:
654:
351:
4988:
3169:
gaol is a dated British and South African spelling also used historically in Canada and Australia. The spelling
2963:
Other court orders that take away privileges from the offender, such as banning motoring offenders from driving.
2054:
prisons have been created where the custody level goes beyond maximum security for people such as terrorists or
1063:, while other states and territories use a variety of names. "Prison" is officially used for some facilities in
10042:
5923:
Bradley, Kevin; Kashyap, Kiran; Klippan, Lucy; Lulham, Rohan; McGregor, Fiona; Munro, Tasman; Tomkin; Douglas.
3573:
2862:
2621:
2301:(also called a "block" or "isolation cell") is a highly secure area of the prison, where inmates are placed in
2119:
1535:
591:
571:
135:
7064:
6863:
10554:
10470:
10232:
9586:
8767:
Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge Issues in crime & justice
7947:
7200:
Kai, Jonathan (March 23, 2013). "The disgrace of America's prison-industrial complex". National Post. p. A22.
2928:
2869:
2459:
2022:
1514:
752:
747:
601:
39:
6311:
3408:
For a detailed discussion of the sometimes blurred line between "criminals" and "political prisoners", see:
10303:
9830:
3615:
2914:
2889:
2734:
2658:
In 2021, the World Prison Brief reported that at least 11.5 million people were imprisoned worldwide.
2610:
2236:
2193:
experienced abuse and mistreatment at the hands of prison medical staff who are entrusted with their care.
1662:
1206:
402:
193:
17:
9000:
7421:
Bidna, H. (1975). Effects of increased security on prison violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 3. 33–46.
3559:
1635:, where prison cells were placed inside of rectangular buildings that lent themselves more to large-scale
10585:
10536:
9031:
8039:
2123:
659:
3529:
10428:
10028:
10007:
9635:
9522:
9090:
4006:
2898:
movements generally seek to reduce prison populations. A key goal is to improve conditions by reducing
1418:
for women and children. It was the first facility to make any medical services available to prisoners.
1370:
1186:(a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor).
566:
291:
242:
115:
8381:
7452:
6268:
Simon, Rachel E.; Clarke, Jennifer G. (2013-09-01). "Shackling and Separation: Motherhood in Prison".
1608:, set an ambitious program of prison building in the country, with one large prison opening per year.
10488:
10452:
10416:
10345:
10321:
10291:
9913:
9823:
9781:
8819:
5237:
2979:
2704:
2694:
2255:
2017:
2010:
1960:
1717:
1713:
1282:
923:
704:
586:
490:
456:
441:
247:
150:
7015:
6991:
4313:
The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941
4084:
1478:, that had few towns or food sources. Siberia quickly gained its fearful connotation of punishment.
10482:
10458:
10422:
10339:
9874:
9318:
9124:
6436:
5982:
Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in Solitary Confinement in Jails and Prisons Across the United States
3023:
2582:
2568:
2115:
1547:
1522:
709:
105:
1769:, also known as a Governor is the official who is in charge of the prison and heads all the staff.
10392:
10351:
10133:
10056:
9972:
9809:
9621:
9193:
7244:
Young, Cynthia (2000). "Punishing Labor: Why Labor Should Oppose the Prison Industrial Complex".
6602:
Jones Heather (2008). "A Missing Paradigm? Military Captivity and the Prisoner of War, 1914–18".
6014:
3033:
1880:
Shita (Shata) Prison in Israel. Many modern prisons are surrounded by a perimeter of high walls,
1609:
1556:
were prominent in campaigning against and publicizing the dire state of the prisons at the time.
1365:
1159:
596:
431:
237:
160:
31:
6640:
Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion
5757:
4542:
4118:
4112:
3734:"Competition for the Prisoner's Body: Wardens and Jailers in Fourteenth-Century Southern France"
3243:
Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary
1316:
However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at
10440:
10386:
10369:
10049:
9739:
9447:
9420:
9293:
9145:
9024:
6281:
6246:
5638:
5232:
5032:"Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report – Survey of State Prison Inmates, Women in Prison"
4412:
2637:: nearly half of those incarcerated in the United States are sentenced to prison for violating
2410:
2379:
1738:
1686:
1039:, "prison" is officially used, although "jail" is widely understood and more common in usage.
762:
524:
145:
8786:
8318:
8253:
7891:
7866:
7639:
7574:
7539:
7287:
6712:
6706:
6177:
6131:"Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls"
5796:
5538:
5474:
5349:
5280:
5152:
5017:
4834:
4759:
4697:
4639:
4064:
4044:
4027:
3884:
3733:
3704:
3381:
3331:
3301:
3213:
2777:
Prisoners can face difficulty re-integrating back into society upon their release. They often
2309:, or who are on suicide watch, and those whose behavior presents a threat to other prisoners.
10464:
10434:
10398:
10333:
10035:
9986:
9837:
9607:
8910:
8286:
8058:
7829:
Recapturing Freedom: Issues Relating to the Release of Long-term Prisoners Into the Community
7664:
7505:
6638:
6312:"History of significant head injury in women prisoners linked with disability and past abuse"
5980:
5875:
5441:
5380:
5313:
4896:
4865:
4801:
4728:
4373:
4342:
4311:
4189:
4156:
3966:
3638:
3443:
3270:
3043:
3038:
3018:
2995:
2987:
2095:
714:
664:
561:
514:
436:
397:
371:
318:
140:
85:
80:
35:
10548:
8220:
7827:
7794:
7761:
6702:
6669:
5507:
3920:
2845:
release. All of these things can result in a higher likelihood of reoffending upon release.
2126:
ordered California to reduce its prison population (the second largest in the nation, after
10476:
10327:
10244:
9952:
9711:
9600:
9272:
7439:
Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research reexamined. The Prison Journal, 74, (3). 329–363.
3099:
2957:
2595:
2506:
2467:
2302:
2067:
1726:
1655:
labor, watchfulness, solitude, and silence ... joined with cleanliness and a simple diet".
1597:
1422:
1392:
1357:
1349:
939:
899:
684:
679:
669:
621:
581:
576:
539:
483:
392:
286:
203:
110:
10542:
8653:
Education's Prisoners: Schooling, the Political Economy, and the Prison Industrial Complex
5726:
5426:
1373:. While sentencing to transportation continued, the act instituted a punishment policy of
8:
10500:
10404:
10363:
9888:
9628:
8582:
8471:
8149:"Why America Has a Mass Incarceration Problem, and Why Germany and the Netherlands Don't"
7162:"If We Build It They Will Come: Human Rights Violation and the Prison Industrial Complex"
5701:
4516:
3206:
For a more detailed look at the English "transportation" system, and the transition from
3178:
2966:
2899:
2873:
2746:
2609:. The United States government refers to psychiatric prisons housing federal inmates as "
2586:
is a classification of prisons or detention centers where people are held without trial.
2532:
2475:
2354:
2151:
2055:
1705:
1681:
1415:
1321:
1109:
729:
606:
529:
519:
323:
90:
7321:
4928:
4491:
The reformers: an historical survey of pioneer experiments in the treatment of criminals
3844:
3796:
David Garland, "Review: Foucault's "Discipline and Punish"--An Exposition and Critique"
2629:
2211:
942:. At any time, states may imprison civilians – sometimes large groups of civilians – in
10506:
10357:
10297:
10267:
10238:
10100:
10000:
9993:
9895:
9658:
9207:
9200:
9138:
8955:
8509:
7968:
7859:
7704:
7698:
7632:
7605:
7507:
Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse
6619:
6501:
6368:
5258:
5109:
4405:
3498:
3013:
2924:
2730:
2564:
2548:
2525:
2517:
2330:
2306:
2082:
1964:
1734:
1619:
1306:
1276:
1263:
1258:
became more widespread both in Europe and in the United States. Particularly under the
980:
907:
884:
724:
699:
356:
306:
262:
155:
7301:
Morgan, William J. Jr. (December 2009). "The Major Causes of Institutional Violence".
7133:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010). "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers".
2450:
10580:
10530:
10093:
10070:
9859:
9844:
9816:
9802:
9515:
9378:
9076:
8962:
8939:
8918:
8895:
8874:
8853:
8832:
8794:
8771:
8750:
8729:
8708:
8687:
8657:
8636:
8615:
8594:
8587:
8568:
8537:
8516:
8493:
8475:
8451:
8424:
8389:
8294:
8261:
8228:
8195:
8097:
8064:
7899:
7870:
7833:
7802:
7769:
7708:
7670:
7643:
7609:
7570:
7545:
7511:
7484:
Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality
7403:
7283:
7217:
7098:
6775:
6716:
6677:
6644:
6623:
6588:
Michael B. Chesson, "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed.
6493:
6360:
6352:
6293:
6285:
6185:
5986:
5959:
5881:
5844:
5834:
5802:
5777:
5658:
5575:
5544:
5513:
5482:
5449:
5386:
5355:
5321:
5288:
5250:
5205:
5158:
5101:
5013:
4904:
4871:
4840:
4809:
4767:
4734:
4703:
4676:
4645:
4459:
4416:
4379:
4348:
4317:
4278:
4225:
The State of the Prisons in England and Wales with an account of some foreign prisons
4195:
4164:
4122:
3974:
3926:
3892:
3889:
Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic
3863:
3812:
Karl von Schriltz, "Foucault on the prison: Torturing history to punish capitalism."
3741:
3712:
3644:
3502:
3451:
3417:
3389:
3367:
3339:
3309:
3306:
Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic
3278:
3247:
3219:
3048:
2741:
2346:
2163:
2059:
1998:
1987:
1931:
1816:
1467:
1455:
1072:
919:
616:
534:
387:
257:
8090:
Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment
7120:
National Institute of Justice: Criminal Justice Research, Development and Evaluation
7039:
6505:
5262:
5184:"What do prisoners eat? Nutrient intakes and food practices in a high-secure prison"
5113:
5039:
U.S. Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs; Bureau of Justice Statistics
183:
10575:
10410:
10315:
10279:
10273:
10014:
9979:
9725:
9704:
9593:
9552:
9242:
7597:
7589:
7399:
7395:
7176:
7142:
6611:
6521:"'He stalks me and rapes me and I've had to do the time': The victims in our jails"
6483:
6473:
6372:
6344:
6277:
5978:
5852:
5769:
5738:
5650:
5422:
5242:
5195:
5093:
4449:
3490:
3104:
3083:
2948:
2638:
2326:
2206:
1675:
1601:
1542:
1475:
1317:
1251:
1163:
1104:
1068:
1036:
971:
have separate definitions, though this is not always adhered to in casual speech.
960:
943:
935:
927:
911:
903:
880:
803:
382:
328:
8725:
Benevolent Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory-Prison Movement
8254:"Transformative Justice: Anti-Subordination Process in Cases of Domestic Violence"
7282:
SpearIt (2014-01-01). "Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment".
6839:
4602:
3669:
10285:
9945:
9732:
9681:
9371:
9339:
9258:
9152:
8933:
8889:
8868:
8847:
8826:
8765:
8744:
8723:
8702:
8681:
8651:
8630:
8609:
8562:
8531:
8487:
8465:
8445:
8418:
8189:
7994:
7211:
6769:
6765:
5569:
5382:
Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex: Crime and Incarceration in the 21st Century
5031:
4670:
4574:
4223:
4071:
4051:
3481:
Weitekamp, Elmar (1993). "Reparative justice: Towards a victim oriented system".
3411:
3361:
3241:
3058:
3053:
2876:, they argue that better policing is a more effective way to reduce crime rates.
2766:
2750:
2690:
2606:
2521:
2502:
2189:
2090:
2006:
1937:
1742:
1671:
1593:
1361:
1226:
1064:
1056:
719:
361:
301:
296:
281:
213:
208:
198:
120:
100:
8589:
Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California
6411:
5097:
1832:
is someone who is tasked with monitoring inmates outside of the prison during a
1798:
positive and negative aspects in each case situation, and develop release plans.
10261:
9795:
9774:
9642:
9570:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9279:
7700:
The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society
6462:"Violence in the Lives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Mothers in Western Australia"
4275:
The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society
3971:
The Oxford History of the Prison: the Practice of Punishment in Western Society
3952:
Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit
3207:
3094:
3073:
2909:
2651:
Some jurisdictions refer to the prison population (total or per-prison) as the
2487:
2228:
2043:
2034:
1956:
and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security.
1949:
1941:
1889:
1721:
1624:
1613:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1302:
1267:
1214:
1190:
1132:
1055:. Officially, the term "correctional centre" is used for almost all prisons in
999:
892:
868:
478:
95:
8018:
7601:
7356:"Exclusive: shock figures reveal crisis state of prisons in England and Wales"
6615:
6544:
5200:
5183:
4375:
From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848
3922:
From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848
3197:
In Britain a 'detention centre' is a military detention facility, not a prison
2725:
2474:" (January 2002). The prisoners are forced to wear goggles and headphones for
1250:
From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to
10569:
10186:
9718:
9438:
9427:
9228:
8632:
The New Abolitionists: (Neo)slave Narratives And Contemporary Prison Writings
7180:
6497:
6478:
6461:
6356:
6348:
6289:
5925:"Reframing the purpose, practice and place of juvenile detention in Victoria"
5848:
5781:
5773:
5662:
5246:
5105:
4463:
3186:
3089:
2983:
2895:
2471:
2431:
2251:
2181:
2086:
1897:
1778:
1701:
1651:
1632:
1572:
The theory of the modern prison system was born in London, influenced by the
1557:
1518:
1451:
1440:
1167:
1139:
1052:
634:
466:
376:
274:
8746:
Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals And the U.S. Prison Regime
8317:
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (US). "
6015:"Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders"
5833:(Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
5654:
3156:
is a place where individuals given long sentences are incarcerated, while a
2482:
1916:
1911:
9920:
9881:
9545:
9529:
9311:
9265:
9047:
7360:
6364:
6297:
5254:
5209:
3437:
2934:
2634:
2491:
2427:
to protect them from physical and sexual abuse that would otherwise occur.
2317:
2177:
2029:
2002:
1975:
1945:
1893:
1833:
1666:
1658:
1526:
1498:
1426:
1378:
1325:
1298:
1240:
1113:
1076:
860:
808:
629:
188:
7795:"The People Prisons Make: Effects of Incarceration on Criminal Psychology"
7590:"The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets"
4143:
Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905
4003:
Crime and Justice - Punishments at the Old Bailey - Central Criminal Court
10217:
9697:
9665:
9538:
9499:
9492:
9385:
9364:
9325:
9286:
9214:
9062:
8935:
Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions
8891:
A Protestant Purgatory: Theological Origins of the Penitentiary Act, 1779
7146:
3078:
3068:
3063:
2801:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2686:
2663:
2385:
2267:
fight against exclusionary institutions. Taking an alternative approach,
2144:
1885:
1846:
1636:
1605:
1436:
1431:
1389:
1374:
1271:
1259:
1201:
1175:
1024:
915:
888:
674:
461:
366:
313:
165:
125:
48:
8915:
The Culture of Urban Control: Jail Overcrowding in the Crime Control Era
8849:
Interrupted Life: Experiences of Incarcerated Women in the United States
8809:
The Puzzle of Prison Order: Why Life Behind Bars Varies Around the World
8019:"Professor Lawrence Sherman: 'Less Prison + More Policing = Less Crime'"
7969:"We've tried expecting prisons to rehabilitate and it just doesn't work"
6545:"Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Post at Alcatraz Island"
1384:
9485:
9413:
9249:
9235:
9221:
9186:
9083:
8870:
Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics
8356:
7861:
The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment
6488:
6012:
3785:
3494:
3328:
For a broad overview of the technologies used in prison security, see:
3275:
Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700–1850: A Study in Local Administration
3130:
2850:
2601:
2455:
2397:
1953:
1881:
1748:
Another prominent prison reformer who made important contributions was
1581:
1494:
1341:
1294:
1244:
1060:
872:
694:
689:
495:
7666:
A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America
6708:
Human Rights, Suffering, and Aesthetics in Political Prison Literature
6387:"Nearly 65% of prisoners at women's jail 'show signs of brain injury'"
5351:
A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America
4575:"Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Medical Staffing Challenges"
4504:
The Prison Problem of America: (with admiration for those who face it)
4243:
4161:
Understanding Social Control: Crime and Social Order in Late Modernity
3801:
1674:, and forced them to be completely silent to reflect on their wrongs.
1435:, were the most readily available and expandable choice to be used as
9346:
7759:
6337:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
6013:
Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (September 2005).
5742:
5571:
Reading Is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women's Prisons
4454:
4437:
2991:
2919:
2415:
2370:
2350:
2322:
2259:
2185:
1709:
1628:
1447:
1410:
1210:
1183:
1117:
1048:
931:
333:
269:
8225:
Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice
7799:
Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom
7766:
Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom
7260:
5877:
Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison
5678:"All our Community's Voices: Unteaching the Prison Literacy Complex"
4836:
Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison
4191:
Radical Spaces: Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790 – C. 1845
2073:
983:
and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county
9101:
9069:
8056:
7072:
6871:
2941:: Sometimes a condition of a strict suspended/conditional sentence.
2263:
2118:
in California, in January 2006. As a result of overcrowding in the
2051:
1506:
prisoners were unable to see the guards. (Architectural drawing by
1399:
1236:
1171:
1155:
856:
473:
420:
60:
52:
8911:"Conditions of Confinement: The Social Reality of the Jail Inmate"
8447:
Building Power: Architecture and Surveillance in Victorian America
7634:
Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration
6674:
Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War
2880:
the prison and that this harm has impacts on the society outside.
2524:. Alcatraz was formerly a military prison for soldiers during the
1970:
1331:
1116:. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of
9159:
9131:
9110:
8995:
8784:
8467:
Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management
8023:
7541:
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
7213:
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
6894:"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons"
5540:
The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century
5509:
The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century
5318:
Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health
4344:
Voices from Prison: An Ethnographic Study of Black Male Prisoners
3379:
3152:
usually refer to separate things in formal speech. In general, a
2753:
by prisoners against other prisoners or staff, staff misconduct,
2558:
2495:
2110:
2066:
affiliation. These inmates have individual cells and are kept in
1924:
1553:
1471:
1466:
prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in
1463:
1446:
France also sent criminals to overseas penal colonies, including
1353:
1255:
1179:
984:
864:
504:
9016:
8379:
8177:. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–220.
6096:
Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System
6077:
Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System
6046:"Toronto woman was jailed for living with her boyfriend in 1939"
5601:
Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.
2241:
Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.
1213:
over others. Another common punishment was sentencing people to
926:. In times of war, belligerents or neutral countries may detain
8983:
8291:
The End of Prisons: Reflections from the Decarceration Movement
5906:"Teen-Ager Caned in Singapore Tells of the Blood and the Scars"
4621:"What Prison Chaplains do … and What They Think They Should do"
2938:
2858:
2854:
1661:
soon put this theory into practice, and turned its old jail at
1310:
1088:
876:
75:
9767:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
9011:
8957:
Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration
3441:
1600:
to Australia and the use of hulks was on the decline, and the
1356:
criminals (and others generally young and poor) for a term of
10084:
9117:
8333:"Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex"
6175:
4757:
3670:"There's Got to Be a Better Way: Retribution vs. Restoration"
3470:
Also frequently referred to as "reformation" or "corrections"
2740:
Prisons can be difficult places to live and work in, even in
2445:
2268:
2216:
2168:
Incarceration of women in the United States § Healthcare
2127:
1820:
1647:
1643:
1486:
1194:
1143:
446:
227:
30:"Jail" and "Penitentiary" redirect here. For other uses, see
8191:
The Politics of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction
7889:
7696:
6967:
5979:
Human Rights Watch / American Civil Liberties Union (2012).
5825:
Kevin I. Minor and Stephen Parson, "Protective Custody", in
5378:
4272:
2478:
and to prevent them from communicating with other prisoners.
8763:
7388:<SCP>C</SCP> lear, <SCP>T</SCP> odd
6738:"Better than prison: life inside the UK's secure hospitals"
6163:
Resistance Behind Bars: The Struggles of Incarcerated Women
5413:
Byron, Robert (2014). "Criminals Need Mental Health Care".
4730:
Prison, Inc: A Convict Exposes Life Inside a Private Prison
2982:
seeks to eliminate prisons altogether. It is distinct from
2063:
1920:
1876:
8126:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"
8060:
Revolution in Penology: Rethinking the Society of Captives
7118:"Cost, Performance Studies Look at Prison Privatization".
6938:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"
6774:. Routledge Library Editions: Women and Crime. Routledge.
6008:
6006:
5446:
Prison(Er) Education: Stories of Change and Transformation
4582:
U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
3358:
For a history of the development of prison libraries, see
2954:
Mental health treatment for offenders with mental illness.
2670:
numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.
1823:
who are tasked with providing the inmates with healthcare.
8673:
Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration
8218:
4506:. Printed at H.M. Prison, for private circulation. p. 12
2788:
2745:
of federal prisoners. The environment may be worsened by
2462:, a United States military prison where people are being
1131:
The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the
8443:
7065:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry"
6864:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry"
6459:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5439:
3954:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 16-19, 31-32.
1407:
of the seventeenth century was the establishment of the
27:
Facility where people are kept as punishment for a crime
8683:
Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and community
8611:
Private Prisons in America: A Critical Race Perspective
7731:"Prisons no longer place for punishment, ministers say"
6003:
5922:
4867:
Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement
4699:
Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement
3238:
For an in-depth treatment of Bentham's panopticon, see
9006:
8289:. In Negel, Mechthild; Nocella II, Anthony J. (eds.).
6334:
5475:"Correctional Academic, Career, and Reentry Education"
2709:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1521:. After having visited several hundred prisons across
7692:
7690:
7533:
7531:
6838:
Wagner, Peter; Rabuy, Bernadette (January 25, 2017).
5942:
4309:
3334:. In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.).
3110:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
2200:
8866:
8828:
Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State
8721:
8581:
8175:
Crime in Canadian Context- Debates and Controversies
5758:"Writing to Listen: Why I Write Across Prison Walls"
5343:
5341:
4438:"Women's Prisons in Italy: A Problem of Citizenship"
4065:
Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914
3736:. In Classen, Albrecht; Scarborough, Connie (eds.).
8789:. In Zaitzow, Barbara H. & Thomas, Jim (eds.).
8607:
7537:
7209:
7159:
6207:
6205:
5954:Welch, Michael (2004). "Juveniles in Corrections".
5830:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
5479:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
5222:
5128:"In Prison, Discipline Comes Down Hardest On Women"
4839:. University of California Press. pp. 134–39.
4806:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
4340:
3527:
3409:
2680:
1567:
1320:in London, which resulted in the building of other
8954:
8586:
8550:Fisher, George. "The birth of the prison retold."
8508:
8037:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7858:
7856:
7729:
7687:
7631:
7528:
7447:
7445:
6643:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xi, xii, 11.
6412:"Head injuries suffered by 80% of women prisoners"
6129:
6115:Lecture at University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA
5880:. University of California Press. pp. 28–35.
4404:
3964:
3764:George Fisher, "The birth of the prison retold."
3380:Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994).
3329:
3215:A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales
1993:
8785:Sharp, Susan F. & Eriksen, M. Elaine (2003).
8564:Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences
7629:
7481:
6667:
6570:Sweetman Jack (2005). "A Floating Prison Break".
6178:"Naked Power: Strip Searching in Women's Prisons"
5794:
5472:
5338:
5181:
5150:
4989:"Differences Between Men's & Women's Prisons"
4894:
4799:
4668:
4637:
4187:
3731:
3640:Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia
879:. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a
10567:
10107:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
8931:
8887:
8845:
8742:
8489:Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China
8386:Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists
8256:. In Strang, Heather; Braithwaite, John (eds.).
8187:
7971:. The Howard League for Penal Reform. 2016-10-24
7760:Bushway, Shawn D.; Paternoster, Raymond (2009).
7095:Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy
6919:"Incarceration rates in selected countries 2023"
6202:
5873:
5675:
4832:
3860:Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison
3857:
3636:
3574:"Operation Division – PNG Correctional Services"
3483:European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research
3363:Libraries in Prisons: A Blending of Institutions
3268:
3211:
979:holds people for shorter periods of time or for
8533:Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security
8511:American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons
8485:
8284:
8123:
7982:
7662:
7482:Wakefield, Sara; Wildeman, Christopher (2013).
7442:
7386:Frost, Natasha A. (2017-08-01), "Clear, Todd",
5347:
4897:"The Invention of the American Supermax Prison"
4371:
3969:. In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3918:
3620:Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies
3179:English pronunciation rules for hard and soft G
2578:people and fabricating evidence against them).
1525:and Europe, in his capacity as high sheriff of
1450:, in the early 18th century. Penal colonies in
1402:served as a convict hulk between 1818 and 1834.
1332:Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies
10447:Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot
10216:
8908:
8679:
8560:
8529:
8057:Arrigo, Bruce A.; Milovanovic, Dragan (2009).
7797:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.).
7792:
7764:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.).
7503:
7354:Savage, Michael; Townsend, Mark (2018-02-17).
7353:
6935:
6763:
5953:
5567:
5311:
5274:
5272:
5011:
4863:
4726:
4695:
4476:Knepper, Paul, and Per Jørgen Ystehede, eds.,
4402:
4316:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–36.
3613:
3413:Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
3359:
2559:Political prisons and administrative detention
1497:" prison introduced many of the principles of
1232:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
10202:
9032:
8952:
7924:"Why Norway's prison system is so successful"
7890:Jewkes, Yvonne; Bennett, Jamie, eds. (2013).
7825:
7697:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995).
7499:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7394:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–3,
7239:
7237:
6812:"World Prison Population List (13th Edition)"
6601:
6569:
5536:
5505:
5408:
5406:
5283:. In Jewkes, Yvonne; Johnston, Helen (eds.).
4758:Jewkes, Yvonne & Johnston, Helen (2012).
4273:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995).
4154:
4054:, p.124-127, Cornell University Press (1998),
3967:"The Body and The State: Early Modern Europe"
3914:
3912:
3882:
3299:
3239:
2729:Memorial to the prison staff who died in the
2365:
1845:are people who pay the prison for the use of
784:
8700:
8251:
8227:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3.
6809:
6180:. In Scraton, Phil; McCulloch, Jude (eds.).
5278:
4953:
2154:is nutritionally adequate for most inmates.
1560:documented the conditions that prevailed at
1170:. The Mamertine Prison was located within a
8649:
8172:
8146:
7062:
6840:"Following the Money of Mass Incarceration"
6837:
6810:Fair, Helen; Walmsley, Roy (October 2021).
6267:
5269:
5083:
4435:
4347:. University Press of America. p. 64.
4221:
4026:. Great Britain: J. Bentham. Archived from
3702:
3479:Sometimes called "reparative justice" (See
2250:Under the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the
1944:, secured and defensible main gates, armed
1538:, was established in 1866 by his admirers.
10209:
10195:
9789:International Network of Prison Ministries
9039:
9025:
8814:Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei (2024). Our
8791:Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control
8628:
8287:"The Tension Between Abolition and Reform"
8168:
8166:
7490:
7234:
6705:. In Livescu, Simona; et al. (eds.).
6636:
6282:10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.9.pfor2-1309
5403:
5182:Hannan-Jones, Mary; Capra, Sandra (2016).
3909:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3589:"Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct?"
3086:, including homosexuality and sexual abuse
2905:Alternatives to prison sentences include:
2446:Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps
1915:The main gate of the Kylmäkoski Prison in
1592:The first state prison in England was the
918:; this use is illegal under most forms of
883:system: people charged with crimes may be
791:
777:
8506:
8380:Prison Research Education Action (2005).
7486:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
7332:(9). American Psychological Association.
6700:
6487:
6477:
5724:
5440:Wilson, David; Reuss, Anne, eds. (2000).
5236:
5199:
4453:
4019:
3949:
3711:. Black Classic Press. pp. 199–200.
3480:
3442:Simon, Rita; de Waal, Christiaan (2009).
2589:
2275:
2050:to escape. Furthermore, in recent times,
1737:was never as popular as it became in the
1481:
1454:operated until 1952, such as the notable
9615:Mentally ill people in the United States
8824:
8063:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39.
7801:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120.
7768:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120.
7258:
7132:
7092:
6916:
6176:McCulloch, Jude; George, Amanda (2008).
4983:
4981:
4378:. Cornell University Press. p. 30.
4045:"Asylum for Mankind": America, 1607–1800
3798:American Bar Foundation Research Journal
2724:
2675:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
2628:
2620:
2481:
2449:
2414:
2369:
2316:
2210:
2109:
2072:
2028:
2016:
1997:
1969:
1910:
1875:
1680:
1618:
1485:
1383:
1335:
1305:, and non-physical punishments, such as
1103:
802:
8787:"Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children"
8258:Restorative Justice and Family Violence
8163:
7568:
7463:from the original on September 10, 2015
7319:
7281:
6518:
5826:
5755:
5636:
5379:Wehr, Kevin; Aseltine, Elyshia (2013).
5316:. In Møller, Lars; et al. (eds.).
4956:"Why Scandinavian Prisons Are Superior"
4277:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
4085:Marshalsea#First Marshalsea (1373–1811)
3973:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
3925:. Cornell University Press. p. 6.
3828:
3703:Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997).
2944:Mandatory treatment for drug offenders.
2647:List of countries by incarceration rate
2625:A map of incarceration rates by country
2176:Some prison medical facilities include
2005:is presently the only facility housing
1099:
898:Prisons can also be used as a tool for
895:to a specified period of imprisonment.
14:
10568:
9868:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
8764:Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul (2010).
8420:The English Prison and Borstal Systems
8221:"Towards a Critical Theory of Justice"
8136:from the original on 15 November 2013.
7865:. Cambridge University Press. p.
7587:
7300:
6735:
5574:. University of North Carolina Press.
4966:from the original on 25 September 2013
4760:"The evolution of prison architecture"
4110:
3643:. Greenwood Publishing. p. xxvi.
2789:Theories of punishment and criminality
1631:Penitentiary, which also followed the
10190:
9020:
8382:"Demythologizing Our Views of Prison"
8330:
8159:from the original on 6 February 2014.
7385:
7243:
6948:from the original on 15 November 2013
6551:from the original on February 6, 2011
6127:
6112:
6093:
6074:
6043:
6025:from the original on 23 February 2010
5930:. UTS University of Technology Sydney
5481:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 108.
5427:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0314-20
5412:
4978:
4901:The Globalization of Supermax Prisons
4493:. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. p. 147
3667:
3595:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3540:from the original on 9 September 2013
2138:
2077:A minimum security prison in the U.S.
1849:and supplied the prisoners with work.
10170:
9332:
8124:Orange, Richard (11 November 2013).
8038:John D. Lofton Jr. (14 April 1975).
7948:"Why is Sweden closing its prisons?"
7896:Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment
7727:
7160:Smith, Earl; Angela Hattery (2006).
7016:"Persons held by status | dataUNODC"
6992:"Persons held in prison | dataUNODC"
6870:. NBCUniversal. 2013. Archived from
6744:from the original on 22 October 2017
6236:
4157:"The Architecture of Social Control"
4095:
3674:Osprey Journal of Ideals and Inquiry
3586:
2616:
2245:
2105:
1470:, in remote underpopulated areas of
1421:With the widely used alternative of
1381:in Australia between 1788 and 1868.
887:; those who have pled or been found
863:against their will and denied their
8416:
8319:A National Strategy to Reduce Crime
7703:. Oxford University Press. p.
7544:. The New Press. pp. 180–181.
6936:Richard Orange (11 November 2013).
6736:Swains, Howard (23 December 2016).
6160:
6098:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp.
6079:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp.
5725:Cavallaro, Alexandra (2019-03-14).
5448:. Waterside Press. pp. 12–15.
5354:. The New Press. pp. 115–116.
5225:Journal of Correctional Health Care
4297:
3440:of the U.S. prison population, see
2749:, poor sanitation and maintenance,
2312:
1896:in order to prevent prisoners from
1030:
24:
10310:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
8852:. University of California Press.
8820:DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2024.2312081
8593:. University of California Press.
8515:. University of California Press.
8437:
8219:Hames-Garcia, Michael Roy (2004).
7259:Guilbaud, Fabrice (January 2012).
5512:. Scarecrow Press. pp. v–vi.
4954:Doran Larson (24 September 2013).
4248:The Howard League for Penal Reform
3740:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 285.
3684:from the original on 8 August 2017
3144:In American and Canadian English,
3029:Incarceration in the United States
3009:Decarceration in the United States
2404:
2201:Library and educational facilities
1541:Following Howard's agitation, the
1517:was one of the most notable early
1135:as a form of social organization.
25:
10597:
9046:
8976:
8749:. University of Minnesota Press.
8450:. University of Tennessee Press.
8444:Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer (2008).
6056:from the original on 27 July 2017
4935:from the original on 10 June 2016
4208:from the original on 2016-05-22.
4100:. Eagle Book Printing Department.
3843:. 16 October 2014. Archived from
2947:Rehabilitation programs, such as
2715:
2215:Inmate teaching other inmates in
1863:In addition to the prison staff,
1360:within the general population of
1166:, established around 640 B.C. by
10513:February Ecuadorian prison riots
10169:
10158:
10157:
8994:
8982:
8614:. University of Illinois Press.
8402:from the original on 2013-08-27.
8373:
8349:
8324:
8311:
8307:from the original on 2016-06-04.
8278:
8274:from the original on 2016-04-29.
8245:
8241:from the original on 2016-04-28.
8212:
8208:from the original on 2016-05-18.
8181:
8147:Riggs, Mike (12 November 2013).
8140:
8117:
8113:from the original on 2013-03-19.
8081:
8077:from the original on 2016-04-25.
8050:
8031:
8011:
7961:
7940:
7916:
7912:from the original on 2016-06-03.
7883:
7850:
7846:from the original on 2016-05-29.
7819:
7815:from the original on 2016-06-10.
7786:
7782:from the original on 2016-06-10.
7753:
7728:Hope, Christopher (2017-04-13).
7721:
7683:from the original on 2016-04-25.
7656:
7623:
7581:
7562:
7558:from the original on 2016-06-17.
7524:from the original on 2016-04-29.
7475:
7433:
7424:
7415:
7379:
7347:
7313:
7294:
7275:
7271:from the original on 2017-03-19.
7252:
7230:from the original on 2016-06-10.
7203:
7194:
7190:from the original on 2010-06-11.
7153:
7126:
7111:
7086:
7056:
7032:
7008:
6984:
6960:
6929:
6910:
6886:
6856:
6831:
6803:
6756:
6729:
6694:
6690:from the original on 2016-06-04.
6661:
6657:from the original on 2016-04-30.
6630:
6595:
6582:
6563:
6537:
6512:
6453:
6429:
6404:
6379:
6328:
6304:
6261:
6230:
6198:from the original on 2016-05-22.
6169:
6165:. Oakland: PM Press. p. 61.
6154:
6121:
6106:
6087:
6068:
6037:
5999:from the original on 2015-07-29.
5972:
5956:Corrections: A Critical Approach
5916:
5898:
5894:from the original on 2016-05-27.
5815:from the original on 2016-06-19.
5588:from the original on 2016-06-19.
5557:from the original on 2016-05-29.
5543:. Scarecrow Press. p. 176.
5526:from the original on 2016-05-22.
5495:from the original on 2016-05-18.
5462:from the original on 2016-06-19.
5399:from the original on 2016-05-06.
5368:from the original on 2016-05-02.
5334:from the original on 2016-05-16.
5314:"Primary health care in prisons"
5301:from the original on 2016-05-13.
5171:from the original on 2016-05-18.
4917:from the original on 2016-05-02.
4884:from the original on 2016-05-13.
4853:from the original on 2016-05-22.
4822:from the original on 2016-06-19.
4780:from the original on 2016-05-06.
4747:from the original on 2016-04-27.
4716:from the original on 2016-06-17.
4672:Encyclopedia of American Prisons
4658:from the original on 2016-05-17.
4392:from the original on 2016-04-30.
4361:from the original on 2016-06-03.
4330:from the original on 2016-05-10.
4254:from the original on 9 July 2017
4177:from the original on 2016-05-02.
3987:from the original on 2016-05-04.
3939:from the original on 2016-05-04.
3905:from the original on 2016-05-18.
3754:from the original on 2016-06-03.
3657:from the original on 2016-05-15.
3626:from the original on 2013-12-03.
3473:
3464:
3430:
3402:
3336:Encyclopedia Of American Prisons
3298:concealment and exclusion, see:
3218:. Waterside Press. p. 157.
2681:Economics of the prison industry
2360:
2284:
1568:Development of the modern prison
1364:between the 1610s and 1776. The
914:, often without a fair trial or
136:Risk & actuarial criminology
59:
10519:September Guayaquil prison riot
10370:F-type prisons strike and riots
9939:Countries by incarceration rate
9852:Prison Fellowship International
8917:. Lexington Books. p. 51.
8361:Prison Activist Resource Center
8000:. National Institute of Justice
7762:"The Impact of Prison on Crime"
7742:from the original on 2022-01-11
7392:The Encyclopedia of Corrections
7368:from the original on 2018-02-21
7336:from the original on 2017-02-11
7320:Collier, Lorna (October 2014).
6788:from the original on 2018-03-29
6219:from the original on 2017-03-18
6213:"Shackling of Women in Custody"
6142:from the original on 2022-01-11
6044:Hauch, Valerie (20 July 2017).
6019:OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin
5867:
5819:
5788:
5749:
5731:Literacy in Composition Studies
5718:
5694:
5676:abolitionjournal (2018-02-02).
5669:
5630:
5606:
5592:
5561:
5530:
5499:
5473:Carlson, Peter M., ed. (2013).
5466:
5433:
5372:
5305:
5216:
5175:
5144:
5120:
5077:
5053:
5024:
5005:
4947:
4921:
4888:
4857:
4826:
4800:Carlson, Peter M., ed. (2013).
4793:
4784:
4751:
4720:
4689:
4662:
4631:
4613:
4595:
4567:
4549:
4527:
4509:
4502:Sir Alexander Paterson (193?).
4496:
4483:
4470:
4429:
4396:
4365:
4334:
4303:
4291:
4266:
4236:
4232:from the original on 2016-04-30
4215:
4181:
4148:
4135:
4104:
4089:
4077:
4057:
4037:
4020:Pickering, Danby (1775-08-18).
4013:
3991:
3958:
3943:
3876:
3851:
3819:
3806:
3790:
3774:
3758:
3725:
3705:"Songhay Under Askia the Great"
3696:
3661:
3630:
3386:Encyclopedia of Library History
3352:
3322:
3291:
3277:. Manchester University Press.
3260:
3232:
3200:
3173:is sometimes preferred because
2883:
2511:American Civil War prison camps
2114:The crowded living quarters of
2021:A maximum security prison, the
1994:Inmate security classifications
1633:"Auburn (or Congregate) System"
1437:places of temporary confinement
10525:November Guayaquil prison riot
9012:Priston Radio Official website
8938:. Cambridge University Press.
8707:. Cambridge University Press.
8260:. Cambridge University Press.
8096:. United Nations. April 2007.
7995:"Five Things About Deterrence"
7400:10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc186
5320:. WHO Regional Office Europe.
4407:The U.S. Federal Prison System
4310:McClennan, Rebecca M. (2008).
3841:"History of the prison system"
3616:"Punishment in Ancient Athens"
3607:
3580:
3566:
3552:
3521:
3366:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3191:
3163:
3138:
3123:
2863:Howard League for Penal Reform
2120:California state prison system
1536:Howard League for Penal Reform
1018:
1007:Outside of the United States,
807:A 19th-century jail room at a
13:
1:
10233:Castle Hill convict rebellion
8867:Thompson, Anthony C. (2008).
8722:Pisciotta, Alexander (2012).
8492:. Columbia University Press.
8040:"The case for jailing crooks"
7669:. The New Press. p. 47.
7457:National Institute of Justice
7135:Revue Française de Sociologie
6519:Fazzari, Rocco (2018-12-20).
6182:The Violence of Incarceration
5756:Hinshaw, Wendy (2018-10-01).
4899:. In Jeffrey Ian Ross (ed.).
4163:. McGraw-Hill International.
3514:
3271:"The Eighteenth Century Gaol"
2870:National Institute of Justice
2835:
2611:Federal Medical Centers (FMC)
2334:
2157:
2023:Clinton Correctional Facility
1690:
1220:
1121:
1015:often have the same meaning.
40:Penitentiary (disambiguation)
9831:Prison Advice and Care Trust
8770:. Rowman & Littlefield.
8676:Routledge ISBN 9781138308466
8608:Hallett, Michael A. (2006).
8423:, Routledge and Kegan Paul,
8331:Davis, Angela (1998-09-10).
7832:. Hawkins Press. p. 8.
7538:Alexander, Michelle (2010).
7210:Alexander, Michelle (2010).
6711:. Lexington Books. pp.
5637:Plemons, Anna (2013-04-01).
5188:British Journal of Nutrition
4903:. Rutgers University Press.
4478:The Cesare Lombroso Handbook
4341:Murty, Komanduri S. (2004).
3587:Webb, Tiger (22 June 2016).
3528:Douglas Harper (2001–2013).
3450:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3410:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2004).
2890:Alternatives to imprisonment
2779:have difficulty finding work
2735:Attica Correctional Facility
2237:American Library Association
1108:A very common punishment in
1042:
885:imprisoned until their trial
7:
8793:. Lynne Reiner Publishers.
7857:Roberts, Julian V. (2004).
7510:. Oxford University Press.
6604:Immigrants & Minorities
5798:Introduction to Corrections
5154:Introduction to Corrections
5098:10.1177/0011128701047004002
4762:. In Jewkes, Yvonne (ed.).
4641:Introduction to Corrections
4489:Eriksson, Torsten (1976).
4442:Crime, Histoire et Sociétés
3965:Spierenburg, Peter (1998).
3560:"Jail vs prison difference"
3534:Online Etymology Dictionary
3436:For a detailed look at the
3330:Latessa, Edward J. (1996).
3246:. Oxford University Press.
3001:
2804:" services for this reason.
2785:other government agencies.
2772:
2720:
2124:United States Supreme Court
2091:Suomenlinna Island facility
1963:monitoring, alarms, cages,
1959:Remotely controlled doors,
1906:
1685:Prisoners picking oakum at
867:under the authority of the
10:
10602:
10218:Prison riots and uprisings
10163:Imprisonment and detention
9091:Stanford prison experiment
8811:. Oxford University Press.
8410:
7630:Jacobson, Michael (2005).
7063:Cohn, Scott (2011-10-18).
7040:"Overcrowding | dataUNODC"
6668:Voglis, Polymeris (2002).
5827:Carlson, Peter M. (2015).
5795:Hanser, Robert D. (2012).
5762:Community Literacy Journal
5643:Community Literacy Journal
5151:Hanser, Robert D. (2012).
4895:Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2012).
4702:. Routledge. p. 101.
4644:. SAGE. pp. 193–195.
4638:Hanser, Robert D. (2012).
4561:Office of Justice Programs
4188:Parolin, Cristina (2010).
3891:. NYU Press. p. 216.
3732:Turning, Patricia (2012).
3187:standard English diphthong
3177:does not follow the usual
2887:
2684:
2644:
2593:
2562:
2500:
2408:
2377:
2374:Juvenile prison in Germany
2366:Youth detention facilities
2204:
2161:
2142:
1929:
1730:as a result of his visit.
1158:. One of the most notable
1150:or "the place of chains".
1094:
954:
908:detain perceived opponents
891:of crimes at trial may be
116:Expressive function of law
29:
10378:
10346:Leopoldov prison uprising
10322:Peruvian prison massacres
10292:Pulau Senang prison riots
10253:
10224:
10152:
9962:
9930:
9905:
9824:Prison abolition movement
9782:Florida Justice Institute
9758:
9562:
9477:
9437:
9356:
9303:
9178:
9169:
9100:
9054:
9007:Federal Bureau of Prisons
8932:Wortley, Richard (2002).
8888:Throness, Laurie (2008).
8846:Solinger, Rickie (2010).
8743:Rodriguez, Dylan (2006).
8554:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324.
8188:Woolford, Andrew (2009).
8173:O'grady, William (2011).
7602:10.1177/21533687221101209
6764:Mukherjee, Satyanshu K.;
6616:10.1080/02619280802442589
6128:Vidal, Ava (2014-02-26).
5874:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004).
5385:. Routledge. p. 28.
5201:10.1017/S000711451600026X
4870:. Routledge. p. 88.
4833:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004).
4733:. NYU Press. p. 11.
4194:. ANU Press. p. 58.
4117:. Penguin Books. p.
4096:West, Charles E. (1895).
3950:Bernstein, Robin (2024).
3858:Foucault, Michel (1995).
3800:11#4 (1986), pp. 847–880
3768:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324.
3637:Roth, Michael P. (2006).
3416:. Yale University Press.
3269:DeLacy, Margaret (1986).
3212:Hostettler, John (2009).
2980:prison abolition movement
2705:prison-industrial complex
2695:Prison-industrial complex
2490:, known as the notorious
2357:(carried out by caning).
2025:, in Dannemorra, New York
2011:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1871:
1854:Prisons may also provide
1082:
1002:person is sent to prison.
949:
924:administration of justice
10555:Makala jailbreak attempt
9875:The Prison Phoenix Trust
9319:Administrative detention
8670:Moran, Dominique (2015)
8629:James, Joy, ed. (2005).
8486:Dikötter, Frank (2002).
8285:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2013).
7663:Drucker, Ernest (2011).
7181:10.1163/187219107X203603
7093:Goldberg, Evans (2009).
6917:Statista (Jan 3, 2023).
6637:James, Joy, ed. (2003).
6479:10.1177/2158244016686814
6349:10.1177/0306624X17726519
6184:. Taylor & Francis.
5774:10.25148/CLJ.13.1.009090
5415:Scientific American Mind
5348:Drucker, Ernest (2011).
5247:10.1177/1078345815600160
4808:. Jones & Bartlett.
4675:. Taylor & Francis.
4372:Lewis, W. David (2009).
3919:Lewis, W. David (2009).
3338:. Taylor & Francis.
3116:
3024:Incarceration and health
2666:now having the highest.
2583:Administrative detention
2569:Administrative detention
2116:San Quentin State Prison
1755:
1531:The State of the Prisons
106:Differential association
10352:Strangeways Prison riot
10304:Huntsville Prison siege
9953:Films featuring prisons
9810:Mount Tamalpais College
9464:Prisoner-of-war escapes
9194:Corrective labor colony
8909:Walsh, John P. (2013).
8680:Nashif, Esmail (2008).
8561:Garland, David (2001).
8530:Drake, Deborah (2012).
8417:Fox, Lionel W. (1952),
8388:. Critical Resistance.
8194:. Fernwood Publishing.
7793:Lerman, Amy E. (2009).
7504:Clear, Todd R. (2007).
7265:Sociétés Contemporaines
7169:Society Without Borders
6215:. The Rebecca Project.
5985:. HRW/ACLU. p. 2.
5655:10.25148/CLJ.7.2.009348
5568:Sweeney, Megan (2010).
5312:Fraser, Andrew (2007).
5086:Crime & Delinquency
4864:Shalev, Sharon (2013).
4802:"Inmate Classification"
4727:Carceral, K.C. (2006).
4696:Shalev, Sharon (2013).
4403:Bosworth, Mary (2002).
3885:"Concealing Punishment"
3816:13.3–4 (1999): 391–411.
3360:Coyle, William (1987).
3302:"Concealing Punishment"
3034:Inmate telephone system
2767:violence within prisons
2009:units operating in the
1830:work release supervisor
1366:Transportation Act 1717
1225:The French philosopher
161:Symbolic interactionism
32:Prison (disambiguation)
10441:Topo Chico prison riot
10387:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
9587:Contemplative programs
9294:Youth detention center
9146:Prisoner of conscience
8999:Quotations related to
8953:Yousman, Bill (2009).
8894:. Ashgate Publishing.
8807:Skarbek, David. 2020.
8536:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8293:. Rodopi. p. 86.
7826:Goulding, Dot (2007).
7322:"Incarceration nation"
6590:The American Civil War
6547:. Militarymuseum.org.
6472:(1): 215824401668681.
6441:classic.austlii.edu.au
6161:Law, Victoria (2009).
5537:Vogel, Brenda (2009).
5506:Vogel, Brenda (2009).
4155:Innes, Martin (2003).
3883:Kann, Mark E. (2005).
3784:29.1 (2000): 125–146.
3448:Prisons the World Over
3300:Kann, Mark E. (2005).
3240:Semple, Janet (1993).
2737:
2642:
2626:
2590:Psychiatric facilities
2498:
2479:
2423:
2411:Incarceration of women
2380:Youth detention center
2375:
2349:. Some prisons have a
2341:
2276:Recreation and fitness
2219:
2131:
2078:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1978:
1927:
1901:
1739:English-speaking world
1733:The use of prisons in
1716:. The aim of this was
1696:
1687:Coldbath Fields Prison
1639:
1511:
1482:Prison reform movement
1403:
1345:
1229:, especially his book
1142:philosophers, such as
1128:
855:, is a facility where
812:
10495:Cameroon prison riots
10483:Amazonas prison riots
10435:Kaohsiung Prison riot
10429:Palmasola prison riot
10399:Altamira prison brawl
10334:Fremantle Prison riot
9838:Prison-Ashram Project
8701:Neild, James (2011).
8252:Coker, Donna (2002).
7638:. NYU Press. p.
7326:Monitor on Psychology
7097:. Oakland: РM Prеss.
6819:www.prisonstudies.org
6270:AMA Journal of Ethics
6239:"Mothers in Shackles"
6094:Talvi, Silja (2007).
6075:Talvi, Silja (2007).
5801:. SAGE. p. 200.
5279:Senior, Jane (2012).
5157:. SAGE. p. 199.
4111:Taylor, Alan (2001).
3668:Lopes, Jenna (2002).
3044:LGBT people in prison
3039:Kids for Cash Scandal
3019:Immigration detention
2996:anti-authoritarianism
2988:libertarian socialism
2958:Conditional discharge
2728:
2632:
2624:
2485:
2464:indefinitely detained
2453:
2418:
2373:
2320:
2214:
2162:Further information:
2113:
2096:electronic monitoring
2076:
2032:
2020:
2001:
1973:
1948:, security lighting,
1914:
1879:
1684:
1622:
1489:
1387:
1339:
1107:
940:prisoner-of-war camps
841:correctional facility
806:
665:Biosocial criminology
372:Uniform Crime Reports
81:Biosocial criminology
36:Jail (disambiguation)
10537:Battle of al-Hasakah
10489:Altamira prison riot
10477:Acarigua prison riot
10453:Kidapawan jail siege
10417:Welikada prison riot
10328:Atlanta prison riots
10245:Cooking Pot Uprising
10022:Ireland, Republic of
9712:Solitary confinement
9273:Prisoner-of-war camp
8991:at Wikimedia Commons
8650:McGrew, Ken (2008).
8583:Gilmore, Ruth Wilson
8472:Simon & Schuster
8044:The Telegraph-Herald
7147:10.3917/rfs.515.0041
4929:"White Collar Crime"
4436:Gibson Mary (2009).
4222:John Howard (1777),
4043:Marilyn C. Baseler,
2929:conditional sentence
2596:Psychiatric hospital
2507:Prisoner-of-war camp
2488:Patarei Sea Fortress
2468:solitary confinement
2460:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
2303:solitary confinement
1974:Design of a cell at
1841:In private prisons,
1834:work release program
1727:Democracy in America
1604:of convict prisons,
1598:penal transportation
1423:penal transportation
1358:indentured servitude
1350:penal transportation
1322:houses of correction
1100:Ancient and medieval
900:political repression
540:Solitary confinement
204:Alexandre Lacassagne
10501:Guanare prison riot
10459:Brazil prison riots
10423:Uribana prison riot
10405:Apodaca prison riot
10364:Khujand prison riot
10340:Polish prison riots
9889:Prison Reform Trust
8153:The Atlantic Cities
7588:Thomas, C. (2022).
6766:Scutt, Jocelynne A.
6237:Moynihan, Carolyn.
5285:Handbook on Prisons
4764:Handbook on Prisons
4625:Pew Research Center
3614:Allen, Danielle S.
2967:Restorative justice
2874:Lawrence W. Sherman
2742:developed countries
2533:American Revolution
2518:unlawful combatants
2476:sensory deprivation
2355:corporal punishment
2152:developed countries
2058:deemed a threat to
2056:political prisoners
1942:electrified fencing
1706:Auburn State Prison
1416:house of correction
1110:Early Modern Europe
981:pre-trial detention
730:Radical criminology
91:Collective efficacy
10586:Total institutions
10549:Támara prison riot
10507:Mahara prison riot
10393:Mexico prison riot
10358:Carandiru massacre
10298:Attica Prison riot
10268:Battle of Alcatraz
10239:Bathurst Rebellion
9896:WriteAPrisoner.com
9659:Protective custody
9208:Extermination camp
9139:Political prisoner
8507:Dow, Mark (2005).
8464:Diiulio, John J.,
6701:Wu, Yenna (2011).
6676:. Berghahn Books.
5910:The New York Times
4141:Jonathan W. Daly,
4070:2018-03-29 at the
4050:2018-03-29 at the
3782:Theory and society
3593:ABC Radio National
3536:. Douglas Harper.
3495:10.1007/BF02249525
3382:"Prison libraries"
3014:For-profit prisons
2925:Suspended sentence
2738:
2643:
2627:
2565:Political prisoner
2549:American Civil War
2526:American Civil War
2499:
2480:
2424:
2420:Mercer Reformatory
2376:
2342:
2331:San Quentin Prison
2307:protective custody
2220:
2139:Kitchen and dining
2132:
2083:white-collar crime
2079:
2039:
2033:Inmate in striped
2027:
2015:
1979:
1928:
1902:
1750:Alexander Paterson
1735:Continental Europe
1697:
1640:
1610:Pentonville prison
1512:
1404:
1371:American Rebellion
1346:
1309:rituals (like the
1264:mass incarceration
1129:
819:, also known as a
813:
10563:
10562:
10543:Tuluá prison riot
10531:Tula prison break
10184:
10183:
10120:England and Wales
9860:Prison Legal News
9845:Prison Fellowship
9803:Justice Defenders
9473:
9472:
9077:Prison healthcare
8987:Media related to
8968:978-1-4331-0477-0
8945:978-0-521-00940-9
8924:978-0-7391-7465-4
8901:978-0-7546-6392-8
8880:978-0-8147-8316-0
8859:978-0-520-25249-3
8838:978-0-85702-953-9
8825:Sim, Joe (2009).
8800:978-1-58826-228-8
8777:978-1-4422-0173-6
8756:978-1-4529-0733-8
8735:978-0-8147-6797-9
8714:978-1-108-03699-3
8693:978-0-203-89561-0
8663:978-1-4331-0175-5
8642:978-0-7914-8310-7
8621:978-0-252-07308-3
8600:978-0-520-22256-4
8574:978-1-84920-823-9
8543:978-1-137-00484-0
8522:978-0-520-93927-1
8499:978-0-231-12508-6
8457:978-1-57233-631-5
8430:978-0-415-17738-2
8395:978-0-9767070-1-1
8300:978-94-012-0923-6
8267:978-0-521-52165-9
8234:978-0-8166-4314-1
8201:978-1-55266-316-5
8103:978-92-1-148220-1
8070:978-0-7425-6362-9
7905:978-1-134-01190-2
7876:978-0-521-53644-8
7839:978-1-876067-18-2
7808:978-1-61044-465-1
7775:978-1-61044-465-1
7714:978-0-19-506153-6
7676:978-1-59558-605-6
7649:978-0-8147-4274-7
7551:978-1-59558-103-7
7517:978-0-19-988555-8
7409:978-1-118-84538-7
7223:978-1-59558-103-7
7216:. The New Press.
7104:978-1-60486-043-6
6781:978-1-317-28701-8
6722:978-0-7391-6742-7
6683:978-1-57181-308-4
6650:978-0-7425-2027-1
6592:(1996), pp 466–78
6343:(10): 3135–3150.
6191:978-0-203-89291-6
5992:978-1-56432-949-3
5965:978-0-07-281723-2
5887:978-0-520-24076-6
5840:978-1-4496-5305-7
5808:978-1-4129-7566-7
5706:enculturation.net
5581:978-0-8078-9835-2
5550:978-0-8108-6743-7
5519:978-0-8108-6743-7
5488:978-1-4496-5306-4
5455:978-1-906534-59-2
5392:978-1-135-09312-9
5361:978-1-59558-605-6
5327:978-92-890-7280-9
5294:978-1-136-30830-7
5164:978-1-4129-7566-7
4910:978-0-8135-5742-7
4877:978-1-134-02667-8
4846:978-0-520-24076-6
4815:978-1-4496-5306-4
4773:978-1-136-30830-7
4740:978-0-8147-9955-0
4709:978-1-134-02667-8
4682:978-0-8153-1350-2
4651:978-1-4129-7566-7
4422:978-0-7619-2304-6
4385:978-0-8014-7548-1
4354:978-0-7618-2966-9
4323:978-1-139-46748-3
4284:978-0-19-506153-6
4201:978-1-921862-00-7
4170:978-0-335-20940-8
4128:978-0-670-87282-4
4114:American Colonies
3980:978-0-19-511814-8
3932:978-0-8014-7548-1
3898:978-0-8147-4783-4
3869:978-0-679-75255-4
3862:. Vintage Books.
3847:on 31 March 2012.
3747:978-3-11-029458-3
3650:978-0-313-32856-5
3457:978-0-7391-4024-6
3423:978-0-300-10250-5
3395:978-0-8240-5787-9
3373:978-0-313-24769-9
3345:978-1-135-58270-8
3315:978-0-8147-4783-4
3284:978-0-7190-1341-6
3253:978-0-19-159081-8
3225:978-1-906534-79-0
3100:Prisoners' rights
3049:Life imprisonment
2915:Community service
2617:Prison population
2347:prison commissary
2246:Literacy programs
2164:Prison healthcare
2106:Common facilities
2060:national security
1932:Physical security
1856:religious workers
1804:Prison counselors
1112:was to be made a
1073:Western Australia
920:international law
837:correction center
801:
800:
547:
546:
484:Prisoners' rights
388:Positivist school
16:(Redirected from
10593:
10465:Makala jailbreak
10411:Yare prison riot
10316:Badaber Uprising
10280:Vorkuta uprising
10274:Norilsk uprising
10211:
10204:
10197:
10188:
10187:
10177:
10173:
10172:
10165:
10161:
10160:
10145:
10136:
10129:
10127:Northern Ireland
10122:
10115:
10108:
10103:
10096:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9955:
9948:
9941:
9923:
9916:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9805:
9798:
9791:
9784:
9777:
9770:
9749:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9721:
9714:
9707:
9700:
9691:
9684:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9631:
9624:
9617:
9610:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9580:
9573:
9555:
9548:
9541:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9466:
9457:
9450:
9430:
9423:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9333:Maximum security
9328:
9321:
9314:
9296:
9289:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9252:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9176:
9175:
9162:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9134:
9127:
9120:
9113:
9093:
9086:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9018:
9017:
8998:
8986:
8972:
8960:
8949:
8928:
8905:
8884:
8863:
8842:
8804:
8781:
8760:
8739:
8718:
8697:
8667:
8646:
8625:
8604:
8592:
8578:
8552:Yale Law Journal
8547:
8526:
8514:
8503:
8461:
8433:
8404:
8403:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8353:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8328:
8322:
8321:". 1973. p. 358.
8315:
8309:
8308:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8170:
8161:
8160:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8095:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8015:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8005:
7999:
7991:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7928:Business Insider
7920:
7914:
7913:
7892:"Rehabilitation"
7887:
7881:
7880:
7864:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7733:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7694:
7685:
7684:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7637:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7594:Race and Justice
7585:
7579:
7578:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7535:
7526:
7525:
7501:
7488:
7487:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7449:
7440:
7437:
7431:
7428:
7422:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7241:
7232:
7231:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7166:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7071:. Archived from
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7044:dataunodc.un.org
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7020:dataunodc.un.org
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6996:dataunodc.un.org
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6972:dataunodc.un.org
6964:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6816:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6740:. The Guardian.
6733:
6727:
6726:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6599:
6593:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6491:
6481:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6245:. Archived from
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6133:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6050:The Toronto Star
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6010:
6001:
6000:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5951:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5851:. Archived from
5823:
5817:
5816:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5743:10.21623/1.7.1.2
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5614:"BOP: Education"
5610:
5604:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5240:
5238:10.1.1.1030.8157
5220:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5194:(8): 1387–1396.
5179:
5173:
5172:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5036:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4985:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4627:. 22 March 2012.
4617:
4611:
4610:
4607:the NYC Criminal
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4541:. Archived from
4531:
4525:
4524:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4455:10.4000/chs.1106
4433:
4427:
4426:
4411:. SAGE. p.
4410:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4152:
4146:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4061:
4055:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4005:. Archived from
3999:"Transportation"
3995:
3989:
3988:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3837:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3778:
3772:
3766:Yale Law Journal
3762:
3756:
3755:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3525:
3508:
3506:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3377:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3210:to prisons, see
3204:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3167:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3127:
3105:Silent treatment
3084:Prison sexuality
2949:anger management
2853:rate, including
2639:drug prohibition
2607:mental disorders
2496:Tallinn, Estonia
2470:as part of the "
2339:
2336:
2327:lethal injection
2313:Other facilities
2298:segregation unit
2229:prison libraries
2207:Prison education
1777:, also known as
1695:
1692:
1602:Surveyor-General
1548:wars with France
1543:Penitentiary Act
1519:prison reformers
1476:Russian Far East
1318:Bridewell Palace
1252:public execution
1164:Mamertine Prison
1126:
1123:
1037:Papua New Guinea
1031:Papua New Guinea
961:American English
944:internment camps
936:military prisons
928:prisoners of war
912:political crimes
881:criminal-justice
833:detention center
793:
786:
779:
426:
425:
383:Crime statistics
309:
63:
45:
44:
21:
10601:
10600:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10559:
10374:
10286:Kengir uprising
10249:
10220:
10215:
10185:
10180:
10168:
10156:
10148:
10141:
10132:
10125:
10118:
10111:
10106:
10099:
10092:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10027:
10020:
10013:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9985:
9978:
9971:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9926:
9919:
9912:
9901:
9894:
9887:
9880:
9873:
9866:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9780:
9773:
9765:
9754:
9745:
9740:Women in prison
9738:
9731:
9724:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9696:
9687:
9680:
9671:
9664:
9657:
9648:
9643:Private prisons
9641:
9634:
9627:
9620:
9613:
9606:
9599:
9592:
9585:
9576:
9569:
9558:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9469:
9462:
9453:
9446:
9433:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9363:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9331:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9304:Security levels
9299:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9271:
9264:
9257:
9248:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9165:
9158:
9153:Prisoner of war
9151:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9123:
9116:
9109:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9050:
9045:
8979:
8969:
8946:
8925:
8902:
8881:
8860:
8839:
8801:
8778:
8757:
8736:
8715:
8694:
8664:
8643:
8622:
8601:
8575:
8544:
8523:
8500:
8458:
8440:
8438:Further reading
8431:
8413:
8408:
8407:
8396:
8378:
8374:
8365:
8363:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8341:
8339:
8329:
8325:
8316:
8312:
8301:
8283:
8279:
8268:
8250:
8246:
8235:
8217:
8213:
8202:
8186:
8182:
8171:
8164:
8145:
8141:
8122:
8118:
8110:
8104:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8071:
8055:
8051:
8036:
8032:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8003:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7983:
7974:
7972:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7953:
7951:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7932:
7930:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7906:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7855:
7851:
7840:
7824:
7820:
7809:
7791:
7787:
7776:
7758:
7754:
7745:
7743:
7726:
7722:
7715:
7695:
7688:
7677:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7628:
7624:
7614:
7612:
7586:
7582:
7567:
7563:
7552:
7536:
7529:
7518:
7502:
7491:
7480:
7476:
7466:
7464:
7451:
7450:
7443:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7384:
7380:
7371:
7369:
7352:
7348:
7339:
7337:
7318:
7314:
7309:(5): 63, 65–68.
7299:
7295:
7280:
7276:
7257:
7253:
7246:New Labor Forum
7242:
7235:
7224:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7187:
7164:
7158:
7154:
7131:
7127:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7105:
7091:
7087:
7078:
7076:
7061:
7057:
7048:
7046:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7024:
7022:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7000:
6998:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6976:
6974:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6934:
6930:
6915:
6911:
6902:
6900:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6877:
6875:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6791:
6789:
6782:
6771:Women and Crime
6768:, eds. (2015).
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6699:
6695:
6684:
6666:
6662:
6651:
6635:
6631:
6600:
6596:
6587:
6583:
6568:
6564:
6554:
6552:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6529:
6527:
6517:
6513:
6458:
6454:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6421:
6419:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6396:
6394:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6333:
6329:
6320:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6249:on 20 July 2014
6235:
6231:
6222:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6203:
6192:
6174:
6170:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6126:
6122:
6111:
6107:
6092:
6088:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6011:
6004:
5993:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5958:. McGraw-Hill.
5952:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5917:
5912:. 27 June 1994.
5904:
5903:
5899:
5888:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5841:
5824:
5820:
5809:
5793:
5789:
5754:
5750:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5708:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5686:
5684:
5674:
5670:
5635:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5593:
5582:
5566:
5562:
5551:
5535:
5531:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5489:
5471:
5467:
5456:
5438:
5434:
5411:
5404:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5362:
5346:
5339:
5328:
5310:
5306:
5295:
5277:
5270:
5221:
5217:
5180:
5176:
5165:
5149:
5145:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5010:
5006:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4911:
4893:
4889:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4847:
4831:
4827:
4816:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4774:
4756:
4752:
4741:
4725:
4721:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4667:
4663:
4652:
4636:
4632:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4401:
4397:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4355:
4339:
4335:
4324:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4220:
4216:
4202:
4186:
4182:
4171:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4109:
4105:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4072:Wayback Machine
4062:
4058:
4052:Wayback Machine
4042:
4038:
4030:on 2018-03-29.
4018:
4014:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3981:
3963:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3933:
3917:
3910:
3899:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3856:
3852:
3839:
3838:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3814:Critical Review
3811:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3779:
3775:
3763:
3759:
3748:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3662:
3651:
3635:
3631:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3585:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3444:"United States"
3435:
3431:
3424:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3168:
3164:
3143:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3059:Military prison
3054:List of prisons
3004:
2892:
2886:
2838:
2829:
2819:
2791:
2775:
2723:
2718:
2697:
2691:Private prisons
2685:Main articles:
2683:
2649:
2619:
2598:
2592:
2571:
2563:Main articles:
2561:
2522:Alcatraz Island
2513:
2503:Military prison
2501:Main articles:
2448:
2413:
2407:
2405:Women's prisons
2382:
2368:
2363:
2337:
2315:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2248:
2209:
2203:
2190:substance abuse
2170:
2160:
2147:
2141:
2108:
1996:
1938:concertina wire
1934:
1909:
1874:
1813:Medical workers
1758:
1743:Cesare Lombroso
1693:
1672:prison uniforms
1594:Millbank Prison
1570:
1529:, he published
1484:
1427:sailing vessels
1362:British America
1334:
1227:Michel Foucault
1223:
1193:, results of a
1124:
1102:
1097:
1085:
1065:South Australia
1057:New South Wales
1045:
1033:
1021:
1006:
957:
952:
922:governing fair
871:, generally as
797:
768:
767:
743:
735:
734:
660:Anthropological
650:
642:
641:
557:
549:
548:
423:
413:
412:
362:Critical theory
347:
339:
338:
319:State-corporate
307:
230:
219:
218:
214:Archibald Reiss
209:Cesare Lombroso
199:Michel Foucault
179:
178:Major theorists
171:
170:
146:Social learning
131:Rational choice
121:Labeling theory
101:Criminalization
71:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10599:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10557:
10551:
10545:
10539:
10533:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10509:
10503:
10497:
10491:
10485:
10479:
10473:
10467:
10461:
10455:
10449:
10443:
10437:
10431:
10425:
10419:
10413:
10407:
10401:
10395:
10389:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10366:
10360:
10354:
10348:
10342:
10336:
10330:
10324:
10318:
10312:
10306:
10300:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10276:
10270:
10264:
10262:Cowra breakout
10257:
10255:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10247:
10241:
10235:
10228:
10226:
10222:
10221:
10214:
10213:
10206:
10199:
10191:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10178:
10166:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10104:
10097:
10090:
10089:
10088:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9968:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9934:
9932:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9917:
9914:Rehabilitation
9909:
9907:
9906:Leaving prison
9903:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9796:Justice Action
9792:
9785:
9778:
9775:Black and Pink
9771:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9736:
9729:
9722:
9715:
9708:
9701:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9662:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9604:
9597:
9590:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9534:
9533:
9526:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9496:
9489:
9481:
9479:
9475:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9460:
9459:
9458:
9448:Prison escapes
9443:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9424:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9368:
9360:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9307:
9305:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9269:
9262:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9246:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9190:
9182:
9180:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9156:
9149:
9142:
9135:
9128:
9121:
9114:
9106:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9051:
9044:
9043:
9036:
9029:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8992:
8978:
8977:External links
8975:
8974:
8973:
8967:
8961:. Peter Lang.
8950:
8944:
8929:
8923:
8906:
8900:
8885:
8879:
8864:
8858:
8843:
8837:
8822:
8812:
8805:
8799:
8782:
8776:
8761:
8755:
8740:
8734:
8719:
8713:
8698:
8692:
8677:
8668:
8662:
8656:. Peter Lang.
8647:
8641:
8635:. SUNY Press.
8626:
8620:
8605:
8599:
8579:
8573:
8558:
8548:
8542:
8527:
8521:
8504:
8498:
8483:
8462:
8456:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8394:
8372:
8348:
8323:
8310:
8299:
8277:
8266:
8244:
8233:
8211:
8200:
8180:
8162:
8139:
8116:
8102:
8080:
8069:
8049:
8030:
8010:
7981:
7960:
7939:
7915:
7904:
7882:
7875:
7849:
7838:
7818:
7807:
7785:
7774:
7752:
7720:
7713:
7686:
7675:
7655:
7648:
7622:
7580:
7561:
7550:
7527:
7516:
7489:
7474:
7441:
7432:
7423:
7414:
7408:
7378:
7346:
7312:
7303:American Jails
7293:
7274:
7251:
7233:
7222:
7202:
7193:
7175:(2): 273–288.
7152:
7125:
7110:
7103:
7085:
7055:
7031:
7007:
6983:
6959:
6928:
6909:
6885:
6874:on 27 May 2013
6855:
6830:
6802:
6780:
6755:
6728:
6721:
6703:"Introduction"
6693:
6682:
6670:"Introduction"
6660:
6649:
6629:
6594:
6581:
6562:
6536:
6511:
6452:
6428:
6403:
6378:
6327:
6303:
6276:(9): 779–785.
6260:
6229:
6201:
6190:
6168:
6153:
6120:
6105:
6086:
6067:
6036:
6002:
5991:
5971:
5964:
5941:
5915:
5897:
5886:
5866:
5839:
5818:
5807:
5787:
5748:
5717:
5693:
5668:
5629:
5605:
5591:
5580:
5560:
5549:
5529:
5518:
5498:
5487:
5465:
5454:
5442:"Introduction"
5432:
5402:
5391:
5371:
5360:
5337:
5326:
5304:
5293:
5268:
5231:(4): 390–399.
5215:
5174:
5163:
5143:
5119:
5092:(4): 513–536.
5076:
5052:
5023:
5004:
4977:
4946:
4920:
4909:
4887:
4876:
4856:
4845:
4825:
4814:
4792:
4783:
4772:
4750:
4739:
4719:
4708:
4688:
4681:
4661:
4650:
4630:
4612:
4594:
4566:
4548:
4545:on 2017-05-13.
4535:"Case Manager"
4526:
4508:
4495:
4482:
4469:
4428:
4421:
4395:
4384:
4364:
4353:
4333:
4322:
4302:
4290:
4283:
4265:
4235:
4214:
4200:
4180:
4169:
4147:
4134:
4127:
4103:
4088:
4076:
4063:Drew D. Gray,
4056:
4036:
4012:
4009:on 2016-06-07.
3990:
3979:
3957:
3942:
3931:
3908:
3897:
3875:
3868:
3850:
3827:
3818:
3805:
3789:
3773:
3757:
3746:
3724:
3717:
3695:
3660:
3649:
3629:
3606:
3579:
3565:
3551:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3472:
3463:
3456:
3429:
3422:
3401:
3394:
3372:
3351:
3344:
3321:
3314:
3290:
3283:
3259:
3252:
3231:
3224:
3208:penal colonies
3199:
3190:
3162:
3137:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Prisoner abuse
3092:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3074:Prison officer
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2888:Main article:
2885:
2882:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:: Theories of
2821:
2818:incapacitation
2817:
2816:: Theories of
2814:Incapacitation
2811:
2805:
2798:Rehabilitation
2790:
2787:
2774:
2771:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Social effects
2714:
2682:
2679:
2618:
2615:
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2447:
2444:
2409:Main article:
2406:
2403:
2378:Main article:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2314:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2256:rehabilitative
2247:
2244:
2205:Main article:
2202:
2199:
2159:
2156:
2140:
2137:
2107:
2104:
2044:prison uniform
2037:and restraints
2035:prison uniform
1995:
1992:
1950:motion sensors
1908:
1905:
1890:motion sensors
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1775:Security staff
1771:
1770:
1757:
1754:
1722:de Tocqueville
1718:rehabilitative
1627:of New York's
1578:Jeremy Bentham
1574:utilitarianism
1569:
1566:
1562:Newgate prison
1508:Willey Reveley
1503:social control
1491:Jeremy Bentham
1483:
1480:
1456:Devil's Island
1379:penal colonies
1333:
1330:
1307:public shaming
1283:rehabilitation
1268:utilitarianism
1222:
1219:
1215:galley slavery
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1003:
988:
956:
953:
951:
948:
799:
798:
796:
795:
788:
781:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:Organizational
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Transformative
522:
517:
509:
508:
501:
500:
499:
498:
493:
491:Rehabilitation
488:
487:
486:
481:
479:Prisoner abuse
471:
470:
469:
464:
459:
449:
444:
442:Incapacitation
439:
434:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
278:
277:
267:
266:
265:
260:
252:
251:
250:
245:
240:
231:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
184:Émile Durkheim
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
141:Social control
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
96:Crime analysis
93:
88:
86:Broken windows
83:
78:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10598:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10556:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10544:
10540:
10538:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10514:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10502:
10498:
10496:
10492:
10490:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10472:
10471:Valencia fire
10468:
10466:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10454:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10436:
10432:
10430:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10418:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10406:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10394:
10390:
10388:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10371:
10367:
10365:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10341:
10337:
10335:
10331:
10329:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10317:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10305:
10301:
10299:
10295:
10293:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10281:
10277:
10275:
10271:
10269:
10265:
10263:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10252:
10246:
10242:
10240:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10212:
10207:
10205:
10200:
10198:
10193:
10192:
10189:
10176:
10167:
10164:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10144:
10143:United States
10140:
10135:
10131:
10128:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10114:
10110:
10109:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10091:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10075:
10072:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10058:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9995:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9981:
9977:
9974:
9970:
9969:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9954:
9950:
9947:
9943:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9929:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9897:
9893:
9890:
9886:
9883:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9865:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9835:
9832:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9759:Organizations
9757:
9748:
9747:United States
9744:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9730:
9727:
9723:
9720:
9716:
9713:
9709:
9706:
9702:
9699:
9695:
9690:
9689:United States
9686:
9685:
9683:
9679:
9674:
9673:United States
9670:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9651:
9650:United States
9647:
9646:
9644:
9640:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9623:
9622:Mobile phones
9619:
9616:
9612:
9609:
9605:
9602:
9598:
9595:
9591:
9588:
9584:
9579:
9578:United States
9575:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:Social issues
9561:
9554:
9550:
9547:
9543:
9540:
9536:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9507:United States
9504:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9494:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9429:
9425:
9422:
9421:Trusty system
9418:
9415:
9411:
9408:
9404:
9401:
9397:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9348:
9344:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9302:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9256:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9122:
9119:
9115:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9081:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9048:Incarceration
9042:
9037:
9035:
9030:
9028:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8985:
8981:
8980:
8970:
8964:
8959:
8958:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8937:
8936:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:. NYU Press.
8872:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8823:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8779:
8773:
8769:
8768:
8762:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8728:. NYU Press.
8727:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8706:
8705:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8686:. Routledge.
8685:
8684:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8655:
8654:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8634:
8633:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8606:
8602:
8596:
8591:
8590:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8491:
8490:
8484:
8481:
8480:0-02-907883-0
8477:
8473:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8432:
8426:
8422:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8376:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8338:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8184:
8176:
8169:
8167:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8092:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8014:
7996:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7970:
7964:
7949:
7943:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7898:. Routledge.
7897:
7893:
7886:
7878:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7741:
7737:
7736:The Telegraph
7732:
7724:
7716:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7693:
7691:
7682:
7678:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7626:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7534:
7532:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7485:
7478:
7467:September 15,
7462:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7446:
7436:
7427:
7418:
7411:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7247:
7240:
7238:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7206:
7197:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7129:
7121:
7114:
7106:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7075:on 2013-05-27
7074:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7021:
7017:
7011:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6973:
6969:
6968:"dataUNODC |"
6963:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6932:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6899:
6898:The Economist
6895:
6889:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6845:
6841:
6834:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:For example:
6759:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6572:Naval History
6566:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6317:
6316:www.gla.ac.uk
6313:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6164:
6157:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5855:on 2017-08-04
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:. Routledge.
5286:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5147:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:. Routledge.
4765:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3718:0-933121-92-X
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3388:. Routledge.
3387:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3308:. NYU Press.
3307:
3303:
3294:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Prison strike
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:prison reform
2981:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:prison reform
2891:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:prison muster
2648:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2472:War on Terror
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:Western world
2428:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2361:Special types
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2285:Control units
2282:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:United States
2243:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:mental health
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:Great Britain
2084:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:Case managers
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:prison guards
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:(1835–1909).
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Auburn system
1688:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:Walnut Street
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:Benjamin Rush
1649:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:Elizabeth Fry
1555:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Great Britain
1520:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:Île du Diable
1457:
1453:
1452:French Guiana
1449:
1444:
1442:
1441:prison reform
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:England used
1343:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:penal systems
1234:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Ancus Marcius
1165:
1161:
1160:Roman prisons
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Ancient Greek
1136:
1134:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1077:Youth prisons
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Maitland Gaol
1050:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:
972:
970:
966:
962:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:authoritarian
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:remand center
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
805:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
758:Organizations
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
739:
738:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Environmental
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
646:
645:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
625:
623:
622:Postmodernist
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:Neo-classical
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Environmental
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
553:
552:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Participatory
513:
512:
511:
510:
506:
503:
502:
497:
494:
492:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
416:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
378:
377:Crime mapping
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Transnational
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:International
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
253:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
10379:21st century
10254:20th century
10225:19th century
10078:Soviet Union
9921:Work release
9882:Prison Radio
9858:
9629:Overcrowding
9312:House arrest
9266:Penal colony
9170:
9003:at Wikiquote
8956:
8934:
8914:
8890:
8869:
8848:
8827:
8815:
8808:
8790:
8766:
8745:
8724:
8703:
8682:
8671:
8652:
8631:
8610:
8588:
8563:
8551:
8532:
8510:
8488:
8466:
8446:
8419:
8385:
8375:
8364:. Retrieved
8360:
8357:"About PARC"
8351:
8340:. Retrieved
8336:
8326:
8313:
8290:
8280:
8257:
8247:
8224:
8214:
8190:
8183:
8174:
8152:
8142:
8130:The Guardian
8129:
8119:
8089:
8083:
8059:
8052:
8046:. p. 4.
8043:
8033:
8022:
8013:
8002:. Retrieved
7973:. Retrieved
7963:
7952:. Retrieved
7950:. 2013-12-01
7942:
7931:. Retrieved
7927:
7918:
7895:
7885:
7860:
7852:
7828:
7821:
7798:
7788:
7765:
7755:
7744:. Retrieved
7735:
7723:
7699:
7665:
7658:
7633:
7625:
7613:. Retrieved
7593:
7583:
7564:
7540:
7506:
7483:
7477:
7465:. Retrieved
7456:
7453:"Recidivism"
7435:
7426:
7417:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7370:. Retrieved
7361:The Observer
7359:
7349:
7338:. Retrieved
7329:
7325:
7315:
7306:
7302:
7296:
7277:
7264:
7254:
7245:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7172:
7168:
7155:
7141:(5): 41–68.
7138:
7134:
7128:
7119:
7113:
7094:
7088:
7077:. Retrieved
7073:the original
7068:
7058:
7047:. Retrieved
7043:
7034:
7023:. Retrieved
7019:
7010:
6999:. Retrieved
6995:
6986:
6975:. Retrieved
6971:
6962:
6950:. Retrieved
6942:The Guardian
6941:
6931:
6922:
6912:
6901:. Retrieved
6897:
6888:
6876:. Retrieved
6872:the original
6867:
6858:
6847:. Retrieved
6843:
6833:
6822:. Retrieved
6818:
6805:
6796:
6790:. Retrieved
6770:
6758:
6746:. Retrieved
6731:
6707:
6696:
6673:
6663:
6639:
6632:
6610:(1): 19–48.
6607:
6603:
6597:
6589:
6584:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6553:. Retrieved
6539:
6528:. Retrieved
6524:
6514:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6444:. Retrieved
6440:
6431:
6420:. Retrieved
6418:. 2021-05-14
6415:
6406:
6395:. Retrieved
6393:. 2019-02-06
6391:The Guardian
6390:
6381:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6319:. Retrieved
6315:
6306:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6251:. Retrieved
6247:the original
6242:
6232:
6221:. Retrieved
6181:
6171:
6162:
6156:
6144:. Retrieved
6135:
6123:
6114:
6108:
6095:
6089:
6076:
6070:
6058:. Retrieved
6049:
6039:
6027:. Retrieved
6018:
5981:
5974:
5955:
5932:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5900:
5876:
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:the original
5829:
5821:
5797:
5790:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5709:. Retrieved
5705:
5696:
5685:. Retrieved
5681:
5671:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5621:. Retrieved
5617:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5570:
5563:
5539:
5532:
5508:
5501:
5478:
5468:
5445:
5435:
5421:(2): 20–23.
5418:
5414:
5381:
5374:
5350:
5317:
5307:
5284:
5281:"Healthcare"
5228:
5224:
5218:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5153:
5146:
5135:. Retrieved
5131:
5122:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5068:. Retrieved
5064:
5055:
5045:February 18,
5043:. Retrieved
5038:
5026:
5007:
4996:. Retrieved
4992:
4970:26 September
4968:. Retrieved
4960:The Atlantic
4959:
4949:
4937:. Retrieved
4923:
4900:
4890:
4866:
4859:
4835:
4828:
4805:
4795:
4786:
4763:
4753:
4729:
4722:
4698:
4691:
4671:
4664:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4587:10 September
4585:. Retrieved
4581:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4543:the original
4538:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4448:(2): 27–40.
4445:
4441:
4431:
4406:
4398:
4374:
4367:
4343:
4336:
4312:
4305:
4300:, p. 46
4293:
4274:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4247:
4244:"What We Do"
4238:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4190:
4183:
4160:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4113:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4079:
4074:p.298 (2016)
4059:
4039:
4031:
4028:the original
4022:
4015:
4007:the original
4002:
3993:
3970:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3921:
3888:
3878:
3859:
3853:
3845:the original
3821:
3813:
3808:
3797:
3792:
3781:
3776:
3765:
3760:
3737:
3727:
3708:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3677:
3673:
3663:
3639:
3632:
3619:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3592:
3582:
3568:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:
3489:(1): 70–93.
3486:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3447:
3438:demographics
3432:
3412:
3404:
3385:
3362:
3354:
3335:
3332:"Technology"
3324:
3305:
3293:
3274:
3262:
3242:
3234:
3214:
3202:
3193:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3125:
2977:
2973:
2935:House arrest
2904:
2900:overcrowding
2893:
2884:Alternatives
2878:
2867:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2776:
2755:prison gangs
2747:overcrowding
2739:
2702:
2698:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2635:War on Drugs
2599:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2454:Captives at
2440:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2395:
2391:
2384:Prisons for
2383:
2343:
2296:
2292:control unit
2290:
2288:
2279:
2249:
2240:
2235:In 2024 the
2234:
2225:
2221:
2195:
2178:primary care
2175:
2171:
2148:
2133:
2100:
2080:
2048:
2040:
2003:ADX Florence
1984:
1980:
1976:ADX Florence
1958:
1946:guard towers
1935:
1903:
1894:guard towers
1865:inmate labor
1864:
1855:
1847:prison labor
1842:
1829:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1786:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1747:
1732:
1725:
1698:
1667:Philadelphia
1659:Pennsylvania
1657:
1641:
1591:
1587:
1580:. Bentham's
1571:
1552:
1540:
1530:
1527:Bedfordshire
1513:
1499:surveillance
1459:
1445:
1430:
1420:
1408:
1405:
1394:
1390:convict ship
1388:The beached
1347:
1326:prison labor
1315:
1301:(whipping),
1299:flagellation
1292:
1288:moral reform
1287:
1281:
1275:
1249:
1243:concerns of
1241:humanitarian
1230:
1224:
1199:
1189:In Medieval
1188:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1114:galley slave
1086:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1005:
996:penitentiary
995:
991:
976:
968:
964:
963:, the terms
958:
906:regimes who
897:
875:for various
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:penitentiary
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
809:Pennsylvania
710:Experimental
451:
432:Denunciation
398:Quantitative
308:Public-order
263:White-collar
194:Enrico Ferri
189:Hans Eysenck
18:Penal system
10050:North Korea
10043:New Zealand
9636:Pay-to-stay
9063:Criminology
8556:online free
6952:15 November
6578:(1): 46–51.
6555:January 24,
6489:1885/250769
6243:Mercatornet
5737:(1): 1–21.
5618:www.bop.gov
5065:www.ojp.gov
3770:online free
3079:Prison pose
3069:Prison gang
3064:Open prison
2828:retribution
2824:Retribution
2802:Corrections
2763:prison riot
2759:inmate code
2687:Penal labor
2664:El Salvador
2602:psychiatric
2494:prison, in
2338: 2010
2186:dental care
2145:Prison food
1886:barbed wire
1843:contractors
1694: 1864
1689:in London,
1637:penal labor
1606:Joshua Jebb
1515:John Howard
1272:rationalism
1260:Bloody Code
1202:Middle Ages
1200:During the
1182:, often in
1176:human waste
1148:desmoterion
1125: 1694
1025:New Zealand
1019:New Zealand
916:due process
700:Development
675:Criminology
597:Integrative
535:Utilitarian
530:Retributive
520:Restorative
507:in penology
393:Qualitative
367:Ethnography
352:Comparative
258:Blue-collar
166:Victimology
126:Psychopathy
49:Criminology
10570:Categories
9964:By country
9601:Informants
9516:Literature
9455:Helicopter
9414:Sally port
9379:Commissary
9357:Components
9250:Chain gang
9236:Labor camp
9222:Internment
9187:Black site
9084:Punishment
8366:2016-11-28
8342:2016-11-28
8337:Colorlines
8004:2018-05-14
7975:2018-05-14
7954:2018-05-14
7933:2017-11-28
7746:2018-05-14
7372:2018-02-22
7340:2017-01-18
7079:2017-09-10
7049:2022-02-18
7025:2022-02-18
7001:2022-02-18
6977:2022-02-18
6903:2018-10-25
6849:2023-01-15
6824:2023-01-14
6792:2017-09-11
6530:2022-02-18
6446:2022-02-18
6422:2022-02-18
6397:2022-02-18
6321:2022-02-18
6223:2011-04-27
6029:10 October
5859:2017-08-04
5711:2024-03-16
5687:2024-03-16
5623:2024-03-14
5137:2022-02-18
5070:2022-02-18
4998:2022-02-18
3515:References
3131:Old French
2851:recidivism
2836:Evaluation
2808:Deterrence
2645:See also:
2492:Soviet-era
2456:Camp X-Ray
2398:recidivism
2239:published
2184:services,
2158:Healthcare
2143:See also:
1988:commissary
1965:restraints
1930:See also:
1917:Kylmäkoski
1882:razor wire
1724:who wrote
1582:panopticon
1495:panopticon
1375:hard labor
1342:Botany Bay
1295:mutilation
1277:deterrence
1245:reformists
1221:Modern era
1061:Queensland
873:punishment
861:imprisoned
695:Demography
617:Positivist
496:Recidivism
437:Deterrence
329:Victimless
156:Subculture
9973:Australia
9705:Sexuality
9594:Education
9553:Tattooing
9347:Death row
9243:Battalion
9102:Prisoners
7610:248899951
6624:145792800
6498:2158-2440
6466:SAGE Open
6357:1552-6933
6290:2376-6980
6136:Telegraph
5864:, p. 379.
5849:848267914
5782:1555-9734
5682:Abolition
5663:1555-9734
5233:CiteSeerX
5106:0011-1287
4993:study.com
4939:2 January
4517:"Teacher"
4464:1422-0857
4083:See e.g.
3599:20 August
3503:147309026
3185:is not a
3129:From the
2992:anarchism
2970:service".
2920:Execution
2731:1971 riot
2386:juveniles
2351:death row
2323:death row
2260:education
1807:problems.
1710:Sing Sing
1629:Sing Sing
1625:engraving
1614:Gaols Act
1448:Louisiana
1429:, termed
1411:Bridewell
1395:Discovery
1354:convicted
1211:authority
1184:ergastula
1118:Louis XIV
1049:Australia
1043:Australia
1000:sentenced
932:detainees
893:sentenced
720:Political
649:Subfields
572:Classical
562:Anarchist
457:abolition
357:Profiling
302:Political
297:Organized
282:Corporate
270:Cold case
226:Types of
10581:Penology
10134:Scotland
9769:(Brazil)
9733:Violence
9682:Religion
9523:American
9372:Cemetery
9340:Supermax
9259:Military
9201:Debtors'
9125:Detainee
9118:Criminal
9070:Penology
8831:. SAGE.
8585:(2007).
8567:. SAGE.
8474:, 1990.
8400:Archived
8305:Archived
8272:Archived
8239:Archived
8206:Archived
8157:Archived
8134:Archived
8108:Archived
8075:Archived
7910:Archived
7844:Archived
7813:Archived
7780:Archived
7740:Archived
7681:Archived
7596:: 1–23.
7556:Archived
7522:Archived
7461:Archived
7366:Archived
7334:Archived
7269:Archived
7228:Archived
7185:Archived
6946:Archived
6923:Statista
6786:Archived
6742:Archived
6688:Archived
6655:Archived
6549:Archived
6525:ABC News
6506:59248385
6416:BBC News
6365:28831827
6298:24021108
6217:Archived
6196:Archived
6140:Archived
6054:Archived
6023:Archived
6021:(5): 2.
5997:Archived
5892:Archived
5813:Archived
5586:Archived
5555:Archived
5524:Archived
5493:Archived
5460:Archived
5397:Archived
5366:Archived
5332:Archived
5299:Archived
5263:28355063
5255:26276135
5210:26900055
5169:Archived
5114:18159359
4964:Archived
4933:Archived
4915:Archived
4882:Archived
4851:Archived
4820:Archived
4778:Archived
4745:Archived
4714:Archived
4656:Archived
4390:Archived
4359:Archived
4328:Archived
4298:Fox 1952
4252:Archived
4230:archived
4206:Archived
4175:Archived
4068:Archived
4048:Archived
3985:Archived
3937:Archived
3903:Archived
3752:Archived
3682:Archived
3655:Archived
3624:Archived
3538:Archived
3530:"Prison"
3002:See also
2951:classes.
2773:External
2751:violence
2721:Internal
2329:room at
2068:lockdown
2052:supermax
2007:supermax
1907:Security
1898:escaping
1787:Teachers
1714:Ossining
1676:New York
1623:An 1855
1474:and the
1400:Deptford
1303:branding
1162:was the
1156:quarries
1069:Victoria
849:hoosegow
753:Journals
680:Critical
670:Conflict
655:American
626:Realism
592:Feminist
582:Critical
577:Conflict
474:Prisoner
421:Penology
287:Juvenile
238:Humanity
234:Against
111:Deviance
53:penology
10576:Prisons
10175:Commons
10113:Bermuda
10101:Ukraine
10029:Jamaica
10008:Iceland
10001:Germany
9994:Estonia
9946:Prisons
9726:Suicide
9719:Strikes
9478:Culture
9407:Officer
9400:Nursery
9393:Library
9280:Private
9171:Prisons
9132:Hostage
9111:Convict
9055:Science
8411:Sources
8024:YouTube
7575:2628977
7288:2608698
6878:28 June
6748:25 July
6373:9308618
6253:23 July
6146:23 July
6060:25 July
5934:May 16,
5018:2773341
4603:"Labor"
4258:25 July
3688:25 July
3544:28 June
3134:prisoun
2939:curfews
2894:Modern
2547:In the
2531:In the
2430:In the
2264:inmates
1925:Finland
1817:doctors
1554:Quakers
1510:, 1791)
1472:Siberia
1464:Katorga
1409:London
1256:torture
1191:Songhai
1180:slavery
1095:History
985:sheriff
955:America
865:liberty
853:slammer
685:Culture
607:Marxist
602:Italian
567:Chicago
556:Schools
505:Justice
346:Methods
275:Perfect
10094:Turkey
10071:Russia
10057:Norway
9439:Escape
9428:Warden
9229:Island
9001:Prison
8989:Prison
8965:
8942:
8921:
8898:
8877:
8856:
8835:
8797:
8774:
8753:
8732:
8711:
8690:
8660:
8639:
8618:
8597:
8571:
8540:
8519:
8496:
8478:
8454:
8427:
8392:
8297:
8264:
8231:
8198:
8100:
8067:
7902:
7873:
7836:
7805:
7772:
7711:
7673:
7646:
7615:2 June
7608:
7573:
7548:
7514:
7406:
7286:
7220:
7101:
6778:
6719:
6680:
6647:
6622:
6504:
6496:
6371:
6363:
6355:
6296:
6288:
6188:
5989:
5962:
5884:
5847:
5837:
5805:
5780:
5661:
5578:
5547:
5516:
5485:
5452:
5389:
5358:
5324:
5291:
5261:
5253:
5235:
5208:
5161:
5112:
5104:
5041:. 1991
5016:
4907:
4874:
4843:
4812:
4770:
4737:
4706:
4679:
4648:
4480:(2012)
4462:
4419:
4382:
4351:
4320:
4281:
4198:
4167:
4145:(1998)
4125:
3977:
3929:
3895:
3866:
3802:online
3786:online
3744:
3715:
3680:: 53.
3647:
3501:
3454:
3420:
3392:
3370:
3342:
3312:
3281:
3250:
3222:
3154:prison
3146:prison
2859:Sweden
2855:Norway
2693:, and
2509:, and
2122:, the
1872:Design
1821:nurses
1767:Warden
1468:Russia
1344:(1792)
1311:stocks
1089:Canada
1083:Canada
1009:prison
992:prison
965:prison
950:Naming
938:or in
889:guilty
877:crimes
857:people
851:, and
817:prison
811:museum
763:People
742:Browse
725:Public
467:reform
452:Prison
254:Class
243:Person
151:Strain
76:Anomie
70:Theory
38:, and
10553:2024
10547:2023
10541:2022
10535:2022
10529:2021
10523:2021
10517:2021
10511:2021
10505:2020
10499:2020
10493:2019
10487:2019
10481:2019
10475:2019
10469:2018
10463:2017
10457:2017
10451:2017
10445:2016
10439:2016
10433:2015
10427:2013
10421:2013
10415:2012
10409:2012
10403:2012
10397:2012
10391:2009
10385:2001
10368:2000
10362:1997
10356:1992
10350:1990
10344:1990
10338:1989
10332:1988
10326:1987
10320:1986
10314:1985
10308:1980
10302:1974
10296:1971
10290:1963
10284:1954
10278:1953
10272:1953
10266:1946
10260:1944
10243:1846
10237:1830
10231:1804
10085:Gulag
10036:Japan
10015:India
9987:China
9980:Chile
9931:Lists
9698:Riots
9571:Abuse
9546:Slang
9530:Blogs
9179:Types
9160:Slave
8111:(PDF)
8094:(PDF)
7998:(PDF)
7606:S2CID
7188:(PDF)
7165:(PDF)
6815:(PDF)
6620:S2CID
6502:S2CID
6369:S2CID
5928:(PDF)
5768:(1).
5649:(2).
5259:S2CID
5110:S2CID
5035:(PDF)
4578:(PDF)
3499:S2CID
3117:Notes
2910:Fines
2641:laws.
2600:Some
2269:queer
2217:Kenya
2128:Texas
1756:Staff
1648:forts
1644:roads
1432:hulks
1414:as a
1207:power
1195:trial
1172:sewer
1144:Plato
1138:Some
1133:state
869:state
748:Index
690:Cyber
635:Right
447:Trial
408:NIBRS
314:State
248:State
228:crime
10064:Peru
9666:Rape
9608:LGBT
9539:Ring
9500:Gang
9493:Film
9386:Food
9365:Cell
9326:Open
9287:Ship
9215:Farm
8963:ISBN
8940:ISBN
8919:ISBN
8896:ISBN
8875:ISBN
8854:ISBN
8833:ISBN
8816:zona
8795:ISBN
8772:ISBN
8751:ISBN
8730:ISBN
8709:ISBN
8688:ISBN
8658:ISBN
8637:ISBN
8616:ISBN
8595:ISBN
8569:ISBN
8538:ISBN
8517:ISBN
8494:ISBN
8476:ISBN
8452:ISBN
8425:ISBN
8390:ISBN
8295:ISBN
8262:ISBN
8229:ISBN
8196:ISBN
8098:ISBN
8065:ISBN
7900:ISBN
7871:ISBN
7834:ISBN
7803:ISBN
7770:ISBN
7709:ISBN
7671:ISBN
7644:ISBN
7617:2022
7571:SSRN
7546:ISBN
7512:ISBN
7469:2015
7404:ISBN
7284:SSRN
7248:(7).
7218:ISBN
7099:ISBN
7069:CNBC
6954:2013
6880:2013
6868:CNBC
6776:ISBN
6750:2017
6717:ISBN
6678:ISBN
6645:ISBN
6557:2011
6494:ISSN
6361:PMID
6353:ISSN
6294:PMID
6286:ISSN
6255:2014
6186:ISBN
6148:2014
6062:2017
6031:2011
5987:ISBN
5960:ISBN
5936:2018
5882:ISBN
5845:OCLC
5835:ISBN
5803:ISBN
5778:ISSN
5659:ISSN
5576:ISBN
5545:ISBN
5514:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5450:ISBN
5387:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5322:ISBN
5289:ISBN
5251:PMID
5206:PMID
5159:ISBN
5102:ISSN
5047:2022
5014:SSRN
4972:2013
4941:2017
4905:ISBN
4872:ISBN
4841:ISBN
4810:ISBN
4768:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4704:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4646:ISBN
4589:2023
4460:ISSN
4417:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4349:ISBN
4318:ISBN
4279:ISBN
4260:2017
4196:ISBN
4165:ISBN
4123:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3893:ISBN
3864:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3690:2017
3645:ISBN
3601:2023
3546:2013
3452:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3378:and
3368:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3279:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3220:ISBN
3181:and
3175:gaol
3171:jail
3158:jail
3150:jail
3148:and
2994:and
2978:The
2868:The
2857:and
2673:The
2567:and
2486:The
2166:and
2064:gang
1961:CCTV
1954:dogs
1921:Akaa
1892:and
1819:and
1815:are
1765:The
1708:and
1501:and
1493:'s "
1393:HMS
1270:and
1254:and
1071:and
1059:and
1013:jail
1011:and
977:jail
969:jail
967:and
910:for
859:are
825:gaol
821:jail
630:Left
462:open
51:and
9817:POA
9486:Art
7598:doi
7396:doi
7177:doi
7143:doi
6713:1–2
6612:doi
6484:hdl
6474:doi
6345:doi
6278:doi
5770:doi
5739:doi
5702:"|"
5651:doi
5423:doi
5243:doi
5196:doi
5192:115
5132:NPR
5094:doi
4539:BOP
4521:BOP
4450:doi
4119:384
3491:doi
2733:at
2613:".
2466:in
2295:or
1884:or
1712:at
1665:in
1576:of
1462:).
1398:at
1352:of
1286:or
1209:or
1087:In
1047:In
1035:In
1023:In
994:or
959:In
934:in
930:or
902:by
403:BJS
334:War
10572::
8913:.
8470:,
8398:.
8384:.
8359:.
8335:.
8303:.
8270:.
8237:.
8223:.
8204:.
8165:^
8155:.
8151:.
8132:.
8128:.
8106:.
8073:.
8042:.
8021:.
7984:^
7926:.
7908:.
7894:.
7869:.
7842:.
7811:.
7778:.
7738:.
7734:.
7707:.
7689:^
7679:.
7642:.
7604:.
7592:.
7554:.
7530:^
7520:.
7492:^
7459:.
7455:.
7444:^
7402:,
7390:,
7364:.
7358:.
7330:45
7328:.
7324:.
7307:23
7305:.
7267:.
7263:.
7236:^
7226:.
7183:.
7171:.
7167:.
7139:51
7137:.
7067:.
7042:.
7018:.
6994:.
6970:.
6944:.
6940:.
6921:.
6896:.
6866:.
6842:.
6817:.
6795:.
6784:.
6715:.
6686:.
6672:.
6653:.
6618:.
6608:26
6606:.
6576:19
6574:.
6523:.
6500:.
6492:.
6482:.
6468:.
6464:.
6439:.
6414:.
6389:.
6367:.
6359:.
6351:.
6341:62
6339:.
6314:.
6292:.
6284:.
6274:15
6272:.
6241:.
6204:^
6194:.
6138:.
6134:.
6100:57
6081:56
6052:.
6048:.
6017:.
6005:^
5995:.
5944:^
5908:.
5890:.
5843:.
5811:.
5776:.
5766:13
5764:.
5760:.
5733:.
5729:.
5704:.
5680:.
5657:.
5645:.
5641:.
5616:.
5584:.
5553:.
5522:.
5491:.
5477:.
5458:.
5444:.
5419:25
5417:.
5405:^
5395:.
5364:.
5340:^
5330:.
5297:.
5271:^
5257:.
5249:.
5241:.
5229:21
5227:.
5204:.
5190:.
5186:.
5167:.
5130:.
5108:.
5100:.
5090:47
5088:.
5063:.
5037:.
4991:.
4980:^
4962:.
4958:.
4931:.
4913:.
4880:.
4849:.
4818:.
4804:.
4776:.
4743:.
4712:.
4654:.
4623:.
4605:.
4580:.
4559:.
4537:.
4519:.
4458:.
4446:13
4444:.
4440:.
4415:.
4413:32
4388:.
4357:.
4326:.
4250:.
4246:.
4228:,
4204:.
4173:.
4159:.
4121:.
4001:.
3983:.
3935:.
3911:^
3901:.
3887:.
3830:^
3750:.
3707:.
3678:II
3676:.
3672:.
3653:.
3622:.
3618:.
3591:.
3532:.
3497:.
3485:.
3446:.
3384:.
3304:.
3273:.
3183:ao
2990:,
2769:.
2689:,
2655:.
2528:.
2505:,
2458:,
2335:c.
2333:,
2188:,
2180:,
2130:).
2046:.
1952:,
1940:,
1923:,
1919:,
1888:,
1828:A
1691:c.
1646:,
1297:,
1122:c.
1120:,
1075:.
1067:,
990:A
975:A
946:.
847:,
843:,
839:,
835:,
831:,
827:,
823:,
815:A
34:,
10210:e
10203:t
10196:v
9040:e
9033:t
9026:v
8971:.
8948:.
8927:.
8904:.
8883:.
8862:.
8841:.
8803:.
8780:.
8759:.
8738:.
8717:.
8696:.
8666:.
8645:.
8624:.
8603:.
8577:.
8546:.
8525:.
8502:.
8482:.
8460:.
8369:.
8345:.
8027:.
8007:.
7978:.
7957:.
7936:.
7879:.
7867:1
7749:.
7717:.
7705:x
7652:.
7640:6
7619:.
7600::
7577:.
7471:.
7398::
7375:.
7343:.
7290:.
7179::
7173:2
7149:.
7145::
7122:.
7107:.
7082:.
7052:.
7028:.
7004:.
6980:.
6956:.
6925:.
6906:.
6882:.
6852:.
6844:]
6827:.
6752:.
6725:.
6626:.
6614::
6559:.
6533:.
6508:.
6486::
6476::
6470:7
6449:.
6425:.
6400:.
6375:.
6347::
6324:.
6300:.
6280::
6257:.
6226:.
6150:.
6117:.
6102:.
6083:.
6064:.
6033:.
5968:.
5938:.
5862:.
5784:.
5772::
5745:.
5741::
5735:7
5714:.
5690:.
5665:.
5653::
5647:7
5626:.
5429:.
5425::
5265:.
5245::
5212:.
5198::
5140:.
5116:.
5096::
5073:.
5049:.
5020:.
5001:.
4974:.
4943:.
4685:.
4609:.
4591:.
4563:.
4523:.
4466:.
4452::
4425:.
4287:.
4262:.
4131:.
3872:.
3721:.
3692:.
3603:.
3576:.
3562:.
3548:.
3507:)
3505:.
3493::
3487:1
3460:.
3426:.
3398:.
3376:.
3348:.
3318:.
3287:.
3256:.
3228:.
2937:/
2931:.
2340:.
2013:.
1900:.
1836:.
1458:(
1127:.
987:.
792:e
785:t
778:v
379:]
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.