623:
1453:
51:
1463:
66:(albeit at different speeds). The propellant, being slowed, falls (thin gray line) to the event horizon of the black hole (black disk). The remains of the body, being sped up, fly away (thin black line) with an excess of energy (that more than offsets the loss of the propellant and the energy used to shoot it).
105:
In an adjunct process, a black hole can be spun up (its rotational speed increased) by sending in particles that do not split up, but instead give their entire angular momentum to the black hole. However, this is not a reverse of the
Penrose process, as both increase the entropy of the black hole by
97:
component of the metric changes its sign inside the ergosphere. That allows matter to have negative energy inside of the ergosphere as long as it moves counter the black hole's rotation fast enough (or, from outside perspective, resists being dragged along to a sufficient degree). Penrose mechanism
101:
In this way, rotational energy is extracted from the black hole, resulting in the black hole being spun down to a lower rotational speed. The maximum amount of energy (per mass of the thrown in object) is extracted if the black hole is rotating at the maximal rate, the object just grazes the event
73:
in the case of an uncharged black hole (assuming the best case of maximal rotation of the black hole). The energy is taken from the rotation of the black hole, so there is a limit on how much energy one can extract by
Penrose process and similar strategies (for an uncharged black hole no more than
86:
The outer surface of the ergosphere is the surface at which light that moves in the direction opposite to the rotation of the black hole remains at a fixed angular coordinate, according to an external observer. Since massive particles necessarily travel slower than light, massive particles will
90:
Inside the ergosphere even light cannot keep up with the rotation of the black hole, as the trajectories of stationary (from the outside perspective) objects become space-like, rather than time-like (that normal matter would have), or light-like. Mathematically, the
1555:
87:
necessarily move along with the black hole's rotation. The inner boundary of the ergosphere is the event horizon, the spatial perimeter beyond which light cannot escape.
1348:
62:(gray region). At its lowest point (red dot) the body fires a propellant backwards; however, to a faraway observer both seem to continue to move forward due to
1742:
47:, meaning that from the point of view of an outside observer any matter inside is forced to move in the direction of the rotation of the black hole.
247:
Williams, R. K. (1995). "Extracting X rays, ÎŽ rays, and relativistic ee pairs from supermassive Kerr black holes using the
Penrose mechanism".
704:
709:
98:
exploits that by diving into the ergosphere, dumping an object that was given negative energy, and returning with more energy than before.
1428:
1085:
69:
The maximum amount of energy gain possible for a single particle decay via the original (or classical) Penrose process is 20.7% of its
102:
horizon and decays into forwards and backwards moving packets of light (the first escapes the black hole, the second falls inside).
1688:
1023:
849:
749:
1589:
1499:
399:
Bhat, Manjiri; Dhurandhar, Sanjeev; Dadhich, Naresh (1985). "Energetics of the Kerr-Newman black hole by the penrose process".
526:
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224:
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1065:
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75:
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1423:
925:
839:
587:
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421:
290:
Cui, Yuzhu; et al. (2023). "Precessing jet nozzle connecting to a spinning black hole in M87".
1100:
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776:
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214:
124: – Thermal radiation believed to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects
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893:
834:
803:
793:
727:
493:
483:
464:
367:
337:
325:
272:
220:
202:
184:
159:; Floyd, R. M. (February 1971). "Extraction of Rotational Energy from a Black Hole".
121:
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321:
63:
58:
In the process, a working body falls (black thick line in the figure) into the
40:
1823:
1594:
1508:
1413:
1333:
861:
856:
268:
188:
156:
138: – Physical effect when bosonic field impinging on a rotating black hole
28:
497:
132:, a 2018 science-fiction film that includes a mission to harness the process
1808:
1633:
1368:
1242:
1210:
818:
737:
329:
276:
180:
463:. Oxford classic texts in the physical sciences. Oxford university press.
1408:
1358:
1312:
1215:
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1029:
754:
662:
1398:
1328:
1297:
1272:
1225:
1220:
1205:
871:
808:
798:
699:
535:
430:
206:
59:
36:
16:
Hypothetical mechanism for extracting energy from rotating black holes
1648:
1433:
1080:
983:
771:
766:
1343:
1302:
1200:
304:
50:
1383:
1477:
1403:
1393:
1373:
1095:
694:
684:
74:
29% of its original mass; larger efficiencies are possible for
1556:
Fashion, Faith, and
Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe
504:
480:
Spacetime and geometry: an introduction to general relativity
398:
289:
201:
118: – An explanation for how quasars are powered
31:as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a
1821:
39:– a region of spacetime around the black hole
1493:
520:
455:
353:
155:
81:
1669:Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics
54:Trajectories of bodies in a Penrose process
1500:
1486:
1086:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
527:
513:
349:
347:
420:
392:
303:
246:
49:
1590:The Large, the Small and the Human Mind
477:
386:
344:
1822:
461:The mathematical theory of black holes
356:The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes
1481:
508:
401:Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy
35:. The process takes advantage of the
1689:Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
1462:
354:Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1983).
13:
449:
14:
1851:
1507:
482:. San Francisco: Addison Wesley.
1734:Orchestrated objective reduction
1607:White Mars or, The Mind Set Free
1461:
1452:
1451:
750:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
621:
358:. Clarendon Press. p. 369.
219:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
867:Innermost stable circular orbit
534:
1293:Timeline of black hole physics
380:
283:
240:
195:
149:
45:faster than the speed of light
1:
1694:Riemannian Penrose inequality
1061:Nonsingular black hole models
231:Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler,
142:
1601:and Stephen Hawking) (1997)
1576:The Nature of Space and Time
237:, Freeman and Company, 1973.
76:charged rotating black holes
7:
1283:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
1248:Hypercompact stellar system
1238:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
457:Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan
109:
106:throwing material into it.
10:
1856:
1758:Conformal cyclic cosmology
1719:Penrose graphical notation
969:Black hole complementarity
936:Bousso's holographic bound
921:Quasi-periodic oscillation
619:
613:Malament–Hogarth spacetime
322:10.1038/s41586-023-06479-6
1766:
1659:Weyl curvature hypothesis
1621:
1566:
1515:
1447:
1321:
1173:
1135:
1114:
1053:
1012:
961:
840:Gravitational singularity
827:
720:
630:
555:
542:
478:Carroll, Sean M. (2004).
82:Details of the ergosphere
1679:Newman–Penrose formalism
1424:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
1349:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
882:Blandford–Znajek process
269:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387
116:Blandford–Znajek process
1840:Hypothetical technology
1639:Abstract index notation
680:Active galactic nucleus
211:Wheeler, John Archibald
161:Nature Physical Science
1798:John Beresford Leathes
1738:Penrose–Lucas argument
1729:Penrose–Terrell effect
1524:The Emperor's New Mind
1308:Tidal disruption event
1278:Supermassive dark star
1196:Black holes in fiction
1181:Outline of black holes
814:Supermassive dark star
733:Gravitational collapse
181:10.1038/physci229177a0
55:
1674:Moore–Penrose inverse
1649:Geometry of spacetime
1186:Black Hole Initiative
999:Holographic principle
53:
1804:Illumination problem
1664:Penrose inequalities
989:Final parsec problem
948:Schwarzschild radius
1540:The Road to Reality
1532:Shadows of the Mind
1288:Superluminal motion
1263:Population III star
1233:Gravitational waves
1191:Black hole starship
974:Information paradox
413:1985JApA....6...85B
364:1983mtbh.book.....C
314:2023Natur.621..711C
261:1995PhRvD..51.5387W
173:1971NPhS..229..177P
33:rotating black hole
1122:Optical black hole
1035:Reissner–Nordström
994:Firewall (physics)
899:Gravitational lens
431:10.1007/BF02715080
203:Misner, Charles W.
56:
27:) is theorised by
1817:
1816:
1753:Andromeda paradox
1724:Penrose transform
1654:Cosmic censorship
1475:
1474:
1268:Supermassive star
1258:Naked singularity
1253:Membrane paradigm
979:Cosmic censorship
953:Spaghettification
941:Immirzi parameter
894:Hawking radiation
835:Astrophysical jet
804:Supermassive star
794:Binary black hole
728:Stellar evolution
670:Intermediate-mass
489:978-0-8053-8732-2
470:978-0-19-850370-5
298:(7980): 711–715.
255:(10): 5387–5427.
249:Physical Review D
226:978-0-7167-0334-1
122:Hawking radiation
29:Sir Roger Penrose
25:Penrose mechanism
1847:
1786:Jonathan Penrose
1743:FELIX experiment
1709:Penrose triangle
1614:
1602:
1599:Nancy Cartwright
1584:
1567:Coauthored books
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1127:Sonic black hole
1076:Dark-energy star
931:Bekenstein bound
916:M–sigma relation
845:Ring singularity
625:
529:
522:
515:
506:
505:
501:
474:
443:
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396:
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307:
287:
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153:
96:
43:by its rotation
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1792:Shirley Hodgson
1762:
1748:Trapped surface
1699:Penrose process
1684:Penrose diagram
1644:Black hole bomb
1617:
1611:Brian W. Aldiss
1605:
1587:
1581:Stephen Hawking
1573:
1562:
1511:
1506:
1476:
1471:
1443:
1419:ULAS J1342+0928
1379:SDSS J0849+1114
1364:Phoenix Cluster
1317:
1169:
1131:
1110:
1049:
1008:
1004:No-hair theorem
957:
911:Bondi accretion
877:Penrose process
823:
789:Gamma-ray burst
716:
626:
617:
603:Direct collapse
551:
538:
533:
490:
471:
452:
450:Further reading
447:
446:
422:10.1.1.512.1400
397:
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381:
374:
352:
345:
288:
284:
245:
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227:
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196:
154:
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136:Black hole bomb
112:
92:
84:
21:Penrose process
17:
12:
11:
5:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:Energy sources
1832:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1780:Oliver Penrose
1777:
1774:Lionel Penrose
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Penrose stairs
1711:
1706:
1704:Penrose tiling
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
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1651:
1646:
1641:
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1631:
1629:Twistor theory
1625:
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1616:
1615:
1603:
1585:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1548:Cycles of Time
1544:
1536:
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1519:
1517:
1513:
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1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1439:Swift J1644+57
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:MS 0735.6+7421
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Sagittarius A*
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
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945:
944:
943:
933:
928:
926:Thermodynamics
923:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
896:
891:
889:Accretion disk
886:
885:
884:
879:
869:
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859:
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837:
831:
829:
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618:
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600:
595:
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585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
563:BTZ black hole
559:
557:
553:
552:
550:
549:
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531:
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509:
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502:
488:
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469:
451:
448:
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391:
379:
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282:
239:
225:
207:Thorne, Kip S.
194:
167:(6): 177–179.
147:
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133:
125:
119:
111:
108:
83:
80:
64:frame-dragging
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1841:
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1800:(grandfather)
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1608:
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1600:
1596:
1595:Abner Shimony
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1578:
1577:
1572:
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1569:
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1557:
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1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Roger Penrose
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
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1468:
1460:
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1440:
1437:
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1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Markarian 501
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
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1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:XTE J1118+480
1337:
1335:
1334:XTE J1650-500
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
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1301:
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1236:
1234:
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1227:
1224:
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1217:
1214:
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1209:
1207:
1204:
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1199:
1197:
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1189:
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1179:
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1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
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1102:
1099:
1097:
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1092:
1089:
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1082:
1079:
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1074:
1072:
1069:
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1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:Schwarzschild
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
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997:
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992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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890:
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868:
865:
863:
862:Photon sphere
860:
858:
857:Event horizon
855:
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842:
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836:
833:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
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782:Related links
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760:Related links
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23:(also called
22:
1809:Quantum mind
1698:
1634:Spin network
1606:
1588:
1574:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1369:PKS 1302-102
1243:Gravity well
1211:Compact star
1165:Microquasars
1150:Most massive
1054:Alternatives
876:
819:X-ray binary
738:Neutron star
675:Supermassive
652:Hawking star
593:Supermassive
479:
460:
404:
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387:Carroll 2004
382:
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24:
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1830:Black holes
1359:Centaurus A
1313:Planet Nine
1216:Exotic star
1145:Black holes
1091:Planck star
1040:Kerr–Newman
755:White dwarf
705:Radio-Quiet
663:Microquasar
536:Black holes
234:Gravitation
216:Gravitation
157:Penrose, R.
1824:Categories
1409:Q0906+6930
1399:Hercules A
1329:Cygnus X-1
1298:White hole
1273:Quasi-star
1226:Preon star
1221:Quark star
1206:Big Bounce
1066:Black star
1024:Derivation
872:Ergosphere
828:Properties
809:Quasi-star
799:Quark star
710:Radio-Loud
598:Primordial
588:Kugelblitz
305:2310.09015
143:References
60:ergosphere
37:ergosphere
1788:(brother)
1782:(brother)
1613:) (1999)
1583:) (1996)
1434:AT2018hyz
1081:Gravastar
1071:Dark star
904:Microlens
777:Hypernova
772:Micronova
767:Supernova
721:Formation
417:CiteSeerX
338:263129681
189:0300-8746
129:High Life
1794:(sister)
1776:(father)
1622:Concepts
1457:Category
1344:A0620-00
1303:Wormhole
1201:Big Bang
1101:Fuzzball
984:ER = EPR
850:Theorems
648:Electron
643:Extremal
573:Rotating
498:53245141
459:(1998).
439:53513572
330:37758892
277:10018300
213:(1973).
110:See also
1767:Related
1467:Commons
1429:P172+18
1384:TON 618
1322:Notable
1174:Related
1160:Quasars
1155:Nearest
1115:Analogs
1045:Hayward
1013:Metrics
658:Stellar
583:Virtual
578:Charged
547:Outline
409:Bibcode
360:Bibcode
310:Bibcode
257:Bibcode
169:Bibcode
41:dragged
1609:(with
1593:(with
1579:(with
1559:(2016)
1551:(2010)
1543:(2004)
1535:(1994)
1527:(1989)
1404:3C 273
1394:NeVe 1
1374:OJ 287
1096:Q star
962:Issues
695:Blazar
685:Quasar
496:
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370:
336:
328:
292:Nature
275:
223:
187:
1516:Books
1137:Lists
638:Micro
608:Rogue
556:Types
435:S2CID
334:S2CID
300:arXiv
1106:Geon
1030:Kerr
631:Size
494:OCLC
484:ISBN
465:ISBN
368:ISBN
326:PMID
273:PMID
221:ISBN
185:ISSN
71:mass
19:The
700:OVV
690:LQG
427:doi
318:doi
296:621
265:doi
177:doi
165:229
78:).
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94:dt
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