1191:, the sole American manufacturer of the drug, objected to the use of thiopental in lethal injection. "Hospira manufactures this product because it improves or saves lives, and the company markets it solely for use as indicated on the product labeling. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure." On January 21, 2011, the company announced that it would stop production of sodium thiopental from its plant in Italy, because it could not provide Italian authorities with guarantees that exported doses would not be used in executions. According to a company spokesperson, Italy was the only viable place where it could produce the drug, leaving the US without a supplier.
757:
69:
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571:
60:
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909:(gas) agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain unconsciousness during anaesthesia due to its rapid redistribution throughout the body (as it has a high
1048:. A very large dose is given to ensure rapid loss of consciousness. Although death usually occurs within ten minutes of the beginning of the injection process, some have been known to take longer. The use of sodium thiopental in execution protocols was challenged in court after a study in the medical journal
1099:
to weaken the resolve of a subject and make the individual more compliant to pressure. Barbiturates decrease both higher cortical brain function and inhibition. It is thought that because lying is a more involved process than telling the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to
1080:
in the US, the United
Kingdom introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December 2010, after it was established that no European supplies to the US were being used for any other purpose. The restrictions were based on "the European Union Torture Regulation (including licensing of drugs
1009:
Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. Death is quick. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg thiopental sodium (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 mL physiological saline). Then, a triple dose of a non-depolarizing
977:
in reducing intracranial pressure. This phenomenon is also called an inverse steal or Robin Hood effect as cerebral perfusion to all parts of the brain is reduced (due to the decreased cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide) allowing optimal perfusion to ischaemic areas of the brain which have
1081:
used in execution by lethal injection)". From 21 December 2011, the EU extended trade restrictions to prevent the export of certain medicinal products for capital punishment, stating that "the Union disapproves of capital punishment in all circumstances and works towards its universal abolition".
1166:
receptor currents are increased by barbiturates (and other general anesthetics), ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both sodium
932:
will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Conversely, obese animals will have rapid recoveries, but it will take much longer for the drug to be entirely removed (metabolized) from their bodies. Sodium thiopental is always
1198:
confiscated an overseas shipment of thiopental destined for the states of
Arizona and Texas. FDA spokesman Jeff Ventura said in a statement, "Courts have concluded that sodium thiopental for the injection in humans is an unapproved drug and may not be imported into the country".
882:
within 30–45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body, and in about 5–10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain that consciousness returns.
1406:. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. Ralph M. Waters in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia. Three months later, Dr. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the
1252:, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are: age, sex, and lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are:
10041:
1215:
molecule. As with all lipid-soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of sodium thiopental is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation into muscle and fatty tissue, due to its very high lipid–water
7496:
1061:
On
December 8, 2009, Ohio became the first state to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for an execution, following the failed use of the standard three-drug cocktail during a prior execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins.
961:, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO
9662:
8403:
1316:. Intravenous administration of sodium thiopental is followed instantly by an odor and/or taste sensation, sometimes described as being similar to rotting onions, or to garlic. Residual side-effects may last up to 36 hours.
9981:
8391:
1617:
The selection and use of essential medicines : report of the WHO Expert
Committee, March 2011 (including the 17th WHO model list of essential medicines and the 3rd WHO model list of essential medicines for
1994:
Abraham P, Rennert RC, Gabel BC, Sack JA, Karanjia N, Warnke P, Chen CC (December 2017). "ICP management in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
8250:
1299:
obstruction. For these reasons, thiopental should only be administered by suitably trained medical personnel, who should give thiopental in an environment equipped to provide (respiratory) support, such as
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9537:
9243:
1073:
was the first in the state to use a single-dose, single-drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug.
1058:
of executed inmates showed the level of thiopental in their bloodstream was insufficient to cause unconsciousness although this is dependent on different factors and not just on the drug itself.
7396:
814:. Despite this, thiopental is listed as an acceptable alternative to propofol, depending on local availability and cost of these agents. It was the first of three drugs administered during most
6346:
1740:
Bryson EO (December 2014). "The Abuse of Agents Used to Induce or
Maintain General Anesthesia: Intravenous Hypnotics and the Halogenated Hydrocarbons". In Kaye AD, Vadivelu N, Urman RD (eds.).
8399:
8387:
8245:
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the uncovering of the truth. The drug tends to make subjects verbose and cooperative with interrogators; however, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is questionable.
8972:
3043:
222:
1002:. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by
1421:. These deaths, relatively soon after the drug's introduction, were said to be due to excessive doses given to shocked trauma patients. However, recent evidence available through
8992:
965:), decrease the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. Patients with refractory elevated intracranial pressure (RICH) due to
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1236:
The usual dose range for induction of anesthesia using thiopental is from 3 to 6 mg/kg; however, there are many factors that can alter this. Premedication with
6473:
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1471:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
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Washington State became the second state in the US to use the single-dose sodium thiopental injections for executions. On
September 10, 2010, the execution of
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1833:"Comparison of the Effects of Thiopental Sodium and Propofol on Haemodynamics, Awareness and Newborns During Caesarean Section Under General Anaesthesia"
1497:
Russo H, Brès J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B (1995). "Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients".
11371:
8374:
2686:"[The relationship of age to the pharmacokinetics of early drug distribution: the concurrent disposition of thiopental and indocyanine green.]"
739:
235:
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2521:
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higher metabolic demands, since vessels supplying ischaemic areas of the brain would already be maximally dilated because of the metabolic demand.
8339:
1220:(approximately 10), leading to sequestration in fatty tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolized in the liver by
11528:
9747:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8525:
2443:"Intravenous anaesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated currents and Ca2+ transients in rat intracardiac ganglion neurons"
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99:
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8027:
7773:
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6336:
2525:
1964:
247:
2871:
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826:
banned the export of the drug for this purpose. Although thiopental abuse carries a dependency risk, its recreational use is rare.
2628:"Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite"
953:. It has now been superseded by drugs such as propofol because their effects wear off more quickly than thiopental. Patients with
11806:
9298:
8749:
1228:, 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.
10191:
10026:
9440:
9273:
9208:
1175:
receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABA
12181:
10073:
3508:
3459:
2339:
2312:
807:
746:
12186:
7766:
1410:
at the request of Abbott. Abbott continued to make the drug until 2004, when it spun off its hospital-products division as
1468:
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2917:
2298:
2121:
271:
12201:
12171:
12156:
12151:
10910:
9737:
1757:
1464:
1422:
1171:) ligand-gated ion channels, e.g. the neuronal nAChR, in mediating some of the (side) effects of barbiturates. The GABA
1435:, only 13 did not survive, and it is unlikely that thiopentone overdose was responsible for more than a few of these.
11043:
8920:
7744:
7175:
4242:
3070:
2966:
1891:
1881:
1635:
715:
2551:
11032:
3501:
3476:
2364:
2150:
1808:"'Truth serum' drugs do exist. Here's how medicines like sodium pentothal and scopolamine can manipulate the brain"
1151:
723:
InChI=1S/C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+1/p-1
365:
207:
2096:
12191:
11466:
11062:
9895:
2193:
1807:
1427:
1077:
905:, leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an
897:
Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays
886:
A normal dose of sodium thiopental (usually 4–6 mg/kg) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery (
12196:
9643:
8981:
8690:
6695:
1469:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
1112:
and to "facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories." One psychiatrist who worked with thiopental is
1011:
1431:, which has suggested that this story was grossly exaggerated. Of the 344 wounded that were admitted to the
12166:
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10975:
8913:
8719:
7740:
3063:
2627:
1472:
1195:
589:
470:
973:
is added to their neurointensive care treatment. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to
11156:
10270:
7464:
6575:
5013:
4663:
2490:
Franks NP, Lieb WR (November 1998). "Which molecular targets are most relevant to general anaesthesia?".
1432:
550:
2529:
1916:"Injury due to extravasation of thiopental and propofol: Risks/effects of local cooling/warming in rats"
1022:
but pancuronium bromide may be administered intramuscularly at an increased dosage level of 40 mg.
12121:
11480:
11206:
11076:
10063:
6585:
4768:
4582:
8561:
2822:
Pereda J, Gómez-Cambronero L, Alberola A, Fabregat G, Cerdá M, Escobar J, et al. (October 2006).
2394:
539:
347:
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4419:
3048:
1690:
1659:
1612:
1584:
17:
6600:
6595:
6590:
2355:
Pearlman T (December 1980). "Behavioral desensitization of phobic anxiety using thiopental sodium".
12066:
9696:
7157:
7153:
6326:
4745:
4559:
3192:
2824:"Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats"
1187:
Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in
California, a company spokesman for
1139:
1138:
class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of
863:
566:
3033:
1150:
channel is one of several representatives. This superfamily of ion channels includes the neuronal
11196:
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7869:
7800:
3464:
3099:
1208:
906:
143:
81:
2759:
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7806:
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7365:
4799:
4613:
2602:"The FDA Confiscated A Supply Of Execution Drugs Texas Is Thought To Have Imported Illegally"
1914:
Shibata Y, Yokooji T, Itamura R, Sagara Y, Taogoshi T, Ogawa K, et al. (December 2016).
1387:
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remains conscious. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby's consciousness.
479:
334:
44:
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1972:
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8:
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Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ (1986). "".
1403:
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772:
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109:
68:
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43:"Sodium Pentathol" and "C11 H17 N2 O2 S Na" redirect here. For the song by Anthrax, see
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Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the
1399:
1360:
1305:
1041:
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949:
In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce
855:
791:
117:
2499:
2173:"Kenneth Biros Execution: Ohio Man First to Die Under 1-Drug Thiopental Sodium Method"
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and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein.
898:
887:
795:
11570:
11566:
11494:
1545:"Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section"
1526:
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of 5.5 to 26 hours is quite long, consciousness would take a long time to return.
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2918:"From this point in time: some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia"
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1018:(Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should be given intravenously to ensure optimal
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2008:
1719:"Death Penalty Opposition: EU Set to Ban Export of Drug Used in US Executions"
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drug is given, such as 20 mg pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) or 20 mg
933:
administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating to tissue and is a
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World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
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1116:, who used this procedure to help relieve trauma in surviving victims of the
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6690:
6655:
6650:
6620:
6569:
6496:
6188:
6178:
5950:
5945:
5935:
5930:
5860:
5685:
5675:
5567:
5527:
5492:
5472:
5457:
5442:
5377:
5372:
5357:
5327:
5322:
5307:
5253:
5243:
5099:
5001:
4996:
4906:
4809:
4760:
4695:
4623:
4574:
4519:
4514:
4320:
4237:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4143:
4039:
4029:
3961:
3875:
3817:
3802:
3704:
3664:
3654:
3634:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3420:
3402:
3353:
3247:
3242:
3112:
3007:
2990:
2857:
2839:
2808:
2799:
2643:
2507:
2476:
2458:
2073:
2016:
1949:
1866:
1664:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1249:
950:
803:
185:
175:
7833:
3016:
2933:
2711:
2670:
2380:
1597:
1570:
1518:
12076:
12041:
12021:
11936:
11926:
11881:
11861:
11781:
11711:
11701:
11691:
11686:
11656:
11446:
11441:
11431:
11421:
11366:
11331:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11301:
11241:
11216:
11211:
11131:
10920:
10905:
10885:
10855:
10785:
10669:
10649:
10639:
10634:
10614:
10575:
10525:
10520:
10505:
10495:
10460:
10410:
10380:
10375:
10365:
10285:
10228:
10181:
10113:
10088:
10036:
9951:
9837:
9775:
9752:
9460:
9445:
9391:
9379:
9193:
9168:
9056:
9031:
8882:
8799:
8665:
8607:
8599:
8489:
8344:
8265:
8255:
8202:
8152:
8051:
8036:
8008:
7879:
7645:
7640:
7610:
7590:
7345:
7325:
7275:
7098:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7042:
7037:
7004:
6926:
6767:
6734:
6724:
6580:
6564:
6468:
6351:
6268:
6248:
6238:
6208:
6173:
6125:
6115:
6075:
6070:
6045:
6030:
5990:
5980:
5915:
5885:
5835:
5780:
5755:
5735:
5730:
5695:
5592:
5547:
5502:
5482:
5447:
5422:
5317:
5294:
5218:
5188:
5084:
5028:
5023:
4979:
4953:
4911:
4888:
4873:
4832:
4778:
4646:
4592:
4542:
4509:
4494:
4454:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4176:
4158:
4148:
4077:
4057:
4019:
3895:
3832:
3827:
3772:
3757:
3729:
3694:
3679:
3614:
3601:
3566:
3333:
3328:
3300:
3237:
3229:
3214:
3167:
2244:
2213:
2129:
1407:
1356:
1288:
1253:
1135:
1129:
1096:
1090:
954:
851:
834:
788:
160:
7710:
1742:
Substance abuse: inpatient and outpatient management for every clinician
1703:
1672:
928:. Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as
439:
12036:
12016:
11976:
11951:
11916:
11906:
11851:
11841:
11836:
11826:
11801:
11766:
11721:
11716:
11696:
11681:
11641:
11606:
11538:
11523:
11513:
11266:
11256:
11201:
11161:
11146:
10958:
10930:
10880:
10865:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10765:
10735:
10725:
10664:
10600:
10585:
10565:
10510:
10480:
10465:
10440:
10425:
10390:
10385:
10345:
10340:
10310:
10295:
10255:
10233:
10196:
10166:
10151:
10131:
9889:
9859:
9842:
9832:
9587:
9577:
9552:
9507:
9384:
9369:
9364:
9344:
9303:
9293:
9283:
9263:
9258:
9218:
9213:
9173:
9163:
9148:
9088:
9063:
8839:
8814:
8794:
8789:
8764:
8669:
8657:
8629:
8547:
8521:
8517:
8503:
8493:
8464:
8452:
8448:
8419:
8414:
8369:
8308:
8290:
8275:
8194:
8178:
8174:
8156:
8140:
8092:
8080:
8066:
8003:
7926:
7884:
7678:
7630:
7625:
7543:
7538:
7444:
7415:
7411:
7320:
7285:
7230:
7220:
7180:
7113:
6941:
6906:
6871:
6866:
6820:
6810:
6739:
6700:
6660:
6645:
6625:
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6554:
6549:
6539:
6506:
6488:
6384:
6331:
6296:
6243:
6233:
6203:
6198:
6135:
6110:
6065:
6040:
6020:
6000:
5995:
5985:
5965:
5920:
5910:
5895:
5855:
5850:
5820:
5775:
5770:
5750:
5740:
5720:
5715:
5705:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5597:
5452:
5367:
5362:
5248:
5238:
5213:
5079:
5052:
5042:
4963:
4943:
4916:
4851:
4827:
4822:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4680:
4641:
4636:
4547:
4489:
4474:
4285:
4191:
4087:
4067:
4034:
4024:
4014:
4004:
3971:
3953:
3938:
3885:
3880:
3842:
3837:
3812:
3797:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3734:
3441:
3415:
3410:
3392:
3377:
3359:
3343:
3147:
3117:
3107:
2420:
1626:
1510:
1309:
1280:
1277:
1050:
999:
929:
871:
867:
645:
450:
311:
155:
2821:
11876:
11871:
11846:
11821:
11816:
11786:
11736:
11726:
11706:
11576:
11361:
11356:
11346:
11171:
11151:
11141:
11136:
11091:
10755:
10745:
10703:
10629:
10619:
10545:
10540:
10500:
10475:
10470:
10420:
10395:
10325:
10300:
10290:
10265:
10260:
10250:
10126:
10011:
9996:
9976:
9961:
9956:
9847:
9672:
9667:
9613:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9450:
9359:
9354:
9329:
9238:
9178:
9158:
9153:
9143:
9133:
9108:
9036:
8998:
Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
8867:
8824:
8809:
8804:
8675:
8619:
8615:
8508:
8439:
8379:
8319:
8314:
8280:
8190:
8186:
8127:
8117:
8096:
8042:
7946:
7913:
7668:
7620:
7615:
7600:
7558:
7553:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7459:
7355:
7340:
7280:
7265:
7250:
7070:
6981:
6936:
6901:
6891:
6861:
6856:
6841:
6815:
6777:
6772:
6749:
6744:
6729:
6635:
6630:
6511:
6389:
6379:
6371:
6306:
6283:
6263:
6258:
6228:
6213:
6183:
6165:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6120:
6105:
6100:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6050:
6025:
5975:
5960:
5955:
5940:
5925:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5790:
5785:
5760:
5690:
5670:
5640:
5562:
5497:
5427:
5417:
5382:
5279:
5183:
5089:
4883:
4773:
4740:
4675:
4587:
4552:
4504:
4347:
4300:
4107:
4092:
4082:
4072:
3981:
3943:
3933:
3925:
3910:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3822:
3777:
3714:
3649:
3436:
3323:
3295:
3285:
3257:
3142:
3137:
3127:
2441:
Weber M, Motin L, Gaul S, Beker F, Fink RH, Adams DJ (January 2005).
2125:
1831:Çakırtekin V, Yıldırım A, Bakan N, Çelebi N, Bozkurt Ö (April 2015).
1538:
1536:
1364:
1245:
1168:
1117:
405:
103:
1044:, thiopental is used in 34 states of the US to execute prisoners by
373:
sodium 5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
59:
12030:
11956:
11771:
11761:
11581:
11336:
11326:
11286:
11281:
11271:
11236:
11186:
11181:
11086:
10900:
10698:
10605:
10430:
10415:
10330:
10245:
10161:
10051:
9933:
9864:
9854:
9716:
9582:
9480:
9288:
8862:
8648:
8633:
8623:
8611:
8480:
8470:
8456:
8270:
8136:
8112:
8071:
7936:
7725:
7658:
7635:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7516:
7490:
7350:
7310:
7290:
7270:
7260:
7200:
7195:
7009:
6971:
6921:
6886:
6851:
6846:
6830:
6825:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6782:
6670:
6478:
6355:
6341:
6316:
6311:
6301:
6273:
6060:
6055:
6035:
6015:
6010:
5810:
5765:
5745:
5710:
5700:
5587:
5542:
5532:
5437:
5332:
5312:
5228:
5110:
5073:
5064:
4958:
4710:
4439:
4409:
4335:
4270:
4125:
4102:
4097:
4062:
3915:
3847:
3709:
3624:
3528:
3524:
3382:
3338:
3318:
3290:
3219:
3209:
3132:
2252:
2221:
2177:
1348:
1320:
1257:
1237:
934:
859:
811:
499:
430:
1533:
1331:, and does not show the allergic reactions of sulfa/sulpha drugs.
668:
12026:
12006:
11586:
11557:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11386:
11290:
11176:
11111:
11106:
10944:
10790:
10780:
10760:
10715:
10201:
9816:
9801:
9767:
9701:
9592:
9470:
9188:
9118:
9098:
9046:
8759:
8591:
8260:
8206:
8144:
8047:
7951:
7897:
7889:
7874:
7853:
7848:
7672:
7662:
7421:
7360:
7335:
7330:
7205:
7185:
7165:
6986:
6976:
6961:
6946:
6931:
6916:
6911:
6896:
6881:
6762:
6501:
6361:
5815:
5522:
5223:
5018:
4755:
4569:
4444:
4340:
4247:
3966:
3699:
3201:
1411:
1188:
1055:
819:
2483:
1108:
Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with
11616:
11436:
11246:
11031:
10820:
10720:
10093:
9824:
9806:
9783:
9078:
9073:
8587:
7905:
7861:
7605:
7568:
7190:
7143:
7014:
6996:
6956:
6640:
6438:
5069:
4221:
4117:
3310:
2901:(9). American Society of Anesthesiologists: 7–9. Archived from
1324:
1313:
1296:
1109:
891:
530:
2891:"The Investigator and His 'Uncompromising Scientific Honesty'"
11986:
10815:
10240:
10031:
9757:
9567:
9093:
9083:
8220:
6966:
5094:
4414:
3182:
2922:
The Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
2733:
2625:
1830:
1292:
822:
objected and stopped manufacturing the drug in 2011, and the
659:
510:
304:
8980:
2626:
Winters WD, Spector E, Wallach DP, Shideman FE (July 1955).
2120:
Royal Dutch Society for the Advancement of Pharmacy (1994).
998:
Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of
555:
10708:
10535:
10121:
10108:
9742:
9562:
9532:
9522:
9435:
9268:
9233:
9223:
9021:
8680:
8552:
8225:
6399:
3561:
2958:
History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist
2399:
1913:
1589:
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 16th list, March 2009
1167:
thiopental and pentobarbital. Such findings implicate (non-
862:, but may retain some popularity as an induction agent for
837:," although its efficacy in this role has been questioned.
490:
11044:
9946:
8166:
2928:(2). American Association of Nurse Anesthetists: 95–102.
2632:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2552:"US executions delayed by shortage of death penalty drug"
1689:
1658:
1611:
1583:
1496:
2434:
2274:"Controls on torture goods - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK"
1676:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
2656:
2245:"US lethal injection drug faces UK export restrictions"
1993:
1543:
Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ (June 1981).
1542:
1398:
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by
808:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
11467:
11063:
10238:
Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):
5155:
833:, especially under the name "sodium pentothal," as a "
12119:
9644:
8691:
4934:
2428:
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
2214:"Drug sold in UK to be used for execution in Georgia"
2122:"Administration and Compounding of Euthanasic Agents"
890:) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her
854:
and has been used commonly in the induction phase of
3052:. Vol. 35, issue 4. June 18, 2008. pp. 957–968.
2683:
2659:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III
2577:"Key death penalty drug discontinued by U.S. maker"
2440:
2151:"Ohio executes inmate with 1-drug lethal injection"
1339:Thiopental should be used with caution in cases of
1837:Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation
1591:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
1378:in rats. This pulmonary edema was not mediated by
787:(also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting
7708:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:
990:, thiopental may be used to terminate a seizure.
858:. Its use has been largely replaced with that of
12143:
2874:. Anesthesia History Association. Archived from
2758:. eMedicineHealth. 12 April 2009. Archived from
2089:"Anesthetic Management of Head-injured Patients"
878:, the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes
418:
7788:
2305:
2040:"Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury"
2037:
1873:
969:(TBI) may have improved long term outcome when
806:. Sodium thiopental was a core medicine in the
390:
11962:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
9896:
9881:
3523:
3085:
2416:"The LSD Therapy Career of Jan Bastiaans, M.D"
2194:"Killer on death row 16-1/2 years is executed"
2115:
2113:
818:in the United States until the US division of
12217:World Health Organization essential medicines
12162:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
12103:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
11017:
8966:
8850:
8737:
7774:
5141:
4538:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
3509:
3071:
2574:
2329:
1965:"TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Barbiturate Coma"
1224:. Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to
1095:Thiopental is still used in some places as a
12098:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
2313:"Truth serum used on 'serial child killers'"
2031:
1987:
5157:
4927:
2982:
2110:
2044:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1879:
1066:was executed using the single-drug method.
850:Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting
11024:
11010:
10983:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
8973:
8959:
7781:
7767:
5148:
5134:
3516:
3502:
3078:
3064:
2549:
2489:
1207:Thiopental rapidly and easily crosses the
592:
569:
458:
150:Intravenous (most common), oral, or rectal
11049:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
10990:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
3006:
2991:"Thiopentone anaesthesia at Pearl Harbor"
2888:
2872:"This Month in Anesthesia History: March"
2847:
2798:
2780:
2701:
2526:University of Virginia School of Medicine
2466:
2299:"EU Council Regulation (EU) No 1352/2011"
2063:
1939:
1886:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 169.
1856:
1702:
1685:
1683:
1671:
1625:
1596:
1560:
1499:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
944:
478:
11592:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
9402:
8939:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
7818:
2988:
2950:
2413:
2354:
2242:
2191:
2170:
1006:to paralyze muscles and stop breathing.
755:
2684:Avram M, Krejcie T, Henthorn T (1990).
2599:
2332:The Howdunit Book of Poisons (Howdunit)
2038:Roberts I, Sydenham E (December 2012).
1304:. Other side-effects include headache,
1283:, thiopental causes cardiovascular and
565:
438:
14:
12144:
11472:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
11068:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
10713:Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:
1880:Gleason CA, Juul SE (12 August 2011).
1739:
1680:
1652:
1463:
1123:
924:, sodium thiopental is used to induce
583:
253:
11005:
9869:Other positive allosteric modulators:
9649:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
8954:
8696:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
7762:
5129:
5114:
3497:
3059:
3034:PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental
2915:
1782:"Can a drug make you tell the truth?"
1697:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1666:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1620:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1374:and thiopental causes death by acute
1134:Sodium thiopental is a member of the
981:
538:
518:
265:
108:
8388:4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
8246:4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
7749:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
5115:
2575:Welsh-Huggins A (January 21, 2011).
2334:. Cincinnati: Writers Digest Books.
2143:
1334:
1162:and others. Surprisingly, while GABA
189:
179:
94:Truth serum, thiopentone, thiopental
10610:Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
8211:trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
7366:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
2086:
1920:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
1744:. New York: Springer. p. 115.
1648:. WHO technical report series; 965.
1402:and Donalee L. Tabern, working for
1386:but was due to increased pulmonary
1025:
829:Sodium thiopental is well-known in
498:
409:
24:
9174:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
8815:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
6429:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
2357:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1962:
1423:freedom of information legislation
25:
12228:
11677:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
7176:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
4243:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
3027:
2153:. Associated Press. December 2001
1805:
1196:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
216:
128:
12129:
11033:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
2703:10.1097/00000542-199003000-00002
2365:American Psychiatric Association
2192:Sullivan J (10 September 2010).
1562:10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006
1248:will reduce requirements due to
1182:
1152:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
623:
617:
67:
58:
12057:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
11382:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
11377:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
10650:Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
9597:Negative allosteric modulators:
9485:Positive allosteric modulators:
9308:Negative allosteric modulators:
9061:Positive allosteric modulators:
7596:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
2944:
2909:
2889:Steinhaus JE (September 2001).
2882:
2864:
2828:British Journal of Pharmacology
2815:
2781:James MF, Hift RJ (July 2000).
2774:
2748:
2718:
2677:
2650:
2619:
2593:
2568:
2543:
2514:
2447:British Journal of Pharmacology
2407:
2387:
2348:
2323:
2291:
2266:
2243:Casciani D (29 November 2010).
2236:
2206:
2185:
2164:
2080:
1956:
1907:
1883:Avery's Diseases of the Newborn
1824:
1799:
1774:
1479:from the original on 2023-08-03
1271:
728:Key:AWLILQARPMWUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
703:.O=C1NC(=S)/N=C(/)C1(C(C)CCC)CC
9886:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
9194:Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)
9089:Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
6545:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
3040:Thiopental in Lethal Injection
2995:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2989:Bennetts FE (September 1995).
2953:"Chapter 7: Illegal or Legal?"
2787:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2600:Solomon D (October 27, 2015).
2171:Martinez E (8 December 2009).
2056:10.1002/14651858.CD000033.pub2
1733:
1721:. Spiegel Online International
1711:
1605:
1577:
1490:
1457:
1428:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1084:
1078:execution of Jeffrey Landrigan
638:
632:
629:
611:
242:
229:
27:Barbiturate general anesthetic
13:
1:
12093:Receptor/signaling modulators
11747:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
10976:Receptor/signaling modulators
10825:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
9389:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
8982:Ionotropic glutamate receptor
8914:Receptor/signaling modulators
8855:Tooltip Glycine transporter 2
8765:Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
8742:Tooltip Glycine transporter 1
7741:Receptor/signaling modulators
6297:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
2500:10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00158-1
2330:Bannon A, Stevens SD (2007).
1450:
1202:
1103:
993:
845:
12182:Kainate receptor antagonists
8932:receptor positive modulators
7491:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
6576:anabolic-androgenic steroids
5358:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
5163:receptor positive modulators
2319:. Reuters. January 12, 2007.
1750:10.1007/978-1-4939-1951-2_10
794:. It is the thiobarbiturate
7:
12187:Lethal injection components
11827:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
11157:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
10674:NR2A-selective antagonists:
10206:Polyamine site antagonists:
9431:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
9017:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
6131:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
4769:Tetracyclic antidepressants
4583:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2550:Pilkington E (2010-09-28).
1932:10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.09.005
1438:
1323:of thiopental contains one
10:
12233:
11207:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
9114:Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
7970:chlorobutanol (chloretone)
6459:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
2522:"Anesthesia and Analgesia"
1707:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
1393:
1127:
1088:
1029:
601:Chemical and physical data
42:
31:
12202:Drugs developed by Pfizer
12172:Glycine receptor agonists
12157:AMPA receptor antagonists
12152:Drugs developed by AbbVie
12085:
11999:
11460:
11056:
11042:
10967:
10056:Glycine site antagonists:
9642:
9400:
8991:
8905:
8848:
8735:
8718:
8689:
8085:pregnenolone (eltanolone)
8062:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
7816:
7799:
7734:
7384:
7152:
7089:
7056:
7023:
6995:
6709:
6651:Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
6530:
6487:
6398:
6370:
6282:
6164:
5606:
5293:
5194:Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
5169:
5123:
4972:
4925:
4897:
4864:
4844:
4790:
4746:Tricyclic antidepressants
4731:
4719:
4662:
4604:
4560:Tricyclic antidepressants
4528:
4465:
4453:
4382:
4230:
4167:
4134:
4116:
4048:
3995:
3952:
3924:
3866:
3743:
3600:
3552:
3540:
3454:
3429:
3401:
3368:
3309:
3276:
3228:
3200:
3191:
3098:
3049:Fordham Urban Law Journal
2009:10.1007/s00701-017-3363-1
1691:World Health Organization
1660:World Health Organization
1613:World Health Organization
1585:World Health Organization
1363:, or a family history of
1231:
1140:ligand-gated ion channels
760:Pentothal vintage package
736:
711:
691:
679:
657:
644:
605:
600:
581:
549:
529:
509:
489:
469:
449:
429:
404:
381:
361:
356:
346:
333:
323:
310:
298:
288:
280:
206:
201:
166:
154:
142:
116:
98:
90:
80:
75:
66:
57:
12067:Phosphatidylethanolamine
9944:Competitive antagonists:
9852:Polyamine site agonists:
9838:Neboglamine (nebostinel)
9407:Tooltip Kainate receptor
8921:GABA receptor modulators
7823:Tooltip Glycine receptor
7745:GABA receptor modulators
7655:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
4331:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
2756:"Pentothal (thiopental)"
1475:(published 2023-04-04).
864:rapid-sequence induction
810:, but was supplanted by
32:Not to be confused with
11847:Morphanol (racemorphan)
11787:Laudexium (laudolissin)
11197:Desformylflustrabromine
10926:Pentamidine isethionate
10670:Traxoprodil (CP-101606)
9909:Epipregnanolone sulfate
8566:3β-androsterone sulfate
8562:3α-androsterone sulfate
4818:Atypical antipsychotics
4632:Atypical antipsychotics
2916:Lundy JS (April 1966).
2373:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1580
1849:10.5152/TJAR.2014.75547
1473:Diário Oficial da União
957:, causing elevation of
840:
10956:Allosteric modulators:
10891:Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
10546:Pethidine (meperidine)
10167:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
10089:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
9753:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
9721:Glycine site agonists:
9553:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
9264:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
9149:Mibampator (LY-451395)
8810:ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
7999:Alkylbenzene sulfonate
7631:Retigabine (ezogabine)
6907:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
6474:7,8-Dihydromethysticin
6464:5,6-Dehydromethysticin
5343:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
4992:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
4800:Typical antipsychotics
4614:Typical antipsychotics
3038:Vassallo, Susi, M.D. "
2840:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706871
2494:. 100–101 (1–2): 1–8.
2459:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705942
1419:attack on Pearl Harbor
1384:pulmonary hypertension
1302:mechanical ventilation
1285:respiratory depression
1076:After its use for the
1012:neuromuscular blocking
967:traumatic brain injury
945:Medically-induced coma
911:volume of distribution
761:
12192:Nicotinic antagonists
12052:Glycerophosphocholine
10625:CO-101244 (PD-174494)
10341:Delucemine (NPS-1506)
10291:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
8883:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
8183:diethyl ether (ether)
2317:Sydney Morning Herald
1433:Tripler Army Hospital
1388:vascular permeability
1370:Co-administration of
1218:partition coefficient
1089:Further information:
1030:Further information:
959:intracranial pressure
926:anesthesia in animals
876:intravenous injection
759:
12197:Organic sodium salts
12047:Dimethylethanolamine
11912:Rapacuronium bromide
11892:Pipecuronium bromide
11732:Gantacurium chloride
11692:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
11277:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
11227:Ethoxysebacylcholine
10645:Radiprodil (RGH-896)
10620:Buphenine (nylidrin)
10197:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
10012:Midafotel (d-CPPene)
9919:Pregnenolone sulfate
9843:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
9634:Pregnenolone sulfate
9375:Pregnenolone sulfate
8578:pregnenolone sulfate
8558:Neuroactive steroids
8516:constituents (e.g.,
8476:Cyanotriphenylborate
8437:Negative modulators:
8360:N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
8286:Cyanotriphenylborate
8123:Tetrahydrocannabinol
8089:pregnenolone acetate
8077:Neuroactive steroids
8050:constituents (e.g.,
7959:Positive modulators:
7686:constituents (e.g.,
7470:Deuterated etifoxine
6532:Neuroactive steroids
6502:Apronal (apronalide)
6354:constituents (e.g.,
5971:N-Desalkylflurazepam
4949:Gabapentin enacarbil
3997:Neuroactive steroids
3967:Apronal (apronalide)
3403:Neuroactive steroids
3370:Arylcyclohexylamines
3008:10.1093/bja/75.3.366
2951:Thatcher VS (1953).
2800:10.1093/bja/85.1.143
2403:. February 24, 1958.
2093:www.amcresidents.com
1997:Acta Neurochirurgica
1425:was reviewed in the
1194:In October 2015 the
238:(Psychoactive drugs)
45:Sound of White Noise
12167:General anesthetics
12062:Phosphatidylcholine
11947:Threohydrobupropion
11932:Stercuronium iodide
11867:Pancuronium bromide
9876:-Hydroxycholesterol
9687:Homoquinolinic acid
9660:Main site agonists:
9418:Main site agonists:
9012:5-Fluorowillardiine
9009:Main site agonists:
8570:deoxycorticosterone
8350:N-Methylbicuculline
7479:dihydroergocryptine
6791:Pyrazolopyrimidines
6449:5,6-Dihydroyangonin
6434:7,8-Dihydroyangonin
5621:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
5463:Methylphenobarbital
3087:General anesthetics
2961:. J.B. Lippincott.
2414:Snelders S (1998).
1404:Abbott Laboratories
1276:As with nearly all
1222:zero-order kinetics
1209:blood–brain barrier
1124:Mechanism of action
1038:pancuronium bromide
1004:pancuronium bromide
922:veterinary medicine
802:, and an analog of
773:Abbott Laboratories
397:76-75-5 (free acid)
225:(Prescription only)
86:Pentothal, Trapanal
54:
11982:Vecuronium bromide
11922:Rocuronium bromide
11832:Methyllycaconitine
11757:Hydroxynorketamine
11652:Dextropropoxyphene
11637:Dehydronorketamine
11627:Dacuronium bromide
10224:Diethylenetriamine
9903:prasterone sulfate
9678:Homocysteic acid (
9421:5-Bromowillardiine
8780:Glycyldodecylamide
8384:4-hydroxyquinoline
8355:N-Methylstrychnine
7573:4-O-methylhonokiol
7236:Dichloralphenazone
7134:Methylmethaqualone
6711:Nonbenzodiazepines
6424:Desmethoxyyangonin
6419:11-Hydroxyyangonin
6414:11-Methoxyyangonin
6409:10-Methoxyyangonin
5796:Ethyl carfluzepate
5398:Cyclopentobarbital
5014:Diethylpropanediol
4296:Dichloralphenazone
4212:Methylmethaqualone
4050:Nonbenzodiazepines
3577:Diethylpropanediol
3481:Never to phase III
2762:on 18 January 2015
2736:. 15 November 2021
2492:Toxicology Letters
1511:10.1007/BF00192371
1400:Ernest H. Volwiler
1361:breathing disorder
1327:atom, it is not a
1306:agitated emergence
1042:potassium chloride
1016:vecuronium bromide
988:status epilepticus
982:Status epilepticus
907:inhaled anesthetic
856:general anesthesia
792:general anesthetic
762:
348:Duration of action
50:
12117:
12116:
12111:
12110:
12072:Phosphorylcholine
12010:
11995:
11994:
11792:Levacetylmethadol
11672:Dihydrochandonium
11552:sodium thiopental
11222:Ethanol (alcohol)
10999:
10998:
10850:
10806:Trichloroethylene
10751:Ethanol (alcohol)
10116:
10059:4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
9827:
9819:
9786:
9778:
9770:
9727:
9712:Tetrazolylglycine
9681:
9619:Ethanol (alcohol)
9608:sodium thiopental
9426:5-Iodowillardiine
9335:Ethanol (alcohol)
9319:sodium thiopental
8948:
8947:
8901:
8900:
8873:Ethanol (alcohol)
8775:Ethanol (alcohol)
8729:
8714:
8713:
8335:Isonipecotic acid
8241:2-Nitrostrychnine
8236:2-Aminostrychnine
8215:trichloroethylene
8017:sodium thiopental
7974:ethanol (alcohol)
7916:
7908:
7900:
7892:
7864:
7856:
7810:
7756:
7755:
7716:MRK-409 (MK-0343)
7487:dihydroergotamine
7430:potassium bromide
7424:compounds (e.g.,
7371:Trichloroethylene
7139:Nitromethaqualone
7058:Pyrazolopyridines
6560:3α-Androstanediol
6454:7,8-Dihydrokavain
5806:Ethyl loflazepate
5583:Thiotetrabarbital
5199:Ethanol (alcohol)
5108:
5107:
4860:
4859:
4658:
4657:
4378:
4377:
4259:Potassium bromide
4217:Nitromethaqualone
3725:Thiotetrabarbital
3572:Ethanol (alcohol)
3491:
3490:
3450:
3449:
3268:Thiotetrabarbital
3173:Trichloroethylene
2395:"Drugged Future?"
2341:978-1-58297-456-9
2224:. 24 January 2011
2199:The Seattle Times
2003:(12): 2279–2287.
1975:on 19 August 2016
1345:Addison's disease
1335:Contraindications
888:caesarean section
816:lethal injections
765:Sodium thiopental
754:
753:
670:Interactive image
551:CompTox Dashboard
269:
257:
245:
233:
220:
132:
52:Sodium thiopental
16:(Redirected from
12224:
12212:Thiobarbiturates
12134:
12133:
12132:
12125:
12004:
11942:Thiocolchicoside
11752:Hydroxybupropion
11647:Dextromethorphan
11519:Allopregnanolone
11473:
11469:
11372:Suberyldicholine
11082:6-Chloronicotine
11069:
11065:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11046:
11026:
11019:
11012:
11003:
11002:
10848:
10801:Trichloroethanol
10361:Dextromethorphan
10114:
9898:
9887:
9883:
9825:
9817:
9784:
9776:
9768:
9725:
9679:
9650:
9646:
9408:
9404:
9239:Fanapanel (MPQX)
8999:
8995:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8952:
8951:
8856:
8852:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8723:
8697:
8693:
8596:dextromethorphan
8486:Dihydropyridines
8425:Thiocolchicoside
8375:Pseudostrychnine
8315:Gaboxadol (THIP)
8309:anandamide (AEA)
8301:Endocannabinoids
8033:Dihydropyridines
7993:trifluoroethanol
7989:trichloroethanol
7914:
7906:
7898:
7890:
7862:
7854:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7804:
7790:Glycine receptor
7783:
7776:
7769:
7760:
7759:
7475:Dihydroergolines
7392:3-Hydroxybutanal
7025:Piperidinediones
6758:Imidazopyridines
6292:6-Methylapigenin
6224:Hydroxyphenamate
6096:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
5801:Ethyl dirazepate
5681:Chlordiazepoxide
5573:Thiobutabarbital
5285:Trifluoroethanol
5275:Trichloroethanol
5265:-Pentanol (2M2B)
5159:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5117:Pharmacodynamics
5112:
5111:
5033:muscle relaxants
4936:
4933:
4729:
4728:
4463:
4462:
4400:4-Fluorophenibut
4136:Piperidinediones
4010:Allopregnanolone
3592:Trichloroethanol
3550:
3549:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3198:
3197:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3021:
3020:
3010:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2971:. Archived from
2948:
2942:
2941:
2936:. Archived from
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2528:. Archived from
2518:
2512:
2511:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2128:. Archived from
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2095:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2050:(12): CD000033.
2035:
2029:
2028:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:. Archived from
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1812:Business Insider
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1629:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1461:
1160:glycine receptor
1071:Cal Coburn Brown
1046:lethal injection
1032:Lethal injection
1026:Lethal injection
971:barbiturate coma
903:pharmacokinetics
771:(a trademark of
769:Sodium Pentothal
767:, also known as
750:
749:
742:
672:
652:
640:
634:
631:
625:
619:
613:
596:
585:
574:
573:
559:
557:
542:
522:
502:
482:
462:
442:
422:
412:
411:
394:
338:
267:
264:
255:
252:
244:
241:
231:
228:
218:
215:
193:
183:
130:
127:
112:
71:
62:
55:
53:
49:
21:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12222:
12221:
12142:
12141:
12140:
12130:
12128:
12120:
12118:
12113:
12112:
12107:
12081:
12003:
11991:
11597:Chlorisondamine
11471:
11464:
11456:
11067:
11060:
11048:
11038:
11030:
11000:
10995:
10963:
10861:Flufenamic acid
10796:Trichloroethane
10571:Rhynchophylline
10491:Methoxphenidine
10456:Levomilnacipran
10356:Dextromethadone
10281:α-Endopsychosin
9885:
9797:Dimethylglycine
9707:Quinolinic acid
9648:
9638:
9476:Quisqualic acid
9406:
9396:
9052:Quisqualic acid
8997:
8987:
8979:
8949:
8944:
8931:
8897:
8854:
8844:
8755:ALX-5407 (NFPS)
8741:
8722:
8710:
8695:
8685:
8445:Benzodiazepines
8330:Isobutyric acid
8171:chloral hydrate
8023:Chlormethiazole
7985:tribromoethanol
7981:-butanol (2M2P)
7822:
7803:
7795:
7787:
7757:
7752:
7730:
7688:isovaleric acid
7651:Sulfonylalkanes
7549:Hopantenic acid
7533:tolfenamic acid
7521:flufenamic acid
7483:dihydroergosine
7426:lithium bromide
7385:Others/unsorted
7380:
7241:Dichloromethane
7216:Chloral hydrate
7211:Chloral betaine
7148:
7085:
7052:
7019:
6991:
6720:Cyclopyrrolones
6705:
6611:Etiocholanolone
6526:
6483:
6444:5-Hydroxykavain
6394:
6366:
6278:
6160:
5608:Benzodiazepines
5602:
5413:Ethallobarbital
5408:Enallylpropymal
5289:
5270:Tribromoethanol
5257:-Butanol (2M2P)
5203:alcoholic drink
5165:
5162:
5154:
5119:
5109:
5104:
4968:
4931:
4921:
4893:
4856:
4840:
4786:
4733:Antidepressants
4724:
4715:
4686:Dexmedetomidine
4667:
4654:
4600:
4530:Antidepressants
4524:
4485:Diphenhydramine
4458:
4449:
4387:
4374:
4363:Isovaleric acid
4326:Sulfonylalkanes
4281:Chloral hydrate
4276:Chloral betaine
4254:Lithium bromide
4226:
4163:
4130:
4112:
4044:
3991:
3948:
3920:
3862:
3745:Benzodiazepines
3739:
3645:Ethallobarbital
3596:
3545:
3536:
3522:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3471:Clinical trials
3446:
3425:
3397:
3364:
3305:
3278:Benzodiazepines
3272:
3224:
3187:
3094:
3084:
3030:
3025:
3024:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2949:
2945:
2914:
2910:
2887:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2820:
2816:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2682:
2678:
2655:
2651:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2488:
2484:
2439:
2435:
2412:
2408:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2190:
2186:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2036:
2032:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1957:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1760:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1688:
1681:
1657:
1653:
1638:
1610:
1606:
1582:
1578:
1541:
1534:
1505:(1–2): 127–37.
1495:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1441:
1396:
1380:cardiac failure
1376:pulmonary edema
1337:
1274:
1266:hypoproteinemia
1242:benzodiazepines
1234:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1147:
1142:, of which the
1132:
1126:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1034:
1028:
1020:bioavailability
996:
984:
964:
947:
939:tissue necrosis
880:unconsciousness
848:
843:
831:popular culture
745:
743:
740:(what is this?)
737:
732:
729:
724:
719:
718:
707:
704:
699:
698:
686:Racemic mixture
675:
650:
637:
628:
622:
616:
577:
553:
545:
525:
505:
485:
465:
445:
425:
408:
400:
396:
377:
374:
369:
368:
336:
325:Onset of action
290:Protein binding
282:Pharmacokinetic
276:
197:
145:
138:
119:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12230:
12220:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12139:
12138:
12115:
12114:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12024:
12019:
12013:
12011:
11997:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11777:Kynurenic acid
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11571:κ-bungarotoxin
11567:α-bungarotoxin
11560:
11555:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11505:, many others)
11495:α-bungarotoxin
11488:
11483:
11477:
11475:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11427:Tribendimidine
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11352:Sebacylcholine
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11167:Butyrylcholine
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11073:
11071:
11051:
11040:
11039:
11029:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11006:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10993:
10986:
10979:
10968:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10961:
10949:
10948:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10771:Methoxyflurane
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10706:
10701:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10516:Nitromemantine
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10451:Levomethorphan
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10371:Dieticyclidine
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10351:Dextrallorphan
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10306:Argiotoxin-636
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10219:Diaminopropane
10216:
10211:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10147:Kynurenic acid
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9893:
9878:
9862:
9857:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9822:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9781:
9773:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9653:
9651:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9548:Kynurenic acid
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9511:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9411:
9409:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9254:Kynurenic acid
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9197:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9002:
9000:
8989:
8988:
8978:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8955:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8935:
8929:
8924:
8917:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8859:
8857:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8744:
8730:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8700:
8698:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8627:
8585:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8442:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8365:Nipecotic acid
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8199:methoxyflurane
8160:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8056:ginsenoside-Rf
8045:
8040:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:Picolinic acid
7929:
7924:
7919:
7911:
7903:
7895:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7859:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7827:
7825:
7811:
7797:
7796:
7786:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7763:
7754:
7753:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7704:
7703:
7696:valerenic acid
7681:
7676:
7666:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7525:mefenamic acid
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7434:sodium bromide
7419:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7301:Methoxypropane
7298:
7296:Methoxyflurane
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7256:Ethyl chloride
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7091:Quinazolinones
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6715:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5513:Propylbarbital
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Crotylbarbital
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Brophebarbital
5350:
5348:Brallobarbital
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Methylpentynol
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Passion flower
5077:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4805:Chlorpromazine
4796:
4794:
4792:Antipsychotics
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4619:Chlorpromazine
4610:
4608:
4606:Antipsychotics
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:Cyproheptadine
4477:
4471:
4469:
4467:Antihistamines
4460:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4424:sodium oxybate
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:1,4-Butanediol
4391:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4368:Valerenic acid
4365:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4264:Sodium bromide
4261:
4256:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4169:Quinazolinones
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Propylbarbital
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3587:Methylpentynol
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Methoxypropane
3155:
3153:Methoxyflurane
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3036:
3029:
3028:External links
3026:
3023:
3022:
2981:
2978:on 2011-05-01.
2967:
2943:
2940:on 2011-05-01.
2908:
2905:on 2011-05-13.
2895:ASA Newsletter
2881:
2878:on 2011-05-01.
2863:
2814:
2773:
2747:
2717:
2696:(3): 403–411.
2690:Anesthesiology
2676:
2649:
2618:
2592:
2567:
2542:
2513:
2482:
2433:
2406:
2386:
2347:
2340:
2322:
2304:
2290:
2265:
2235:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2142:
2109:
2079:
2030:
1986:
1955:
1906:
1892:
1872:
1843:(2): 106–112.
1823:
1798:
1773:
1759:978-1493919512
1758:
1732:
1710:
1679:
1651:
1636:
1604:
1576:
1549:Anesthesiology
1532:
1489:
1467:(2023-03-31).
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1395:
1392:
1372:pentoxifylline
1336:
1333:
1319:Although each
1273:
1270:
1233:
1230:
1204:
1201:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1156:5-HT3 receptor
1145:
1128:Main article:
1125:
1122:
1105:
1102:
1086:
1083:
1027:
1024:
995:
992:
986:In refractory
983:
980:
962:
955:brain swelling
946:
943:
847:
844:
842:
839:
824:European Union
752:
751:
734:
733:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
714:
713:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
702:
694:
693:
692:
689:
688:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
665:
663:
655:
654:
648:
642:
641:
635:
626:
620:
614:
609:
603:
602:
598:
597:
587:
579:
578:
576:
575:
562:
560:
547:
546:
544:
543:
535:
533:
527:
526:
524:
523:
515:
513:
507:
506:
504:
503:
495:
493:
487:
486:
484:
483:
475:
473:
467:
466:
464:
463:
455:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
435:
433:
427:
426:
424:
423:
415:
413:
402:
401:
399:
398:
387:
385:
379:
378:
376:
375:
372:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
331:
330:
327:
321:
320:
314:
308:
307:
302:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
278:
277:
275:
274:
262:
250:
239:
226:
212:
210:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:
195:
172:
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
148:
146:administration
140:
139:
137:
136:
134:
124:
122:
114:
113:
106:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12229:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12137:
12127:
12126:
12123:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12084:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12032:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12008:
12002:
11998:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11887:Phencyclidine
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11857:Nitrous oxide
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11797:Levomethadone
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11742:Hexafluronium
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11632:Decamethonium
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11602:Cisatracurium
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11568:
11564:
11563:Bungarotoxins
11561:
11559:
11556:
11553:
11549:
11548:pentobarbital
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11491:α-Neurotoxins
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11470:
11463:
11459:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11192:Decamethonium
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11127:Acetylcholine
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11066:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11047:
11041:
11037:
11034:
11027:
11022:
11020:
11015:
11013:
11008:
11007:
11004:
10992:
10991:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10980:
10978:
10977:
10974:
10970:
10969:
10966:
10960:
10957:
10954:
10951:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10941:Transcrocetin
10939:
10937:
10936:Psychotridine
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10916:Niflumic acid
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10776:Nitrous oxide
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10741:Diethyl ether
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10596:Tenocyclidine
10594:
10592:
10591:Tabernanthine
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10581:Rolicyclidine
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10556:Phencyclidine
10554:
10552:
10551:Phencyclamine
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10486:Methoxetamine
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10446:Levomethadone
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10406:Fluorolintane
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9987:Kaitocephalin
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9894:
9891:
9884:
9879:
9877:
9875:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9823:
9821:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9782:
9780:
9774:
9772:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9722:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9692:Ibotenic acid
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9647:
9641:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9609:
9605:
9604:pentobarbital
9601:
9598:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9543:Kaitocephalin
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9488:Cyclothiazide
9486:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9456:Ibotenic acid
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9315:pentobarbital
9312:
9309:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:Kaitocephalin
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9069:Cyclothiazide
9067:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9042:Ibotenic acid
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9001:
8996:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8976:
8971:
8969:
8964:
8962:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8941:
8940:
8936:
8934:
8933:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8721:
8717:
8706:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8604:levomethadone
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8461:flunitrazepam
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8340:Isostrychnine
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8103:Nitrous oxide
8101:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8013:pentobarbital
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7942:Quisqualamine
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7777:
7772:
7770:
7765:
7764:
7761:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7692:isovaleramide
7689:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7530:
7529:niflumic acid
7526:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:Clomethiazole
7453:
7451:
7450:Chlormezanone
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7440:Carbamazepine
7438:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7316:Nitrous oxide
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7246:Diethyl ether
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7048:Pyrithyldione
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Phenprobamate
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:Hexapropymate
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Difebarbamate
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Nortetrazepam
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Flutoprazepam
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Flunitrazolam
5844:
5842:
5841:Flunitrazepam
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Flubromazolam
5829:
5827:
5826:Flubromazepam
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:Cloniprazepam
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:2-Oxoquazepam
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Thialbarbital
5556:
5554:
5553:Tetrabarbital
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Spirobarbital
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:Proxibarbital
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Propallylonal
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:Phenobarbital
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Pentobarbital
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Narcobarbital
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Heptobarbital
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:Difebarbamate
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Cyclobarbital
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:Benzobarbital
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Ethchlorvynol
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5058:Methocarbamol
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Mephenoxalone
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Chlorphenesin
5036:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5007:Phenaglycodol
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Amitriptyline
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Amitriptyline
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Methapyrilene
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:Aceburic acid
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4381:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Isovaleramide
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:Sesquiterpene
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Clomethiazole
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Pyrithyldione
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Phenprobamate
3904:
3902:
3901:Methocarbamol
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Hexapropymate
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Flutoprazepam
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Flunitrazepam
3791:
3789:
3788:Flunitrazolam
3786:
3784:
3783:Flubromazolam
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Phenobarbital
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Pentobarbital
3673:
3671:
3670:Narcobarbital
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Mephobarbital
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Cyclobarbital
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Ethchlorvynol
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Phencyclidine
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Phenoperidine
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Narcobarbital
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Nitrous oxide
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Diethyl ether
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2974:
2970:
2968:0-8240-6525-5
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2793:(1): 143–53.
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:(in French).
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2638:(3): 343–57.
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2606:Texas Monthly
2603:
2596:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2532:on 2007-05-18
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:(1): 98–107.
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2132:on 2008-08-21
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2099:on 2020-10-18
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1893:9781455727148
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:9789241209656
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1555:(6): 474–80.
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1445:Pentobarbital
1443:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:heart disease
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:liver disease
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:resulting in
1286:
1282:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:liver failure
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1226:pentobarbital
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1183:Controversies
1180:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1154:(nAChR), the
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:Jan Bastiaans
1111:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Kenneth Biros
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
979:
976:
975:pentobarbital
972:
968:
960:
956:
952:
951:medical comas
942:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
913:). Since its
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
870:, such as in
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:pentobarbital
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
748:
741:
735:
726:
721:
720:
717:
710:
701:
700:
697:
690:
687:
684:
682:
678:
671:
667:
666:
664:
661:
656:
649:
647:
643:
610:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
588:
586:
584:ECHA InfoCard
580:
572:
568:
567:DTXSID1021744
564:
563:
561:
552:
548:
541:
537:
536:
534:
532:
528:
521:
517:
516:
514:
512:
508:
501:
497:
496:
494:
492:
488:
481:
477:
476:
474:
472:
468:
461:
457:
456:
454:
452:
448:
441:
437:
436:
434:
432:
428:
421:
417:
416:
414:
407:
403:
395:(sodium salt)
393:
389:
388:
386:
384:
380:
371:
370:
367:
360:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
339:
332:
329:30–45 seconds
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:Pentobarbital
315:
313:
309:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
263:
261:
251:
249:
240:
237:
227:
224:
214:
213:
211:
209:
205:
200:
192:
187:
182:
177:
174:
173:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
147:
141:
135:
126:
125:
123:
121:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
76:Clinical data
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
46:
39:
38:phenobarbital
35:
34:pentobarbital
30:
19:
11972:Tubocurarine
11902:Promegestone
11897:Progesterone
11812:Mecamylamine
11622:Cyclopropane
11612:Coronaridine
11551:
11544:Barbiturates
11529:Anatruxonium
11499:α-cobratoxin
11342:Sazetidine A
11262:JNJ-39393406
11252:Ispronicline
10988:
10981:
10972:
10971:
10955:
10952:
10824:
10731:Cyclopropane
10712:
10695:
10673:
10609:
10561:Propoxyphene
10531:Orphenadrine
10436:Ketobemidone
10401:Eticyclidine
10336:Coronaridine
10321:ARL-15896-AR
10237:
10205:
10117:-Cycloserine
10099:Carisoprodol
10055:
9943:
9941:Antagonists:
9940:
9873:
9868:
9851:
9779:-Cycloserine
9720:
9659:
9656:
9607:
9600:Barbiturates
9596:
9573:Selurampanel
9528:Dasolampanel
9515:Antagonists:
9514:
9484:
9417:
9414:
9388:
9325:Cyclopropane
9318:
9311:Barbiturates
9307:
9279:Selurampanel
9229:Dasolampanel
9201:Antagonists:
9200:
9184:Pramiracetam
9060:
9008:
9005:
8937:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8638:picrotoxinin
8582:progesterone
8574:DHEA sulfate
8542:ginkgolide M
8538:ginkgolide J
8534:ginkgolide C
8530:ginkgolide B
8526:ginkgolide A
8498:nitrendipine
8436:
8233:Antagonists:
8232:
8108:Penicillin G
8052:ginsenosides
8016:
8009:Barbiturates
7978:
7958:
7839:β-ABA (BABA)
7830:
7737:
7736:
7707:
7564:Lavender oil
7306:Nitric oxide
7226:Cryofluorane
7171:Acetophenone
7129:Methaqualone
7124:Mecloqualone
7119:Mebroqualone
7109:Diproqualone
7104:Cloroqualone
7033:Glutethimide
6837:
6789:
6756:
6718:
6691:Testosterone
6656:Progesterone
6621:Hydroxydione
6570:Androsterone
6497:Acecarbromal
6402:constituents
6189:Cyclarbamate
6179:Carisoprodol
5951:Metaclazepam
5946:Menitrazepam
5936:Meclonazepam
5931:Lormetazepam
5861:Flutemazepam
5686:Ciclotizolam
5676:Carburazepam
5577:
5568:Thiobarbital
5528:Secobarbital
5493:Phetharbital
5473:Nealbarbital
5458:Methohexital
5443:Hexobarbital
5378:Butallylonal
5373:Butobarbital
5328:Barbexaclone
5323:Aprobarbital
5308:Allobarbital
5295:Barbiturates
5262:
5254:
5244:Petrichloral
5100:Valnoctamide
5002:Metaglycodol
4997:Fenpentadiol
4907:Daridorexant
4810:Thioridazine
4761:Trimipramine
4696:Medetomidine
4624:Thioridazine
4575:Trimipramine
4520:Propiomazine
4515:Promethazine
4321:Petrichloral
4306:Kavalactones
4238:Acetophenone
4207:Methaqualone
4202:Mecloqualone
4197:Mebroqualone
4187:Diproqualone
4182:Cloroqualone
4144:Glutethimide
4040:Progesterone
4030:Hydroxydione
3962:Acecarbromal
3876:Carisoprodol
3818:Lormetazepam
3803:Flutemazepam
3719:
3705:Secobarbital
3665:Methohexital
3655:Hexobarbital
3635:Butobarbital
3630:Butabarbital
3620:Aprobarbital
3610:Allobarbital
3602:Barbiturates
3421:Hydroxydione
3354:Remifentanil
3262:
3248:Methohexital
3243:Hexobarbital
3230:Barbiturates
3113:Cyclopropane
3100:Inhalational
3047:
3001:(3): 366–8.
2998:
2994:
2984:
2973:the original
2957:
2946:
2938:the original
2925:
2921:
2911:
2903:the original
2898:
2894:
2884:
2876:the original
2866:
2834:(4): 450–5.
2831:
2827:
2817:
2790:
2786:
2783:"Porphyrias"
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:the original
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2595:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:the original
2516:
2491:
2485:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2398:
2389:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2197:
2187:
2176:
2166:
2155:. Retrieved
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2092:
2082:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1958:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1882:
1875:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1788:. 2013-10-03
1785:
1776:
1741:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:10665/345533
1694:
1673:10665/325771
1663:
1654:
1616:
1607:
1598:10665/70642/
1588:
1579:
1552:
1548:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1459:
1426:
1416:
1397:
1369:
1338:
1318:
1308:, prolonged
1275:
1272:Side effects
1250:drug synergy
1235:
1206:
1193:
1186:
1133:
1107:
1094:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1049:
1035:
1008:
997:
985:
948:
919:
901:elimination
896:
885:
874:. Following
849:
828:
804:thiobarbital
784:
780:
776:
768:
764:
763:
744:
738:
352:5–10 minutes
342:5.5–26 hours
335:Elimination
272:Schedule III
208:Legal status
202:Legal status
29:
12077:Pirisudanol
12042:Cyprodenate
12022:Adafenoxate
11937:Surugatoxin
11927:Sevoflurane
11882:Pentolinium
11862:Norketamine
11782:Laudanosine
11712:Erythravine
11702:Encenicline
11687:Dipyrandium
11657:Dextrorphan
11503:α-conotoxin
11462:Antagonists
11447:WAY-317,538
11442:Varenicline
11432:Tropisetron
11422:Tebanicline
11367:SSR-180,711
11332:Rivanicline
11322:Pozanicline
11317:PNU-282,987
11312:PNU-120,596
11307:PHA-709,829
11302:PHA-543,613
11242:Galantamine
11217:Epiboxidine
11212:Epibatidine
11132:Altinicline
10921:Pentamidine
10906:Minocycline
10886:Hodgkinsine
10856:Dexanabinol
10786:Sevoflurane
10640:Isoxsuprine
10635:Haloperidol
10615:Besonprodil
10576:Rimantadine
10526:Norketamine
10521:Noribogaine
10496:Milnacipran
10461:Levorphanol
10411:Gacyclidine
10381:Dizocilpine
10376:Diphenidine
10366:Dextrorphan
10286:Alaproclate
10229:Huperzine A
10182:Meprobamate
10142:Harkoseride
10037:Perzinfotel
9914:Plazinemdor
9461:Kainic acid
9446:Domoic acid
9392:Minocycline
9380:Sevoflurane
9057:Willardiine
9032:Domoic acid
8835:SSR-504,734
8830:SSR-103,800
8820:PF-03463275
8800:Mardepodect
8720:Transporter
8666:tropisetron
8608:levorphanol
8600:dextrorphan
8522:ginkgolides
8490:nicardipine
8345:Laudanosine
8266:Cacotheline
8256:Bicuculline
8203:sevoflurane
8153:tropisetron
8037:nicardipine
7880:Hypotaurine
7646:Stiripentol
7641:Seproxetine
7611:Niacinamide
7591:Loreclezole
7412:Avermectins
7376:Vinyl ether
7346:Sevoflurane
7326:Paraldehyde
7276:Halopropane
7099:Afloqualone
7081:Tracazolate
7076:ICI-190,622
7066:Cartazolate
7043:Piperidione
7038:Methyprylon
7005:Fospropofol
6927:Pipequaline
6735:Pazinaclone
6725:Eszopiclone
6581:Cholesterol
6565:Androstenol
6489:Monoureides
6469:Methysticin
6269:Tetrabamate
6249:Pentabamate
6239:Meprobamate
6209:Febarbamate
6174:Carisbamate
6126:Triflubazam
6116:Tolufazepam
6076:Rilmazafone
6071:Remimazolam
6046:Proflazepam
6031:Pivoxazepam
5991:Nitrazepate
5981:Nimetazepam
5916:Lopirazepam
5886:Haloxazolam
5836:Fludiazepam
5781:Doxefazepam
5756:Delorazepam
5736:Clotiazepam
5731:Clorazepate
5696:Cinolazepam
5593:Vinbarbital
5548:Tetrabamate
5503:Probarbital
5483:Phenallymal
5448:Metharbital
5423:Febarbamate
5318:Amobarbital
5219:Isopropanol
5189:Chloralodol
5085:Scopolamine
5029:Guaifenesin
5024:Fenadiazole
4980:Cannabidiol
4954:Mirogabalin
4912:Lemborexant
4889:Tasimelteon
4874:Agomelatine
4833:Risperidone
4779:Mirtazapine
4668:-Adrenergic
4647:Risperidone
4593:Mirtazapine
4543:Etoperidone
4510:Pheniramine
4495:Hydroxyzine
4316:Paraldehyde
4311:Loreclezole
4177:Afloqualone
4159:Piperidione
4149:Methyprylon
4078:Pazinaclone
4058:Eszopiclone
4020:Alphaxolone
4015:Alphadolone
3954:Monoureides
3896:Meprobamate
3833:Nitemazepam
3828:Nimetazepam
3773:Doxefazepam
3758:Cinolazepam
3730:Vinbarbital
3695:Proxibarbal
3680:Phenallymal
3615:Amobarbital
3567:Chloralodol
3467:from market
3334:Embutramide
3329:Anileridine
3301:Remimazolam
3238:Amobarbital
3215:Fospropofol
3178:Vinyl ether
3168:Sevoflurane
2726:"PENTOTHAL"
2665:(1): 7–12.
2087:Trickey D.
1926:: 207–211.
1627:10665/44771
1408:Mayo Clinic
1359:, a severe
1357:hypotension
1329:sulfonamide
1289:hypotension
1254:hypovolemia
1211:as it is a
1136:barbiturate
1130:Barbiturate
1097:truth serum
1091:Truth serum
1085:Truth serum
1036:Along with
930:sighthounds
852:barbiturate
835:truth serum
789:barbiturate
781:thiopentone
653: g·mol
590:100.000.694
357:Identifiers
312:Metabolites
248:Schedule IV
161:Barbiturate
91:Other names
82:Trade names
12146:Categories
12037:Citicoline
12017:Acetyl-coA
12001:Precursors
11977:Vanoxerine
11967:Tropeinium
11952:Toxiferine
11917:Reboxetine
11907:Radafaxine
11852:Neramexane
11842:Mivacurium
11837:Metocurine
11802:Malouetine
11767:Isoflurane
11722:Fazadinium
11717:Esketamine
11697:Doxacurium
11682:Dioscorine
11642:Desflurane
11607:Coclaurine
11539:Atracurium
11524:Amantadine
11514:Alcuronium
11267:Levamisole
11257:Ivermectin
11202:Dianicline
11162:Butinoline
11147:Anatoxin-a
11036:modulators
10959:AGN-241751
10931:Piretanide
10881:Furosemide
10866:Flupirtine
10843:Conantokin
10838:Caroverine
10833:Bumetanide
10766:Isoflurane
10736:Desflurane
10726:Chloroform
10665:Safaprodil
10660:Ro 25-6981
10601:Tiletamine
10586:Sabeluzole
10566:Remacemide
10511:Neramexane
10481:Methorphan
10466:Loperamide
10441:Lanicemine
10426:Indantadol
10391:Esketamine
10386:Ephenidine
10346:Dexoxadrol
10311:Arketamine
10296:Amantadine
10256:3-MeO-PCMo
10234:Putrescine
10177:MDL-105519
10152:Kynurenine
10132:Gavestinel
10047:SDZ-220581
10007:MDL-100453
9890:prasterone
9860:Spermidine
9833:Milacemide
9738:ACC (ACPC)
9624:Evans blue
9588:Topiramate
9578:Tezampanel
9508:Isoflurane
9385:Talampanel
9370:Perampanel
9365:Isoflurane
9350:GYKI-53655
9345:GYKI-52466
9340:Evans blue
9304:Zonampanel
9294:Topiramate
9284:Tezampanel
9259:Kynurenine
9219:Caroverine
9214:Becampanel
9164:Oxiracetam
9064:Aniracetam
8985:modulators
8840:Tilapertin
8795:LY-2365109
8790:Iclepertin
8785:GSK1018921
8670:zatosetron
8658:bemesetron
8630:Picrotoxin
8548:Imipramine
8518:bilobalide
8504:Furosemide
8494:nifedipine
8465:flurazepam
8453:clonazepam
8449:bromazepam
8420:Strychnine
8415:Sinomenine
8380:Quinolines
8370:Pitrazepin
8291:Dendrobine
8276:Colchicine
8195:isoflurane
8179:desflurane
8175:chloroform
8157:zatosetron
8141:bemesetron
8093:minaxolone
8081:alfaxolone
8067:Ivermectin
8004:Anandamide
7927:Milacemide
7917:-Threonine
7885:Ivermectin
7793:modulators
7679:Topiramate
7669:Terpenoids
7626:Propanidid
7616:Org 25,435
7544:Flupirtine
7539:Fluoxetine
7445:Chloralose
7416:ivermectin
7321:Norflurane
7286:Isoflurane
7231:Desflurane
7221:Chloroform
7181:Aliflurane
7114:Etaqualone
6942:SB-205,384
6872:CP-615,003
6867:CL-218,872
6821:Panadiplon
6811:Lorediplon
6740:Suproclone
6701:Zuranolone
6661:Renanolone
6646:Posovolone
6626:Minaxolone
6616:Ganaxolone
6555:Alfaxalone
6550:Alfadolone
6540:Acebrochol
6507:Bromisoval
6385:Metomidate
6372:Imidazoles
6332:Hispidulin
6284:Flavonoids
6244:Nisobamate
6234:Mebutamate
6204:Ethinamate
6199:Emylcamate
6166:Carbamates
6136:Tuclazepam
6111:Tetrazepam
6066:Reclazepam
6041:Premazepam
6021:Phenazepam
6001:Nordazepam
5996:Nitrazolam
5986:Nitrazepam
5966:Motrazepam
5921:Loprazolam
5911:Lofendazam
5896:Imidazenil
5856:Flutazolam
5851:Flurazepam
5821:Fletazepam
5776:Dimdazenil
5771:Diclazepam
5751:Cyprazepam
5741:Cloxazolam
5721:Clonazolam
5716:Clonazepam
5706:Climazolam
5666:Brotizolam
5661:Bromazolam
5656:Bromazepam
5651:Bretazenil
5646:Bentazepam
5636:Arfendazam
5631:Alprazolam
5626:Adinazolam
5598:Vinylbital
5578:Thiopental
5453:Methitural
5368:Buthalital
5363:Butalbital
5214:Isobutanol
5053:Metaxalone
5043:Mephenesin
4964:Pregabalin
4944:Gabapentin
4917:Suvorexant
4852:Niaprazine
4828:Quetiapine
4823:Olanzapine
4706:Tizanidine
4701:Romifidine
4691:Lofexidine
4681:Detomidine
4642:Quetiapine
4637:Olanzapine
4548:Nefazodone
4490:Doxylamine
4475:Captodiame
4286:Chloralose
4250:compounds
4192:Etaqualone
4088:Suproclone
4068:Lirequinil
4035:Minaxolone
4025:Eltanolone
4005:Acebrochol
3972:Bromisoval
3939:Metomidate
3926:Imidazoles
3886:Ethinamate
3881:Emylcamate
3868:Carbamates
3843:Nitrazolam
3838:Nitrazepam
3813:Loprazolam
3798:Flurazepam
3768:Clonazolam
3763:Climazolam
3753:Brotizolam
3735:Vinylbital
3720:Thiopental
3442:Propanidid
3416:Alfaxalone
3411:Alfadolone
3393:Tiletamine
3378:Esketamine
3360:Sufentanil
3344:Alfentanil
3263:Thiopental
3148:Isoflurane
3118:Desflurane
3108:Chloroform
2766:15 October
2586:2022-06-18
2561:2022-06-18
2536:2007-08-05
2367:: 1580–2.
2157:2009-12-08
2136:2008-07-18
2103:2020-10-13
1969:trauma.org
1963:Takeko T.
1817:2024-05-19
1792:2024-05-19
1725:23 January
1483:2023-08-16
1451:References
1310:somnolence
1278:anesthetic
1213:lipophilic
1203:Metabolism
1179:receptor.
1104:Psychiatry
1051:The Lancet
1000:euthanasia
994:Euthanasia
899:zero-order
872:obstetrics
868:intubation
846:Anesthesia
777:thiopental
658:3D model (
646:Molar mass
520:CHEBI:9561
480:49Y44QZL70
451:ChemSpider
383:CAS Number
366:IUPAC name
300:Metabolism
156:Drug class
12207:Sedatives
12177:Hypnotics
11877:Pentamine
11872:Pempidine
11822:Methadone
11817:Memantine
11737:Halothane
11727:Gallamine
11707:Enflurane
11662:Diadonium
11577:Bupropion
11362:SIB-1553A
11357:SIB-1508Y
11347:SB-206553
11172:Carbachol
11152:AR-R17779
11142:Anatabine
11137:Anabasine
11102:A-867,744
11097:A-582,941
11092:A-366,833
10973:See also:
10953:Unsorted:
10896:MDL-27266
10876:FR-115427
10871:FPL-12495
10828:ARR-15896
10756:Halothane
10746:Enflurane
10704:Magnesium
10655:Ro 8-4304
10630:Eliprodil
10541:PD-137889
10501:Morphanol
10476:Methadone
10471:Memantine
10421:Ibogamine
10396:Etoxadrol
10326:ARL-16247
10316:ARL-12495
10301:Aptiganel
10266:4-MeO-PCP
10261:3-MeO-PCP
10251:3-MeO-PCE
10214:Co 101676
10187:MRZ 2/576
10137:GV-196771
10127:Felbamate
10104:CGP-39653
10084:ACEA-1328
10079:ACEA-1011
10022:NPC-17742
10017:NPC-12626
10002:LY-274614
9997:LY-235959
9992:LY-233053
9977:CGS-19755
9972:CGP-40116
9967:CGP-39653
9962:CGP-39551
9957:CGP-37849
9947:AP5 (APV)
9848:Sarcosine
9724:β-Fluoro-
9673:Glutamate
9668:Aspartate
9657:Agonists:
9614:Enflurane
9558:LY-382884
9518:ACEA-1011
9503:Halothane
9498:Enflurane
9493:Diazoxide
9466:LY-339434
9451:Glutamate
9415:Agonists:
9360:Irampanel
9355:Halothane
9330:Enflurane
9204:ACEA-1011
9179:Piracetam
9159:ORG-26576
9154:Nooglutyl
9144:LY-503430
9139:LY-451646
9134:LY-404187
9129:LY-395153
9124:LY-392098
9109:Diazoxide
9037:Glutamate
9006:Agonists:
8888:ORG-25543
8868:Amoxapine
8825:Sarcosine
8805:ORG-24598
8770:CP-802079
8676:Verapamil
8662:LY-278584
8654:Tropeines
8620:pethidine
8616:oripavine
8509:Genistein
8440:Amiloride
8320:Gelsemine
8296:Diaboline
8281:Colubrine
8191:halothane
8187:enflurane
8163:Volatiles
8149:LY-278584
8133:Tropeines
8128:Triclofos
8118:Tamoxifen
8097:ORG-20599
8043:Etomidate
7966:brometone
7947:Sarcosine
7922:MDL-27531
7834:β-Alanine
7831:Agonists:
7738:See also:
7700:valerenol
7621:Phenytoin
7601:Monastrol
7559:Lanthanum
7554:KRM-II-81
7517:Fenamates
7512:Etifoxine
7507:Etazepine
7502:Efavirenz
7460:Darigabat
7356:Teflurane
7341:Roflurane
7336:Propylene
7281:Halothane
7266:Fluroxene
7251:Enflurane
7154:Volatiles
7071:Etazolate
6982:Viqualine
6937:RWJ-51204
6902:L-838,417
6892:Imepitoin
6862:CGS-20625
6857:CGS-13767
6842:Adipiplon
6816:Ocinaplon
6778:Saripidem
6773:Necopidem
6750:Zopiclone
6745:Suriclone
6730:Pagoclone
6636:ORG-21465
6631:ORG-20599
6522:Ectylurea
6512:Carbromal
6390:Propoxate
6380:Etomidate
6307:Baicalein
6264:Styramate
6259:Procymate
6229:Lorbamate
6214:Felbamate
6184:Clocental
6156:Zomebazam
6151:Zolazepam
6146:Zapizolam
6141:Uldazepam
6121:Triazolam
6106:Temazepam
6101:Sulazepam
6091:Ro48-8684
6086:Ro48-6791
6081:Ripazepam
6051:Pyrazolam
6026:Pinazepam
5976:Nifoxipam
5961:Midazolam
5956:Mexazolam
5941:Medazepam
5926:Lorazepam
5906:Ketazolam
5901:Irazepine
5891:Iclazepam
5881:Halazepam
5876:Gidazepam
5871:Fosazepam
5791:Estazolam
5786:Elfazepam
5761:Demoxepam
5691:Cinazepam
5671:Camazepam
5641:Avizafone
5563:Thiamylal
5498:Primidone
5428:Heptabarb
5418:Eterobarb
5383:Carbubarb
5280:Triclofos
5179:Brometone
5090:Trazodone
5031:-related
4884:Ramelteon
4879:Melatonin
4866:Melatonin
4774:Mianserin
4741:Trazodone
4676:Clonidine
4588:Mianserin
4553:Trazodone
4505:Perlapine
4348:Triclofos
4301:Gaboxadol
4108:Zopiclone
4093:Suriclone
4083:Saripidem
4073:Necopidem
3987:Ectylurea
3982:Carbromal
3944:Propoxate
3934:Etomidate
3911:Procymate
3858:Triazolam
3853:Temazepam
3823:Midazolam
3778:Estazolam
3715:Thiamylal
3650:Heptabarb
3529:sedatives
3525:Hypnotics
3477:Phase III
3465:Withdrawn
3437:Etomidate
3324:Oxycodone
3296:Lorazepam
3286:Midazolam
3258:Thiamylal
3193:Injection
3143:Halothane
3138:Fluroxene
3128:Enflurane
2611:March 10,
2283:18 August
2258:18 August
2249:bbc.co.uk
2228:18 August
2218:bbc.co.uk
2126:The Hague
1979:18 August
1899:13 August
1806:Orwig J.
1768:897466425
1646:0512-3054
1618:children)
1365:porphyria
1355:, severe
1351:, severe
1256:, burns,
1246:clonidine
1238:sedatives
1169:GABAergic
1118:Holocaust
1056:autopsies
1054:reported
937:; severe
915:half-life
681:Chirality
540:ChEMBL738
337:half-life
144:Routes of
118:Pregnancy
110:Monograph
104:Drugs.com
18:Pentothal
12136:Medicine
12089:See also
12031:lecithin
12007:prodrugs
11957:Tramadol
11807:ME-18-MC
11772:Ketamine
11762:Ibogaine
11582:BW284C51
11337:RJR-2429
11327:Pyrantel
11287:Nicotine
11282:Morantel
11272:Lobeline
11237:EVP-6124
11232:EVP-4473
11187:Cytisine
11182:Cotinine
11087:A-84,543
11058:Agonists
10901:Metaphit
10811:Urethane
10699:Hydrogen
10696:Cations:
10606:Tramadol
10431:Ketamine
10416:Ibogaine
10331:Budipine
10246:3-HO-PCP
10172:LU-73068
10162:L-701324
10157:L-689560
10064:5,7-DCKA
10052:Selfotel
9934:SAGE-718
9929:SAGE-301
9924:SAGE-201
9865:Spermine
9855:Neomycin
9820:-Alanine
9812:L-687414
9771:-Alanine
9728:-alanine
9717:Theanine
9583:Theanine
9481:SYM-2081
9289:Theanine
8909:See also
8863:ALX-1393
8726:blockers
8707:instead.
8649:Riluzole
8634:picrotin
8624:thebaine
8612:morphine
8481:Daidzein
8471:Corymine
8457:diazepam
8392:5,7-CIQA
8325:iso-THAZ
8271:Caffeine
8137:atropine
8113:Propofol
8072:Ketamine
7962:Alcohols
7937:Propofol
7901:-Proline
7893:-Alanine
7857:-Alanine
7801:Receptor
7726:TCS-1205
7721:TCS-1105
7711:α-Pinene
7684:Valerian
7659:tetronal
7636:Safranal
7585:obovatol
7581:magnolol
7577:honokiol
7407:Alogabat
7402:AA-29504
7351:Synthane
7311:Nitrogen
7291:Kerosine
7271:Gasoline
7261:Ethylene
7201:Centalun
7196:Butylene
7010:Propofol
6972:U-89843A
6952:TGSC01AA
6922:NS-11394
6887:GBLD-345
6852:CGS-9896
6847:CGS-8216
6831:Zaleplon
6826:Taniplon
6806:Indiplon
6801:Fasiplon
6796:Divaplon
6783:Zolpidem
6686:SAGE-872
6681:SAGE-689
6676:SAGE-516
6671:SAGE-324
6666:SAGE-105
6574:Certain
6517:Capuride
6479:Yangonin
6356:baicalin
6352:Skullcap
6342:Luteolin
6317:Catechin
6312:Baicalin
6302:Apigenin
6274:Tybamate
6061:Quazepam
6056:QH-II-66
6036:Prazepam
6016:Oxazolam
6011:Oxazepam
5811:Etizolam
5766:Diazepam
5746:CP-1414S
5711:Clobazam
5701:Clazolam
5588:Valofane
5543:Talbutal
5533:Sigmodal
5438:Hexethal
5333:Barbital
5313:Alphenal
5303:(-)-DMBB
5249:Propanol
5239:Pentanol
5229:Methanol
5171:Alcohols
5074:morphine
5065:Midaflur
4985:Cannabis
4959:Phenibut
4711:Xylazine
4440:Phenibut
4410:Baclofen
4336:Tetronal
4271:Centalun
4126:Propofol
4103:Zolpidem
4098:Zaleplon
4063:Indiplon
3977:Capuride
3916:Tybamate
3848:Quazepam
3710:Talbutal
3625:Barbital
3554:Alcohols
3383:Ketamine
3339:Fentanyl
3319:Morphine
3291:Diazepam
3220:Propofol
3210:Ciprofol
3133:Ethylene
2858:16953192
2809:10928003
2644:13243246
2581:NBC News
2556:Guardian
2508:10049127
2477:15644873
2430:: 18–20.
2253:BBC News
2222:BBC News
2178:CBS News
2074:23235573
2017:29058090
1950:28955958
1867:27366476
1786:BBC News
1693:(2021).
1662:(2019).
1615:(2012).
1587:(2009).
1527:24285007
1477:Archived
1439:See also
1349:myxedema
1321:molecule
1258:azotemia
1240:such as
1148:receptor
935:vesicant
860:propofol
812:propofol
785:Trapanal
747:(verify)
431:DrugBank
319:, others
236:Class B1
168:ATC code
120:category
12027:Choline
11587:BW-A444
11565:(e.g.,
11558:BNC-210
11546:(e.g.,
11509:ABT-126
11493:(e.g.,
11452:XY-4083
11417:TC-6683
11412:TC-5619
11407:TC-5214
11402:TC-2216
11397:TC-1827
11392:TC-1734
11387:TC-1698
11297:NS-1738
11291:tobacco
11177:Choline
11122:ABT-894
11117:ABT-560
11112:ABT-418
11107:ABT-202
10945:saffron
10791:Toluene
10781:Octanol
10761:Hexanol
10716:Benzene
10692:TCN-213
10687:TCN-201
10682:MPX-007
10677:MPX-004
10271:8A-PDHQ
10209:Arcaine
10202:ZD-9379
9899:sulfate
9828:-Serine
9802:Glycine
9787:-Serine
9702:Proline
9629:NS-3763
9602:(e.g.,
9593:UBP-302
9471:Proline
9313:(e.g.,
9189:S-18986
9119:IDRA-21
9104:CX-1942
9099:CX-1739
9047:Proline
8893:VVZ-368
8760:ASP2535
8656:(e.g.,
8632:(i.e.,
8592:codeine
8590:(e.g.,
8588:Opioids
8560:(e.g.,
8524:(e.g.,
8488:(e.g.,
8447:(e.g.,
8410:RU-5135
8382:(e.g.,
8303:(e.g.,
8261:Brucine
8207:toluene
8169:(e.g.,
8145:cocaine
8135:(e.g.,
8079:(e.g.,
8054:(e.g.,
8048:Ginseng
8035:(e.g.,
8028:D12-116
8011:(e.g.,
7964:(e.g.,
7952:Taurine
7909:-Serine
7875:Glycine
7865:-Serine
7849:Caesium
7807:ligands
7673:borneol
7671:(e.g.,
7663:trional
7653:(e.g.,
7571:(e.g.,
7569:Lignans
7519:(e.g.,
7477:(e.g.,
7422:Bromide
7414:(e.g.,
7397:α-EMTBL
7361:Toluene
7331:Propane
7206:Chloral
7186:Benzene
7166:Acetone
6997:Phenols
6987:Y-23684
6977:U-90042
6962:TPA-023
6947:SX-3228
6932:ROD-188
6917:NS-2710
6912:NS-2664
6897:JM-1232
6882:ELB-139
6877:CTP-354
6763:Alpidem
6362:Wogonin
6337:Linarin
5816:FG-8205
5523:Reposal
5224:Menthol
5184:Butanol
5072:(e.g.,
5070:Opioids
5019:Evoxine
4756:Doxepin
4570:Doxepin
4445:Tolibut
4341:Trional
4248:Bromide
4118:Phenols
3700:Reposal
3311:Opioids
3202:Phenols
3044:Archive
3017:7547061
2934:5175948
2849:1978439
2740:18 June
2712:2310019
2671:3093002
2468:1575970
2381:6108082
2065:7061245
2025:3013248
1941:5613958
1858:4917150
1571:7235275
1519:8751034
1412:Hospira
1394:History
1268:, etc.
1189:Hospira
1110:phobias
820:Hospira
607:Formula
460:2272257
440:DB00599
420:3000714
406:PubChem
392:71-73-8
260:Class B
246::
188: (
186:N05CA19
184:)
178: (
176:N01AF03
133: D
12122:Portal
11617:Curare
11534:AQW051
11481:18-MAC
11437:UB-165
11247:GTS-21
11077:5-HIAA
11045:nAChRs
10821:Xylene
10721:Butane
10094:AV-101
9807:HA-966
9094:CX-717
9084:CX-614
9079:CX-546
9074:CX-516
8514:Ginkgo
8404:7-TFQA
8251:αEMBTL
7844:β-AIBA
7606:Niacin
7191:Butane
7144:SL-164
7015:Thymol
6957:TP-003
6838:Others
6641:P1-185
6601:5β-DHP
6596:5α-DHP
6591:3α-DHP
6439:Kavain
6347:Rc-OMe
4973:Others
4899:Orexin
4845:Others
4835:, etc.
4812:, etc.
4781:, etc.
4763:, etc.
4649:, etc.
4626:, etc.
4595:, etc.
4577:, etc.
4231:Others
4222:SL-164
3460:WHO-EM
3430:Others
3015:
2965:
2932:
2856:
2846:
2807:
2730:RXList
2710:
2669:
2642:
2506:
2475:
2465:
2379:
2363:(12).
2338:
2278:gov.uk
2072:
2062:
2023:
2015:
1948:
1938:
1890:
1865:
1855:
1766:
1756:
1644:
1634:
1569:
1525:
1517:
1465:Anvisa
1382:or by
1325:sulfur
1314:nausea
1312:, and
1297:airway
1295:, and
1232:Dosage
1158:, the
892:uterus
796:analog
696:SMILES
651:264.32
531:ChEMBL
500:D00714
270:
258:
234:
221:
12005:(and
11987:Xenon
11486:18-MC
11465:(and
11061:(and
10816:Xenon
10276:18-MC
10241:2-MDP
10069:7-CKA
10032:PEAQX
9758:B6B21
9748:AK-51
9682:-HCA)
9645:NMDAR
9568:NS102
9299:YM90K
8994:AMPAR
8878:NAGly
8851:GlyT2
8750:ACPPB
8738:GlyT1
8692:NMDAR
8430:Tutin
8400:7-TFQ
8396:7-CIQ
8221:Xenon
8167:gases
7465:DEABL
7158:gases
6967:TP-13
6696:THDOC
6586:DHDOC
5095:UMB68
4415:GABOB
3183:Xenon
2976:(PDF)
2734:WebMD
2426:(1).
2021:S2CID
1523:S2CID
1293:apnea
1281:drugs
783:, or
716:InChI
660:JSmol
511:ChEBI
305:Liver
11667:DHβE
11468:NAMs
11064:PAMs
10911:MPEP
10851:-αAA
10709:Zinc
10536:PCPr
10506:NEFA
10192:PNQX
10122:DNQX
10109:CNQX
10042:PPDA
10027:PBPD
9897:DHEA
9882:DHEA
9792:DHPG
9743:ACPD
9733:ACBD
9697:NMDA
9663:AMAA
9563:NBQX
9538:GAMS
9533:DNQX
9523:CNQX
9441:ATPA
9436:AMPA
9274:PNQX
9269:NBQX
9244:GAMS
9234:DNQX
9224:CNQX
9209:ATPO
9169:PEPA
9027:BOAA
9022:AMPA
8928:GABA
8705:here
8703:See
8681:Zinc
8644:PMBA
8636:and
8553:NBQX
8305:2-AG
8226:Zinc
7979:tert
7870:GABA
7819:GlyR
6768:DS-1
6400:Kava
6327:EGCG
5263:tert
5255:tert
5158:GABA
4935:VDCC
4721:5-HT
4384:GABA
3562:2M2B
3542:GABA
3533:N05C
3091:N01A
3013:PMID
2963:ISBN
2930:PMID
2854:PMID
2805:PMID
2768:2010
2742:2023
2708:PMID
2667:PMID
2640:PMID
2613:2021
2504:PMID
2473:PMID
2400:TIME
2377:PMID
2336:ISBN
2285:2016
2260:2016
2230:2016
2070:PMID
2048:2012
2013:PMID
1981:2016
1946:PMID
1901:2016
1888:ISBN
1863:PMID
1764:OCLC
1754:ISBN
1727:2014
1642:ISSN
1632:ISBN
1567:PMID
1515:PMID
1144:GABA
1040:and
866:and
841:Uses
491:KEGG
471:UNII
284:data
100:AHFS
10074:ACC
9982:CPP
9952:AP7
9763:CCG
9403:KAR
7497:DS2
6606:DHT
6322:EGC
4435:GVL
4430:GBL
4420:GHB
3046:).
3042:" (
3003:doi
2844:PMC
2836:doi
2832:149
2795:doi
2698:doi
2663:303
2636:114
2496:doi
2463:PMC
2455:doi
2451:144
2369:doi
2361:137
2060:PMC
2052:doi
2005:doi
2001:159
1936:PMC
1928:doi
1853:PMC
1845:doi
1746:doi
1699:hdl
1668:hdl
1622:hdl
1593:hdl
1557:doi
1507:doi
1244:or
920:In
798:of
775:),
556:EPA
410:CID
294:80%
191:WHO
181:WHO
36:or
12148::
11569:,
11550:,
11501:,
11497:,
10823:;
10711:;
10694:;
10672:;
10608:;
10236:;
10204:;
10054:;
9872:24
9867:;
9850:;
9719:;
9606:,
9595:;
9483:;
9387:;
9317:,
9306:;
9059:;
8668:,
8664:,
8660:,
8622:,
8618:,
8614:,
8610:,
8606:,
8602:,
8598:,
8594:,
8580:,
8576:,
8572:,
8568:,
8564:,
8544:))
8540:,
8536:,
8532:,
8528:,
8520:,
8496:,
8492:,
8463:,
8459:,
8455:,
8451:,
8402:,
8398:,
8394:,
8390:,
8386:,
8307:,
8213:,
8209:,
8205:,
8201:,
8197:,
8193:,
8189:,
8185:,
8181:,
8177:,
8173:,
8155:,
8151:,
8147:,
8143:,
8139:,
8095:,
8091:,
8087:,
8083:,
8058:))
8015:,
7991:,
7987:,
7983:,
7976:,
7972:,
7968:,
7747:•
7743:•
7698:,
7694:,
7690:,
7661:,
7657:,
7583:,
7579:,
7575:,
7531:,
7527:,
7523:,
7489:,
7485:,
7481:,
7432:,
7428:,
6840::
6794::
6761::
6723::
4723:2A
3473::
3011:.
2999:75
2997:.
2993:.
2955:.
2926:34
2924:.
2920:.
2899:65
2897:.
2893:.
2852:.
2842:.
2830:.
2826:.
2803:.
2791:85
2789:.
2785:.
2732:.
2728:.
2706:.
2694:72
2692:.
2688:.
2634:.
2630:.
2604:.
2579:.
2554:.
2524:.
2502:.
2471:.
2461:.
2449:.
2445:.
2422:.
2418:.
2397:.
2375:.
2359:.
2315:.
2276:.
2251:.
2247:.
2220:.
2216:.
2196:.
2175:.
2124:.
2112:^
2091:.
2068:.
2058:.
2046:.
2042:.
2019:.
2011:.
1999:.
1967:.
1944:.
1934:.
1922:.
1918:.
1861:.
1851:.
1841:43
1839:.
1835:.
1810:.
1784:.
1762:.
1752:.
1682:^
1640:.
1630:.
1565:.
1553:54
1551:.
1547:.
1535:^
1521:.
1513:.
1503:49
1501:.
1414:.
1390:.
1367:.
1347:,
1343:,
1291:,
1264:,
1260:,
1120:.
779:,
630:Na
621:17
615:11
266:US
254:UK
243:CA
230:BR
223:S4
217:AU
129:AU
12124::
12033:)
12029:(
12009:)
11573:)
11554:)
11474:)
11293:)
11289:(
11070:)
11025:e
11018:t
11011:v
10947:)
10943:(
10849:D
10115:D
9905:)
9901:(
9892:)
9888:(
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