710:(MFA). The MFA soon announced that it would divest itself of the country's remaining colonies and end the costly colonial wars. FRELIMO responded that it would only pursue peace talks on the following conditions: Portuguese recognition of FRELIMO as the sole legitimate representative of the Mozambican people, recognition of the country's right to "complete independence", and the immediate transfer of power to FRELIMO. By September the MFA had confirmed it would comply with these conditions and effect a transition of power directly to FRELIMO, without a local referendum or elections. This alarmed Portugal's Western allies, the anti-communist white minority regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia, and the considerable population of white settlers in Mozambique. The MFA's announcement led to an attempted coup d'état by right-wing white Mozambicans, which was forcibly crushed by Portuguese troops. A report by the United States consulate there found "there is no doubt in our mind that post-independence FRELIMO-run Mozambique will be heavily influenced by Soviets and Chinese". The South African and Rhodesian governments feared that a sympathetic FRELIMO regime in Mozambique would likely provide a conduit for African nationalist insurgencies to launch raids into their own countries. For example, a South African military intelligence report at the time claimed that domestic insurgents "will enjoy much greater freedom of movement through...Mozambique while they will receive more direct and indirect moral and material support...the timescale according to which events will likely develop will be defined chiefly by the USSR and China: the two powers who have the greatest incentive to create and manipulate tension in southern Africa".
754:
the People's
Assembly and convened for four-day sessions twice a year. It was made up of 210 unelected representatives appointed to each seat by FRELIMO's political leadership. Due to the fact the legislature only met once a year, most legislation was proposed and in fact preemptively implemented by the executive branch; the People's Assembly merely ratified the president's decision upon convening. This permitted the president of the People's Republic to rule essentially by decree. With regard to the judiciary, the government banned all private law practice and called for a national legal consultancy to provide public defenders for those in court. No national legal consultancy was actually established until 1986, meaning those being tried in court had no recourse to legal counsel. Until the legal consultancy could be established, FRELIMO ruled that the organs of state were empowered to administer "people's justice", or otherwise extrajudicial and often arbitrary judgments without the use of the court system.
812:
People's Forces for the
Liberation of Mozambique (FPLM). In 1978, there were up to 1,000 Soviet and Cuban military personnel deployed in the country. There were also large civilian technical contingents deployed; up to 600 Cuban and 650 Soviet technicians were in the country during the late 1980s, working on developing mining and rail infrastructure and fisheries. Both countries also provided vocational training and university scholarships to Mozambican nationals on especially generous terms. In 1987, for example, 4,000 Mozambicans received scholarships to study in Cuba, and 800 were receiving vocational instruction there. Between 1977 and 1990, the Soviet Union provided Mozambique with $ 105 million in financial aid. During the 1980s, it was the country's largest overseas trading partner, supplying a plurality of Mozambique's imported goods and all of its oil on credit. Many of the Soviet imports were directly bartered for agricultural goods produced by Mozambique's peasant farmers.
758:
brought under the control of a single state-owned broadcasting network, and instituted strict government control of the press. Machel declared that it was the responsibility of the state to impose the will of the peasant and worker majority, "even if it meant forcing those who refuse to accept such an imposition, and to repress those who oppose such a will". Attacks were also launched against the
Mozambican intelligentsia. Although typically quite progressive and pro-FRELIMO prior to independence, intellectual and academic associations also had a longstanding democratic tradition, promoted free debate, and were open to diverse political ideas, all of which were regarded with suspicion by the new political establishment. A pervasive form of censorship was imposed; Machel announced that all "manifestations and influences of the bourgeoisie's decadent subculture would be purged". Elements of Western pop culture and music, for example, were banned for their "self-evident elitism".
762:
all workplaces and in every residential area. Cities were divided into communal wards, which in turn were divided into blocs made up of units of ten families each. FRELIMO officials were appointed to politicise each bloc in that ward, which meant ensuring every resident was registered at the local FRELIMO cell and monitoring their respective incomes, lifestyles, and day-to-day activities. Family units were required to report guests and visitors to the official responsible for their bloc. Their movements were heavily restricted; to ensure compliance with the communal ward and bloc system, only registered persons were permitted to use hospitals, clinics, schools, and shops. Bloc registration also entitled residents to ration cards, without which they were prohibited from buying food. An internal passport granted by FRELIMO was required to travel outside one's residential area.
750:
and peasants, "united and led by FRELIMO and by the organs of people's power". The constitution enshrined FRELIMO's ascendancy in a oneparty socialist state, declaring that FRELIMO was "the governing force of the state and society....FRELIMO outlines the basic orientation of the state and directs and supervises the action of state organs in order to ensure compliance with state policy with the interests of the people". The constitution also established a planned economy, although it made provision for the respect of personal property. Anti-social practices, such as discrimination or any act which the state deemed jeopardised social harmony, were made punishable offences under law.
770:
locally and were thus, potentially everywhere. Such enemies were defined as those who displayed anti-social behavior aimed at obstructing the government. Even the smallest deviance from the planned realities of collective blocs in the cities and collective villages in rural areas could be decoded as a sign of obstruction or resistance. To identify potential enemies of the state, the security services established an official network of informants, which eventually grew to number 17,000 in the Maputo area and 150,000 nationwide. Neighbours were encouraged to inform on each other and report on those who spoke positively about the new society's enemies.
46:
69:
699:, sealing thousands of Mozambican civilians in fortified settlements in an attempt to isolate the insurgents from their popular bases of support. It also launched general offensives to close FRELIMO's infiltration routes into Tanzania and recruited more indigenous counter-insurgency units. Despite these measures, the Portuguese had lost control of vast segments of the country by early 1973. FRELIMO not only controlled much of northern Mozambique, but its penetration of the territory's central and southern provinces, and even the peripheries of major cities, was substantial.
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82:
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149:
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53:
519:
623:("Council for Mutual Economic Assistance"), which was an economic organization of socialist states. Mozambique made a bid to formally join COMECON as a member state in the early 1980s but was rebuffed, despite East German sponsorship and endorsements. Following the decline of Soviet and COMECON economic influence in the 1980s, the People's Republic of Mozambique sought rapprochement with the United States of America, the
1020:" ('Beloved Homeland') is the national anthem of Mozambique, approved by law in 2002 under Article 295 of the Constitution of Mozambique. It was written by Salomão J. Manhiça and replaced "Viva, Viva a FRELIMO" on 30 April 2002. In 1992, the song's lyrics were removed, with the political changes that then took place. The parliament then held a contest to choose a lyrics. The result is the current anthem, Pátria Amada.
588:, which was one of the first nations to provide diplomatic recognition and financial support to the fledgling FRELIMO government. For the duration of its history, the People's Republic of Mozambique remained heavily dependent on Soviet aid, both in financial terms as well as with regards to food security, fuel, and other vital economic necessities. From 1977 to 1992, the country was devastated by a deadly
4097:
717:, which ended the country's war of independence. The Lusaka Accord set the date for formal independence: June 25, 1975. It also granted FRELIMO effective political ascendancy in Mozambique during the interim period as Portuguese administrators, civil servants, and military personnel departed. FRELIMO soon began a crackdown on its political opponents: FRELIMO defectors and members of the
851:
the independence war. In
December 1975 Mozambique was rocked by an abortive rebellion in Lourenço Marques (Maputo) when 400 troops of the FAM occupied strategic positions in Machava before being forced back by loyal police, military and civilians. The rebellion was in response to a crackdown and purge on corruption within the military and party.
136:
796:
precipitation varied from 500 to 900 mm (20 to 35 in) depending on the region, with an average of 590 mm (23 in). Cyclones were common during the wet season. Average temperature ranges in Maputo were from 13 to 24 °C (55 to 75 °F) in July and from 22 to 31 °C (72 to 88 °F) in
February.
138:
733:(UNHCR) stripped them of their refugee status and recommended they be involuntarily repatriated. Fearful of FRELIMO reprisals upon their return, the defectors staged demonstrations outside the UNHCR offices in Nairobi, prompting the Kenyan government to review their case and allow them to remain in that country.
137:
850:
The FAM was initially organised along similar lines to its predecessor, with no formal ranks besides from a system of "comandantes" who were elected to the position by fellow soldiers. FRELIMO and the FAM/FPLM were virtually indistinguishable from each other following their close relationship through
846:
Upon independence in 1975 the guerilla forces of FRELIMO, the People's Forces for the
Liberation of Mozambique (Forças Populares de Libertação de Moçambique - FPLM) was reorganised into the Armed Forces of Mozambique (Forças Armadas de Moçambique - FAM), the official designation being "Forças Armadas
769:
As part of their politicisation campaign, FRELIMO cells constantly reminded
Mozambicans that the permanent enemies of the state were the abstract concepts of colonialism, imperialism, and capitalism. However, in the party's ideology, enemies closer to home were constantly being decoded and identified
757:
The first months of Samora Machel's presidency were marked by a series of sweeping reforms: the new government nationalised healthcare, education, and land. All forms of production and retail enterprise were nationalised shortly afterwards. FRELIMO also dictated that all broadcasting services must be
753:
Executive, legislative, and judiciary powers were vested in the ruling party. The party chairman of FRELIMO was also granted the role of state president, chief justice of the nation's courts, commander in chief of the armed forces, and the speaker of parliament. The national legislature was known as
761:
FRELIMO began a campaign of mass politicisation: it attempted to organise every segment of the population into a local party chapter that also functioned as a workplace union. Unions were created for women, schoolchildren, teachers, journalists, writers, and workers. Party cells were established at
749:
across
Mozambique, beginning in the north where FRELIMO had first launched its armed struggle and culminating in the southern provinces. The new constitution of the People's Republic, which was completed by June 20 and took effect immediately upon independence, vested absolute power in the workers
811:
The People's
Republic of Mozambique enjoyed close military, political, and economic ties with the member states of COMECON during its brief history, particularly the Soviet Union and Cuba. Both countries deployed military missions in Mozambique during the civil war to advise, train, and equip the
682:
and provided with arms by both the Soviet Union and the People's
Republic of China. The Soviet Union supplied FRELIMO with small arms, fuel, food, logistical vehicles, and financial contributions ranging from $ 85,000 to $ 100,000 annually, while the Chinese government supplied FRELIMO with over
795:
The People's Republic of Mozambique had a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from October to March and a dry season from April to September. Climatic conditions varied depending on altitude. Rainfall was typically heavy along the coast and decreased in the north and south. Annual
765:
Following the Portuguese withdrawal, many rural Mozambicans moved out of the fortified settlements established as part of the wartime villagisation programme, returning to their ancestral homesteads. However, FRELIMO revived the villagisation campaign and forcibly herded large sections of the
1654:
Malache, Adriano, Paulino Macaringue, and Joao-Paulo Borgues Coelho. "Profound Transformation and Regional Conflagrations: The History of Mozambique's Armed Forces 1975-2005." In Evolutions and Revolutions, edited by Martin Rupiya. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies,
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peasantry into collectivised agricultural co-operatives. By concentrating the rural population in these large collectivised settlements, FRELIMO insisted it could better provide the peasants with basic services and ideological indoctrination.
642:
Geographically the People's Republic of Mozambique is the exact same as the present-day Republic of Mozambique, located on the southeast coast of Africa. It bordered Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Rhodesia (later
135:
725:. Defectors living in exile were persuaded to return home with promises of receiving political amnesty, only to be arrested at the airport by FRELIMO security officials. A large number of FRELIMO defectors had taken refuge in
2322:
687:(OAU), which plied it with financial assistance as well as arms funnelled through the sympathetic Tanzanian government. In response to the FRELIMO insurgency, the Portuguese resorted to a
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government, economic realities ensured that certain practical ties were always retained. Throughout the civil war, Mozambique sold power from its hydroelectric complex on
3899:
741:
The People's Republic of Mozambique was proclaimed upon independence in an elaborate ceremony on June 25, 1975. The initial independence day celebrations were held at
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1959:
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In the late 1980s, with Soviet economic influence waning, the People's Republic of Mozambique concluded its first major agreement with the
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Public schools lacked basic supplies, and fundraising efforts began by groups like the Mozambique Educational Fund in the United States.
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678:. FRELIMO had begun forming a guerrilla army to resist Portuguese rule by early 1963, with most of the insurgents being trained in
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1995:
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Despite the frosty diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of Mozambique and South Africa's avowedly anti-communist
674:(FRELIMO), an anti-colonial African nationalist movement which initially operated out of external sanctuaries in neighbouring
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45:
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10,000 tonnes of weaponry in 1971 alone. FRELIMO also soon gained a monopoly on support and recognition from the
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1985:
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729:, including former students and militants who refused to return home. Since the independence war was over, the
661:
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2067:
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from 1975 to 1990. It was established when the country gained independence from Portugal in June 1975 and the
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to South Africa, and South African investors always held a notable stake in the country's port facilities.
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299:
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Portugal fought a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Mozambique from 1964 to 1974 against the
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4342:
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918:
745:; these were proceeded by a symbolic journey by newly appointed president and FRELIMO party chairman
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1990:
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The People's Republic of Mozambique experienced numerous extreme weather events, most notable were
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1802:
978:
415:
388:
1588:
Madeley, R.; Jelley, D.; O'Keefe, P. (1983). "The Advent of Primary Health Care in Mozambique".
1419:
Mario, Mouzinho; Nandja, Debora (2006). "Literacy in Mozambique: education for all challenges".
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of April 1974 toppled Portugal's right-wing government and ushered in a junta managed by the
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834:, and opened diplomatic relations with a number of states outside the Soviet bloc, namely
8:
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2015:
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1559:. Maputo: Government of the People's Republic of Mozambique. 20 June 1975. Archived from
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1876:
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438:
198:
185:
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2000:
636:
269:
81:
864:
3625:
3615:
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2042:
1267:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 300.
616:
569:
216:
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1980:
647:) to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, and Tanzania to the north.
4925:
4171:
4090:
4057:
3997:
3760:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3524:
3392:
3075:
3055:
3035:
3015:
2990:
2947:
2889:
2879:
2708:
2495:
2249:
2005:
1916:
1795:
1707:
1258:
Burant, Stephen R. "Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance".
746:
714:
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at the time. The People's Republic of Mozambique was also an observer of the
581:
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245:
210:
180:
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1911:
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4110:
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3454:
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2605:
1770:
603:
The People's Republic of Mozambique enjoyed close relations with the
52:
3010:
2985:
2942:
2776:
2759:
2683:
1931:
675:
644:
597:
485:
453:
442:
323:
1634:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 35–36.
1166:
Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach
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3748:
2937:
2244:
1376:
An African Volk: The Apartheid Regime and Its Search for Survival
1200:
679:
620:
577:
193:
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2020:
1812:
1632:
Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building
1630:
Burr, Lars (2010). Kelly, Tobias; Thiranagama, Shakira (eds.).
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in 1984 and an extensive drought and famine from 1985 to 1987.
593:
584:. The state enjoyed close political and military ties with the
162:
721:(PCN), a rival nationalist party, were rounded up and sent to
2234:
2204:
1336:. London: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 89, 149–150, 175–178.
726:
478:
1332:
Marcum, John (2018). Burke, Edmond; Clough, Michael (eds.).
2219:
2143:
2085:
736:
608:
580:("FRELIMO") established a one-party socialist state led by
2661:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
2640:
1290:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–48.
592:
which pitted the armed forces against the anti-communist
1702:(4–5). Cambridge University Press: 10–11. October 1977.
1587:
1115:"The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990"
1525:. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media. pp. 335–337.
1378:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 119–125.
1288:
The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the Third World
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1521:Machele, Julian (1997). Green, M. Christian (ed.).
1163:
1554:"CONSTITUIÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA POPULAR DE MOÇAMBIQUE"
1232:
4923:
1664:Costa Kumalija, "Frelimo to abolish army ranks"
1539:
713:On September 7, FRELIMO and Portugal signed the
102:
2699:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
1170:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp.
3480:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
1497:. London: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 84–93.
4947:States and territories disestablished in 1990
4623:
4126:
3703:
2569:
1755:
1523:Law, Religion and Human Flourishing in Africa
731:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
635:and the beginning of economic reforms under
596:(RENAMO) insurgency, backed by neighbouring
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1155:
4942:States and territories established in 1975
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2562:
1762:
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1516:
1514:
1495:Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy
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1074:Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution
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1307:
400:801,590 km (309,500 sq mi)
1769:
1720:
1583:
1581:
1161:
1071:
1052:
858:
737:Independence and early post-colonial era
695:implemented by the United States in the
4140:
3104:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
2583:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1520:
1511:
1492:
1433:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1286:Katz, Mark (1987). Kanet, Roger (ed.).
1132:
4924:
2787:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2724:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1373:
1331:
1304:
1233:de la Fosse Wiles, Peter John (1982).
1072:Isaacman, Allen & Barbara (1983).
4611:
4114:
3691:
3134:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
2557:
1743:
1578:
1402:MOZAMBIQUE: Dream the Size of Freedom
1057:. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
16:1975–1990 country in southeast Africa
1692:"Letter/Mozambique Educational Fund"
1677:Costa Kumalija, "Storm in a Teacup"
1629:
1608:
1399:Houser, George; Shore, Herb (1975).
1350:
1285:
1104:known as Lourenço Marques until 1976
1036:The Red Flag: a History of Communism
1010:
806:
1721:Isaacman, Allen (5 December 1977).
1279:
867:for the Mozambique Educational Fund
13:
1257:
879:
672:Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
348:• Independence from Portugal
14:
4988:
4932:1975 establishments in Mozambique
4214:United Nations Operation (ONUMOZ)
2631:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
2616:Criticism of communist party rule
4937:1990 disestablishments in Africa
4639:
4232:
4095:
4084:
3794:
3677:Human rights in the Soviet Union
2636:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
1596:(6, The Indian Ocean): 322–325.
1076:. Boulder: Westview Press, Inc.
542:
517:
132:
80:
67:
51:
44:
3872:People's Republic of Mozambique
3768:People's Republic of Mozambique
3585:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3515:Fall of the inner German border
1714:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1648:
1412:
1392:
1027:
841:
566:República Popular de Moçambique
562:People's Republic of Mozambique
29:República Popular de Moçambique
25:People's Republic of Mozambique
3756:Mozambican War of Independence
3575:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
2714:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
2268:Azerbaijan People's Government
1251:
1226:
1212:
1188:
1107:
1098:
993:Mozambican War of Independence
662:Mozambican War of Independence
594:Mozambique National Resistance
125:"Long Live, Long Live FRELIMO"
1:
3785:Recent history (1993–present)
3595:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3194:Inter-regional Deputies Group
3179:National League for Democracy
1261:East Germany: a country study
1235:The New Communist Third World
1120:. World Bank. 2 November 1990
1091:
719:Partido de Coligação Nacional
685:Organisation of African Unity
655:
104:Unidade, Trabalho, Vigilância
3505:Alexanderplatz demonstration
3470:Polish Round Table Agreement
3144:People's Movement of Ukraine
854:
773:
691:campaign modelled after the
572:that existed in present-day
7:
4562:Water supply and sanitation
3550:January Events in Lithuania
3485:Hungarian Round Table Talks
3124:Democratic Party of Albania
2308:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
1220:"Angola: Communist nations"
986:
828:International Monetary Fund
625:International Monetary Fund
615:(East Germany), which were
605:People's Republic of Angola
578:Mozambican Liberation Front
10:
4993:
4972:Former socialist republics
4209:Rome General Peace Accords
3204:Hungarian Democratic Forum
3199:Alliance of Free Democrats
3189:Union of Democratic Forces
1034:Priestland, David (2009).
874:
788:
784:
777:
659:
650:
613:German Democratic Republic
109:("Unity, Work, Vigilance")
4654:
4574:
4472:
4463:
4413:
4404:
4323:
4314:
4250:
4241:
4230:
4152:
4081:
3953:
3885:
3834:
3803:
3792:
3725:
3669:
3603:
3565:1991 protests in Belgrade
3445:
3370:
3279:
3221:
3212:
3094:
2956:
2903:
2800:
2732:
2669:
2591:
2542:
2403:
2335:
2260:
2167:
2136:
2050:
2039:
1968:
1947:
1778:
1038:. New York: Grove Press.
496:
484:
472:
462:
434:
414:
404:
394:
387:
383:
370:
356:
346:
333:
329:
319:
309:
305:
293:
289:
279:
275:
263:
251:
239:
235:
225:
204:
192:
176:
168:
155:
146:
124:
113:
97:
40:
35:
23:
4167:Indian Ocean slave trade
3555:January Events in Latvia
3545:Reunification of Germany
3530:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
3460:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
3184:National Salvation Front
3169:Belarusian Popular Front
3159:Popular Front of Estonia
2928:Polish underground press
2689:List of socialist states
1730:African Activist Archive
1162:Vanneman, Peter (1990).
1003:
693:Strategic Hamlet Program
4952:Communism in Mozambique
3734:Pre-colonial Mozambique
3631:Economic liberalization
3570:1991 Belarusian strikes
3510:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3164:Public Against Violence
3154:Popular Front of Latvia
2933:Political demonstration
2782:Chinese economic reform
2694:People Power Revolution
2318:North Korea (1947–1948)
2313:North Korea (1946–1947)
1053:Christie, Iain (1988).
847:de Moçambique - FPLM."
629:German Federal Republic
169:Official languages
4962:Politics of Mozambique
3877:Republic of Mozambique
3811:Independence movements
3744:Independence movements
2765:New political thinking
2040:Current and historical
1493:Cabrita, João (1997).
1374:Miller, Jamie (2016).
919:Mozambican Women's Day
868:
801:Tropical Storm Domoina
103:
3867:Portuguese Mozambique
3739:Portuguese Mozambique
3719:History of Mozambique
3636:Post-Soviet conflicts
3590:Tajikistani Civil War
3540:Revolution on Granite
3500:Monday Demonstrations
3026:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
2860:Mengistu Haile Mariam
2626:Eastern Bloc politics
1334:Conceiving Mozambique
862:
791:Climate of Mozambique
708:Armed Forces Movement
525:Portuguese Mozambique
406:• Water (%)
374:Constitutional reform
4967:Mozambican Civil War
3773:Mozambican Civil War
3046:Vytautas Landsbergis
3041:Viacheslav Chornovil
2870:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2545:History of socialism
1055:Machel of Mozambique
998:Mozambican Civil War
780:Mozambican Civil War
704:Carnation Revolution
666:Carnation Revolution
360:Mozambican Civil War
119:Viva, Viva a FRELIMO
4194:War of independence
3490:Pan-European Picnic
3465:1988 Polish strikes
2845:Wojciech Jaruzelski
2585:Revolutions of 1989
2481:Estonia (1918–1919)
2375:Hungary (1949–1989)
1208:on 28 October 2009.
631:after the death of
337:War of Independence
4441:Telecommunications
4189:Mozambique Company
4182:Colonial governors
4102:History portal
2850:Slobodan Milošević
2719:Vatican Opposition
2446:Byelorussia (1919)
1668:(DSM), 5 June 1975
1408:. The Africa Fund.
869:
830:(IMF), joined the
743:Estádio da Machava
723:re-education camps
600:and South Africa.
220:socialist republic
4917:
4916:
4605:
4604:
4570:
4569:
4512:Human trafficking
4459:
4458:
4400:
4399:
4380:Political parties
4333:Foreign relations
4310:
4309:
4224:RENAMO insurgency
4108:
4107:
4091:Africa portal
4033:Mozambique Island
4028:Mocímboa da Praia
3862:Angoche Sultanate
3842:Kingdom of Mutapa
3685:
3684:
3611:Colour revolution
3441:
3440:
3408:Congo-Brazzaville
3129:Democratic Russia
3086:Pope John Paul II
3081:George H. W. Bush
3031:Vladimir Bukovsky
2820:Mikhail Gorbachev
2815:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2601:Era of Stagnation
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2331:
2330:
2073:Congo-Brazzaville
1969:Regional variants
1681:no 55, March 1976
1641:978-0-8122-2237-1
1532:978-0-8122-1620-2
1504:978-0-333-92001-5
1385:978-0-19-027483-2
1343:978-3-319-65986-2
1297:978-0-521-34459-3
1244:978-0-7099-2709-9
1181:978-0-8179-8902-6
1083:978-0-566-00548-0
1064:978-0-949225-59-7
1045:978-0-8021-4512-3
984:
983:
807:Foreign relations
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
530:
529:
314:People's Assembly
295:• 1986–1990
265:• 1986–1990
241:• 1975–1986
186:Roman Catholicism
139:
4984:
4957:Communist states
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4590:
4583:
4470:
4469:
4436:
4411:
4410:
4321:
4320:
4248:
4247:
4236:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4087:
3847:Kingdom of Tembi
3798:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3560:Transnistria War
3219:
3218:
3061:Aung San Suu Kyi
2976:Alexander Dubček
2913:Civil resistance
2770:Sinatra Doctrine
2750:Demokratizatsiya
2651:Shortage economy
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2401:
2400:
2258:
2257:
2048:
2047:
2043:socialist states
1922:African-American
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1302:
1301:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:. February 1989.
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:. Archived from
1192:
1186:
1185:
1169:
1159:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1087:
1068:
1049:
1021:
1014:
969:Armed Forces Day
939:Independence Day
884:
883:
637:Joaquim Chissano
617:socialist states
546:
545:
534:
533:
521:
520:
514:
513:
498:
497:
430:
429:
421:
379:30 November 1990
342:8 September 1974
270:Joaquim Chissano
258:Political Bureau
214:Marxist–Leninist
158:and largest city
151:
141:
140:
126:
106:
84:
71:
61:Flag (1983–1990)
59:Flag (1975–1983)
55:
48:
21:
20:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4606:
4601:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4566:
4547:Public holidays
4455:
4434:
4396:
4355:Law enforcement
4306:
4287:Protected areas
4237:
4228:
4148:
4139:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4083:
4077:
3955:By city or town
3949:
3881:
3830:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3721:
3716:
3686:
3681:
3665:
3626:Democratization
3616:Decommunization
3599:
3535:Helsinki Summit
3475:April 9 tragedy
3447:
3437:
3366:
3275:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3096:
3090:
2958:
2952:
2905:
2899:
2855:Mathieu Kérékou
2802:
2796:
2728:
2704:Reagan Doctrine
2679:Active measures
2671:
2665:
2656:Totalitarianism
2593:
2587:
2582:
2552:
2547:
2530:
2511:Slovakia (1919)
2411:Alsace-Lorraine
2399:
2327:
2256:
2163:
2132:
2041:
2035:
1964:
1943:
1774:
1768:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1609:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1533:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1491:
1434:
1426:10.1.1.693.8542
1417:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1372:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1305:
1298:
1284:
1280:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1160:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1006:
989:
882:
880:Public holidays
877:
863:1977 poster by
857:
844:
832:Lomé Convention
809:
793:
787:
782:
776:
739:
668:
660:Main articles:
658:
653:
570:socialist state
543:
518:
457:
448:
446:
427:
426:
425:
419:
407:
397:
376:
363:
349:
339:
296:
266:
254:
242:
184:
159:
142:
133:
130:
128:
122:
108:
93:
92:
91:
89:
85:
77:
72:
64:
63:
60:
56:
49:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4977:Atheist states
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:(1975–present)
4635:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Child marriage
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4375:Prime minister
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:Mutapa kingdom
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3826:Rail transport
3823:
3821:Postal history
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Post-communism
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Czechoslovakia
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3224:Eastern Europe
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Isaias Afwerki
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Zianon Pazniak
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Erich Honecker
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2736:
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2726:
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2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
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2675:
2673:
2667:
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2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Anti-communism
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2549:
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2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Hungary (1919)
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
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2438:
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2398:
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2358:Czech Republic
2353:Czechoslovakia
2350:
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2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Inner Mongolia
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:East Turkestan
2270:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
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2207:
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2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
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2156:
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2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
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2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:United Kingdom
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
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1934:
1926:
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1912:United Kingdom
1909:
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1566:on 3 June 2019
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1237:. Croom Helm.
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959:Revolution Day
956:
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899:New Year's Day
896:
892:
891:
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878:
876:
873:
856:
853:
843:
840:
817:National Party
808:
805:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
778:Main article:
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657:
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320:Historical era
317:
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300:Mário da Graça
297:
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281:Prime Minister
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4462:
4452:
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4431:
4429:
4428:Food security
4426:
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4416:
4415:
4412:
4409:
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4391:
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4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Communist era
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Vasco da Gama
4170:
4168:
4165:
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4147:
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4019:
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4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Chicualacuala
3971:
3968:
3964:
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3809:
3808:
3806:
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3797:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3761:Lusaka Accord
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
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3694:
3693:
3690:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Yugoslav Wars
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Neo-Stalinism
3644:
3642:
3641:Neo-Sovietism
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
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3596:
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3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:Black January
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
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3399:
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3379:
3376:
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3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
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3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Ronald Reagan
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Zhelyu Zhelev
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Boris Yeltsin
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Joachim Gauck
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2948:Strike action
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Todor Zhivkov
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Deng Xiaoping
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
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2851:
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2823:
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2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2799:
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2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
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2748:
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2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Soviet Empire
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:International
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2461:Crimea (1919)
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
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2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
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2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2323:South Vietnam
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
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2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2250:North Vietnam
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1960:United States
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:United States
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
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890:English name
889:
886:
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865:Rupert García
861:
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748:
747:Samora Machel
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
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715:Lusaka Accord
711:
709:
705:
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698:
694:
690:
689:villagisation
686:
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663:
648:
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640:
638:
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633:Samora Machel
630:
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582:Samora Machel
579:
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486:ISO 3166 code
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278:
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268:
262:
259:
256:
250:
247:
246:Samora Machel
244:
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224:
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181:State atheism
179:
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120:
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112:
105:
100:
96:
88:
83:
76:
70:
62:
54:
47:
39:
34:
30:
22:
19:
4919:
4542:Prostitution
4492:Demographics
4338:Human rights
4279:
4198:
4177:Colonial era
3895:Cabo Delgado
3871:
3852:Zulu Kingdom
3767:
3604:Later events
3520:Malta Summit
3352:Turkmenistan
3280:Soviet Union
3266:Soviet Union
3246:East Germany
3066:Meles Zenawi
3021:Sali Berisha
2971:Václav Havel
2918:Human chains
2825:Károly Grósz
2755:Khozraschyot
2646:Nomenklatura
2621:Eastern Bloc
2421:Baranya–Baja
2390:Soviet Union
2370:East Germany
2112:
2068:Burkina Faso
1729:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1631:
1593:
1589:
1568:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1522:
1494:
1414:
1401:
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1375:
1333:
1287:
1281:
1260:
1253:
1234:
1228:
1214:
1206:the original
1199:
1196:"Mozambique"
1190:
1165:
1122:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1073:
1054:
1035:
1028:Bibliography
1018:Pátria Amada
1012:
955:25 September
929:Workers' Day
870:
849:
845:
842:Armed forces
836:West Germany
825:
821:Cahora Bassa
814:
810:
798:
794:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
740:
718:
712:
701:
671:
669:
641:
602:
586:Soviet Union
565:
561:
559:
507:Succeeded by
506:
501:
474:Calling code
396:• Total
352:25 June 1975
253:• 1986
114:
99:Motto:
98:
28:
18:
4418:Agriculture
4343:LGBT rights
4219:2000 floods
3920:Maputo City
3887:By province
3857:Gaza Empire
3580:August Coup
3433:South Yemen
3378:Afghanistan
3222:Central and
3215:by location
3119:Civic Forum
3006:Feng Congde
2981:Ion Iliescu
2966:Lech Wałęsa
2923:Magnitizdat
2885:Zhao Ziyang
2875:Heng Samrin
2835:Miloš Jakeš
2745:Perestroika
2404:Short-lived
2261:Short-lived
2230:South Yemen
2215:North Korea
2175:Afghanistan
1892:New Zealand
1887:Netherlands
975:25 December
949:Victory Day
945:7 September
909:Heroes' Day
697:Vietnam War
502:Preceded by
458:(1980–1990)
447:(1975–1980)
366:30 May 1977
310:Legislature
129:(1975–2002)
90:(1982–1990)
78:(1975–1982)
4926:Categories
4647:Mozambique
4522:Literature
4435:(currency)
4365:Parliament
4270:Ecoregions
4142:Mozambique
3621:Lustration
3495:Baltic Way
3446:Individual
3423:Mozambique
3362:Uzbekistan
3347:Tajikistan
3332:Kyrgyzstan
3327:Kazakhstan
3292:Azerbaijan
3271:Yugoslavia
3149:Solidarity
3109:Charter 77
3095:Opposition
2991:Wu'erkaixi
2957:Opposition
2904:Opposition
2895:Siad Barre
2840:Egon Krenz
2810:Ramiz Alia
2801:Government
2740:Uskoreniye
2672:background
2594:background
2516:Tarnobrzeg
2441:Bessarabia
2395:Yugoslavia
2118:Seychelles
2113:Mozambique
2108:Madagascar
2031:Vietnamese
2026:Venezuelan
2016:Nicaraguan
2011:Melanesian
1928:Venezuela
1840:Kuomintang
1833:since 1978
1803:Bangladesh
1779:By country
1773:by country
1666:Daily News
1124:17 October
1092:References
979:Family Day
905:3 February
656:Background
611:, and the
574:Mozambique
538:Mozambique
206:Government
199:Mozambican
194:Demonym(s)
183:(de facto)
172:Portuguese
123:(English:
4645:Years in
4517:Languages
4497:Education
4451:Transport
4370:President
4328:Elections
4292:Provinces
4265:Districts
4243:Geography
4204:Civil War
4058:Quelimane
3998:Inhambane
3905:Inhambane
3661:Pink tide
3455:Jeltoqsan
3371:Elsewhere
3322:Lithuania
3174:Rastokhez
3114:New Forum
3097:movements
2996:Chai Ling
2606:Communism
2474:1939–1940
2429:1918–1919
2198:1982–1992
2193:1979–1992
2188:1975–1979
2184:Cambodia
2159:Nicaragua
2091:1987–1991
2086:1974–1987
2082:Ethiopia
2021:Tanzanian
1902:Sri Lanka
1845:Hong Kong
1828:Communist
1791:Australia
1786:Argentina
1771:Socialism
1708:0278-2219
1570:23 August
1421:CiteSeerX
965:4 October
895:1 January
855:Education
774:Civil war
590:civil war
464:Drives on
227:President
217:one-party
177:Religion
36:1975–1990
4659:Pre-1975
4597:Category
4552:Religion
4537:Polygamy
4433:Metical
4360:Military
4316:Politics
4302:Wildlife
4146:articles
4093:•
4012:timeline
4003:Lichinga
3967:timeline
3945:Zambezia
3835:Polities
3726:Timeline
3418:Mongolia
3413:Ethiopia
3398:Cambodia
3302:Chechnya
3236:Bulgaria
3011:Tank Man
3001:Wang Dan
2986:Liu Gang
2943:Samizdat
2938:Protests
2777:Glasnost
2760:500 Days
2684:Cold War
2592:Internal
2526:Würzburg
2501:Naissaar
2465:Finland
2425:Bavaria
2363:Slovakia
2348:Bulgaria
2278:Far East
2225:Mongolia
2137:Americas
2001:European
1932:Chavismo
1897:Pakistan
1723:"Letter"
1696:ASA News
1273:87600490
987:See also
676:Tanzania
645:Zimbabwe
627:and the
598:Rhodesia
568:) was a
435:Currency
324:Cold War
4581:Outline
4487:Culture
4465:Society
4446:Tourism
4406:Economy
4390:FRELIMO
4275:Islands
4260:Climate
4154:History
4073:Xai-Xai
4048:Nampula
3978:Chimoio
3925:Nampula
3749:FRELIMO
3670:Related
3428:Somalia
3357:Ukraine
3337:Moldova
3312:Georgia
3307:Estonia
3297:Belarus
3287:Armenia
3261:Romania
3251:Hungary
3231:Albania
3139:Sąjūdis
2959:leaders
2906:methods
2803:leaders
2792:Đổi Mới
2733:Reforms
2496:Ireland
2486:Galicia
2385:Romania
2343:Albania
2298:Jiangxi
2245:Vietnam
2149:Grenada
2123:Somalia
2006:Israeli
1996:Chinese
1991:Burmese
1986:British
1976:African
1948:History
1939:Vietnam
1907:Tunisia
1857:Finland
1852:Estonia
1602:4312958
1201:Encarta
935:25 June
915:7 April
875:Culture
785:Climate
680:Algeria
651:History
621:COMECON
450:Metical
372:•
362:begins
358:•
335:•
211:Unitary
188:, Islam
156:Capital
117: "
115:Anthem:
4557:Sports
4502:Emblem
4477:Anthem
4423:Mining
4385:RENAMO
4297:Rivers
4281:Postos
4255:Cities
4144:
4063:Sofala
4043:Nacala
4023:Maxixe
4018:Matola
4008:Maputo
3988:Cuamba
3983:Chinde
3935:Sofala
3930:Niassa
3915:Maputo
3910:Manica
3804:Topics
3778:RENAMO
3448:events
3383:Angola
3342:Russia
3317:Latvia
3256:Poland
3213:Events
2865:Ne Win
2506:Saxony
2451:Bremen
2380:Poland
2336:Europe
2303:Kuwait
2283:Fujian
2098:Guinea
2058:Angola
2051:Africa
1867:Greece
1862:France
1824:China
1820:Canada
1813:Lulism
1808:Brazil
1706:
1679:Africa
1638:
1600:
1529:
1501:
1423:
1382:
1340:
1294:
1271:
1241:
1178:
1080:
1061:
1042:
439:Escudo
420:(1990)
418:
285:
231:
163:Maputo
87:Emblem
75:Emblem
4588:Index
4532:Music
4527:Media
4053:Pemba
4038:Mueda
3993:Gurúè
3963:Beira
3403:China
3393:Burma
3388:Benin
2521:Užice
2456:Bihać
2416:Banat
2288:Gilan
2235:Syria
2205:China
2180:Burma
2154:Chile
2128:Sudan
2103:Libya
2078:Egypt
2063:Benin
1882:Italy
1872:India
1726:(PDF)
1655:2005.
1598:JSTOR
1590:Ambio
1564:(PDF)
1557:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1172:59–68
1118:(PDF)
1004:Notes
925:1 May
727:Kenya
424:0.227
389:Area
4909:2024
4904:2023
4899:2022
4894:2021
4889:2020
4884:2019
4879:2018
4874:2017
4869:2016
4864:2015
4859:2014
4854:2013
4849:2012
4844:2011
4839:2010
4834:2009
4829:2008
4824:2007
4819:2006
4814:2005
4809:2004
4804:2003
4799:2002
4794:2001
4789:2000
4784:1999
4779:1998
4774:1997
4769:1996
4764:1995
4759:1994
4754:1993
4749:1992
4744:1991
4739:1990
4734:1989
4729:1988
4724:1987
4719:1986
4714:1985
4709:1984
4704:1983
4699:1982
4694:1981
4689:1980
4684:1979
4679:1978
4674:1977
4669:1976
4664:1975
4507:Flag
4068:Tete
3940:Tete
3900:Gaza
3816:Jews
2469:1918
2434:1919
2240:Tuva
2220:Laos
2210:Iraq
2168:Asia
2144:Cuba
1981:Arab
1877:Iran
1704:ISSN
1636:ISBN
1572:2021
1527:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1269:LCCN
1239:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1126:2020
1078:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1040:ISBN
887:Date
702:The
664:and
609:Cuba
560:The
479:+258
468:left
4350:Law
2641:KGB
454:MZM
443:MZE
428:low
416:HDI
410:2.2
4928::
1728:.
1700:10
1698:.
1694:.
1610:^
1594:12
1592:.
1580:^
1541:^
1513:^
1435:^
1352:^
1306:^
1198:.
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1574:.
1535:.
1507:.
1429:.
1388:.
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1300:.
1275:.
1247:.
1184:.
1128:.
1086:.
1067:.
1048:.
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452:(
445:)
441:(
127:)
121:"
107:"
101:"
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