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prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff
National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered. In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads. Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem. To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift. Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.
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1906:
783:
1052:, before going into hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances that predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes. There is some debate among professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens. In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.
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regulations that protected wildlife living on the land, putting species such as the grizzly bear at risk. Specifically, federal protections on the grizzly bear in
Yellowstone National Parks were removed. Regulations that protected the bears against hunting methods with Park Service rules (specifically in park lands in Alaska) were revisited by the Department of Interior. The National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) supports common sense opportunities for hunting in national preserves," but the state of Alaska's wildlife management leads for the killing of more bears, which increases the population of moose and caribou. The rise in moose and caribou works in favor of sport hunters. Theresa Pierno, President and CEO of
1944:, is home to the greatest concentration of brown bears in the world. An estimated 144 individual bears have been identified at the falls in a single summer with as many as 74 at one time; 60 or more bears at the falls is a frequent sight, and it is not uncommon to see 100 bears at the falls throughout a single day. The McNeil River State Game Refuge, containing Chenik Lake and a smaller number of grizzly bears, has been closed to grizzly hunting since 1995. All of the Katmai-McNeil area is closed to hunting except for Katmai National Preserve, where regulated legal hunting takes place. In all, the Katmai-McNeil area has an estimated 2,500 grizzly bears.
1937:. At Brooks Camp, a famous site exists where grizzlies can be seen catching salmon from atop a platform–it can be even viewed online from a cam. In coastal areas of the park, such as Hallo Bay, Geographic Harbor, Swikshak Lagoon, American Creek, Big River, Kamishak River, Savonoski River, Moraine Creek, Funnel Creek, Battle Creek, Nantuk Creek, Kukak Bay, and Kaflia Bay bears can be seen fishing alongside wolves, eagles, and river otters. Coastal areas host the highest population densities year round because there is a larger variety of food sources available, but Brooks Camp hosts the highest population (100 bears).
897:
2013:
Selkirk (Idaho and
Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 1,000 in the Northern Continental Divide, 1,000 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings. These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
1752:, the expedition was conducted with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare and was never done except with a company of four to ten warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots. Californian Natives actively avoided prime bear habitat and would not allow their young men to hunt alone for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes would seek aid from European colonists to deal with problem bears instead of hunting grizzlies themselves. Many authors in the American West wrote of Natives or
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880:. In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived. However, population size has since significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,000 grizzly bears. A revised Grizzly bear count in 2012 for British Columbia was 15,075. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories,
109:
1372:. Because bison and moose are dangerous prey, grizzlies usually use cover to stalk them and/or pick off weak individuals or calves. Grizzlies in Alaska also regularly prey on moose calves, which in Denali National Park may be their main source of meat. In fact, grizzly bears are such important predators of moose and elk calves in Alaska and Yellowstone that they may kill as many as 51 percent of elk or moose calves born that year. Grizzly bears have also been blamed in the decline of elk in
701:
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1839:
67:
1971:
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1954:, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only 140 km (90 mi) long. One place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, in the Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary. 20 to 30 grizzlies can be observed at the creek at one time and like Brooks Camp, visitors can watch bears from an above platform.
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1868:, British Columbia, is a community that demonstrates the success of this approach. In the ten years preceding the development of a community education program in Revelstoke, 16 grizzlies were destroyed and a further 107 were relocated away from the town. An education program run by Revelstoke Bear Aware was put in place in 1996. Since the program began just four grizzlies have been eliminated and five have been relocated.
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bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed. In 2010, the provincial government formally listed its population of about 700 grizzlies as "Threatened".
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of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).
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2080:. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was "delisted" in June 2017. It was argued that the population had sufficiently recovered from the threat of extinction, however numerous conservation and tribal organizations argued that the grizzly population remained genetically vulnerable. They successfully sued the administration (
1298:. In areas where salmon are forced to leap waterfalls, grizzlies gather at the base of the falls to feed on and catch the fish. Salmon are at a disadvantage when they leap waterfalls because they cluster together at their bases and are therefore easier targets for the grizzlies. Grizzly bears are well-documented catching leaping salmon in their mouths at
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on their mother's milk until summer comes, after which they still drink milk but begin to eat solid foods. Cubs gain weight rapidly during their time with the mother—their weight will have increased from 4.5 to 45 kg (9.9 to 99.2 lb) in the two years spent with the mother. Mothers may see their cubs in later years but both avoid each other.
679:. A formal taxonomic revision was not performed, however, and the implied synonymy has not been accepted by taxonomic authorities. Furthermore, a recent whole-genome study suggests that certain Alaskan brown bears, including the Kodiak and Alaskan Peninsula grizzly bears, are members of a Eurasian brown bear lineage, more closely related to the
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its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up. Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills. There have been several anecdotes, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death.
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hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den and consume an immense amount of food because they do not eat during hibernation. Grizzly bears also do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period. The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May.
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and
Preserve. The public was right to want to stop sport hunters from crawling into bears' dens and using flashlights to wake and kill mother bears and their cubs. The state's attempt to dismantle the results of this public process jeopardizes the stewardship of federal public lands, which belong to all Americans."
1027:, some areas of Canada, and in all of the United States. However, it is expected that repopulating its former range will be a slow process, due to various reasons, including the bear's slow reproductive habits and the effects of reintroducing such a large animal to areas prized for agriculture and livestock.
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in
Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001. The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public
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Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it
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The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged
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stated, "The State of Alaska's lawsuit against the Park
Service and Fish and Wildlife Service seeks to overturn common sense regulations, which underwent a thorough and transparent public process. More than 70,000 Americans said 'no' to baiting bears with grease-soaked donuts in Denali National Park
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In the United States, national efforts have been made since 1982 for the recovery plan of grizzly bears. A lot of the efforts made have been through different organizations efforts to educate the public on grizzly bear safety, habits of grizzly bears and different ways to reduce human-bear conflict.
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located along the north coast of
British Columbia; at 44,300 ha (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies
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hair-snagging studies in 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears. In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly
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Grizzlies are considered more aggressive compared to black bears when defending themselves and their offspring. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies do not climb trees well, and respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Mothers defending cubs are the most
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is named after an Ojibwe legend, where a female bear and her cubs swam across Lake
Michigan. According to the legend, the two cubs drowned and became the Manitou islands. The mother bear eventually got to shore and slept, waiting patiently for her cubs to arrive. Over the years, the sand covered the
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generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, it will use
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Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North
America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly
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A press release on October 3, 2022, stated that a federal district court, based in Alaska, will be returning to look over a National Park Service rule relating to hunting practices, including baiting bears. The Interior Department and Park Service's decision permits the law to reside in place while
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Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantage they rarely actively hunt humans. Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting
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The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources. For example, many Pacific coastal islands off British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly,
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The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form
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Litter size varies between one and four cubs, typically comprising twins or triplets. Cubs are always born in the mother's winter den while she is in hibernation. Female grizzlies are fiercely protective of their cubs, being able to fend off predators including larger male bears. Cubs feed entirely
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for five to seven months each year (except where the climate is warm—the California grizzly did not hibernate). During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period. To prepare for
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Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and
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In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as the age of forest, elevation, and land openness. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears. However, a bear shot in autumn
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is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies. Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of "brown bear" or "Alaskan brown bear" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different
2012:
Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho),
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showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase. This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds. This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator,
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While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems. An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an
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moths, and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. With the high fat content of salmon, it is not uncommon to encounter grizzlies in Alaska weighing 540 kg (1,200 lb). Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their
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Bear awareness programs have been developed by communities in grizzly bear territory to help prevent conflicts with both black and grizzly bears. The main premise of these programs is to teach humans to manage foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe,
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The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26. Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; they do not engage in seasonal breeding fights as males do. The oldest known wild inland grizzly was about 34 years old in
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that started in the fall of 2014 to begin the recovery process of grizzly bears to the North Cascades region. A final plan and environmental impact statement was released in the spring of 2017 with a record of decision to follow. In 2017, the Trump administration stripped parklands of previous
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Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British
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The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination
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Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat. Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears. Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting
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are generally regarded merely as pests to grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear
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Salis, Alexander T; Bray, Sarah C E; Lee, Michael S Y; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei; Weinstock, Jacobo; Yamaguchi,
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Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America. This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old. Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo
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implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake. On average, females produce two cubs in a litter and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.
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tribes living among brown bears often view them with a mixture of awe and fear. North American brown bears have at times been so feared by the Natives that they were rarely hunted by them, especially when alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the
1929:, and the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge. Here bears gather in large numbers to feast on concentrated food sources, including sedges in the salt marshes, clams in the nearby tidal flats, salmon in the estuary streams, and berries on the neighboring hillsides.
1160:
1156:
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Average total length in this subspecies is between 198 cm (78 in) and 240 cm (94 in), with an average shoulder height of 102 cm (40 in) and hindfoot length of 28 cm (11 in). Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 g (18 oz).
1688:) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed. These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.
1407:
Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%. Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include
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finishes eating, leaving more scraps than normal for the smaller animal. Packs of coyotes have also displaced grizzly bears in disputes over kills. However, the removal of wolves and grizzlies in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered
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6530:
1500:, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defence of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an
1932:
Katmai National Park and Preserve is one of the best spots to view brown bears. As of 2012, the bear population in Katmai is estimated to be 2,100. The park is located on the Alaskan Peninsula about 480 km (300 mi) southwest of the city of
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kills approximately 50 problem bears each year and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears or kill them. A bear killing a human in a national park may be killed to prevent its attacking again.
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is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. There is at least one confirmed observation of a grizzly bear digging out, killing, and eating a black bear when the latter was in hibernation.
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attempt to condition bears to associate humans with unpleasantness, but is ineffective when the bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food. Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The
1159:
666:
One study based on mitochondrial DNA recovered no distinct genetic groupings of North American brown bears, implying that previous grizzly bear subspecies designations are unwarranted and these bears should all be considered populations of
1569:, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree.
1535:; however, both species have been extirpated in the regions of the Southwest where their former habitats overlapped, and grizzlies remain so far absent from the regions along the U.S.-Mexico border, where jaguars appear to be returning.
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6998:
1660:
531:, and first migrated to North America between 177,000 BP ~ 111,000 BP. Most grizzly bears belong to this initial population of North American brown bear (clade 4), which continues to be the dominant mitochondrial grouping south of
2156:
The Interagency Grizzly Bear Recovery Committee is one of many organizations committed to the recovery of grizzly bears in the lower 48 states. There are five recovery zones for grizzly bears in the lower 48 states including the
1920:
has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in
916:. and up to 29,000 live in Canada. The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province / state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supplies such as
1091:. Females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 g (16 oz) at birth. A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
2099:, the species is considered to be at risk. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model.
1384:, mostly taking sick or old individuals or calves. Several studies show that grizzly bears may follow the caribou herds year-round in order to maintain their food supply. In northern Alaska, grizzly bears often encounter
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3728:
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that congregate on mountain slopes. When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of
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While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the wolves were acting in defence.
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Grizzlies along the Alaskan coast also scavenge on dead or washed up whales. Usually such incidents involve only one or two grizzlies at a carcass, but up to ten large males have been seen at a time eating a dead
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tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears. In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around
1321:. The relationship with cutthroat trout and grizzlies is unique because it is the only example where Rocky Mountain grizzlies feed on spawning salmonid fish. However, grizzly bears themselves and invasive
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to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment. An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.
563:). Biologist R.L. Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly. Therefore, everywhere it is the "brown bear"; in North America, it is the "grizzly", but these are all the same species,
547:
have an endemic lineage, which first appears around 20,000 BP. After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the
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Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests. It has been found that spruce tree
2641:
Nobuyuki; Meachen, Julie; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J (3 September 2020). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge".
683:
than to other North American brown bears. Until the systematics of North American brown bears is studied in more depth, other North American subspecies have been provisionally considered separate from
7155:
1878:, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a
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before the state of California's admission to the Union in 1850, the subspecies or population is currently extinct. The last known grizzlies in California were killed in the Sierra foothills east of
767:
Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their face with short, rounded ears, whereas a black bear has a straight face profile and longer ears.
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mythology, American black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's own cubs.
3022:
Cahill, James A.; Green, Richard E.; Fulton, Tara L.; Stiller, Mathias; Jay, Flora; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Salamzade, Rauf; St. John, John; Stirling, Ian; Slatkin, Montgomery; Shapiro, Beth (2013).
1314:, and frequently dig into the sand to seek them. During the spring and fall, directly before and after the salmon runs, berries and grass make up the mainstay of the diets of coastal grizzlies.
3784:
3188:
Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Adams, Andrea J.; Brown, Kevin C.; Campbell, Beau T.; Hardesty-Moore, Molly; Welch, Zoë S.; Page, Henry M.; Southon, John R.; Cooper, Scott D.; Alagona, Peter S. (2024).
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7006:
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The populations in northern interior Canada are much smaller, with males weighing 139 kilograms (306 lb) and females weighing 95 kilograms (209 lb). This is actually similar to the
1600:, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull, but DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a large American black bear or a grizzly bear.
2909:
Steffen, Martina L.; Fulton, Tara L. (1 February 2018). "On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America".
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area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge
555:
In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. By 1928 only seven grizzly species remained, and by 1953, only one species remained globally. However, modern
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1388:. Despite the fact that muskox do not usually occur in grizzly habitat and that they are bigger and more powerful than caribou, predation on muskox by grizzlies has been recorded.
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3129:
de Jong, Menno J.; Niamir, Aidin; Wolf, Magnus; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Fain, Steven F.; Hagen, Snorre B.; Saarma, Urmas; Janke, Axel (2023).
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in the area. When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.
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456:, is sometimes referred to as the "black grizzly", although it is no more closely related to North American brown bears than other subspecies of the brown bear around the world.
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Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain. An experiment in
1452:, ants, and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on
726:
The largest populations are the coastal grizzlies in the Alaskan peninsula, with males weighing 389 kilograms (858 lb) and females weighing 207 kilograms (456 lb).
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5044:
6932:"Public Meetings for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Proposal to Remove Yellowstone Area Population of Grizzly Bears from List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife"
3785:"National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to evaluate options for restoring grizzly bears to the North Cascades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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Although variable in color from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown with darker legs and commonly white or blond tipped fur on the flank and back.
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Several studies have been conducted on the genetic history of the grizzly bear. Classification has been revised along genetic lines. There are two morphological forms of
7103:
5845:
Berger, J.; Stacey, P.; Bellis, L. & Johnson, M. (2001). "A Mammalian Predator-Prey Imbalance: Grizzly Bear and Wolf Extinction Affect Avian Neo-Tropical Migrants".
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Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions. Male grizzly bears have large
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Cronin, M. A.; Armstrup, S. C.; Garner, and E. R. Vyse, G. W.; Vyse, E.R. (1991). "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (
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success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces. This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.
539:(~92,000 - 83,000 BP) upon the opening of the ice-free corridor, with the first fossils being near Edmonton (26,000 BP). Other mitochondrial lineages appear later- the
7918:
A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Bears: Their Biology and Management
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were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time the thought was there were five different "species" of brown bear, including three in North America.
4907:
Boertje, R. D.; Gasaway, W. C.; Grangaard, D. V.; Kelleyhouse, D. G. (1988). "Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska".
2095:
Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and
7230:
6299:
6971:
4140:
3917:
3241:
4105:
1611:. In encounters the grizzly is usually the more aggressive one and often dominate in fight. However, healthy polar bears seem to be dominant over the grizzly.
2016:
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed. U.S. and Canadian
1135:) can run at 56 km/h (35 mph), the maximum speed reliably recorded at Yellowstone is 48 km/h (30 mph). In addition, they can climb trees.
7780:
7162:
7402:
773:
A grizzly bear's front claws measure about 51–102 mm (2–4 in) in length; a black bear's claws measure about 25–51 mm (1–2 in) in length.
7686:
4590:
3591:
3364:
4668:
3325:
885:
7331:
Clevenger, A. P.; Waltho, N (2005). "Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals".
5309:
Apps, C. D.; McLellan, B. N. & Woods, J. G. (2006). "Landscape partitioning and spatial inferences of competition between black and grizzly bears".
2123:
7077:
6356:
4446:
8659:
4637:
3868:
7028:
1123:
Alaska; the oldest known coastal bear was 39, but most grizzlies die in their first year of life. Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.
8704:
4723:
3273:
7186:
6864:
361:), other morphological forms of brown bear in North America are sometimes identified as grizzly bears. These include three living populations—the
5344:
Mattson, T.; Herrero, D. J. & Merrill, S. (2005). "Are black bears a factor in the restoration of North American grizzly bear populations?".
5209:
4029:
3750:
7199:
6760:
5685:
Rich, T.; Carlson, S.; Gende, S. & Rich, H. (2009). "Transportation of Pacific Salmon Carcasses from Streams to Riparian Forests by Bears".
5069:
4749:
517:
lineages. The genome of the grizzly bear was sequenced in 2018 and found to be 2,328.64Mb (mega-basepairs) in length, and contain 30,387 genes.
8629:
5292:
1306:
in Alaska. They are also very experienced in chasing the fish around and pinning them with their claws. At such sites such as Brooks Falls and
6433:
6243:
5537:
Meyer, G. & Witmer, M. (1998). "Influence of Seed Processing by Frugivorous Birds on Germination Success of Three North American Shrubs".
924:
protects the densest population: 1,600 bears on a 1,600 square-mile island. The majority of Canada's grizzlies live in British Columbia.
8654:
8575:
6716:
5513:"Hypothetical Relationships Between The San Joaquin Kit Fox, California Grizzly Bear, and Gray Wolf on the Pre-European California Landscape"
985:
in most of those areas. Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.
6811:
7576:
7128:
6166:
7753:
Waits, L. P.; et al. (1998). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation".
7280:
5095:
Gunther, K. A. & Smith, D. W. (2004). "Interactions between wolves and female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone National Park".
4785:
3809:
1781:
6266:
4214:
4164:
2864:"Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America"
961:, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be fewer than 20 bears, but there is a longterm management plan to reintroduce the bears to
6577:
770:
A grizzly bear can also be identified by its rump, which is lower than its shoulders; a black bear's rump is higher than its shoulders.
5148:
5130:
2520:
1651:
939:
in the tri-state area of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. There are an estimated 70–100 grizzly bears living in northern and eastern
5013:
4843:
3854:
2352:
1958:, hence its name, is another place to view bears. An estimated 3,500 Kodiak grizzly bears inhabit the island, 2,300 of these in the
1215:, though they are more likely to take calves and injured individuals rather than healthy adults. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as
8510:
6648:
6189:
5408:
4486:
4053:
3441:
3408:
2306:
6838:
4392:
3684:
COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos in Canada: Prairie population Northwestern population
8549:
7651:
6742:
6145:
3108:
2862:
Kubiak, Cara; Grimes, Vaughan; Van Biesen, Geert; Keddie, Grant; Buckley, Mike; Macdonald, Reba; Richards, M. P. (27 June 2022).
2166:
7836:
Wielgus, R. B. (2002). "Minimum viable population and reserve sizes for naturally regulated grizzly bears in British Columbia".
7366:
Edwards, M. A.; Nagy, J. A.; Derocher, A. E. (2008). "Using Subpopulation structure for barren-ground grizzly bear management".
1740:
Gorgonia, a Native American (Mescalero Apache) man. He holds a bear pelt and wears moccasin boots, a breechcloth, kilt, and vest
7545:
5902:
Kellert, S. R.; Black, M.; Rush, C. R.; Bath, A. J. (1996). "Human Culture and Large Carnivore Conservation in North America".
1905:
1764:
782:
7517:
5236:
4771:
1889:
in bear country. Grizzly bears are especially dangerous because of the force of their bite, which has been measured at over 8
1864:
securing livestock behind electric fences, and storing pet food indoors are all measures promoted by bear awareness programs.
8719:
8709:
8699:
8567:
7906:
7887:
7797:
7743:
7315:
6918:
6897:
6446:
6048:
5392:
5193:
4376:
4148:
2451:
2420:
1922:
1797:
8554:
7675:
Committee On The Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear (
7647:
6931:
5976:
4071:
3701:
3100:
1707:
When grizzly bears fish for salmon along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia, they often only eat the skin, brain and
8689:
6209:
MacHutchon, A. Grant & Wellwood, Debbie W. (2002). "Reducing bear-human conflict through river recreation management".
2608:
2136:
259:
7237:
6949:
6307:
4935:
1183:: their diets consist of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as
1102:, up to 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi), making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities.
4979:
3295:
1310:
in Alaska, big male grizzlies fight regularly for the best fishing spots. Grizzly bears along the coast also forage for
8664:
5655:
3501:
2128:
1744:
1467:, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts. When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.
928:
921:
17:
3957:
3932:
3248:
1239:
and their eggs, and gather in large numbers at fishing sites to feed on spawning salmon. They frequently prey on baby
8729:
8442:
6087:
5995:
5276:
4624:
4113:
2564:
1926:
1345:
1303:
790:
2005:
range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada. As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the
884:, and a refined multiple regression model. In 2003, researchers from the University of Alberta spotted a grizzly on
8580:
8002:
4472:
2033:
488:" ("fear-inspiring", now usually "gruesome"). The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist
3979:
3683:
8639:
7975:
7674:
7425:
5435:"The State of Knowledge about Grizzly Bears (Kakenokuskwe osow Muskwa (Cree), Ursus arctos) in Northern Manitoba"
1959:
93:
7721:
5671:
5632:
5550:
5357:
5108:
4594:
3626:
3372:
3337:
2160:
ecosystem in Washington state. The National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife initiated the process of an
760:
Grizzly bears overlap with Black Bears in range, but there are numerous factors that can differentiate the two:
8714:
8679:
7807:
Mattson, J.; Merrill, Troy (2001). "Extirpations of Grizzly Bears in the Contiguous United States, 1850–2000".
5512:
4683:
3507:. Ministry of Forests, Lands. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Natural Resource Operations. April 2012
2474:
Elson, C. S. (1954). "Further Evidence about the Barren-Ground Grizzly Bear in Northeast Labrador and Quebec".
2412:
2371:
2161:
5880:
5767:
Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. (2006). "Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska".
2234:
1325:
threaten the survival of the trout population and there is a slight chance that the trout will be eliminated.
4708:
3770:
2208:
2203:
2047:
Park warns campers to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache
1615:
1594:
1131:
They have a tendency to chase fleeing animals, and although it has been said anecdotally that grizzly bears (
936:
31:
6363:
4954:
4450:
3466:
Elton, C. (1954). "Further evidence about the barren-ground grizzly bear in northeast Labrador and Quebec".
1231:-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than inland individuals. Grizzly bears also readily
8634:
7927:"Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations"
2052:
1982:
1865:
1856:
962:
944:
901:
4645:
2056:
1675:
area that contains just undisturbed land. Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes
401:†). On average, grizzly bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland grizzlies tend to be smaller.
8684:
8562:
8536:
8302:
5449:
5185:
3872:
3024:"Genomic Evidence for Island Population COnversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution"
2965:
2148:
about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.
1318:
624:
378:
266:
4727:
4508:
3281:
8669:
5656:"Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants in Relation to Mineral Nitrogen Availability"
2252:
1851:
818:
8502:
6790:
5613:
5213:
3190:"Coupled social and ecological change drove the historical extinction of the California grizzly bear (
3082:
2546:
1885:
Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while
1048:
In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of
7207:
6768:
5073:
3442:"Grizzly bears are expanding their roaming grounds meaning they need more protection, new study says"
2112:
2077:
2064:
2059:. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population, effectively removing
2029:
2025:
1986:
1692:
1373:
1369:
1263:
842:
838:
7104:"Rep. Cheney Accuses Tribes of "Destroying Our Western Way of Life" Over Sacred Grizzly Protections"
6144:. State College, Pennsylvania: Collegian (Students at Pennsylvania State University). Archived from
912:
Around 60,000 wild grizzly bears are located throughout North America, 30,000 of which are found in
764:
A pronounced muscular hump appears on adult grizzlies' shoulders; black bears do not have this hump.
8644:
8141:
8014:
6720:
6236:
6067:
4337:
4016:
3662:
3131:"Range-wide whole-genome resequencing of the brown bear reveals drivers of intraspecies divergence"
2553:
Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
2188:
1103:
38:
6791:"Species Profile: Grizzly Bear Northwestern Population. In: Species at Risk Public Registry. 2009"
6486:
5268:
5262:
108:
8694:
8262:
7262:
6026:
5946:
3729:
Reassessment of Chao2 Estimates for Monitoring Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1993:
in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (
1192:
958:
608:
386:
7629:
7132:
6815:
6603:
8649:
8404:
5815:"Management of Grizzly Bears in British Columbia: A Review by and Independent Scientific Panel"
3006:
2060:
1894:
1349:
896:
616:
536:
217:
7284:
4789:
4295:
4127:
2583:
The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous
2084:) and on 30 July 2019, the Yellowstone grizzly was officially returned to federal protection.
513:: the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct
8215:
7774:
6556:
6273:
6103:
1520:
1444:
1438:
1107:
540:
8606:
7156:"Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008–2013, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 15"
6746:
6581:
5814:
3894:
1842:
988:
Although the once-abundant California grizzly bear appears prominently on the state flag of
8474:
8272:
8159:
8132:
7995:
7845:
7597:
7340:
6680:
5911:
5776:
5725:
5318:
5152:
4396:
3554:
3035:
2918:
2726:
2642:
2404:
2268:
1975:
1791:
1543:
716:
705:
680:
640:
549:
394:
370:
280:
7231:"Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia. In: Ministry of Environment. 2008"
6508:
6464:
6407:
Herrero, S.; Higgins, A. (2000). "Human Injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98".
5712:
Hilderbrand, G.; Hanley, T.; Robbins, C. & Schwartz, C. (1999). "Role of Brown Bears (
3727:
van Manen, Frank T.; Ebinger, Michael R.; Haroldson, Mark A.; et al. (6 April 2021).
3414:. Province of British Columbia: Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from
1962:. The O'Malley River is considered the best place on Kodiak Island to view grizzly bears.
1723:, all of which eat salmon as well; this benefits both the bear and the smaller predators.
595:
are present in North America. Traditionally, the following have been recognized alongside
8:
8674:
8340:
8206:
8110:
6330:
2375:
2021:
1821:
1635:
1562:
1548:
1432:
1426:
1212:
1012:
794:
750:
730:
715:
Grizzly bears are some of the largest subspecies of brown bear, only being beaten by the
656:
295:
75:
7849:
7601:
7451:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan /Environmental Impact Statement"
7344:
7131:. Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Archived from
6652:
6186:
6104:"Probable Grizzly Bear Predation On An American Black Bear in Yellowstone National Park"
5923:
5915:
5780:
5729:
5412:
5322:
4522:
4494:
4278:
3726:
3558:
3415:
3039:
2922:
2730:
2581:
2272:
1845:
being attacked by a grizzly bear, from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin
1618:(called grolar bears or pizzly bears depending on the sex of the parents) are produced.
8724:
7980:
7951:
7926:
7876:
7824:
7713:
7621:
7417:
7383:
7203:
6999:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan/Environmental Impact Statement"
6764:
6416:
6218:
6118:
6072:
5862:
5792:
5749:
5636:
5554:
5361:
5286:
5166:
5112:
4889:
4835:
4239:
4206:
3618:
3596:) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories"
3483:
3165:
3130:
3058:
3023:
2891:
2863:
2839:
2804:
2491:
2443:
1990:
1566:
1099:
1065:
1024:
1004:
993:
978:
881:
822:
600:
251:
103:
7924:
7857:
6531:"Katmai National Park and Preserve Webcams Make Katmai Bears Accessible to the Public"
5448:
Pongracz, Jodie D.; Paetkau, David; Branigan, Marsha; Richardson, Evan (31 May 2017).
4576:
4539:
4410:
1356:, overturning rocks to reach them, and in some cases preying on them when they are in
8601:
8451:
8350:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8096:
7956:
7902:
7883:
7820:
7793:
7766:
7739:
7733:
7613:
7609:
7588:
7311:
6976:
6950:"Successful Recovery Efforts bring Yellowstone Grizzly Bears off the Endangered List"
6914:
6893:
6666:
6083:
6044:
5991:
5813:
Peek, J.; Beecham, J.; Garshelis, D.; Messier, F.; Miller, S. & Dale, S. (2003).
5741:
5471:
5434:
5388:
5330:
5272:
5189:
4620:
4372:
4144:
3764:
3572:
3220:
3170:
3063:
2895:
2883:
2844:
2754:
2749:
2714:
2695:
2690:
2663:
2560:
2447:
2416:
2328:
2284:
2280:
2213:
1811:
1614:
However, conflict is not the only result of the two bears meeting; in some instances
1420:
1381:
1196:
405:
7878:
Grizzlies and Grizzled Old Men: A Tribute to Those Who Fought to Save the Great Bear
7828:
7717:
7403:"Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada"
7387:
6694:
6625:
5796:
5753:
5640:
5558:
5489:
5450:"Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic"
5365:
5116:
3993:
3622:
1250:
8456:
8320:
7946:
7938:
7853:
7816:
7762:
7705:
7625:
7605:
7375:
7348:
5955:
5919:
5854:
5784:
5733:
5694:
5667:
5628:
5589:
5546:
5461:
5353:
5326:
5104:
4916:
4881:
4827:
4198:
4165:"Bear Wars: Rare Photos of a Mamma Grizzly Battling a Huge Male to Protect Her Cub"
3610:
3562:
3475:
3216:
3208:
3160:
3150:
3142:
3053:
3043:
2974:
2959:
Rausch, R. L. (1963). "Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears,
2926:
2875:
2834:
2824:
2785:
2744:
2734:
2685:
2675:
2556:
2483:
2318:
2276:
2096:
2068:
2044:
1947:
1736:
1597:
1497:
1414:
982:
869:
846:
672:
648:
535:
North America. Genetic divergences suggest brown bears first migrated south during
469:
306:
288:
6450:
6023:
Giving voice to bear: North American Indian rituals, myths, and images of the bear
5960:
5941:
5409:"adn.com | front : Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope"
4810:
4279:"Grizzly Bear Population Ecology and Monitoring Denali National Park and Preserve"
2930:
1080:
8588:
7988:
7687:"Interspecific and specific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (
7352:
6247:
6193:
6173:
6063:
6001:
5384:
4101:
4079:
3813:
3048:
2437:
2144:
1552:
1333:
1259:
709:
556:
433:
425:
7915:
6250:(pdf). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
4869:
4323:
4175:
3644:
1317:
Inland grizzlies may eat fish too, most notably in Yellowstone grizzlies eating
1258:
Coastal Canadian and Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the
8057:
4750:"As calving season gets into full swing, so does the food source for predators"
3146:
2192:
2157:
2072:
2017:
1890:
1831:
prone to attacking, and are responsible for 70% of humans killed by grizzlies.
1756:
with lacerated faces and missing noses or eyes, due to attacks from grizzlies.
1608:
1393:
1267:
1208:
954:
180:
7379:
7047:"Secretary Zinke Announces Recovery and Delisting of Yellowstone Grizzly Bear"
5788:
2647:
2111:
Drum or barrel trap, used to safely relocate bears, adjacent to a building in
1897:). It has been estimated that a bite from a grizzly can crush a bowling ball.
1496:
to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a
8623:
8427:
8109:
5475:
3303:
2887:
2332:
2009:
registry and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
1955:
1879:
1801:
1700:
1663:
1204:
1149:
473:
429:
351:
234:
8541:
6101:
4811:
Reynolds, Harry V.; Garner, Gerald W.; Reynolds, H. V. (16 September 1987).
4070:
MacDonald, Jason; MacDonald, Paula; MacPhee, Mitchell & Nicolle, Paige.
1087:
areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the
1015:. There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979.
700:
7976:
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Grizzly Bear
7960:
7942:
7617:
5745:
5594:
5573:
4411:"Food Habits of Grizzly Bears and Black Bears in the Yellowstone Ecosystem"
3576:
3224:
3212:
3174:
3067:
2848:
2758:
2739:
2699:
2680:
2288:
2183:
1998:
1941:
1910:
1872:
1838:
1453:
1353:
1307:
1299:
1282:
1243:
left in the grass, and occasionally they raid the nests of raptors such as
1165:
1071:
1008:
974:
580:
194:
8593:
8245:
7925:
Proctor, M.F.; McLellan, B.N.; Strobeck, C. & Barclay, R.M.R. (2005).
6436:. National Geographic Channel – UK (2010-04-20). Retrieved 29 August 2013.
5737:
4432:
3836:
3008:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed)
1235:
food or carrion left behind by other animals. Grizzly bears will also eat
888:
in the high Arctic, which is the most northerly sighting ever documented.
481:
66:
8523:
8436:
8311:
8292:
5987:
5984:
The Walking larder: patterns of domestication, pastoralism, and predation
3689:(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002.
3155:
2991:
Chadwick, Douglas H. (February 1986) "Grizz: Of Men and the Great Bear".
2829:
2198:
1777:
1377:
1357:
1311:
1291:
1224:
1049:
1041:
720:
632:
585:
544:
445:
421:
413:
362:
273:
53:
8466:
6389:
5466:
2771:
2323:
1749:
1110:. The gestation period for grizzly bears is approximately 180–250 days.
575:
In 1963, Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one,
485:
449:
8515:
8383:
8382:
Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and
8086:
8065:
8011:
7421:
7078:"Court restores federal protections for Yellowstone-area grizzly bears"
6420:
6222:
6122:
5866:
4893:
4870:"Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska"
4839:
4563:"Grizzlies may be link between drops in cutthroat trout and elk calves"
4210:
4182:
Jonkel, Charles; Husby, Peter; Russell, Richard; Beecham, John (1980).
3755:
3614:
3487:
2495:
2408:
1917:
1604:
1531:
present in the United States which might pose a threat to bears is the
1322:
1244:
1088:
989:
806:
676:
489:
347:
343:
339:
8528:
7577:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (
4534:
4532:
3567:
3542:
2253:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (
1970:
927:
In the lower 48 United States, around 1,000 are found in the Northern
801:
In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska down to
8487:
8237:
8150:
8077:
8045:
6079:
5614:"Effects of Grizzly Bear Digging on Alpine Plant Community Structure"
4669:"Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park"
2879:
2363:
1934:
1759:
Many Native American tribes both respect and fear the brown bear. In
1753:
1630:
1493:
1463:
1409:
1200:
1176:
1060:
947:
745:
532:
160:
120:
8398:
7916:
McCory, W.P.; Herrero, S.M.; Jones, G.W. & Mallam, E.D. (1990).
7709:
5858:
5698:
4920:
4885:
4831:
4202:
3479:
2978:
2789:
2487:
2360:
Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation
2039:
845:. In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying
8492:
8421:
8033:
6667:"Bear Viewing on Admiralty Island near Juneau, Alaska | Juneau CVB"
4987:
4529:
3759:. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
2367:
2036:
are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect the bears.
2002:
1760:
1676:
1590:
1401:
1397:
1270:
1232:
1180:
943:. In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the
873:
858:
417:
140:
57:
7575:
Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006),
7029:"U.S. Proposes Lifting Protections for Yellowstone-area Grizzlies"
4906:
4813:"Patterns of Grizzly Bear Predation on Caribou in Northern Alaska"
2107:
864:
An article published in 1954 suggested they may be present in the
723:. Grizzly bears vary in size depending on timing and populations.
7400:
5447:
3336:. Species Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
2116:
2006:
1994:
1875:
1696:
1626:
1528:
1449:
1337:
1295:
1266:
in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of
1228:
932:
905:
854:
850:
834:
830:
528:
437:
8479:
7882:. Guilford, CT/Helena, MT: Globe Pequot Press – Falcon Imprint.
7457:. National Park Service and US Fish and Wildlife. Archived from
7308:
Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance
6038:
5716:) in the Flow of Marine Nitrogen into a Terrestrial Ecosystem".
5711:
4184:"The Reintroduction of Orphaned Grizzly Bear Cubs into the Wild"
8039:
8027:
7864:
6972:"Judge renews protected status for Yellowstone's grizzly bears"
6812:"Grizzly Bear Recovery. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009"
6272:. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from
3812:. History and Culture. California State Library. Archived from
2715:"Of bears, conservation genetics, and the value of time travel"
2358:. In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.).
1886:
1704:
having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.
1556:
1532:
1458:
1385:
1329:
1278:
1216:
1179:
and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally
1169:
1020:
997:
917:
913:
877:
865:
814:
810:
802:
786:
150:
130:
7283:. Grouse Mountain: The Peak of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from
7153:
6390:"How to Outrun a Grizzly [and other really bad ideas]"
1470:
1380:. In northern Alaska, grizzlies are a significant predator of
7480:
7129:"Wildlife Status – Grizzly bear – Population size and trends"
6138:"Why are grizzly bears more aggressive than our black bears?"
5212:. Everything about the Cougar / Mountain Lion. Archived from
1716:
1365:
1361:
1287:
1274:
1220:
1184:
1084:
940:
826:
514:
453:
441:
7546:"UnBearable: Alaska Aims to Weaken Bear Hunting Regulations"
5010:"Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August"
4433:"Brown Bear: facts, diet, habitat, baby cubs, claws, kodiak"
4069:
3855:"Wildlife officials hope grizzly bears stay out of Colorado"
3502:"British Columbia Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for 2012"
2861:
8051:
7518:"One Year Later: 5 Major Issues for National Parks in 2018"
6102:
Gunther, K.A.; Biel, M.J.; Anderson, N.; Waits, L. (2002).
5812:
5672:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2219:GBDEOS]2.0.CO;2
5633:
10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0421:EOGBDO]2.0.CO;2
5551:
10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0129:IOSPBF]2.0.CO;2
5358:
10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0011:ABBAFI]2.0.CO;2
5109:
10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0232:IBWAFG>2.0.CO;2
3590:
Doupe, J.P.; England, J.H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, D. (2007).
3187:
2544:
1712:
1341:
1262:. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In
1240:
1236:
1003:
The killing of the last grizzly bear in Arizona in 1936 at
170:
7045:
Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mountain-Prairie.
6649:"10,000 Visitors Meet 2,500 Bears at Katmai National Park"
4617:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals.
3242:"Size and Growth Patterns of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bear"
3128:
1818:
A rough and tumble with a grizzly
1328:
Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as
559:
reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (
7581:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico"
5844:
5012:. Yellowstone International. 21 June 2011. Archived from
4181:
2946:
A review of the fossil and extinct bears of the old world
2805:"The Genome of the North American Brown Bear or Grizzly:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2351:
Schwartz, C. C.; Miller, S. D.; Haroldson, M. A. (2003).
2257:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico"
2088:
1940:
The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge, on the
1720:
1711:
of the fish. In doing so, they provide a food source for
1708:
1580:
1501:
1188:
704:
A grizzly roams in a wooded area near Jasper Townsite in
8010:
7281:"Wildlife and Education: Refuge for Endangered Wildlife"
7200:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Northwestern population"
6604:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge Permits"
6241:): Mortality Data for British Columbia from 1978 to 2003
4638:"Moose Moms Prefer Traffic to Grizzly Bears, Study Says"
4141:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
4129:
Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear
4030:
Grizzly Bears, Grizzly Bear Pictures, Grizzly Bear Facts
4017:"When Are Grizzly Bears Awake & When Do They Sleep?"
3589:
3021:
2548:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
2251:
Miller, C.R.; Waits, L.P.; Joyce, P. (18 October 2006).
484:" (i.e., "grizzled"—that is, with grey-tipped hair) or "
7684:
6865:"Drunk Grizzlies Keep Getting Hit By Trains In Montana"
6447:"Plan Your Visit - Katmai National Park & Preserve"
6264:
5977:"Did Large Predators keep Humans out of North America?"
2350:
973:
The grizzly bear's original range included much of the
7752:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6839:"Court decision saves Northwest Montana grizzly bears"
4774:. Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
4591:"Encounters Explorer – Grizzly Bear – Natural History"
3359:
3357:
3355:
2385:
968:
7187:
Alberta designates grizzly bears a threatened species
6265:
Ciarniello, L.; Davis, H. & Wellwood, D. (2002).
5343:
3528:
Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia
3085:. In Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (eds.).
1950:, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as
1731:
1079:
Except for females with cubs, grizzlies are normally
7806:
7192:
6913:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 202–204,
6892:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 164–213,
6509:"Bear Watching in Katmai National Park and Preserve"
5901:
5684:
5131:"Yellowstone wolves' return means more grizzly food"
2639:
7869:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
7865:Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (2006).
7401:Michael, F.P.; Bruce, N.M. & Curtis S. (2002).
7365:
7189:. Alberta.ca (2010-06-03). Retrieved 5 August 2013.
6984:
6761:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Prairie population"
6626:"Sport Hunting – Katmai National Park and Preserve"
6260:
6258:
6256:
5840:
5838:
5822:
Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy
5167:"Potential Interactions Between Bears & Wolves"
4560:
3731:(Report). Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, USGS
3352:
2655:
591:It remains an open question how many subspecies of
7875:
7310:(6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
6911:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear
6890:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear
6267:""Bear Smart" Community Program Background Report"
6208:
6071:
4721:
4523:"Grizzly Bear – Denali National Park and Preserve"
2765:
2661:
2055:proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the
1344:. The most famous example of such predation is in
1254:Grizzly fishing for salmon at Brooks Falls, Alaska
793:with partially eaten salmon – the heads, skin and
671:. The only genetically anomalous grouping was the
7779:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6300:"What Do You Do With a Bear That Kills a Person?"
6041:Folklore and Legends of the North American Indian
5607:
5605:
5308:
5304:
5302:
3583:
1448:), depending on the environment. Insects such as
1106:of grizzlies may destabilize the population from
464:
8621:
7574:
6719:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
6557:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge"
6253:
6229:
6062:
5939:
5835:
4868:Young, Donald D. Jr.; McCabe, Thomas R. (1997).
4788:. forwolves.org. 31 October 2004. Archived from
4786:"Grizzlies, not wolves, major elk calf predator"
4473:"Image of the Month – Brown bear chasing salmon"
4385:
2250:
7330:
7121:
6753:
6204:
6202:
5942:"Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere"
5808:
5806:
5653:
5379:Smith, Richard P. (2007). "Hybrid Black Bear".
4724:"Study show grizzlies are killing moose calves"
4271:
3958:""Hibernation-Migration-Fascination" Narrative"
3592:"Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (
3534:
3087:Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1
3011:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2142.
2668:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2662:Leonard, J.A.; Wayne, R.K.; Cooper, A. (2000).
2609:"Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named"
1348:, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up
7540:
7538:
7147:
6406:
6322:
5766:
5602:
5299:
5179:
3871:. National Wildlife Federation. Archived from
3802:
3693:
3525:
3236:
3234:
2143:The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on
2135:Columbia. One example of these efforts is the
570:
37:"Grizzly" redirects here. For other uses, see
7996:
6646:
6434:Facts: Casey & Brutus: Grizzly Encounters
5935:
5933:
5234:
5228:
4120:
3980:"Grizzly Bear Information, Photos, and Facts"
3433:
3181:
2937:
2908:
2300:
2298:
1800:fighting two grizzly bears, 1844 painting by
1376:when the actual predators were thought to be
1352:to eat. In some areas, grizzly bears prey on
675:, which bears genetic introgression from the
7792:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7738:. Piscataway, NJ: New Centuries Publishers.
6357:"Revelstoke Bear Aware Annual Report – 2015"
6199:
6016:
6014:
5803:
5571:
5094:
5064:
5062:
4336:Kearns, William E. (January–February 1937).
3530:. Ministry of Environment, British Columbia.
3004:
2664:"Population genetics of ice age brown bears"
2545:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P., eds. (1998).
2246:
2244:
2071:reinstated protection due to the decline of
1478:
7901:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
7535:
5536:
5504:
4867:
4014:
3231:
2952:
2796:
2573:
2398:
1782:List of fatal bear attacks in North America
1768:mother bear up, creating a huge sand dune.
8003:
7989:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7228:
6745:. Kodiak Brown Bear Center. Archived from
5930:
5291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5149:"How wolves interact with other predators"
4232:
4065:
4063:
3663:"Tongass National Forest – Nature Viewing"
3459:
3005:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005).
2963:L., as indicated by condylobasal length".
2706:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2295:
1726:
1621:
305:
84:
65:
7950:
6580:. Friends of McNeil River. Archived from
6297:
6039:compiled by Joshua B. Lippincott (2009),
6011:
5959:
5593:
5465:
5237:"The return of the great American jaguar"
5059:
3834:
3566:
3540:
3164:
3154:
3080:
3057:
3047:
2838:
2828:
2748:
2738:
2689:
2679:
2646:
2322:
2241:
805:and as far east as the western shores of
499:
8660:Least concern biota of the United States
8142:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally
7873:
7665:
7299:
7101:
7040:
7038:
6020:
5611:
5028:
4369:Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance
3915:
3835:Czaplicki, Christopher (3 August 2017).
3642:
3543:"The evolution of Arctic marine mammals"
3439:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
2943:
2467:
2122:
2106:
2057:list of threatened and protected species
2038:
1969:
1904:
1837:
1771:
1735:
1579:
1542:
1469:
1368:, which are sometimes taken by bears in
1249:
1153:
1070:
1059:
950:, by killing a male grizzly bear there.
895:
853:, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories,
781:
744:
699:
480:, which could be interpreted as either "
8705:Fauna of the Northwestern United States
7835:
7731:
7670:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7652:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
7550:National Parks Conservation Association
7522:National Parks Conservation Association
7498:
6969:
6836:
6681:"Stan Price – State Wildlife Sanctuary"
6578:"Friends of McNeil River Bears – About"
5654:Tardiff, S. & Stanford, J. (1998).
5372:
5180:Hornocker, M.; Negri, S., eds. (2009).
4953:Michael, Scott W. (16 September 2008).
4952:
4933:
4880:(4). United States Global Service: 11.
4666:
4366:
4060:
3699:
3109:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2339:
2167:National Parks Conservation Association
2102:
1019:bear currently has legal protection in
14:
8622:
7787:
7263:"Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary"
6970:Barnett, Lindsay (22 September 2009).
6963:
6388:Batin, Christopher (31 January 2006).
6354:
6237:An Analysis of Reported Grizzly Bear (
6135:
5968:
5621:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
5034:
4972:
4475:. Expeditions Alaska. 31 October 2010.
4335:
2958:
2802:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2579:
2307:"On the status of some arctic animals"
2304:
1607:have increased in recent times due to
8630:NatureServe apparently secure species
8403:
8402:
8303:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally
8133:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally
7984:
7896:
7305:
7075:
7035:
6862:
6683:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
6387:
6328:
6235:Austin, M. A., Wrenshall, C. (2004).
6176:. Bear.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
5974:
5883:. The Grizzly Bear Blog. 21 July 2010
5510:
5378:
5260:
4711:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
4619:Chanticleer Press, New York, p. 388.
4540:"Grizzly Bears & Cutthroat Trout"
4487:"All About Bears – WildCam Grizzlies"
4449:. shadowofthebear.com. Archived from
4318:
4316:
4040:
4038:
3465:
3406:
3387:
2712:
2538:
2473:
2435:
1923:Lake Clark National Park and Preserve
1603:Encounters between grizzly bears and
357:In addition to the mainland grizzly (
8655:Least concern biota of North America
8160:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally
7790:Bear in Mind: the California Grizzly
7481:"Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee"
7154:Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Team.
6606:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
6465:"Be a guest of Katmai's brown bears"
6136:Yahner, Richard H. (27 April 2011).
5572:Willson, M. & Gende, S. (2004).
4395:. Shadow of the Bear. Archived from
4046:"Trophy Hunting of BC Grizzly Bears"
3918:"Physiology of hibernation in bears"
3897:. Animal Fact Guide. 18 January 2013
3645:"Grizzly Attack – Timothy Treadwell"
2902:
2803:Taylor, Gregory (30 November 2018).
2429:
2399:Storer, T. I.; Tevis, L. P. (1996).
2137:Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary
1175:Although grizzlies are of the order
8341:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally
8207:Marsican brown bear (provisionally
7685:Cronin, M. A.; et al. (1991).
6651:. articles.ktuu.com. Archived from
5924:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x
4820:Bears: Their Biology and Management
4726:. Peninsula Clarion. Archived from
4722:Manning, Elizabeth (25 June 2001).
4561:Peterson, Christine (14 May 2013).
4191:Bears: Their Biology and Management
4100:
4072:"Endangered Wildlife: Grizzly Bear"
3751:"Grizzly shot in Selway-Bitterroot"
3655:
3409:"Grizzly Bears in British Columbia"
3280:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
2855:
2626:
2502:
969:Extirpated populations and recovery
24:
8263:California grizzly bear (formerly
7931:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
7867:Principles of Conservation Biology
7567:
7515:
7485:Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee
7044:
6533:. Sierra Sun Times. Archived from
6298:Wilkinson, Todd (20 August 2015).
5982:, in Clutton-Brock, Juliet (ed.),
5072:. Montana Outdoors. Archived from
4936:"Grizzly Bear Predation On Muskox"
4934:Michael, Scott W. (27 July 2008).
4313:
4035:
3994:"Denning and Hibernation Behavior"
3700:Santoro, Helen (3 November 2019).
3201:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3089:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 448–497.
2713:Paabo, Svante (15 February 2000).
2374:. pp. 556–586. Archived from
2129:American Museum of Natural History
1732:Relationship with Native Americans
1641:
1227:, and those with access to a more
922:Admiralty Island National Monument
740:
492:formally classified it in 1815 as
25:
8741:
8187:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally
8178:Syrian brown bear (provisionally
8169:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally
7969:
6187:Grizzly Bears in British Columbia
4772:"Shiras Moose Demography Project"
4296:"The Life Cycle of Grizzly Bears"
3369:Western Wildlife Outreach Project
3302:(Online ed.). Archived from
2063:protections for grizzlies in the
1927:Katmai National Park and Preserve
1346:Denali National Park and Preserve
1304:Katmai National Park and Preserve
749:Grizzly claws are longer than an
459:
8376:
8216:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly
7821:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00414.x
7767:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x
7610:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x
7473:
7443:
7394:
7359:
7324:
7273:
7255:
7222:
7180:
7095:
7069:
7021:
6957:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
6942:
6936:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
6924:
6903:
6882:
6856:
6830:
6804:
6783:
6735:
6709:
6687:
6673:
6659:
6640:
6618:
6596:
6570:
6549:
6523:
6501:
6479:
6457:
6439:
6427:
6400:
6381:
6355:Davies, Sue (31 December 2015).
6348:
6329:Scott, Tristan (17 March 2021).
6291:
6179:
6160:
6129:
6095:
6056:
6032:
5895:
5873:
5760:
5705:
5678:
5647:
5612:Doak, D. & Loso, M. (2003).
5574:"Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears,
5565:
5530:
5482:
5441:
5427:
5401:
5337:
5331:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04564.x
5254:
5202:
5182:Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
5173:
5159:
5141:
5123:
5088:
4371:. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press.
2281:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x
2034:Theodore Roosevelt National Park
1916:In the past 20 years in Alaska,
1900:
1810:
1790:
1650:
1474:White-grey cub in Western Canada
813:, south through much of western
797:are eaten to obtain the most fat
504:
107:
8273:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly
7899:The grizzlies of Mount McKinley
6863:Heinz, Mark (4 November 2023).
6185:Ministry of Environment. 2002.
5490:"Yellowstone Wildlife – Coyote"
5002:
4946:
4927:
4900:
4861:
4804:
4778:
4764:
4742:
4715:
4701:
4660:
4630:
4609:
4593:. Wild Explorer. Archived from
4583:
4569:
4554:
4515:
4501:
4479:
4465:
4447:"Brown, Grizzly or Kodiak Bear"
4439:
4425:
4403:
4360:
4329:
4288:
4258:
4157:
4094:
4023:
4008:
3986:
3972:
3950:
3909:
3887:
3861:
3847:
3828:
3777:
3743:
3720:
3676:
3636:
3519:
3494:
3440:Spocchia, Gino (1 April 2021).
3318:
3288:
3266:
3122:
3093:
3074:
3015:
2998:
2985:
2601:
1960:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
1584:A grizzly and polar bear hybrid
1055:
935:. About 1,000 more live in the
520:
243:Possibly synonymous subspecies
7920:. Vol. 8. pp. 11–16.
6837:Garrity, Mike (16 July 2023).
6647:Fiorucci, Dan (17 July 2012).
5411:. 1 April 2008. Archived from
5235:Richard Grant (October 2016).
5151:. wolfbehavior. Archived from
4874:Journal of Wildlife Management
4326:". U.S. National Park Service.
3869:"Hibernation in grizzly bears"
2580:Wright, William Henry (1909).
2555:]. Vol. II, Part 1a.
2413:University of California Press
2372:Johns Hopkins University Press
2227:
2162:environmental impact statement
1565:generally stay out of grizzly
1538:
1035:
891:
809:; the species is now found in
13:
1:
7858:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00265-8
7769:(inactive 18 September 2024).
6695:"Island Of The Big Grizzlies"
6167:How Dangerous are Black Bears
5961:10.1525/aa.1926.28.1.02a00020
5511:Clark, Howard O. Jr. (2007).
5492:. yellowstonenationalpark.com
4709:"Predator/Prey Relationships"
4577:"Grizzly bear feeding habits"
3365:"Grizzly Bear Identification"
2931:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001
2868:Journal of Quaternary Science
2220:
2204:Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills)
2127:Taxidermied specimens at the
1965:
937:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
837:), extending as far south as
690:
32:Grizzly bear (disambiguation)
8720:Mammals of the United States
8710:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
8700:Carnivorans of North America
8351:Ungava brown bear (formerly
7353:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.025
7206:. 8 May 2006. Archived from
6767:. 8 May 2006. Archived from
6196:. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
5881:"Grizzly Bear Eating Salmon"
5037:"Brown / Grizzly Bear Facts"
4955:"Marine Mammals on the Menu"
4752:. newsminer.com. 23 May 2010
4348:(1–2). National Park Service
4338:"The Speed of Grizzly Bears"
3081:Garshelis, David L. (2009).
3049:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345
2087:In Alberta, Canada, intense
2053:US Fish and Wildlife Service
1593:was thought by some to be a
963:North Cascades National Park
945:Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
7:
8690:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
8321:Sitka brown bear (formerly
7698:Canadian Journal of Zoology
7666:Banfield, A. W. F. (1987).
5687:Canadian Journal of Zoology
5539:American Midland Naturalist
5186:University of Chicago Press
4909:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4268:Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 91.
2966:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2778:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2559:: Science Publishers, Inc.
2177:
1515:
1492:With the reintroduction of
1319:Yellowstone cutthroat trout
1126:
1117:
857:, and the northern part of
817:, and into portions of the
625:Alaska Peninsula brown bear
571:Subspecies in North America
314:Historic and present range
10:
8746:
5210:"Cougar vs. bear accounts"
5041:North American Bear Center
3857:. CBS Denver. 23 May 2012.
3702:"The Grizzlies Are Coming"
3147:10.1038/s42003-023-04514-w
1852:acoustic deterrent devices
1775:
1616:grizzly–polar bear hybrids
1147:
1138:
1030:
992:and was the symbol of the
843:Grand Teton National Parks
819:northwestern United States
753:'s and adapted for digging
527:Brown bears originated in
36:
29:
8665:Mammals described in 1758
8411:
8371:
8333:
8285:
8236:
8199:
8151:Gobi bear (provisionally
8125:
8076:
8022:
7732:Herrero, Stephen (1985).
7648:"Ursus arctos horribilis"
7380:10.2192/1537-6176-19.2.91
6192:24 September 2015 at the
6043:, Abela Publishing Ltd.,
5940:Hallowell, A. I. (1926).
5789:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5
5582:Canadian Field-Naturalist
5578:, in Southeastern Alaska"
5520:Endangered Species Update
5261:Busch, Robert H. (2000).
4615:Whitaker, John O. (1980)
4367:Herrero, Stephen (2002).
4324:Staying Safe Around Bears
4110:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3841:The Mountains Are Calling
3769:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3192:Ursus arctos californicus
2648:10.1101/2020.09.03.279117
2209:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid
2191:(Grizzly Bear Standing),
2113:Grand Teton National Park
2082:Crow Tribe et al v. Zinke
2078:Yellowstone National Park
2065:Yellowstone National Park
1909:Bear catches a salmon at
1693:Grand Teton National Park
1487:
1479:Interspecific competition
1374:Yellowstone National Park
1370:Yellowstone National Park
1264:Yellowstone National Park
1083:, active animals, but in
1075:Mother grizzly with a cub
577:Ursus arctos middendorffi
545:Haida Gwaii archipelagoes
385:)—as well as the extinct
332:North American brown bear
313:
304:
247:
242:
223:
216:
104:Scientific classification
102:
82:
73:
64:
48:
8730:Subspecies of brown bear
6304:National Geographic News
6172:16 December 2013 at the
6027:Rowman & Littlefield
5975:Geist, Valerius (1989),
5169:. National Park Service.
4579:. National Park Service.
4525:. National Park Service.
4511:. The Grizzly Bear Blog.
4509:"Grizzly Bears Clamming"
4342:Yellowstone Nature Notes
4284:. National Park Service.
3541:Harington, C.R. (2008).
3083:"Family Ursidae (Bears)"
3034:(3) e1003345: e1003345.
2189:Etsowish-simmegee-itshin
1987:contiguous United States
1104:Population fragmentation
872:and the northern tip of
777:
733:population of the area.
584:species from grizzlies.
39:Grizzly (disambiguation)
27:Subspecies of brown bear
8443:Ursus arctos horribilis
8413:Ursus arctos horribilis
7874:Lapinski, Mike (2006).
7838:Biological Conservation
7333:Biological Conservation
6628:. National Park Service
6511:. National Park Service
6489:. National Park Service
6487:"Brown Bears of Katmai"
6074:Kwakiutl String Figures
5947:American Anthropologist
5847:Ecological Applications
4542:. National Park Service
4413:. National Park Service
4266:The Great Bear Almanac.
4246:. National Park Service
3996:. National Park Service
3960:. National Park Service
3916:Hellgren, Eric (1998).
3547:Ecological Applications
3526:Hamilton, A.N. (2008).
3328:Ursus arctos horribilis
3296:"Grizzly or Brown Bear"
2944:Erdbrink, D.P. (1953).
2305:Rausch, Robert (1953).
2051:On 9 January 2006, the
1820:by H. Bullock Webster,
1727:Interaction with humans
1622:Various small predators
1360:. Larger prey includes
1350:Arctic ground squirrels
1143:
1133:Ursus arctos horribilis
920:are more abundant. The
900:Family of grizzlies in
695:
609:California grizzly bear
359:Ursus arctos horribilis
327:Ursus arctos horribilis
227:Ursus arctos horribilis
8640:ESA threatened species
8312:Kodiak bear (formerly
7943:10.1098/rspb.2005.3246
7897:Murie, Adolph (1985).
7788:Snyder, Susan (2003).
7455:Conservation Northwest
7003:Conservation Northwest
5595:10.22621/cfn.v118i4.53
4032:. National Geographic.
3982:. American Expedition.
3278:nationalgeographic.com
3213:10.1098/rspb.2023.0921
3135:Communications Biology
2740:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1320
2681:10.1073/pnas.040453097
2436:Busch, Robert (2004).
2174:conducting revisions.
2131:
2120:
2061:Endangered Species Act
2048:
1978:
1913:
1846:
1741:
1585:
1559:
1475:
1442:), and huckleberries (
1255:
1172:
1164:Wild grizzly bears at
1076:
1068:
957:ecosystem of northern
909:
798:
754:
712:
617:Dall Island brown bear
500:Evolution and genetics
476:first described it as
8715:Mammals of the Arctic
8680:Symbols of California
8295:brown bear (formerly
7668:The Mammals of Canada
7306:Krebs, C. J. (2009).
6021:Rockwell, D. (1991),
5738:10.1007/s004420050961
5035:Derych, John (2001).
4682:: 375. Archived from
3931:: 467. Archived from
3407:Blood, D. A. (2002).
2126:
2110:
2042:
1985:as threatened in the
1973:
1908:
1841:
1772:Conflicts with humans
1739:
1583:
1546:
1473:
1445:Vaccinium parvifolium
1439:Shepherdia canadensis
1253:
1163:
1108:inbreeding depression
1074:
1064:Sow with two cubs in
1063:
902:Glacier National Park
899:
785:
748:
717:Kamchatka brown bears
703:
579:. Further testing of
330:), also known as the
209:U. a. horribilis
7809:Conservation Biology
7755:Conservation Biology
7727:on 28 February 2019.
6909:Knibb, David (2008)
6888:Knibb, David (2008)
5990:, pp. 282–294,
5904:Conservation Biology
5267:. New York. p.
5241:Smithsonian Magazine
5155:on 28 December 2012.
5076:on 28 September 2013
4984:Hinterland Who's Who
4497:on 30 December 2013.
4399:on 29 December 2013.
3875:on 28 September 2017
3837:"Escudilla Mountain"
3468:Journal of Mammalogy
3421:on 24 September 2015
3300:The Mammals of Texas
3284:on 25 February 2021.
2830:10.3390/genes9120598
2586:. C. Scribner's sons
2526:on 30 September 2011
2476:Journal of Mammalogy
2216:, a.k.a. Grizzly Man
2103:Conservation efforts
1981:The grizzly bear is
1976:Denali National Park
1484:by smaller animals.
1430:), buffalo berries (
1000:in the early 1920s.
791:Katmai National Park
706:Jasper National Park
681:Kamchatka brown bear
641:Mexican grizzly bear
586:Kodiak Grizzly Bears
550:Last Glacial Maximum
465:Meaning of "grizzly"
30:For other uses, see
8635:Arctic land animals
8111:Eurasian brown bear
8097:Steppe brown bear (
7937:(1579): 2409–2416.
7850:2002BCons.106..381W
7602:2006MolEc..15.4477M
7345:2005BCons.121..453C
7135:on 26 December 2008
7082:The Washington Post
6938:. 29 December 2005.
6717:"Kodiak Brown Bear"
6453:on 2 November 2012.
6246:6 July 2011 at the
6142:The Daily Collegian
6064:Averkieva, Julia P.
6007:on 16 December 2008
5916:1996ConBi..10..977K
5781:2006Ecosy...9..167H
5730:1999Oecol.121..546H
5467:10.14430/arctic4643
5323:2006Ecogr..29..561A
5264:The Grizzly Almanac
5216:on 27 February 2014
4959:Gobies to Grizzlies
4940:Gobies to Grizzlies
4792:on 26 December 2011
4642:National Geographic
4597:on 30 December 2013
4491:National Geographic
3938:on 8 September 2016
3708:. High Country News
3559:2008EcoAp..18S..23H
3553:(2 Suppl): S23–40.
3306:on 23 November 2019
3040:2013PLOSG...9.3345C
2993:National Geographic
2923:2018Geobi..51...61S
2731:2000PNAS...97.1320P
2439:The Grizzly Almanac
2324:10.14430/arctic3870
2273:2006MolEc..15.4477M
2022:Banff National Park
1765:Sleeping Bear Dunes
1636:San Joaquin Kit Fox
1433:Shepherdia argentea
1427:Vaccinium oxycoccos
1418:), salmon berries (
1404:are also consumed.
1286:diet of salmon and
1277:, grasses, various
1013:Sand County Almanac
979:southwestern states
795:subcutaneous tissue
751:American black bear
731:American black bear
657:Stickeen brown bear
496:for its character.
76:Conservation status
8685:Symbols of Montana
8343:U. a. stikeenensis
8314:U. a. middendorffi
8265:U. a. californicus
7431:on 3 December 2010
7287:on 6 February 2010
7204:Environment Canada
7108:Native News Online
7076:Brulliard, Karin.
6869:Cowboy State Daily
6765:Environment Canada
6369:on 23 October 2020
6331:"The Grizzly Guru"
5381:Black Bear Hunting
4849:on 3 December 2010
4730:on 5 November 2013
4689:on 11 October 2017
4648:on 13 October 2007
4393:"Food For Thought"
4220:on 3 December 2010
3615:10.14430/arctic219
3340:on 15 October 2011
2446:. pp. 11–14.
2444:Globe Pequot Press
2401:California Grizzly
2381:on 7 January 2014.
2132:
2121:
2049:
1979:
1914:
1847:
1742:
1595:grizzlyĂ—black bear
1586:
1560:
1504:killed by wolves.
1476:
1256:
1173:
1077:
1069:
1066:Kananaskis Country
1025:European countries
1005:Escudilla Mountain
994:Bear Flag Republic
981:, but it has been
929:Continental Divide
910:
882:mark-and-recapture
799:
755:
713:
661:U. a. stikeenensis
637:U. a. middendorffi
613:U. a. californicus
601:Alaskan brown bear
412:), inhabiting the
391:U. a. californicus
387:California grizzly
379:peninsular grizzly
367:U. a. middendorffi
296:U. a. stikeenensis
274:U. a. middendorffi
252:U. a. californicus
90:Apparently Secure
18:Peninsular grizzly
8670:Mammals of Canada
8617:
8616:
8602:Open Tree of Life
8405:Taxon identifiers
8396:
8395:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8162:U. a. isabellinus
8135:U. a. beringianus
7908:978-0-295-96204-7
7889:978-0-7627-3653-9
7799:978-1-890771-70-6
7745:978-0-8329-0377-9
7704:(12): 2985–2992.
7679:) in Canada, 2002
7596:(14): 4477–4485,
7589:Molecular Ecology
7516:Pierno, Theresa.
7317:978-0-321-50743-3
6977:Los Angeles Times
6919:978-1-59766-037-2
6898:978-1-59766-037-2
6818:on 17 August 2009
6749:on 5 August 2013.
6697:. Outdoor Channel
6537:on 7 January 2014
6310:on 21 August 2015
6050:978-0-9560584-6-1
5394:978-0-8117-0269-0
5195:978-0-2263-5344-9
5135:Los Angeles Times
5016:on 2 October 2011
4990:on 3 January 2011
4915:(11): 2492–2499.
4378:978-1-58574-557-9
4150:978-0-662-32568-0
4056:on 31 March 2009.
4015:Di Jensen, Elle.
3816:on 5 January 2019
3568:10.1890/06-0624.1
3207:(2014) 20230921.
2784:(12): 2985–2992.
2596:great naked bear.
2453:978-1-5922-8320-0
2422:978-0-5202-0520-8
2267:(14): 4477–4485.
2261:Molecular Ecology
2214:Timothy Treadwell
1835:their offspring.
1577:but rarely both.
1547:Possible grizzly-
1421:Rubus spectabilis
1197:white-tailed deer
1161:
552:(>25,000 BP).
406:Ussuri brown bear
375:U. a. beringianus
318:
317:
97:
16:(Redirected from
8737:
8610:
8609:
8597:
8596:
8584:
8583:
8571:
8570:
8558:
8557:
8545:
8544:
8532:
8531:
8519:
8518:
8506:
8505:
8496:
8495:
8483:
8482:
8470:
8469:
8460:
8459:
8447:
8446:
8445:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8400:
8399:
8387:
8380:
8353:U. a. ungavaesis
8283:
8282:
8252:U. a. horribilis
8243:
8242:
8218:U. a. pyrenaicus
8209:U. a. marsicanus
8123:
8122:
8107:
8106:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7982:
7981:
7964:
7954:
7921:
7912:
7893:
7881:
7870:
7861:
7832:
7815:(4): 1123–1136.
7803:
7784:
7778:
7770:
7749:
7728:
7726:
7720:. Archived from
7695:
7681:2.1 MB PDF file.
7671:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7635:on 24 March 2012
7634:
7628:, archived from
7585:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7513:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7424:. Archived from
7407:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7236:. Archived from
7235:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7167:
7161:. Archived from
7160:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7053:. Archived from
7042:
7033:
7032:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7005:. Archived from
6995:
6982:
6981:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6954:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6928:
6922:
6907:
6901:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6843:Daily Inter Lake
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6814:. Archived from
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6743:"O'Malley River"
6739:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6723:on 18 April 2015
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6669:. Travel Juneau.
6663:
6657:
6656:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6449:. Archived from
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6362:. Archived from
6361:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6306:. Archived from
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6278:
6271:
6262:
6251:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6206:
6197:
6183:
6177:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6148:on 25 April 2012
6133:
6127:
6126:
6108:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6077:
6068:Sherman, Mark A.
6060:
6054:
6053:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6018:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6000:, archived from
5981:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5937:
5928:
5927:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5666:(7): 2219–2228.
5651:
5645:
5644:
5618:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5282:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5137:. 1 August 2013.
5127:
5121:
5120:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5043:. Archived from
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4986:. Archived from
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4842:. Archived from
4817:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4673:
4667:Wyman T (2002).
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4644:. Archived from
4634:
4628:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4493:. Archived from
4483:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4213:. Archived from
4188:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4171:. 31 March 2011.
4169:Field and Stream
4161:
4155:
4154:
4138:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4112:. Archived from
4102:Herrero, Stephen
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4078:. Archived from
4067:
4058:
4057:
4052:. Archived from
4042:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3922:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3760:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3632:on 3 March 2019.
3631:
3625:. Archived from
3600:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3371:. Archived from
3361:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3247:. Archived from
3246:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3219: 10777157.
3198:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3051:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2880:10.1002/jqs.3451
2859:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2725:(4): 1320–1321.
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2674:(4): 1651–1654.
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2557:Washington, D.C.
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2519:. Archived from
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2357:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2097:British Columbia
2069:Donald W. Molloy
1948:Admiralty Island
1814:
1798:Native Americans
1794:
1654:
1498:keystone species
1436:), soapberries (
1424:), cranberries (
1415:Rubus fruticosus
1412:, blackberries (
1334:ground squirrels
1162:
931:in northwestern
870:Ungava Peninsula
847:British Columbia
685:U. a. horribilis
673:ABC Islands bear
669:U. a. horribilis
649:ABC Islands bear
605:U. a. alascensis
597:U. a. horribilis
470:Meriwether Lewis
309:
229:
112:
111:
91:
88:
87:
69:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8645:Fauna of Alaska
8620:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8605:
8600:
8592:
8589:Observation.org
8587:
8579:
8574:
8566:
8561:
8553:
8548:
8540:
8535:
8527:
8522:
8514:
8509:
8501:
8499:
8491:
8486:
8478:
8473:
8465:
8463:
8455:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8407:
8397:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8381:
8377:
8359:
8329:
8323:U. a. sitkensis
8281:
8250:
8248:
8224:
8195:
8189:U. a. pruinosus
8153:U. a. gobiensis
8114:
8112:
8105:
8089:U. a. crowtheri
8072:
8018:
8009:
7972:
7967:
7909:
7890:
7800:
7772:
7771:
7746:
7724:
7710:10.1139/z91-421
7693:
7656:
7654:
7646:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7583:
7570:
7568:Further reading
7565:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7544:
7543:
7536:
7526:
7524:
7514:
7499:
7489:
7487:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7464:
7462:
7461:on 2 April 2015
7449:
7448:
7444:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7364:
7360:
7329:
7325:
7318:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7243:on 29 June 2011
7240:
7233:
7229:Hamilton, A.N.
7227:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7210:on 12 June 2013
7198:
7197:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7152:
7148:
7138:
7136:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7110:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7057:on 29 June 2017
7043:
7036:
7031:. 4 March 2016.
7027:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7009:on 2 April 2015
6997:
6996:
6985:
6968:
6964:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6908:
6904:
6887:
6883:
6873:
6871:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6771:on 10 June 2013
6759:
6758:
6754:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6655:on 10 May 2013.
6645:
6641:
6631:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6585:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6405:
6401:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6335:Flathead Beacon
6327:
6323:
6313:
6311:
6296:
6292:
6282:
6280:
6279:on 29 June 2011
6276:
6269:
6263:
6254:
6248:Wayback Machine
6234:
6230:
6207:
6200:
6194:Wayback Machine
6184:
6180:
6174:Wayback Machine
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6134:
6130:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6037:
6033:
6019:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5979:
5973:
5969:
5938:
5931:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5859:10.2307/3061004
5843:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5765:
5761:
5710:
5706:
5699:10.1139/Z09-004
5683:
5679:
5652:
5648:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5570:
5566:
5535:
5531:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5446:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5415:on 1 April 2008
5407:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5385:Stackpole Books
5377:
5373:
5342:
5338:
5307:
5300:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5178:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5047:on 20 July 2011
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4951:
4947:
4932:
4928:
4921:10.1139/z88-369
4905:
4901:
4886:10.2307/3802102
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4832:10.2307/3872608
4815:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4321:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4203:10.2307/3872892
4186:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4116:on 15 May 2005.
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4061:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4019:. Demand Media.
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3810:"State Symbols"
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3649:katmaibears.com
3641:
3637:
3629:
3598:
3588:
3584:
3539:
3535:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3480:10.2307/1375959
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3446:The Independent
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3375:on 6 March 2015
3363:
3362:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3326:"Grizzly bear (
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3254:on 19 July 2023
3251:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3196:
3186:
3182:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3079:
3075:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2979:10.1139/z63-005
2957:
2953:
2942:
2938:
2907:
2903:
2860:
2856:
2801:
2797:
2790:10.1139/z91-421
2770:
2766:
2711:
2707:
2660:
2656:
2638:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2488:10.2307/1375959
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:. p. 335.
2397:
2386:
2378:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2303:
2296:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2180:
2145:Grouse Mountain
2119:, United States
2105:
1968:
1903:
1857:B.C. government
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1774:
1745:Native American
1734:
1729:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1642:Ecological role
1624:
1553:Yukon Territory
1541:
1518:
1490:
1481:
1260:Rocky Mountains
1154:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1129:
1120:
1058:
1038:
1033:
1007:is included in
971:
908:, United States
894:
886:Melville Island
780:
743:
741:Characteristics
710:Alberta, Canada
698:
693:
653:U. a. sitkensis
573:
557:genetic testing
525:
507:
502:
467:
462:
440:, northeastern
434:Kunashir Island
426:Shantar Islands
395:Mexican grizzly
289:U. a. sitkensis
238:
231:
225:
212:
198:
106:
98:
89:
85:
78:
60:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8743:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8695:Apex predators
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8598:
8585:
8572:
8559:
8546:
8533:
8520:
8507:
8497:
8484:
8471:
8461:
8448:
8433:
8417:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8388:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8347:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8318:
8309:
8300:
8289:
8287:
8280:
8279:
8269:
8258:
8256:
8249:(provisionally
8240:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8184:
8180:U. a. syriacus
8175:
8171:U. a. lasiotus
8166:
8157:
8148:
8144:U. a. collaris
8139:
8129:
8127:
8120:
8113:(provisionally
8104:
8103:
8093:
8082:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8062:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:or populations
8008:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7971:
7970:External links
7968:
7966:
7965:
7922:
7913:
7907:
7894:
7888:
7871:
7862:
7844:(3): 381–388.
7833:
7804:
7798:
7785:
7761:(2): 408–417.
7750:
7744:
7729:
7682:
7672:
7663:
7644:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7534:
7497:
7472:
7442:
7393:
7358:
7339:(3): 453–464.
7323:
7316:
7298:
7272:
7254:
7221:
7191:
7179:
7168:on 29 May 2008
7146:
7120:
7102:Online staff.
7094:
7068:
7034:
7020:
6983:
6962:
6941:
6923:
6902:
6881:
6855:
6829:
6803:
6782:
6752:
6734:
6708:
6686:
6672:
6658:
6639:
6617:
6595:
6569:
6548:
6522:
6500:
6478:
6456:
6438:
6426:
6399:
6380:
6347:
6321:
6290:
6252:
6228:
6198:
6178:
6159:
6128:
6094:
6088:
6055:
6049:
6031:
6010:
5996:
5967:
5929:
5894:
5872:
5853:(4): 947–960.
5834:
5802:
5775:(2): 167–180.
5759:
5724:(4): 546–550.
5704:
5693:(3): 195–203.
5677:
5646:
5627:(4): 499–503.
5601:
5588:(4): 499–503.
5564:
5545:(1): 129–139.
5529:
5503:
5481:
5460:(2): 151–160.
5440:
5426:
5400:
5393:
5371:
5336:
5317:(4): 561–572.
5298:
5277:
5253:
5227:
5201:
5194:
5172:
5158:
5140:
5122:
5103:(2): 232–238.
5087:
5058:
5027:
5001:
4971:
4945:
4926:
4899:
4860:
4803:
4777:
4763:
4741:
4714:
4700:
4659:
4629:
4608:
4582:
4568:
4553:
4528:
4514:
4500:
4478:
4464:
4453:on 24 May 2013
4438:
4424:
4402:
4384:
4377:
4359:
4328:
4312:
4287:
4270:
4257:
4240:"Brown Bear –
4231:
4174:
4156:
4149:
4119:
4106:"Grizzly Bear"
4093:
4082:on 25 May 2011
4059:
4034:
4022:
4007:
3985:
3971:
3949:
3908:
3895:"Grizzly Bear"
3886:
3860:
3846:
3827:
3801:
3776:
3742:
3719:
3692:
3675:
3654:
3643:Rogers, Lynn.
3635:
3609:(3): 271–276.
3582:
3533:
3518:
3493:
3474:(3): 345–357.
3458:
3432:
3386:
3351:
3317:
3287:
3274:"Grizzly bear"
3265:
3230:
3180:
3121:
3092:
3073:
3014:
2997:
2984:
2951:
2936:
2901:
2854:
2795:
2764:
2705:
2654:
2625:
2613:Daily Republic
2600:
2572:
2565:
2537:
2501:
2482:(3): 345–357.
2466:
2452:
2428:
2421:
2384:
2353:"Grizzly bear"
2338:
2294:
2240:
2235:"Ursus arctos"
2225:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2158:North Cascades
2104:
2101:
2073:whitebark pine
2018:national parks
1967:
1964:
1902:
1899:
1850:chemicals, or
1816:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1773:
1770:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1623:
1620:
1609:global warming
1540:
1537:
1517:
1514:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1394:humpback whale
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1057:
1054:
1040:Grizzly bears
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
970:
967:
955:North Cascades
893:
890:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
742:
739:
697:
694:
692:
689:
572:
569:
524:
519:
506:
503:
501:
498:
466:
463:
461:
460:Classification
458:
410:U. a. lasiotus
371:Kamchatka bear
316:
315:
311:
310:
302:
301:
300:
299:
292:
285:
277:
270:
263:
256:
245:
244:
240:
239:
232:
221:
220:
218:Trinomial name
214:
213:
206:
204:
200:
199:
195:U. arctos
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
83:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
62:
61:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8742:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8650:Grizzly bears
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8608:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8434:
8429:
8423:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8401:
8385:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8356:
8354:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8278:
8276:
8275:U. a. nelsoni
8270:
8268:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8221:
8219:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8190:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8108:
8102:
8100:
8099:U. a. priscus
8094:
8092:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8016:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7730:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7690:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7673:
7669:
7664:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7582:
7580:
7573:
7572:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7523:
7519:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7374:(2): 91–104.
7373:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7268:
7267:env.gov.bc.ca
7264:
7258:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7188:
7183:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7134:
7130:
7124:
7109:
7105:
7098:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7039:
7030:
7024:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6958:
6951:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6844:
6840:
6833:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6792:
6786:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6696:
6690:
6682:
6676:
6668:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6643:
6627:
6621:
6605:
6599:
6584:on 2 May 2012
6583:
6579:
6573:
6558:
6552:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6510:
6504:
6488:
6482:
6466:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6089:0-7748-0432-7
6085:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6015:
6003:
5999:
5997:0-0444-5013-3
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5934:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5882:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5807:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5491:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5278:1-58574-143-4
5274:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5015:
5011:
5005:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4773:
4767:
4751:
4745:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4625:0-394-50762-2
4622:
4618:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4578:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4524:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4280:
4274:
4267:
4264:Brown, Gary.
4261:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3896:
3890:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3522:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:11250/3092374
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:(1) 15: 153.
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:PLOS Genetics
3025:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2566:1-886106-81-9
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2317:(2): 91–148.
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:A grizzly in
1972:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:Kodiak Island
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1901:Bear-watching
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1880:bear canister
1877:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1802:George Catlin
1799:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:United States
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1664:Scent rubbing
1661:
1653:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:, foxes, and
1628:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:hoary marmots
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:bighorn sheep
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1151:
1150:Hypocarnivore
1136:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
907:
903:
898:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:areas of the
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
752:
747:
738:
734:
732:
727:
724:
722:
718:
711:
707:
702:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:U. a. nelsoni
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
582:
581:Y-chromosomes
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
518:
516:
512:
505:Phylogenetics
497:
495:
494:U. horribilis
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:William Clark
471:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Iturup Island
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:U. a. nelsoni
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
352:North America
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
312:
308:
303:
298:
297:
293:
291:
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:U. a. nelsoni
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
262:
261:
257:
254:
253:
249:
248:
246:
241:
236:
230:
228:
222:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
101:
95:
81:
77:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8412:
8378:
8352:
8342:
8322:
8313:
8304:
8296:
8274:
8264:
8251:
8247:Grizzly bear
8246:
8217:
8208:
8188:
8179:
8170:
8161:
8152:
8143:
8134:
8116:U. a. arctos
8115:
8098:
8088:
8087:Atlas bear (
8066:
8058:
7934:
7930:
7917:
7898:
7877:
7866:
7841:
7837:
7812:
7808:
7789:
7775:cite journal
7758:
7754:
7735:Bear Attacks
7734:
7722:the original
7701:
7697:
7688:
7677:Ursus arctos
7676:
7667:
7655:. Retrieved
7639:24 September
7637:, retrieved
7630:the original
7593:
7587:
7579:Ursus arctos
7578:
7553:. Retrieved
7549:
7525:. Retrieved
7521:
7488:. Retrieved
7484:
7475:
7463:. Retrieved
7459:the original
7454:
7445:
7433:. Retrieved
7426:the original
7413:
7409:
7396:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7336:
7332:
7326:
7307:
7301:
7289:. Retrieved
7285:the original
7275:
7266:
7257:
7245:. Retrieved
7238:the original
7224:
7212:. Retrieved
7208:the original
7194:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7163:the original
7149:
7137:. Retrieved
7133:the original
7123:
7111:. Retrieved
7107:
7097:
7085:. Retrieved
7081:
7071:
7059:. Retrieved
7055:the original
7050:
7023:
7011:. Retrieved
7007:the original
7002:
6975:
6965:
6956:
6944:
6935:
6926:
6910:
6905:
6889:
6884:
6872:. Retrieved
6868:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6842:
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6816:the original
6806:
6794:. Retrieved
6785:
6773:. Retrieved
6769:the original
6755:
6747:the original
6737:
6725:. Retrieved
6721:the original
6711:
6699:. Retrieved
6689:
6675:
6661:
6653:the original
6642:
6630:. Retrieved
6620:
6608:. Retrieved
6598:
6586:. Retrieved
6582:the original
6572:
6560:. Retrieved
6551:
6539:. Retrieved
6535:the original
6525:
6513:. Retrieved
6503:
6491:. Retrieved
6481:
6469:. Retrieved
6459:
6451:the original
6441:
6429:
6415:(1): 44–54.
6412:
6408:
6402:
6394:Outdoor Life
6393:
6383:
6371:. Retrieved
6364:the original
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6334:
6324:
6312:. Retrieved
6308:the original
6303:
6293:
6281:. Retrieved
6274:the original
6239:Ursus arctos
6238:
6231:
6214:
6210:
6181:
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6146:the original
6141:
6131:
6114:
6110:
6097:
6073:
6058:
6040:
6034:
6022:
6002:the original
5983:
5970:
5951:
5945:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5885:. Retrieved
5875:
5850:
5846:
5825:. Retrieved
5821:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5721:
5717:
5714:Ursus arctos
5713:
5707:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5624:
5620:
5585:
5581:
5576:Ursus arctos
5575:
5567:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5523:
5519:
5506:
5494:. Retrieved
5484:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5413:the original
5403:
5380:
5374:
5352:(1): 11–30.
5349:
5345:
5339:
5314:
5310:
5263:
5256:
5244:. Retrieved
5240:
5230:
5218:. Retrieved
5214:the original
5204:
5181:
5175:
5161:
5153:the original
5143:
5134:
5125:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5074:the original
5049:. Retrieved
5045:the original
5040:
5030:
5020:10 September
5018:. Retrieved
5014:the original
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4988:the original
4983:
4974:
4964:16 September
4962:. Retrieved
4958:
4948:
4939:
4929:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4844:the original
4823:
4819:
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4780:
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4744:
4732:. Retrieved
4728:the original
4717:
4703:
4691:. Retrieved
4684:the original
4679:
4675:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4646:the original
4641:
4632:
4616:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4595:the original
4585:
4571:
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4517:
4503:
4495:the original
4490:
4481:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4441:
4435:. Bear Life.
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4405:
4397:the original
4387:
4368:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4345:
4341:
4331:
4303:. Retrieved
4299:
4290:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4242:Ursus arctos
4241:
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4215:the original
4194:
4190:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4132:
4131:Ursus arctos
4128:
4122:
4114:the original
4109:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4080:the original
4075:
4054:the original
4050:Pacific Wild
4049:
4025:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3988:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3933:the original
3928:
3924:
3911:
3901:26 September
3899:. Retrieved
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3863:
3849:
3840:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:the original
3804:
3792:. Retrieved
3788:
3779:
3754:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:The Atlantic
3705:
3695:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3638:
3627:the original
3606:
3602:
3594:Ursus arctos
3593:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3509:. Retrieved
3496:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3445:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3416:the original
3377:. Retrieved
3373:the original
3368:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3334:Ecos.fws.gov
3333:
3327:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3299:
3290:
3282:the original
3277:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3249:the original
3204:
3200:
3191:
3183:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3103:Ursus arctos
3102:
3095:
3086:
3076:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2970:
2964:
2961:Ursus arctos
2960:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2917:(1): 61–74.
2914:
2910:
2904:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:Ursus arctos
2806:
2798:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2603:
2595:
2588:. Retrieved
2582:
2575:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2521:the original
2516:
2504:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2438:
2431:
2400:
2376:the original
2359:
2314:
2310:
2264:
2260:
2255:Ursus arctos
2254:
2229:
2184:Bear-baiting
2172:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2050:
2043:A sign at a
2015:
2011:
1999:Saskatchewan
1980:
1951:
1946:
1942:McNeil River
1939:
1931:
1915:
1911:Brooks Falls
1884:
1873:back-country
1870:
1862:
1848:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1758:
1743:
1706:
1690:
1686:Picea glauca
1685:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1625:
1613:
1602:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1491:
1482:
1462:
1454:miller moths
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1390:
1327:
1316:
1308:McNeil Falls
1300:Brooks Falls
1283:army cutworm
1257:
1174:
1166:Brooks Falls
1132:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1097:
1093:
1089:salmon spawn
1078:
1056:Reproduction
1047:
1039:
1017:
1009:Aldo Leopold
1002:
987:
975:Great Plains
972:
952:
926:
911:
863:
800:
759:
756:
735:
728:
725:
721:Kodiak bears
714:
684:
668:
665:
660:
652:
644:
636:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
593:Ursus arctos
592:
590:
576:
574:
565:Ursus arctos
564:
561:Ursus arctos
560:
554:
526:
522:Ursus arctos
521:
511:Ursus arctos
510:
508:
493:
477:
468:
409:
403:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
356:
335:
331:
326:
325:
322:grizzly bear
321:
319:
294:
287:
279:
272:
265:
258:
250:
226:
224:
208:
207:
203:Subspecies:
193:
181:
49:Grizzly bear
43:
8524:iNaturalist
8437:Wikispecies
8297:U. a. dalli
8293:Dall Island
7416:: 153–160.
7291:11 November
7051:www.fws.gov
6796:11 November
6217:: 357–360.
6117:: 372–374.
5988:Unwin Hyman
5070:"Wolverine"
4756:26 December
4565:. trib.com.
4546:29 December
4250:29 December
4224:30 December
4197:: 369–372.
3942:30 December
3879:12 December
3794:18 November
3789:www.nps.gov
2823:(12): 598.
2199:Grizzly 399
2030:Grand Teton
2026:Yellowstone
1891:megapascals
1778:Bear attack
1605:polar bears
1563:Black bears
1539:Other bears
1494:gray wolves
1410:blueberries
1378:gray wolves
1358:hibernation
1312:razor clams
1292:sedge grass
1245:bald eagles
1213:black bears
1211:, and even
1100:territories
1050:hyperphagia
1036:Hibernation
892:Populations
839:Yellowstone
821:(including
789:grizzly in
633:Kodiak bear
621:U. a. dalli
446:North Korea
422:Amur Oblast
414:Ussuri Krai
377:), and the
363:Kodiak bear
350:inhabiting
260:U. a. dalli
94:NatureServe
54:Pleistocene
8675:Scavengers
8624:Categories
8384:polar bear
8305:U. a. gyas
8015:subspecies
8012:Brown bear
7555:12 October
7527:12 October
7247:7 December
6874:5 November
6822:8 February
6701:22 October
6373:9 December
6283:30 October
6152:16 October
5910:(4): 977.
5827:28 October
5769:Ecosystems
5051:25 October
4652:12 October
4305:20 January
4086:7 December
3756:Missoulian
3425:7 December
2811:horribilis
2590:25 January
2510:"Homepage"
2459:21 October
2221:References
2020:, such as
1991:endangered
1966:Protection
1952:XootsnoowĂş
1918:ecotourism
1866:Revelstoke
1843:Hugh Glass
1822:watercolor
1776:See also:
1631:wolverines
1551:hybrid in
1549:black bear
1527:The other
1461:, such as
1323:lake trout
1148:See also:
990:California
983:extirpated
959:Washington
823:Washington
807:Hudson Bay
691:Appearance
677:polar bear
629:U. a. gyas
490:George Ord
397:(formerly
383:U. a. gyas
348:brown bear
344:subspecies
340:population
334:or simply
267:U. a. gyas
8725:Fur trade
8386:ancestry.
8334:In Canada
8326:; hybrid)
8286:In Alaska
8238:New World
8200:In Europe
8078:Old World
8064:Species:
8046:Carnivora
8026:Kingdom:
6314:21 August
6080:UBC Press
5718:Oecologia
5476:1923-1245
5311:Ecography
5287:cite book
5246:2 October
5220:5 October
4980:"Grizzly"
4826:: 59–67.
4300:Sciencing
4133:in Canada
4076:Edu.pe.ca
3820:26 August
3344:17 August
3310:31 August
2973:: 33–45.
2896:250134103
2888:0267-8179
2364:Baltimore
2333:0004-0843
1935:Anchorage
1754:voyageurs
1567:territory
1464:Hedysarum
1402:sea lions
1271:pine nuts
1268:whitebark
1201:mule deer
1181:omnivores
1177:Carnivora
1042:hibernate
948:ecosystem
541:Alexander
533:subarctic
189:Species:
161:Carnivora
127:Kingdom:
121:Eukaryota
8568:14000979
8422:Wikidata
8050:Family:
8040:Mammalia
8034:Chordata
8032:Phylum:
8028:Animalia
7961:16243699
7829:84050297
7718:54763647
7657:18 March
7618:17107477
7490:15 March
7465:15 March
7435:5 August
7388:59062736
7113:2 August
7087:2 August
7013:15 March
6610:12 March
6562:12 March
6244:Archived
6190:Archived
6170:Archived
6070:(1992),
5797:28989920
5754:12028991
5746:28308364
5641:54768941
5559:85807685
5526:: 14–19.
5419:15 April
5366:56333267
5117:55121363
5080:5 August
4853:7 August
4796:7 August
4734:7 August
4693:7 August
4601:7 August
4457:7 August
4143:. 2002.
3765:cite web
3623:54757802
3577:18494361
3379:15 March
3258:15 April
3225:38196370
3175:36746982
3114:18 April
3068:23516372
2874:: 8–20.
2849:30513700
2759:10677456
2700:10677513
2405:Berkeley
2289:17107477
2193:Kalispel
2178:See also
2003:Manitoba
1761:Kwakiutl
1750:GwichĘĽin
1677:nitrogen
1591:Michigan
1589:1986 in
1516:Big cats
1450:ladybugs
1338:lemmings
1233:scavenge
1127:Movement
1118:Lifespan
1081:solitary
977:and the
874:Labrador
859:Manitoba
719:and the
599:proper:
450:HokkaidĹŤ
418:Sakhalin
235:Linnaeus
167:Family:
151:Mammalia
141:Chordata
137:Phylum:
131:Animalia
117:Domain:
8516:6163845
8480:1241477
8428:Q171004
8126:In Asia
8056:Genus:
8052:Ursidae
8044:Order:
8038:Class:
7952:1559960
7846:Bibcode
7626:7336900
7598:Bibcode
7422:3873196
7341:Bibcode
7214:6 April
7172:6 April
7139:6 April
6848:16 July
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