82:. In October 1914, the Minneapolis chapter of this organization passed a "Tentative Program for a Constructive Peace," which called for the convocation of an international conference of Neutral countries to bring an end to the European conflict. The Woman's Peace Party organized a mass meeting in Chicago early in December 1914, from which emerged a December 19 session which brought together 21 delegates from various peace, labor, political, religious, and civic organizations. This alliance of interested organizations constituted itself as the Chicago Emergency Peace Federation.
161:. As pro-war fervor swept the country, a new phase was entered by activists in the American peace movement — attempting to terminate Wilson's so-called "War to Make the World Safe for Democracy." In keeping with this new task, these three main pacifist organizations of America joined forces in a new organization, ultimately known as the People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace.
335:. Lee read a statement written by Morris Hillquit detailing a concrete plan for the participation of the leading belligerents in such a gathering and the establishment of an international body to resolve future economic disagreements amongst the warring parties — proposals which met with strong approval from the assembled delegates.
384:
on
September 1, for the establishment of a national office for the fledgling organization, and for the publication of a regular bulletin for national distribution. These proposals were approved by the assembled delegates, and the People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace was formally born.
605:
Revolutionary
Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps Being Taken and Required to Curb It, Being the Report of the Joint Legislative Committee Investigating Seditious Activities, Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York: Part 1:
415:
and held a night rally in front of the armory protesting the attempt by the People's
Council to hold a conference in the city's prizefighting arena. The crowd then moved on the four organizers in the lobby of their hotel and threatened to hang them. Only after the pleadings of county attorney N. O.
379:
In the afternoon a formal call was made by
Rebecca Shelly for the establishment of a new national organization, the People's Council of America, composed of locals across the country organized through universal suffrage and national referendums. Shelly called for a national convention to be held in
302:
At 10 am on May 30, 1917, the
Madison Square Garden organizational meeting, called the First American Conference for Democracy and Terms of Peace, was gaveled to order by Judah Magnes. The meeting was held amidst a strong presence by New York City police, who feared violence either by revolutionary
311:
Delegates began work on a preamble which called upon
Americans to "aid our government in bringing to ourselves and the world a speedy, righteous, and lasting peace." Magnes delivered the keynote address, later published as a pamphlet in an edition of 50,000 copies, in which he bitterly attacked
44:
against the war effort through publication of literature and the conduct of mass meetings and public demonstrations. The organization's dissident views made it a target of federal, state, and local authorities, who disrupted its meetings and arrested a number of its leading participants under
118:
A third pacifist organization emerged in
February 1917, just as America appeared on the cusp of entering the European conflagration. This New York group, originally called the Emergency Peace Committee, dedicated itself to agitating for a continuation of the policy of American
361:, a Socialist Party activist who was the elected leader of the AFL in Pennsylvania. Maurer focused his rhetoric upon Samuel Gompers and the national leadership of the AFL, which he charged had sold out the interests of the working class to the interests of the
365:. Maurer was followed at the rostrum by Scott Nearing, who emphasized the need of Americans to support an activist labor movement, without which American workers would be suppressed by the combined forces of big business and the government during the war.
307:
mobs intent on dispersing attendees. Policemen carrying riot guns were posted on street corners surrounding
Madison Square Garden, while police vehicles cruised the streets. More than 400 policemen were detailed to the operation.
517:, which operated from the same New York headquarters and carried forward the People's Council's publishing imprint, "The People's Print." This new incarnation of the People's Council dedicated itself to the fight to free
481:
The publication was terminated effective with the issue of
January 1919. A run of the publication exists on microfilm as reel 2 of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection's People's Council of America papers.
111:, founded in January 1916 from an "Anti-Preparedness Committee" established the previous year. In early 1917, the American Union Against Militarism were leading advocates for the idea of holding of a national
442:
attempted to reverse this action, on the grounds that "pacifists are law-abiding citizens" and that he would not "have it spread broadcast that
Chicago denies free speech to anyone," Illinois Governor
256:
replied angrily in the negative, answering Lochner's cable with a terse declaration that "I prefer not to ally myself with the conscious or unconscious agents of the Kaiser in America."
1188:
The Message of New Russia: The Answer Given by the Largest Nation in Western Civilization to the Question: What Shall We Do with Plutocracy at Home and Abroad? Excerpts from an Article.
465:, but political pressure seems to have forced Jordan to decline the appointment and sever all relations with the organization as its treasurer effective September 1 of that year.
173:
in New York City to consider the course for the peace movement in America. Participants were split between radicals and pacifists who favored the peace conditions advanced by the
435:
of Minnesota intervened to ban the People's Council from gathering anywhere in the state on the grounds that it would give aid and comfort to the enemies of the United States.
543:
Papers related to the People's Council of America as well as the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy may be found in the Frank Leslie Grubbs collection, housed at the
2035:
1256:
Our Aims in the War: An Address Delivered by John Spargo at Minneapolis, Minn., September 5, 1917 under the Auspices of the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy.
286:
Leading academics were targeted by Lochner and brought into the new organization's fold during the initial preparatory period, including such worthies as economists
2084:
2251:
312:
Britain and France for pursuing a war which offered little of worth to the working class, and intimating that the United States was engaged in a war to preserve
223:
and left-wing members of the American Union Against Militarism joining the new group's ranks, as well as key members of the Emergency Peace Federation, such as
2094:
1487:
115:
on the question of American entry into the European war, believing that those agitating for foreign intervention were a distinct minority of the population.
99:
Throughout 1915 and 1916, a coordinated campaign was conducted in the United States on behalf of military "Preparedness," culminating on July 22, 1916 with
2261:
2231:
2069:
1923:
215:
Lochner's attempt to build a broad-based organization ran into difficulty. Prominent liberals sympathetic to the Wilson administration, such as attorney
2009:
260:
2226:
555:, California. The collection includes one folder of material and ten reels of microfilm gathering correspondence, minutes, and printed publications.
339:
92:
its executive secretary, with Jane Addams continuing to play a leading role in the organization as well. The group issued a publication known as the
1146:
For Democracy and Terms of Peace: Address at Opening of First American Conference for Democracy and Terms of Peace, New York City, May 30–31, 1917.
268:
294:. Lochner envisioned an organization which was nationwide in scope and that would unite local peace organizations from around the United States.
259:
Despite Gompers' refusal, work on the new organization proceeded apace, with a program committee consisting of Hillquit, Lochner, Norman Thomas,
1065:
Report of the First American Conference for Democracy and Terms of Peace, Held at Madison Square Garden, New York City, May 30th and 31st, 1917.
438:
The People's Council scrambled and attempted to hold its convention in Chicago, but the event was broken up by the police. When Chicago Mayor
2241:
1938:
70:
in August 1914 saw its response in the United States of America with the emergence of a national peace movement. One of the pioneer American
372:
called on the Wilson administration to improve working conditions of American workers. Numerous speakers followed calling for the repeal of
201:, realized that it was in the minority, it walked out of the meeting in order to retain its independence from the forthcoming organization.
2142:
2116:
2246:
2074:
2079:
1891:
564:
2040:
2005:
2182:
2111:
2157:
1709:
1623:
208:
of Russia. Socialist leader Morris Hillqut was named the ceremonial Chairman of the organizing committee of the new group and
2256:
1810:
1377:
396:
The People's Council frequently saw its gatherings banned or disbanded. On August 24, 1917, a meeting of the organization in
2162:
2015:
1967:
536:
in Pennsylvania. The bulk of the collection has been filmed on two reels of microfilm, both of which are available through
120:
526:
178:
219:, refused to associate with the organization. Radicals were more sympathetic, with a number of prominent members of the
2236:
2192:
2172:
1758:
1654:
1300:
1098:
Los Angeles: Southern California Organizing Committee of the People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace, n.d .
388:
The People's Council maintained its national headquarters in New York City in an office located at 2 West 13th Street.
342:, a former college student of Woodrow Wilson's, who cautioned the President against making secret agreements with the
275:
named. The committee decided to endorse a peace proposal calling for peace without annexations or indemnities and the
2020:
1684:
1342:
198:
108:
670:
450:, sending four companies of troops to Chicago the next day to make sure that the People's Council could not gather.
2099:
2089:
1704:
1472:
1467:
346:
which might in the future commit the United States to participation in future wars. Former Socialist Congressman
135:
423:
on September 1, but the organization was denied use of a hall in the city. When the alternative of meeting in a
2047:
1387:
1337:
574:
272:
96:
and was the organizing force behind a national peace conference held in Chicago from February 27 to 28, 1915.
49:. The People's Council was succeeded in 1919 by a new group based in the same New York City headquarters, the
2187:
2062:
1649:
324:
1209:
Who's Who in the People's Council: First Constituent Assembly, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 1 to 6, 1917.
1793:
1714:
1694:
1477:
1397:
1382:
1347:
249:
2137:
1961:
1679:
1362:
2205:
2052:
2030:
1729:
1689:
1407:
1327:
220:
124:
103:. This campaign for increased military spending in the shadow of the European bloodbath drove American
1139:
Washington to Petrograd — Via Rome: Some Observations on President Wilson's Reply to Pope Benedict XV.
2104:
2057:
2025:
1719:
1664:
569:
514:
427:
was advanced, With less than a week remaining before the start of its scheduled national convention,
404:
denied the group use of a public hall for its meeting. On August 28, a People's Council gathering in
193:— and those who favored a more moderate and Americanized approach. When this latter group, headed by
50:
1980:
1913:
1783:
1763:
1746:
1402:
1973:
1659:
1462:
1392:
579:
447:
400:
was disrupted and shut down by a mob of soldiers and sailors. That same day, city authorities in
233:
A "Tentative Program" was circulated on May 7, in preparation for the gathering. New York City's
1950:
1944:
1773:
1674:
1357:
1293:
600:
502:
432:
75:
1261:
Speech in opposition to People's Council at the September 1917 counter-convention of the AALD.
959:
655:
245:, a leading public figure among the American peace movement, was sought as a keynote speaker.
107:
to action. One of the groups organized in an effort to staunch America's slide to war was the
1918:
1768:
1533:
1272:
1033:
439:
373:
234:
131:
1174:
Open Letters to Profiteers: An Arraignment of Big Business in its Relation to the World War.
1068:
New York: Organizing Committee, People's Council of American for Democracy and Peace, n.d. .
1788:
1699:
474:
204:
Those remaining determined to establish a new peace organization, patterned loosely on the
8:
2147:
2121:
1861:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1798:
1588:
1583:
1521:
1063:
1048:
548:
518:
454:
405:
328:
279:
of all peoples as a basis of its own demands and to cooperate closely with the staunchly
264:
238:
657:
The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1917.
376:
and an endorsement of the policy of immediate peace without annexations or indemnities.
169:
On May 2, 1917, more than 40 members of the Emergency Peace Federation assembled at the
1907:
1881:
1836:
1669:
1628:
1548:
654:
Frank Moore Colby with Allen Leon Churchill, "International Peace and Arbitration," in
544:
537:
533:
458:
443:
401:
276:
242:
190:
139:
2152:
2167:
1553:
1332:
1309:
1286:
1273:
People's Council of America for Democracy & Peace Records, 1917-1919, finding aid
1223:
The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the AF of L, and the Pacificists, 1917-1920.
1034:
People's Council of America for Democracy & Peace Records, 1917-1919, finding aid
287:
146:
1090:
Democracy and Peace: Why the World is at War and What Must Come Out of the Struggle.
2177:
1901:
1856:
1734:
1528:
1511:
1447:
1427:
1422:
1367:
696:
The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the AF of L, and the Pacifists, 1917-1920.
351:
347:
209:
205:
100:
89:
1437:
1243:
532:
An archive of papers relating to the People's Council of America may be found at
369:
280:
227:
182:
1116:
New York: Committee on Terms of Peace of the People's Council of America, n.d. .
1986:
1805:
1568:
1538:
1442:
1432:
1417:
1372:
1313:
343:
253:
216:
150:
29:
1278:
1254:
1036:, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore College, www.swarthmore.edu/
2220:
1933:
1871:
1851:
1778:
1753:
1558:
1120:
Secret Diplomacy and Profiteering: Hidden Treaties Published by Bolsheviki...
498:
408:, was quashed by the coordinated mass singing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
297:
291:
186:
154:
46:
37:
25:
1886:
1724:
1578:
1516:
1482:
1452:
1018:
494:
397:
358:
320:
194:
143:
127:, and worked hand-in-glove with the Chicago organization of the same name.
123:
towards the World War combatants. This group later emerged as the New York
41:
1214:
Frank L. Grubbs, Jr., "Council and Alliance Labor Propaganda, 1917-1919,"
1896:
1633:
1598:
1563:
1543:
1457:
521:, to stop the spread of militarism, and to halt military intervention in
490:
424:
420:
362:
304:
170:
79:
67:
33:
1928:
1740:
1618:
1603:
1593:
1412:
412:
313:
112:
1104:
Committee on Terms of Peace of the People's Council of America, n.d. .
252:
to also lend its support to the new peace organization. AFL President
1866:
1352:
1183:
New York: People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace, n.d. .
1132:
Who are the Bolsheviki? The Truth about the New Government of Russia.
1128:
New York: People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace, n.d. .
1110:
New York: People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace, n.d. .
552:
462:
428:
332:
174:
86:
1162:
New York: People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace, 1917.
606:
Revolutionary and Subversive Movements Abroad and at Home, Volume 1.
1955:
1608:
486:
130:
The Emergency Peace Federation rallied a group of thousands to the
104:
71:
21:
1237:
Chicago Labor and the Quest for a Democratic Diplomacy, 1914-1924.
513:
The People's Council was succeeded in the post-war period by the
416:
Varnum were the four allowed to leave town at once and unharmed.
381:
158:
778:
Telegram of Gompers to Lochner, May 11, 1917. Quoted in Grubbs,
18:
People's Council of America for Democracy and the Terms of Peace
1876:
1826:
1573:
1503:
522:
461:
its delegate to a proposed September 9, 1917, peace meeting in
1613:
1167:
War: Who Gets the Profits? What are You Going to Do about It?
224:
212:
was tapped as Secretary, in charge of day-to-day activities.
28:
in May 1917. Organized in opposition to the decision of the
20:, commonly known as the "People's Council," was an American
1259:
New York: American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, 1917.
473:
Beginning August 7, 1917, the People's Council published a
1275:, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore College.
960:"The People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace,"
357:
An evening session on the labor movement was addressed by
298:
First American Conference for Democracy and Terms of Peace
1230:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918.
1074:
New York: People's Council for Democracy and Peace, 1917.
1181:
The Meaning of Free Speech for Pacifists: A Statement.
36:, the People's Council attempted to mobilize American
1158:
William E. Mason; James H Maurer; and John D. Works,
608:
Albany, NY: J.B. Lyon Co., 1920; pg. 971. Hereafter:
1924:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
1488:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
1019:"The Bulletin of the People's Council of America,"
1250:Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.
1049:"Overview of the Frank Leslie Grubbs collection,"
419:Effort was made to hold a national conference in
368:On the second day of the conference, sociologist
2218:
1232:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972.
1021:Janus catalog, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
698:Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968; pg. 22.
479:The Bulletin of the People's Council of America.
237:was booked for an organizational mass meeting.
1308:
1211:Chicago: American Liberty Defense League, 1917.
1197:Milwaukee: People's Council of Milwaukee, 1917.
1096:Patriotism by Patriots: For the Heroes of 1917.
1051:Online Archive of California, Collection 82097.
411:On August 30, 1917, a mob of 1,000 gathered in
2252:Peace organizations based in the United States
1218:vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring 1966), pp. 156–172.
477:monthly (later semi-monthly) newspaper called
1939:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
1294:
1190:New York: People's Council of America, n.d. .
1084:The Case Against Universal Military Training.
1072:The People's Council for Democracy and Peace.
998:
996:
965:, vol. 59, no. 9 (October 1917), pp. 279-280.
944:
650:
648:
646:
331:to hold an international peace conference at
1176:New York: People's Council of America, 1917.
1169:New York: People's Council of America, 1917.
1141:New York: People's Council of America, 1917.
1122:New York: People's Council of America, 1918.
1092:New York: People's Council of America, 1918.
1080:New York: People's Council of America, 1917.
660:New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1918; pg. 362.
350:also spoke, bitterly condemning the wartime
2262:United States home front during World War I
2232:1919 disestablishments in the United States
1239:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.
1155:Chicago: People's Council of America, 1917.
920:
918:
891:
889:
887:
885:
871:
869:
867:
865:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
790:
788:
748:
746:
485:The organization also issued a plethora of
1301:
1287:
1078:British Labor Demands: A People's Peace...
993:
719:
717:
690:
688:
686:
684:
643:
1892:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
1134:Chicago: Chicago People's Council, n.d. .
1044:
1042:
671:"Peace is Broken by Pacifists at Capital"
619:
617:
596:
594:
565:American Alliance for Labor and Democracy
508:
157:calling for a declaration of war against
56:
2227:1917 establishments in the United States
1225:Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968.
915:
882:
862:
827:
801:
785:
759:
743:
1102:Peace Terms of Belligerent Governments.
714:
681:
85:The Emergency Peace Federation elected
2219:
1624:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1039:
630:
614:
591:
338:Afternoon speakers included Professor
327:, who detailed ongoing efforts of the
24:political organization established in
1811:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1282:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1012:
941:vol. 1, no. 3 (July 31, 1917), pg. 3.
78:, initiated by Chicago social worker
2242:Organizations disestablished in 1919
1968:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
453:The People's Council sought to make
94:Emergency Peace Federation Bulletin,
1193:John D. Works and Morris Hillquit,
1108:People of America, Unite for Peace.
937:"The People's Council of America,"
32:administration's decision to enter
13:
2193:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2090:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1378:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1201:
1024:
1009:
323:of the Socialist Party-affiliated
319:Also addressing the gathering was
14:
2273:
2247:Organizations established in 1917
1685:International Day of Non-Violence
1343:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1266:
1207:American Liberty Defense League,
1153:Let the Peace Conference Convene.
1148:New York: People's Council, 1917.
1086:New York: People's Council, 1917.
1057:
199:American Union Against Militarism
109:American Union Against Militarism
2095:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
489:, including material written by
164:
1468:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
980:
968:
931:
926:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
910:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
902:
897:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
877:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
857:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
849:
844:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
822:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
814:
809:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
796:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
780:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
772:
767:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
754:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
725:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
709:The Struggle for Labor Loyalty,
675:The Salt Lake Herald-Republican
468:
136:American entry into World War I
1388:List of pacifist organisations
730:
701:
663:
575:List of anti-war organizations
354:of the American ruling class.
138:on April 2, 1917. One member,
61:
1:
391:
325:Rand School of Social Science
2257:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
1794:World Peace Bell Association
1695:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1398:New Socialist Party of Japan
1383:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1348:Coalition of Women for Peace
1248:Opponents of War, 1917-1918.
585:
250:American Federation of Labor
142:, got into a fistfight with
7:
1962:The whole world is watching
1730:Peace & Love (festival)
1680:Imagine Piano Peace Project
1126:Three Things You Should Do!
558:
545:Hoover Institution archives
10:
2278:
2085:2011 intervention in Libya
1705:List of places named Peace
1690:International Day of Peace
1408:Peace and conflict studies
1328:Anti-nuclear organizations
677:. 3 April 1917. p. 6.
446:responded by mobiling the
221:Socialist Party of America
125:Emergency Peace Federation
2237:Opposition to World War I
2201:
2130:
1995:
1819:
1720:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
1715:Mother's Day Proclamation
1665:Dances of Universal Peace
1642:
1496:
1478:The Women's Peace Crusade
1320:
1981:Violence begets violence
1914:Non-aggression principle
1784:The Non-Violence Project
1764:Promoting Enduring Peace
1747:Promoting Enduring Peace
1403:Pacifist Socialist Party
1186:Alexander Trachtenberg,
248:Lochner appealed to the
2075:Military action in Iran
1710:Monuments and memorials
1660:Concert Yutel for Peace
1463:React, Include, Recycle
1393:List of peace activists
1358:Conscientious objectors
580:List of peace activists
448:Illinois National Guard
1996:Opposition to specific
1951:Swords to ploughshares
1945:Soldiers are murderers
1338:Anti-war organizations
1221:Frank L. Grubbs, Jr.,
694:Frank L. Grubbs, Jr.,
570:People's Freedom Union
515:People's Freedom Union
509:Dissolution and legacy
503:Alexander Trachtenberg
267:, and peace activists
153:delivered a speech to
149:. That day, President
74:organizations was the
57:Organizational history
51:People's Freedom Union
1998:wars or their aspects
1919:Nonviolent resistance
1769:Show of Peace Concert
1534:Anti-nuclear movement
1165:Basil Maxwell Manly,
1160:Things We Care About.
1114:People's Peace Terms.
963:The Advocate of Peace
374:military conscription
235:Madison Square Garden
206:workingmen's councils
132:United States Capital
2080:Sri Lankan Civil War
1974:Turn the other cheek
1789:University for Peace
1700:List of peace prizes
1235:Elizabeth McKillen,
1228:C. Roland Marchand,
1179:Theodore Schroeder,
2122:Nuclear disarmament
2105:in Russian Far East
1862:Department of Peace
1847:Counter-recruitment
1842:Conflict resolution
1832:Central Park be-ins
1820:Slogans and tactics
1799:Japanese Peace Bell
1589:Non-interventionism
1584:Modern-war pacifism
1522:Christian anarchism
1151:Judah Leon Magnes,
1144:Judah Leon Magnes,
1002:Peterson and Fife,
986:Peterson and Fife,
939:Seattle Daily Call,
601:Archibald Stevenson
549:Stanford University
519:political prisoners
455:Stanford University
440:"Big Bill" Thompson
406:Fargo, North Dakota
329:Zimmerwald movement
265:Columbia University
239:Stanford University
76:Woman's Peace Party
2016:American Civil War
1908:Make love, not war
1882:Economic sanctions
1837:Civil disobedience
1670:Festival for Peace
1643:Media and cultural
1629:Testimony of peace
1549:Christian pacifism
1242:H.C. Peterson and
1195:Why We Are at War.
538:inter-library loan
534:Swarthmore College
459:David Starr Jordan
277:self-determination
243:David Starr Jordan
140:Alexander Bannwart
45:provisions of the
2214:
2213:
2117:Military taxation
1987:War tax resisters
1554:Deterrence theory
1333:Anti-war movement
1262:
1004:Opponents of War,
988:Opponents of War,
977:, August 31, 1917
975:Eau Claire Leader
740:vol. 1, pg. 1031.
736:Stevenson (ed.),
636:Stevenson (ed.),
623:Stevenson (ed.),
288:Emily Green Balch
283:Socialist Party.
273:Elisabeth Freeman
147:Henry Cabot Lodge
2269:
2041:list of protests
1902:Lesson of Munich
1857:Demilitarisation
1735:Peace journalism
1529:Anti-imperialism
1512:Anarcho-pacifism
1448:Peace psychology
1428:Peace conference
1423:Peace commission
1368:Culture of Peace
1303:
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363:capitalist class
348:Victor L. Berger
303:participants or
261:Henry W. L. Dana
210:Louis P. Lochner
101:Preparedness Day
90:Louis P. Lochner
66:The eruption of
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1997:
1991:
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1438:Peace education
1321:Peace advocates
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1204:
1202:Further reading
1172:Scott Nearing,
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433:Joseph Burquist
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340:William I. Hull
300:
281:anti-militarist
228:Judah L. Magnes
183:Morris Hillquit
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1806:Women in Black
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1569:Green politics
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1443:Peace movement
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1433:Peace congress
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:Peace churches
1415:
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1395:
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1380:
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1373:ECOPEACE Party
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1363:Counterculture
1360:
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1314:peace movement
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1268:
1267:External links
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1216:Labor History,
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344:Entente powers
299:
296:
269:Rebecca Shelly
254:Samuel Gompers
217:Frank P. Walsh
177:government of
166:
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151:Woodrow Wilson
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2048:War on Terror
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:War of 1812 (
2003:
2002:
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1994:
1988:
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1982:
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1934:Peacebuilding
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1852:De-escalation
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1754:Peace One Day
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1559:Direct action
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1517:Anarcho-punks
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1483:War resisters
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527:Soviet Russia
524:
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499:Scott Nearing
496:
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475:tabloid-sized
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187:Norman Thomas
184:
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179:Soviet Russia
176:
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165:Establishment
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54:
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48:
47:Espionage Act
43:
42:intellectuals
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:New York City
23:
19:
2031:World War II
1887:Flower power
1739:
1579:Isolationism
1453:Peace treaty
1255:
1247:
1236:
1229:
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1058:Publications
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738:Lusk Report,
737:
732:
724:
708:
703:
695:
674:
665:
656:
638:Lusk Report,
637:
632:
625:Lusk Report,
624:
610:Lusk Report.
609:
604:
542:
531:
512:
495:Judah Magnes
484:
478:
472:
469:Publications
452:
444:Frank Lowden
437:
418:
410:
398:Philadelphia
395:
387:
378:
367:
359:James Maurer
356:
352:profiteering
337:
321:Algernon Lee
318:
310:
301:
285:
258:
247:
232:
214:
203:
195:Lillian Wald
181:— including
168:
144:U.S. Senator
129:
117:
98:
93:
84:
65:
17:
15:
2178:Switzerland
2163:Netherlands
2036:Vietnam War
2026:World War I
1897:Human Be-In
1634:World peace
1599:Nonviolence
1564:Finvenkismo
1544:Appeasement
1458:Peaceworker
491:Max Eastman
425:circus tent
421:Minneapolis
316:in Europe.
305:nationalist
171:Hotel Astor
80:Jane Addams
68:World War I
62:Forerunners
34:World War I
2221:Categories
2143:Costa Rica
1929:Peace walk
1741:Peace News
1619:Satyagraha
1604:Pacificism
1594:Nonkilling
1508:Anarchism
1497:Ideologies
1413:Peace camp
990:pp. 76-77.
912:pp. 31-32.
859:pp. 28-29.
824:pp. 27-28.
711:pp. 22-23.
457:President
413:Hudson, WI
392:Repression
314:capitalism
241:President
134:to oppose
121:neutrality
113:referendum
2131:Countries
2112:Landmines
2100:in Russia
2058:Criticism
1867:Desertion
1353:Code Pink
586:Footnotes
553:Palo Alto
487:pamphlets
463:Stockholm
431:Governor
429:Minnesota
333:Stockholm
175:Bolshevik
105:pacifists
87:socialist
2206:Category
2063:Protests
2053:Iraq War
1956:Teach-in
1609:Pacifism
1310:Anti-war
924:Grubbs,
908:Grubbs,
895:Grubbs,
875:Grubbs,
855:Grubbs,
842:Grubbs,
820:Grubbs,
807:Grubbs,
794:Grubbs,
765:Grubbs,
752:Grubbs,
723:Grubbs,
707:Grubbs,
559:See also
155:Congress
72:pacifist
22:pacifist
2148:Germany
1779:Symbols
1725:Museums
1006:pg. 77.
928:pg. 32.
899:pg. 31.
879:pg. 30.
846:pg. 29.
811:pg. 27.
798:pg. 26.
782:pg. 25.
769:pg. 25.
756:pg. 24.
727:pg. 23.
603:, ed.,
402:Memphis
382:Midwest
197:of the
159:Germany
38:workers
2153:Israel
2138:Canada
1877:Die-in
1827:Bed-in
1574:Hippie
1504:Ahimsa
523:Mexico
501:, and
189:, and
2173:Sudan
2168:Spain
2158:Japan
1774:Songs
1759:Plays
1675:Films
1655:Books
1614:Peace
1473:Unity
225:rabbi
1312:and
525:and
380:the
290:and
271:and
40:and
16:The
1650:Art
551:in
547:at
263:of
2223::
2010:US
2008:;
2006:UK
1246:,
1041:^
1026:^
1011:^
995:^
946:^
917:^
884:^
864:^
829:^
787:^
745:^
716:^
683:^
673:.
645:^
616:^
593:^
540:.
529:.
505:.
497:,
493:,
230:.
185:,
53:.
2012:)
1983:"
1979:"
1976:"
1972:"
1964:"
1960:"
1947:"
1943:"
1910:"
1906:"
1302:e
1295:t
1288:v
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