Polish People's Republic

2792: 3417: 2249: 2044: 1734: 3200: 2312: 1753: 1256: 1656:. The election of a Polish Pope had an electrifying effect on what had been, even under communist rule, one of the most devoutly Catholic nations in Europe. Gierek is alleged to have said to his cabinet, "O God, what are we going to do now?" or, as occasionally reported, "Jesus and Mary, this is the end". When John Paul II made his first papal tour of Poland in June 1979, half a million people heard him speak in Warsaw; he did not call for rebellion, but instead encouraged the creation of an "alternative Poland" of social institutions independent of the government, so that when the next economic crisis came, the nation would present a united front. 384: 1593: 5139: 3976: 3964: 1896: 2538: 436: 1524: 996: 1660: 5708:

desired testimonies; also an entire system of legal norms, regulating the organisation and functioning of bodies of the judiciary, was used for victimising. Nuns also stood trials in communist courts, becoming victims of the fight of the atheist state against the Catholic Church. The majority of trials from the first decade of the Polish People's Republic in which nuns were in the dock had a political character. A mass propaganda campaign, saturated with hate, led in the press and on the radio, measured up against defendants, was their distinctive feature.

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infrastructure amounted to approximately 38%. The implementation of the immense tasks involved with the reconstruction of the country was intertwined with the struggle of the new government for the stabilisation of power, made even more difficult by the fact that a considerable part of society was mistrustful of the communist government. The occupation of Poland by the Red Army and the support the Soviet Union had shown for the Polish communists was decisive in the communists gaining the upper hand in the new Polish government.

86: 10846: 3681: 6309: 3996: 1707: 1450: 2615: 3606: 2359: 10921: 3375: 2939: 370: 190: 1620:, to re-equip and modernize Polish industry, and to import consumer goods to give the workers some incentive to work. While it boosted the Polish economy, and is still remembered as the "Golden Age" of socialist Poland, it left the country vulnerable to global economic fluctuations and Western undermining, and the repercussions in the form of massive debt are still felt in Poland even today. This Golden Age came to an end after the 2229: 6295: 45: 1021: 3586:' of the Eastern Catholics in Poland. After the removal of Metropolitan Dionizy from the leadership of the Polish Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius was placed in charge. He was from western Ukraine (previously eastern Poland) and had been instrumental in the compulsory conversion of eastern Catholics to orthodoxy there. Polish security forces assisted him in suppressing resistance to his taking control of 2978: 446: 1632: 1480:

arrest. Later, some historiansannounced that the official results were only obtained through massive fraud. Government officials didn't even count the real votes in many areas and simply filled in the relevant documents in accordance with instructions from the communists. In other areas, the ballot boxes were either destroyed or replaced with boxes containing prefilled ballots.

2869: 1508: 2385:, state-owned enterprises and state-controlled prices and trade. After the West refused to grant Poland further loans, the living standards began to sharply fall again as the supply of imported goods dried up, and as Poland was forced to export everything it could, particularly food and coal, to service its massive debt, which would reach US$ 23 billion by 1980. 1544:, the land seized from the pre-war landowners and redistributed to the lower-class farmers, and millions of Poles were transferred from the lost eastern territories to the lands acquired from Germany. Poland was now to be brought into line with the Soviet model of a "people's democracy" and a centrally planned socialist economy. The government also embarked on the 2576:

However, at this point, the communists generally still believed that they should retain the reins of power for the near future, and only allowed the opposition limited, advisory participation in the running of the country. They believed that this would be essential to pacifying the Soviet Union, which they felt was not yet ready to accept a non-Communist Poland.

1730:). The government then disallowed Solidarity on 8 October 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985 and became president (chairman of the Council of State). 2428: 2626: 3029:(1973) was so controversial, the communist government forbade Wojciech Has to direct for a period of ten years. The authorities also hired or bribed film critics and literary scholars to poorly review the film. The reviewers, however, were so ineffective that in turn the film was applauded in the West and won the Jury Prize at the 422: 1442:(PSL) in particular suffered persecution; it had opposed the abolition of the Senate as a test of strength against the government. Although it supported the other two questions, the Communist-dominated government branded the PSL "traitors". This massive oppression was overseen by Gomułka and the provisional president, 3246:, with archways, decorated cornices, mosaics, forged gates and columns. It was under this style that the first skyscrapers were erected in communist states. Stalin wanted to ensure that Poland would remain under communist yoke and ordered the construction of one of the largest buildings in Europe at the time, the 3409:, the communists took full control of education in the newly formed Polish People's Republic. All private schools were nationalized, subjects that could question the socialist ideology (economics, finance) were either supervised or adjusted and religious studies were completely removed from the curriculum ( 3732:

According to the national census, which took place on 14 February 1946, the population of Poland was 23.9 million, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (3 December 1950) showed the population rise to 25 million, and the 1960 census (6

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The Allied punishment of Germany for the war of destruction was intended to include large-scale reparations to Poland. However, those were truncated into insignificance by the break-up of Germany into East and West and the onset of the Cold War. Poland was then relegated to receive her share from the

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squads committed various serious crimes to maintain the communists in power, including the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in some cases, murder. According to Rudolph J. Rummel, at least 22,000 people killed by the regime during its rule. As a result, Poland had a high

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Planned atheisation afflicted all areas of activity of monastic communities To victimise clergymen and consecrated people not only provisions of the criminal procedure were used, often violating not only the right for defence, but also basic human rights, allowing to use tortures in order to extort

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to direct work in the factories — it grudgingly accepted pressures to liberalize the economy. The government introduced a series of small-scale reforms, such as allowing more small-scale private enterprises to function. However, the government also realized that it lacked the legitimacy to carry out

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government on 6 September 1944. All estates over 0.5 km in pre-war Polish territories and all over 1 km in former German territories were nationalised without compensation. In total, 31,000 km of land were nationalised in Poland and 5 million in the former German territories, out

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This did not prevent Solidarity from gaining more support and power. Eventually, it eroded the dominance of the PUWP, which in 1981 lost approximately 85,000 of its 3 million members. Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persisted solely as an underground organization, but by the late 1980s was

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parishes. Many eastern Catholics who remained in Poland after the postwar border adjustments were resettled in Western Poland in the newly acquired territories from Germany. The state in Poland gave the POC a greater number of privileges than the Roman Catholic Church in Poland; the state even gave

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in charge. The Film Polski output was limited; only thirteen features were released between 1947 and its dissolution in 1952, concentrating on Polish suffering at the hands of the Nazis during World War II for propaganda purposes. In 1947, Ford's contribution to film was crucial in establishing the

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was regularly watched by over 11 million viewers, approximately in every third household in the Polish People's Republic. The long legacy of communist television continues to this day; the older generation in contemporary Poland refers to every televised news program as "Dziennik" and the term

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in Kraków, were eventually finished decades later, most were never finished at all, wasting the considerable resources devoted to their construction. Polish investment in economic infrastructure and technological development fell rapidly, ensuring that the country lost whatever ground it had gained

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In this desperate situation, all development and growth in the Polish economy slowed to a crawl. Most visibly, work on most of the major investment projects that had begun in the 1970s was stopped. As a result, most Polish cities acquired at least one infamous example of a large unfinished building

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apartment blocks began to appear in Poland in the 1960s and their construction continued until the early 1990s, although the first examples of multi-dwelling units in Poland date back to the 1920s. The aim was to quickly urbanize rural areas, create space between individual blocks for green spaces

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they were fairly certain they had total control of the state and could deal a heavy blow to eventual public protests. Some semi-official nationalisation of various private enterprises had begun also in 1944. In 1946, all enterprises with over 50 employees were nationalised, with no compensation to

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intensified, included the harsh treatment of protesters, arrest of opposition leaders and in extreme cases, executions, with an estimated 22,000 people killed or disappeared from 1947 to 1989. Despite the numerous economic hardships, some achievements were established during this period, including

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in Warsaw. With the permission of the Polish authorities who wouldn't dare to object, the construction started in 1952 and lasted until 1955. It was deemed a "gift from the Soviet Union to the Polish people" and at 237 meters in height it was an impressive landmark on European standards. With its

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The only way to carry out such changes without social upheaval would be to acquire at least some support from the opposition side. The government accepted the idea that some kind of a deal with the opposition would be necessary, and repeatedly attempted to find common ground throughout the 1980s.

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The official results of the election showed the Democratic Bloc with 80.1 percent of the vote. The Democratic Bloc was awarded 394 seats to only 28 for the PSL. Mikołajczyk immediately resigned to protest this so-called 'implausible result' and fled to the United Kingdom in April rather than face

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death squads. Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in

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in order to use it as a weapon against the anti-communist efforts of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, and it attempted to control the person who was named as Metropolitan for the Polish Orthodox Church; Metropolitan Dionizy (the post-war head of the POC) was arrested and retired from service

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was also seen as superfluous. In order to strengthen the post-war Polish economy, the government created many common-labour faculties across the country, including dairying, fishing, tailoring, chemistry and mechanics to achieve a better economic output alongside efficiency. However, by 1980 the

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Poland's western border. The communist-controlled Interior Ministry issued results showing that all three questions passed overwhelmingly. Years later, however, evidence was uncovered showing that the referendum had been tainted by large-scale fraud, and only the third question actually passed.

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In 1973, Poland's voivodeships were changed again. This reorganization of the administrative division of Poland was mainly a result of local government reform acts of 1973 to 1975. In place of the three-level administrative division (voivodeship, county, commune), a new two-level administrative

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also sanctioned the transfer of the German population out of the acquired territories. Stalin was determined that Poland's new communist government would become his tool towards making Poland a satellite state like other countries in Central and Eastern Europe. He had severed relations with the

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provided more information on world news, particularly bad events, war, corruption or scandals in the West. This method was intentionally used to minimize the effects of the issues that were occurring in communist Poland at the time. With its format, the show shared many similarities with the

2526:). During the era, hundreds of thousands of Poles left the country permanently and settled in the West, few of them returning to Poland even after the end of socialism in Poland. Tens of thousands of others went to work in countries that could offer them salaries in hard currency, notably 2346:. However, even this was attenuated, as the Soviets pressured the Polish Government to cease receiving the reparations far ahead of schedule as a sign of 'friendship' between the two new communist neighbors and, therefore, now friends. Thus, without the reparations and without the massive 2244:

Poland suffered tremendous economic losses during World War II. In 1939, Poland had 35.1 million inhabitants, but the census of 14 February 1946 showed only 23.9 million inhabitants. The difference was partially the result of the border revision. Losses in national resources and

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The Catholic Church unequivocally condemned communist ideology. This led to the antireligious activity in Poland being compelled to take a more cautious and conciliatory line than in other Communist countries, largely failing in their attempt to control or suppress the Polish Church.

1580:. Voices began to be raised in the Party and among the intellectuals calling for wider reforms of the Stalinist system. Eventually, power shifted towards Gomułka, who replaced Ochab as party leader. Hardline Stalinists were removed from power and many Soviet officers serving in the 2631: 2630: 2627: 2498:

at the same time. The trend led to an unhealthy state of affairs where the chief determinant of economic status was access to hard currency. This situation was incompatible with any remaining ideals of socialism, which were soon completely abandoned at the community level.

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often directed films which were a political satire aimed at stultifying the communist authorities in the most gentle manner as possible. However, due to censorship, some films were not screened in cinemas until 1989 when communism ended in Central and Eastern Europe.

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December 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29.7 million. In 1950, Warsaw was again the biggest city, with a population of 804,000 inhabitants. Second was Łódź (pop. 620,000), then Kraków (pop. 344,000), Poznań (pop. 321,000), and Wrocław (pop. 309,000).

3938:" and was also Minister of National Defense. It was heavily tied into the Soviet military structures and was intended to increase Soviet influence as well as control over the Polish units in case of war. This process, however, was stopped in the aftermath of the 2522:

relative to Western European economies in the 1970s. To escape the constant economic and political pressures during these years, and the general sense of hopelessness, many family income providers traveled for work in Western Europe, particularly West Germany (

3352:'s personal patronage. It was the most modern railway station building in that part of Europe when completed and was equipped with automatic glass doors and escalators, an unlikely sight in communist countries. Another example of pure late modernism was the 3424:

Primary as well as secondary, tertiary, vocational and higher education was made free. Attendance gradually grew, which put an end to illiteracy in rural areas. The communist government also introduced new beneficial content into the system; sports and

1487:. However, Gomułka never supported Stalin's control over the Polish communists and was soon replaced as party leader by the more pliable Bierut. In 1948, the communists consolidated their power, merging with Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS to form the 1811:

and Democratic Party, to switch their support to Solidarity. This all but forced Jaruzelski, who had been named president in July, to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister. Finally, he appointed a Solidarity-led coalition government with

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primary school was made compulsory. Furthermore, the pre-war system of education was in disarray; many educational facilities were much more accessible in wealthier western and central Poland than in the rural east (Kresy), particularly in the

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Zdzislawa Walaszek. An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 483, Religion and the State: The Struggle for Legitimacy and Power (January 1986), pp.

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to members of the anti-Stalinist left. By the end of 1981, Solidarity had nine million members—a quarter of Poland's population and three times as many as the PUWP had. Kania resigned under Soviet pressure in October and was succeeded by

3841:. Almost half of the soldiers and recruits in the Polish People's Army were Soviet. In March 1945, Red Army officers accounted for approximately 52% of the entire corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained by July 1946. 5761:

Ediger, Ruth M. (2005). "History of an institution as a factor for predicting church institutional behavior: the cases of the Catholic Church in Poland, the Orthodox Church in Romania, and the Protestant churches in East Germany".

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After several years of the situation continuing to worsen, during which time the socialist government unsuccessfully tried various expedients to improve the performance of the economy—at one point resorting to placing military

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Despite the political agenda of Telewizja Polska, the authorities did emphasize the need to provide entertainment for younger viewers without exposing the children to inappropriate content. Initially created in the 1950s, an

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to express their dissatisfaction with the government repression of the opposition, while at the same time, the government had to use most of the foreign currency it could obtain to pay the crushing rates on its foreign debt.

130:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 3440:

The number of universities nearly doubled between 1938 and 1963. Medical, agricultural, economical, engineering and sport faculties became separate colleges, under a universal communist model used in other countries of the

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or newsreaders in military uniforms and broadcast 24-hours a day. The running time has also been extended to 60 minutes. The program returned to its original form in 1983. The audience viewed this move as an attempt to

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Being produced in a then-socialist country, the shows did contain a socialist agenda, but with a more informal and comical tone; they concentrated on everyday life which was appealing to ordinary people. These include

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Females were the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100.

2661:, was founded after the war in 1952 and was hailed as a great success by the communist authorities. The foundation date corresponds to the time of the first regularly televised broadcast which occurred at 07:00 p.m 1635:

Queues waiting to enter grocery stores in Warsaw and other Polish cities and towns were typical in the late 1980s. The availability of food and goods varied at times, and the most sought-after basic item was toilet

1423:, argued that the socialists should support the communists in carrying through a socialist program while opposing the imposition of one-party rule. Pre-war political hostilities continued to influence events, and 2665:

on 25 October 1952. Initially, the auditions were broadcast to a limited number of viewers and at set dates, often a month apart. On 23 January 1953 regular shows began to appear on the first and only channel,

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As Western currency came into the country from emigrant families and foreign workers, the government in turn attempted to gather it up by various means, most visibly by establishing a chain of state-run

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gave clients an exchange rate far better than the official one and became wealthy from their opportunism albeit at the risk of punishment, usually diminished by the wide-scale bribery of the Milicja.

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began in 1944, with the pro-Soviet government taking over industries in the newly acquired territories along with the rest of the country. As nationalization was unpopular, the communists delayed

3653:. At the same time, approximately 5 million remaining Germans (about 8 million had already fled or had been expelled and about 1 million had been killed in 1944–46) were similarly 3230:

in the late 1940s and 1950s, the Eastern Bloc countries adopted socialist realism, an idealized and monumental realistic art intended to promote communist values, such as the emancipation of the

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in exchange for the promise of social and economic reforms. None of these were delivered due to resistance from the hardline communist leadership as it would effectively require abandoning the

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in Poland, which formed the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe at about 3.3 million people, was all but destroyed by 1945. Approximately 3 million Jews died of starvation in

6033: 3337:, were built on East German and Czechoslovak standards, alongside department stores, pavilions and public spaces. As of 2017, 44% of Poles reside in blocks built between the 1960s and 1980s. 116: 12098: 3803: 2628: 3536:, was seen as a rival competing for the citizens' allegiance by the government, which attempted to suppress it. To this effect the communist state conducted anti-religious propaganda and 1922:

because these two parties were completely subservient to the Communists and had to accept the PZPR's "leading role" as a condition of their existence. It was politically influenced by the

7392: 7179: 3559:. It became the strongest anti-communist body during the epoch of Communism in Poland, and provided a more successful resistance than had religious bodies in most other Communist states. 2853:. The goal was to strengthen the artificial Polish-Soviet friendship and eliminate any knowledge of the crimes or acts of terror committed by the Soviets during World War II, such as the 2020:

were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as secret police. The official police organization, which was also responsible for peacekeeping and suppression of protests, was renamed

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provided strong resistance to Communist rule and Poland itself had a long history of dissent to foreign rule. The Polish nation rallied to the Church, as had occurred in neighbouring

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The Parliament amended the Constitution on 29 December 1989 to formally rescind the PUWP's constitutionally-guaranteed power and restore democracy and civil liberties. This began the

2462:, since the government exchange rate undervalued the dollar and placed heavy restrictions on the amount that could be exchanged, and so the only practical way to obtain it was from 1483:

The 1947 election marked the beginning of undisguised communist rule in Poland, though it was not officially transformed into the Polish People's Republic until the adoption of the

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had automatic doors and escalators. It was a flagship project during the 1970s economic boom and was dubbed the most modern station in Europe at the time of its completion in 1975.

2572:, a decision in some ways justifiable from an economic point of view but also largely political, there was a wave of public outrage and the government was forced to back down. 10899: 1671:

A new wave of labour strikes undermined Gierek's government, and in September Gierek, who was in poor health, was finally removed from office and replaced as Party leader by

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would not agree to form a united front with the socialists. The communists played on these divisions by dismissing Osóbka-Morawski and making Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister.

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and blind children. Such institutions for the impaired were almost nonexistent in the Second Polish Republic. During the 1960s, thousands of modern schools were founded.

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were enforced and students were encouraged to learn foreign languages, especially German, Russian, or French, and from the 1980s also English. On July 15, 1961, two-year

9417: 5532: 3987: 9162: 5822: 8763: 4077:(the Polish unit of administrative division). After World War II, the new administrative divisions were based on the pre-war ones. The areas in the East that were not 3555:, which made it more difficult for the government to impose its antireligious policies as it had in the USSR, where the populace did not hold mass solidarity with the 3356:, constructed in 1952 when socialist realism was still in effect; it was criticized for its appearance as it resembled the styles and motifs of the pre-war capitalist 2564:

any large-scale reforms, which would inevitably cause large-scale social dislocation and economic difficulties for most of the population, accustomed to the extensive

4811: 2764:, which was targeted at young children, is still broadcast today under a different format. Among the most well-known animations of the 1970s and 1980s in Poland were 2392:(a group of Western-European central banks) of its insolvency, and a series of negotiations on the repayment of its foreign debt was completed between 1989 and 1991. 10768: 8779: 1548:

of agriculture, although the pace was slower than in other satellites: Poland remained the only Eastern Bloc country where individual farmers dominated agriculture.

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was made obligatory to boost the number of skilled labourers and the minimum age of graduation rose to 15. Additionally, special schools were established for deaf,

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region where there was one large school per 100 square kilometers (39 square miles). Schools were also in desperate need of staff, tutors and teachers before 1939.

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which had a significant population of Eastern Orthodox Belarusians and Ukrainians, led to Poland becoming more homogeneously Catholic than it had previously been.

1726:, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see 9106: 11730: 8702: 8674: 7818: 3567: 3844:

It was not the only Polish formation that fought along the Allied side, nor the first one in the East – although the first Polish force formed in the USSR, the

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was established in June 1946 with the communists holding a majority of key posts, and with Soviet support they soon gained almost total control of the country.

12422: 11735: 10747: 9426: 9113: 8240: 1870: 1434:, the opposition was subjected to persecution. Only the candidates of the pro-government "Democratic Bloc" (the PPR, Cyrankiewicz' faction of the PPS, and the 2968:(1946), which was seen by 10.8 million people in its initial theatrical screening, almost half of the population at the time. Ford's biggest success was 11364: 11145: 9729: 9092: 8394: 8019: 7558: 4722: 1727: 2308:"PGR"). However, the collectivization of Polish farming never reached the same extent as it did in the Soviet Union or other countries of the Eastern Bloc. 8735: 8681: 7867: 2194: 5045: 1675:. However, Kania was unable to find an answer for the fast-eroding support of communism in Poland. Labour turmoil led to the formation of the independent 1207:

squads, conducted mass surveillance and violent suppression of protests. The various crimes committed to maintain the PZPR in power, especially after the

12417: 9199: 8688: 8304: 7319: 7165: 2327: 2159: 5216: 3416: 10892: 7714: 2791: 2674:, was launched in 1970 and coloured television was introduced in 1971. Most reliable sources of information in the 1950s were newspapers, most notably 7201: 6008: 5452: 3834: 9085: 8525: 8401: 5927: 5365: 3779:, the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Virtually all people in Poland claim Polish nationality, with 3340:

Some groundbreaking architectural achievements were made during the People's Republic, most notably the reconstruction of Warsaw with its historical

1961:. Despite these changes, Poland was one of the most liberal communist nations and was the only communist country in the world which did not have any 6037: 3238:

due to its grandeur, excessive size and political message (a powerful state) it tried to convey. This expensive form greatly resembled a mixture of

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of which 12,000 km were redistributed to farmers and the rest remained in the hands of the government (Most of this was eventually used in the

1467:", were granted as war reparations. Despite the western lands being more industrialized, Poland lost 77,035 km (29,743 sq mi) and major cities like 133:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

12338: 12088: 8378: 7758: 7229: 2407:, Poland entered a decade of economic crisis, officially acknowledged as such even by the regime. Rationing and queuing became a way of life, with 1300: 1551:

Through a careful balance of agreement, compromise and resistance — and having signed an agreement of coexistence with the communist government —

12281: 12196: 8815: 8127: 7334: 3579: 1946: 1530: 1484: 1438:) were allowed to campaign completely unmolested. Meanwhile, several opposition candidates were prevented from campaigning at all. Mikołajczyk's 1161: 772: 4848: 4527: 2248: 17: 11924: 8634: 7936: 2912:

if necessary and political content was erased. Ridiculing the communist government was illegal, though Poland remained the most liberal of the

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in December the same year resulted in a number of deaths. They also forced another major change in the government, as Gomułka was replaced by

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and resettle people from densely-populated poorer districts to increase living conditions. The apartment blocks in Poland, commonly known as

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eventually lost its authority by the mid-1980s. The majority of the TV shows and serials made during the Polish People's Republic earned a

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architecture was promoted globally, with simplistic designs made of glass, steel and concrete. Due to previous extravagances, the idea of

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remained as Poland's national emblem; the only feature removed by the communists from the pre-war design was the crown, which was seen as

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or an educated class that would accept and favour socialist ideas over capitalism to maintain the communists in power for a long period.

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since 1965, it was infamous for its manipulative techniques and emotive language as well as the controversial content. For instance, the

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were made available, and the population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Poland also maintained a large standing army, known as the

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In 1970, Gomułka's government decided to adopt massive increases in the prices of basic goods, including food. The resulting widespread

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movement, a training ground for some of the icons of the world cinematography. It was then that independent Polish filmmakers such as

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were taboo topics, avoided and downplayed when possible. In most cases, producers and directors were encouraged to portray the Soviet

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In response to this situation, the government, which controlled all official foreign trade, continued to maintain a highly artificial

1371:. These were confirmed, pending a final peace conference with Germany, at the Tripartite Conference of Berlin, otherwise known as the 497: 12412: 12118: 11853: 11393: 11198: 10930: 10761: 9389: 7772: 7730: 7108: 5583: 5562: 5406:

architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu – architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu – Architektura – Wiedza – HISTORIA: POSZUKAJ

4585: 3772:. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also lived in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by the authorities. 2263:. It was also a major industrial centre in Europe and served as the temporary capital due to its economic significance in the 1940s. 12256: 12221: 12170: 11955: 11236: 11140: 10965: 10610: 8422: 8196: 7959: 7825: 7636: 7239: 4752: 4078: 2043: 1857:, the first democratic election since the 1920s. This completed Poland's transition from a communist party rule to a Western-style 1491:(known in Poland as 'the Party'), which would monopolise political power in Poland until 1989. In 1949, Polish-born Soviet Marshal 1385: 1001: 5978: 3532:, actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheisation. The Catholic Church, as the religion of most 233: 11603: 9505: 9302: 8954: 8332: 7832: 7744: 7680: 7234: 6423: 3741: 3654: 3044:

by Polanski in 1963. Between 1974 and 1981, Polish films were nominated five times and three consecutively from 1974 to 1976.

2292: 1624:. The failure of the Gierek government, both economically and politically, soon led to the creation of opposition in the form of 1292: 5902: 5175: 4422: 383: 12407: 12244: 11878: 11771: 11608: 11340: 11092: 11030: 9708: 9220: 8063: 7601: 7528: 7020: 5845: 5307: 4472: 2174: 2128: 1439: 5540: 4979: 1733: 1384:

in London in 1943, but to appease Roosevelt and Churchill he agreed at Yalta that a coalition government would be formed. The

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money to this Church, although it often defaulted on promised payments, leading to a perpetual financial crisis for the POC.

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or work outside the country. An entire illegal industry of street-corner money changers emerged as a result. These so-called

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in Poland. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and the communists were in control of its administration. The

12377: 4098: 2647:, the chief news program in communist Poland. The famous melody became one of the most recognizable tunes in Polish history. 1616:

as the new First Secretary. Gierek's plan for recovery was centered on massive borrowing, mainly from the United States and

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minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the

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number of graduates from primary and secondary schools was so high that admission quotas for universities were introduced.

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in an efficient and orderly manner. A great influence on this type of architecture was Swiss-French architect and designer

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interrupted further progress at establishing a regularly televised program. The first prime state television corporation,

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Ekiert, Grzegorz (March 1997). "Rebellious Poles: Political Crises and Popular Protest Under State Socialism, 1945–89".

6000: 1628:, student groups, clandestine newspapers and publishers, imported books and newspapers, and even a "flying university." 12261: 11950: 11888: 11399: 11155: 10661: 10530: 10408: 9986: 9701: 9652: 9410: 8965: 8210: 8049: 7897: 7751: 7259: 6642: 6571: 5691: 3345: 2862: 2198: 1854: 1839: 1711: 1419:, wanted to join forces with the Peasant Party and form a united front against the communists. Another faction, led by 1129: 1125: 222: 141: 4997: 1061:. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous 12236: 12063: 12043: 11968: 11883: 11848: 11806: 11404: 10777: 9659: 9631: 9448: 9030: 8742: 8709: 7494: 7188: 6811: 6753: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6481: 6182: 5266: 4883: 4856: 4681: 4668: 4595: 4568: 4393: 4366: 4345: 4324: 3199: 2446:

with Western currencies. The exchange rate worsened distortions in the economy at all levels, resulting in a growing

2155: 1820: 1808: 1789: 1245: 1169: 834: 811: 291: 273: 72: 7925: 5199:"Najlepsze seriale PRL. "Czterej pancerni", "Czterdziestolatek" i inne kultowe seriale sprzed lat! – Telemagazyn.pl" 2985:, Poland, 1989. Newspapers visible are from all Eastern Bloc countries including East Germany, the Soviet Union and 1561:

maintained and even strengthened the Polish church through a series of failed government leaders. He was put under

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

12402: 12123: 11934: 11530: 11389: 11270: 11206: 10935: 10814: 9972: 9909: 9044: 8873: 7996: 7382: 7264: 6866: 6841: 6741: 3406: 3132: 1843: 1793: 1431: 163: 64: 8550: 5256: 2821: 2458:, which in effect became a parallel currency. However, it could not simply be exchanged at the official banks for 12128: 11477: 11360: 11211: 11150: 10940: 10338: 10179: 10168: 10004: 9763: 9722: 9615: 9553: 8933: 8203: 8072: 8040: 7469: 7309: 4032: 3943: 3609:

A demographics graph illustrating population growth between 1900 and 2010. The highest birth rate was during the

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Mirek, Agata (2014). "Law as an Instrument of the Communist Authorities in the Fight against Orders in Poland".

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In November 1945 the newly formed communist government founded the film production and distribution corporation

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of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet Union. Poland lost 77,000 km of territory in its eastern regions (

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faculties were deemed unnecessary or potentially dangerous and were therefore removed from state universities.

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The party was forced to raise prices, which led to further large-scale social unrest and the formation of the

12160: 12058: 11838: 11482: 11231: 10960: 10784: 10717: 10668: 10599: 10424: 9930: 9881: 9645: 9638: 9241: 9002: 8786: 7839: 7538: 7489: 7464: 7444: 6760: 6530: 6174: 3853: 3600: 3502: 3486: 3247: 2752:. As a result, several newsreaders had difficulty in finding employment after the fall of communism in 1989. 2484:

stores in all Polish cities, where goods could only be bought with hard currency. It even introduced its own

2083: 1199:(SB) were the chief intelligence agencies that acted as the secret police. The official police organization, 5622: 5082: 3482: 2017: 1853:

was dissolved on 1 July 1991 and the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. On 27 October 1991, the

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minorities resided along the borders, and a German minority was concentrated near the southwestern city of

3689: 3634: 3305: 3220: 3194: 3169: 2090:, Poland attempted to remain neutral to the conflict between the Soviets and the Americans. In particular, 1781: 1752: 1649: 940: 932: 6059: 5931: 5644:"Polska. Oświata. Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa – Encyklopedia PWN – źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy" 12249: 11929: 11523: 11452: 10821: 10145: 10097: 9715: 9687: 9540: 9155: 9134: 8648: 8311: 7707: 7324: 7043: 6731: 6672: 6647: 6591: 6416: 3928: 3810: 3212: 2350:

implemented in the West at that time, Poland's postwar recovery was much harder than it could have been.

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The PZPR was disbanded on 30 January 1990, and Wałęsa was elected as president eleven months later. The

1788:) saw the PUWP abandon power and radically altered the shape of the country. In June, shortly after the 247: 12015: 11898: 11697: 11085: 10619: 10115: 10034: 9979: 9867: 9823: 9473: 9099: 9023: 8918: 8795: 8667: 8660: 8620: 8593: 8325: 8258: 7853: 7664: 7594: 7269: 7078: 7010: 6893: 6540: 6525: 6450: 4624: 4052: 4036: 3917: 3869: 3289:

in the foreground) in Warsaw, April 1977. Most apartment blocks built from the 1960s to the 1990s used

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Communist authorities placed an emphasis on education since they considered it vital to create a new

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Working for the enemy: Ford, General Motors, and forced labor in Germany during the Second World War

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to the west. After World War II, Poland's borders were redrawn, following the decision taken at the

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The architecture in Poland under the Polish People's Republic had three major phases – short-lived

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This article is about the Cold War-era Polish government. For the provisional 1918 government, see

8297: 8274: 4939: 3544:) and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society. 3207:, constructed in 1955. At the time of its completion it was one of the tallest buildings in Europe 12073: 11578: 11447: 11373: 11177: 10682: 10626: 10496: 10356: 10041: 9694: 9590: 9496: 9064: 8925: 8895: 8859: 8844: 8716: 8608: 8586: 8532: 8518: 8500: 8164: 7945: 7673: 7622: 7407: 6831: 6801: 6709: 6586: 6468: 4961:"Symboliczny początek Telewizji Polskiej. Te 30 minut powojenne pokolenie wspomina z łezką w oku" 4620:"Pirates and imperialists: Taiwan and the United States in the Polish communist press, 1953-1955" 3826: 3792: 3775:

As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Union's radically altered borders under the rule of

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was a Roman Catholic priest who supported the anti-communist opposition. He was murdered by the

3223:. Each of these styles or trends was imposed either by the government or by communist doctrine. 3009: 1641: 1592: 1577: 12291: 12286: 12226: 11677: 11620: 11566: 11561: 11414: 10374: 10267: 10069: 10020: 9923: 9816: 9786: 9569: 9457: 9183: 8974: 8558: 8539: 8509: 8056: 8026: 7091: 7086: 7030: 6923: 6861: 6677: 6657: 6409: 5347: 4068: 3931: 3806: 3610: 3571: 3390: 3357: 3252: 3235: 3216: 3162: 3148: 3126: 2802: 2568:

that the socialist system had provided. For example, when the government proposed to close the

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in 1988 were one of the factors that forced the government to open a dialogue with Solidarity.

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from 1953 to 1956 for failing to punish priests who participated in anti-government activity.

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Throughout the late 1940s and early 50s the Polish Army was under the command of Polish-born

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division was introduced (49 small voidships and communes). The three smallest voivodeships:

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Following the Second World War, the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) main

3865: 3393:(1918–1939) had many limitations and wasn't readily available to all, though under the 1932 1523: 1420: 12320: 12053: 11963: 11786: 11714: 11682: 11632: 11627: 11345: 10689: 10544: 10195: 10152: 10122: 10048: 9858: 9837: 8756: 8233: 7911: 7244: 7101: 6965: 6826: 6721: 6662: 5157: 4133: 4102: 4048: 3670: 3521: 3430: 3096: 2689: 2643: 2596: 2537: 2455: 1858: 1659: 1609: 1597: 1400: 1360: 1185: 1109: 1062: 918: 12296: 3478: 2124:

in 1953 and 1954, respectively, particularly inflamed tensions between the two countries.

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During its existence, the Polish People's Republic maintained relations not only with the

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Był sobie kraj... Polska w publicystyce i eseistyce niemieckiej. Grass – Bienek – Dönhoff

4094: 3301: 3121: 2829:(1967–1968), but were purely fictional and not based on real events. The horrors of war, 2740: 2415:) necessary to buy even such basic consumer staples as milk and sugar. Access to Western 2288: 2066:, but several communist states around the world. It also had friendly relations with the 2021: 1954: 1770: 1745: 1700: 1664: 1601: 1229: 1200: 1165: 849: 674: 7459: 7254: 5383: 4047:), gaining instead the smaller but much more industrialized (however ruined) so-called " 3270: 3017: 2962:, where he taught for 20 years. The first film produced in Poland following the war was 2653:

The origins of Polish television date back to the late 1930s, however, the beginning of

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Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992). "The Society: The Polish Catholic Church and the State".

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to Orthodoxy, the Polish government called on the Orthodox church in Poland to assume '

3469: 3426: 3281: 3267:, but with style it possesses traditionally Polish and Art Deco architectural details. 3041: 2993: 2830: 2237: 2163: 2094:

sought to establish Poland as a mediator between the two powers in the 1970s. Both the

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took place. Much to its own surprise, Solidarity took all contested (35%) seats in the

1621: 1581: 1372: 1050: 722: 575: 435: 7300: 5601: 5514: 4492:

Millard, Francis (September 1994). "The Shaping of the Polish Party System, 1989–93".

2569: 1672: 1499:, and in 1952 he became Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (deputy premier). 1443: 659: 609: 11985: 11751: 11652: 11457: 10791: 10675: 10565: 10505: 10466: 10399: 10381: 10347: 10290: 10244: 10188: 10013: 9751: 9743: 9680: 9533: 9127: 8652: 8113: 8092: 7802: 7449: 7224: 7132: 7005: 6960: 6915: 6905: 6851: 6836: 6779: 6611: 6576: 6441: 6178: 6158: 6034:"21–26 kwietnia 1945 r. – bitwa pod Budziszynem. Hekatomba 2. Armii Wojska Polskiego" 6012: 5803:

Wynot, Edward D. Jr. (2002). "Captive faith: the Polish Orthodox Church, 1945–1989".

5744: 5287: 5262: 4900:"Building Export from Socialist Poland: On the Traces of a Photograph – Stadtaspekte" 4879: 4852: 4731: 4701: 4643: 4591: 4564: 4513: 4389: 4362: 4341: 4320: 4129: 4040: 3935: 3889: 3814: 3674: 3541: 3186: 3075: 3013: 2964: 2904:, work issues, human behaviour and interaction as well as comedy, sarcasm, drama and 2884: 2858: 2565: 2378: 2214: 2190: 2110: 2106: 1974: 1962: 1653: 1572:, who held the position for seven months. In June, workers in the industrial city of 1496: 1376: 1323: 1295:

was established by Soviet-backed Polish communists to control territory retaken from

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on 17 October 1997, abolishing the socialist structure entirely and replacing with a

145: 12231: 6765: 5063: 4694:

Billstein, Reinhold; Fings, Karola; Kugler, Anita; Levis, Billstein (October 2004).

3852:. The Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the 3474: 2494:

in Polish). This paralleled the financial practices in East Germany running its own

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voivodeships. In addition, three other cities were granted the voivodeship status:

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and was viewed as an illegitimate state by Poland's government. The seizure of the

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The government and politics of the Polish People's Republic were dominated by the

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sufficiently strong to frustrate Jaruzelski's attempts at reform, and nationwide

1695: 1541: 1514: 1463:) were annexed by the Soviet Union. The western territories, referred to as the " 1392: 1271:

occupied the entire country, presented several alternatives which granted Poland

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and internal opposition. The state's official name was the "Republic of Poland" (

1137: 1121: 580: 532: 348: 324: 10845: 6876: 6150: 4505: 3625:. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 2945:

was a key figure in Polish cinematography during and after the fall of communism

1914:). Despite the presence of two minor parties, the United People's Party and the 12191: 11756: 11492: 11487: 10740: 10276: 10202: 8247: 8106: 7521: 7359: 7096: 6938: 6601: 6220: 5953: 5723:

Dinka, Frank (1966). "Sources of Conflict between Church and State in Poland".

5487: 4477: 4020: 3939: 3818: 3713: 3680: 3410: 3383: 3313: 3297: 3001: 2986: 2901: 2854: 2749: 2745: 2170: 2099: 2071: 1978: 1935: 1878: 1824: 1691: 1221: 1046: 785: 375: 6166: 5871: 5736: 5237: 4875:

The Political Economy of Poland's Transition: New Firms and Reform Governments

2150:, which led to Israel's recognition by Poland on 19 May 1948. However, by the 1667:

served as the last leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989

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PRL Tube, a categorized collection of videos from the Polish Communist period

6300: 6016: 5366:"70 lat temu wprowadzono w Polsce socrealizm jako programowy kierunek sztuki" 5217:"Niezręczna prawda o "Czterech Pancernych". W rzeczywistości byli… Rosjanami" 4871: 4647: 4028: 3776: 3583: 3533: 3349: 3264: 3103: 2997: 2942: 2924:

status in Poland today, particularly due to their symbolism of a bygone era.

2900:(1987–1988). The wide range of topics covered featured petty disputes in the 2890: 2877:(People's Tribune) was a government-sponsored newspaper and propaganda outlet 2826: 2443: 2435: 2389: 2374: 2370: 2347: 2154:, it severed diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 and supported the 2091: 2067: 1994: 1777: 1613: 1328: 1315: 1284: 1264: 1105: 967: 568: 564: 549: 512: 499: 2974:

from 1960, one of the most celebrated and attended Polish films in history.

12276: 12165: 12145: 11687: 11216: 11113: 11101: 11049: 10992: 10945: 10850: 10654: 8947: 8852: 8483: 7846: 7610: 7434: 6980: 5027: 5005: 4817:. Portal Naukowy Wiedza i Edukacja. pp. 13, 22–23 / 25. Archived from 4012: 4008: 3947: 3838: 3830: 3753: 3618: 3494: 3442: 3325: 3317: 3054: 3021: 3005: 2913: 2873: 2711: 2701:

as a propaganda tool to control the masses. Transmitted daily at 07:30 p.m

2676: 2654: 2506: 2495: 2459: 2447: 2343: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2079: 2063: 1939: 1931: 1923: 1617: 1569: 1562: 1454: 1364: 1333: 1296: 1213: 1098: 1090: 1066: 886: 6268:

Work covers the secret police in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany.

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and the annexed east German territories at the end of the war, while many

3718: 3692:, built due to the ever-growing population and high birth rate at the time 3300:

in 1956, the concept of socialist realism was condemned. It was then that

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in the west whilst the Red Army simultaneously permanently annexed Polish

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policies than other socialist states due to its strategic location in the

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Clark, Joanna Rostropowicz (2010). "The Church and the Communist Power".

4922:"80 lat temu wyemitowano pierwszy w Polsce oficjalny program telewizyjny" 4448: 4074: 3845: 3761: 3749: 3685: 3446: 3231: 2950: 2846: 2542: 2463: 2416: 2408: 2358: 2202: 2178: 2151: 2055: 1990: 1850: 1676: 1625: 1356: 1337: 1233: 1070: 473: 5674: 5140:"Kultowe dobranocki wychowały całe pokolenia. Pamiętasz swoją ulubioną?" 3566:

The state attempted to take control of minority churches, including the

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as a friendly and victorious force which entirely liberated Poland from

456:

Location of the Polish People's Republic (dark green)

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in 1956. Rokossovsky, viewed as a Soviet puppet, was excluded from the

3745: 3705: 3605: 3450: 3321: 3286: 3182: 3155: 2909: 2850: 2614: 2518: 2515: 2334: 2114: 2109:, which had retreated to Taiwan following the Communist victory in the 1998: 1764:

were instrumental in strengthening the Solidarity movement's influence.

1703:, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. 1604:. The riots resulted in the deaths of 42 people and over 1,000 injured. 1141: 1086: 152:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4153: 3726: 1513:

A propaganda poster encouraging a vote for Communist policies in the "

11546: 11255: 11118: 10909: 10107: 9512: 9309: 9120: 8911: 8866: 6196:. Yale-Hoover Series on Authoritarian Regimes. Yale University Press. 6001:"Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945–1956" 5979:"Dr J. Pałka: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie wymyka się prostym klasyfikacjom" 5430: 4312: 3630: 3552: 3227: 3190: 3089: 2938: 2896: 2834: 2560: 2551: 2287:

economy. One of the first major steps in that direction involved the

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As control of the Polish territories passed from occupying forces of

2166:

on 14 December 1988. In 1989, Poland restored relations with Israel.

2143: 1348: 8387: 7187: 6356: 5954:"Languages in Poland · Explore which languages are spoken in Poland" 4173: 4161: 4157: 3905: 3897: 3892:: the Warsaw Military District with its headquarters in Warsaw, the 3722: 1800:, the Parliament's lower house, and all but one seat in the elected 1573: 1347:

In compensation, Poland was granted German-populated territories in

1082: 189: 11707: 8371: 8099: 5850: 5661:

Cieplak, Tadeusz N. (1969). "Church and State in People's Poland".

3921: 3434: 3243: 2838: 2684: 2502: 2283:

was forcibly imposed and began moving towards a radical, communist

2228: 2087: 2009: 1966: 1495:

became the Minister of National Defence, with the additional title

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was in the process of reincorporating the lands to the east of the

1303:, all the key posts of which were held by members of the communist 1268: 1208: 1145: 1113: 962: 890: 746: 6401: 5046:"30 lat temu wyemitowano ostatnie wydanie Dziennika Telewizyjnego" 3913: 2514:

languishing in a state of limbo. While some of these, such as the

2029:

imprisonment rate but one of the lowest crime rates in the world.

1807:

Solidarity persuaded the communists' longtime allied parties, the

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Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Poland participated in the

1472: 1352: 1160:. The name "People's Republic" was introduced and defined by the 559: 477: 2728:, propaganda, manipulation, lies, deception and disinformation. 1816:

as the country's first non-communist prime minister since 1948.

127: 11796: 11588: 11070: 8988: 7579: 6432: 6331: 4753:"Próby reform realnego socjalizmu (gospodarka PRL – 1956–1989)" 4180:

had a special status of municipal voivodeship; the city mayor (

4169: 4110: 3893: 3701: 3256: 2977: 2953:, and placed the well-known Polish filmmaker of Jewish descent 2905: 2766: 2547: 2486: 2256: 2139: 2075: 1828: 1715: 1074: 1073:

alliance. The largest city and official capital since 1947 was

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Security Empire: The Secret Police in Communist Eastern Europe

4584:

Daems, Tom; Smit, Dirk van Zyl; Snacken, Sonja (17 May 2013).

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in the west and north were organized into the voivodeships of

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One of many schools constructed in central Warsaw in the 1960s

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The change in political climate in the 1950s gave rise to the

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The Polish People's Republic participated as a member of the

2012:

in its territory, as Poland was a Warsaw Pact signatory. The

1970: 1459: 1395:" referendum was held on a number of issues—abolition of the 1276: 1049:

that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic

445: 27:

Country of the Warsaw Pact and Eastern Bloc from 1947 to 1989

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offered value meals to citizens throughout Communist Poland.

2419:

became even more restricted, as Western governments applied

1744:

which toppled the communist government. He later became the

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in World War II. Communist control was strengthened through

11995: 11919: 11861: 4560:

Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

4358:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law

4282:

Statistics of democide: genocide and mass murder since 1900

3849: 3389:

Prior to the Second World War, education in the capitalist

2921: 2842: 2671: 2667: 2531: 2025: 1874: 1797: 1631: 1468: 1204: 1164:. The Polish People's Republic was dissolved following the 736: 6380: 4872:

Jackson, John E.; Jacek Klich; Krystyna Poznanska (2005).

4109:

voivodeships. Two cities were granted voivodeship status:

4003:

Geographically, the Polish People's Republic bordered the

1584:

were dismissed. This marked the end of the Stalinist era.

1069:

country in Europe, and one of the main signatories of the

5083:"Dziennikarze w mundurach – Propaganda w stanie wojennym" 4845:

Taking Liberties: Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights

4724:

Multilateralism, German foreign policy and Central Europe

4693: 3697: 3657:

from those territories into the Allied occupation zones.

2687:

under the Polish People's Republic for over 31 years was

2275:, and from the Soviet Union to the Soviet-imposed puppet 1838:, and served as a prelude to the democratic elections of 1212:

improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, and

1156:) between 1947 and 1952 in accordance with the temporary 32:

Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland

3988:

Administrative divisions of the Polish People's Republic

3520:

The Polish anti-religious campaign was initiated by the

2427: 1694:

social movement ranging from people associated with the

1507: 2697:, aired in the years 1958–1989 and was utilized by the 2693:(Television Journal). Commonly known to the viewers as 1375:

in August 1945 after the end of the war in Europe. The

8241:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4779:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club | Club de Paris" 4453:. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress 4316:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

4073:

The Polish People's Republic was divided into several

2438:

stores which sold unobtainable Western goods and items

2365:, the first self-serve shopping centre in Poland, 1969 1299:. On 1 January 1945 the committee was replaced by the 10908:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

7559:

1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum

6145:(2). American Council of Learned Societies: 299–338. 5584:"Miliardy na budowę. Tak powstawał Dworzec Centralny" 4563:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. 4298:

History of Modern Europe Ad 1789-2002: A.D. 1789-2002

1865:

left Poland on 18 September 1993. After ten years of

6290: 6165: 5798: 5796: 5756: 5754: 4333: 4284:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Transaction Publishers. 3613:

and consequently under the Polish People's Republic.

3251:

proportions and shape it was to mediate between the

2236:

in south-eastern Poland. State farms were a form of

2195:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

123: 5718: 5716: 5104:"Gwiazda stanu wojennego pracował jako nocny stróż" 4980:"55. rocznica pierwszej audycji Telewizji Polskiej" 4528:"Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego – Virtual Shtetl" 4257:"Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego - Virtual Shtetl" 3876:before taking part in its final offensive with the 2255:was Poland's largest city after the destruction of 214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 119:

a machine-translated version of the Polish article.

6028: 6026: 5481: 5254: 4809: 4674: 3673:region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 in the 1136:(PZPR) became the dominant political faction in a 5793: 5751: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4473:"Upheaval in the East; Lenin Statue in Mothballs" 4423:"Wyszynski Fortified Church Under Communist Rule" 4354: 4292: 4290: 3621:, a third of Poland's population was composed of 1957:. Elections were held on the single lists of the 1728:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 12369: 7230:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 5903:"Is Anyone German Here?; A Journey Into Silesia" 5713: 5681: 5627:Niepodległa – stulecie odzyskania niepodległości 5563:"Dworzec Centralny wpisany do rejestru zabytków" 5332:[Poet of Polish cinema – Wojciech Has]. 5081:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (11 December 2013). 4583: 1568:Bierut died in March 1956 and was replaced with 1301:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland 1112:government established in the country after the 6023: 5883:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5654: 4978:S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (23 October 2007). 3835:Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division 3378:Polish university students during lecture, 1964 1600:were put down by the communist authorities and 1188:that has remained in place to the present-day. 5774: 4796: 4617: 4313:Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). 4287: 3513:at the end of the war, along with the loss of 1776:From 6 February to 15 April 1989, talks of 13 1232:were also stationed in Poland as in all other 160:{{Translated|pl|Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa}} 148:accompanying your translation by providing an 110:Click for important translation instructions. 97:expand this article with text translated from 12423:States and territories disestablished in 1989 11531: 11086: 10893: 7595: 7173: 6417: 5327: 2142:were on a fair level in the aftermath of the 1533:(Russian version) with Stalin's remarks, 1952 1279:, resulting in Poland losing over 20% of its 6394:Articles related to Polish People's Republic 5482:Kieszek-Wasilewska, Iza (18 December 2013). 5402:"architektura socrealistyczna – cechy stylu" 5281: 4878:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–. 4842: 3868:. The Polish First Army participated in the 3499:large ethnic Polish population was decimated 1947:Constitution of the Polish People's Republic 1540:Over the coming years, private industry was 1531:Constitution of the Polish People's Republic 1150: 405: 340: 316: 5888: 5484:"Prawdy i legendy o Pałacu Kultury i Nauki" 4661: 4618:Łuszczykiewicz, Antonina (2 October 2023). 3752:lived in territories incorporated into the 3234:. This style became alternatively known as 3038:nominated Polish film at the Academy Awards 2319:workers in a state-run factory, Łódź, 1950s 2148:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 1780:in 94 sessions, which became known as the " 1259:Poland's fate was heavily discussed at the 73:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12418:States and territories established in 1947 11538: 11524: 11093: 11079: 10900: 10886: 7602: 7588: 7180: 7166: 6424: 6410: 5255:Burakowska-Ogińska, Lidia (7 March 2011). 4222:Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych (2013). 3308:(serving for a purpose) was encouraged by 2271:to the subsequent occupying forces of the 2004:The Polish People's Republic maintained a 1912:Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR 1884: 1342:invaded and occupied between 1939 and 1941 444: 434: 5900: 4720: 4714: 4637: 4340:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 4081:had their borders left almost unchanged. 3934:, who was intentionally given the title " 3370:Education in the Polish People's Republic 2795:The cast, crew and creators of TV series 2146:. In 1947, Poland voted in favour of the 861:312,685 km (120,728 sq mi) 292:Learn how and when to remove this message 274:Learn how and when to remove this message 11545: 11237:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 7340:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia 7240:Provisional Government of National Unity 5638: 5636: 5617: 5615: 5578: 5576: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5417: 5415: 5323: 5321: 5232: 5230: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5098: 5096: 4865: 4398: 4386:Referendum 30 czerwca 1946 roku w Polsce 4361:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 4120:In 1950, new voivodeships were created: 3994: 3801: 3679: 3604: 3538:persecution of clergymen and monasteries 3473: 3415: 3373: 3280: 3269: 3198: 2976: 2937: 2867: 2790: 2536: 2501: 2426: 2357: 2310: 2247: 2227: 2042: 1894: 1751: 1732: 1705: 1658: 1630: 1591: 1576:went on strike, in what became known as 1448: 1386:Provisional Government of National Unity 1318:was able to present his Western allies, 1254: 1057:, and it was also often simply known as 1053:. From 1947 to 1952 it was known as the 1002:Provisional Government of National Unity 439: 7235:Polish Committee of National Liberation 7215:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 5998: 5843: 5660: 5533:"Ponad połowa Polaków mieszka w domach" 4955: 4953: 4491: 4485: 4319:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 3205:Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw 2590: 2586:Culture in the Polish People's Republic 2293:Polish Committee of National Liberation 1686:) in September 1980, originally led by 1293:Polish Committee of National Liberation 14: 12370: 11341:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9456: 9434:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7529:Military Council of National Salvation 6136: 5881:, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 5760: 5275: 4684:Encyklopedia.PWN.pl (Internet Archive) 4671:Encyklopedia.PWN.pl (Internet Archive) 4657:– via Taylor and Francis Online. 4556: 4494:East European Politics & Societies 4446: 3950:where he remained a hero until death. 2809:Countless shows were made relating to 2175:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1408:then took advantage of a split in the 11519: 11307:1949 East German State Railway strike 11279:World Federation of Democratic Youth 11074: 10881: 10305:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9737:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 9383:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 9339:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8437:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7583: 7161: 6405: 6392: 6282:Bibliography of the history of Poland 6191: 5802: 5780: 5722: 5700: 5633: 5612: 5573: 5502: 5412: 5348:"Knife in the Water – Roman Polański" 5330:"Poeta polskiego kina – Wojciech Has" 5318: 5227: 5186: 5093: 4836: 4520: 4420: 4230:. Kancelaria Sejmu RP. Archived from 3578:Following the forcible conversion of 2102:or leaders visited communist Poland. 1690:. In fact, Solidarity became a broad 1116:'s takeover of Polish territory from 1077:, followed by the industrial city of 11178:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 9427:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8452:Rape during the liberation of France 6233: 6231: 6139:East European Politics and Societies 5865: 4950: 3809:, pictured in a Polish uniform, was 3688:in Warsaw representing the style of 3285:Domaniewska housing estate (with an 2032: 212:adding citations to reliable sources 183: 79: 38: 6431: 5423:"Pałac Kultury i Nauki w Warszawie" 5080: 4977: 4226:[Mała Konstytucja z 1947]. 4215: 3138:Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz 1945:From 1952, the highest law was the 1859:liberal democratic political system 1104:The Polish People's Republic was a 823:• People's Republic abolished 24: 11400:Sovietization of the Baltic states 9653:German invasion of the Netherlands 7926:Weather events during World War II 6275: 5901:Schneider, Peter (15 April 1990). 5705:. Teka Komisji Prawniczej: 64–72. 5286:. Berghahn Books. pp. 49–50. 3999:Poland's old and new borders, 1945 3829:(LWP) was initially formed during 3511:forcibly expelled from the country 3346:Warszawa Centralna railway station 2373:, Poland borrowed large sums from 2199:International Atomic Energy Agency 1989:founded by Polish monarchs in the 1855:1991 Polish parliamentary election 1712:Warszawa Centralna railway station 1587: 1130:1947 Polish parliamentary election 1085:. The country was bordered by the 25: 12439: 11271:World Federation of Trade Unions 10284:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7495:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations 7475:Independent Students' Association 7393:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation 7330:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951 6482:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 6357:Komunizm, socjalizm i czasy PRL-u 6332:Internetowe Muzeum Polski Ludowej 6286: 6228: 5872:"Jews in Poland Since 1939" (PDF) 5176:"Kultowe dobranocki z czasów PRL" 4228:Original text at the Sejm website 4062: 3837:, but more commonly known as the 3742:Germans were expelled from Poland 3708:, were slaughtered at the German 3649:region and settle in the western 2739:was presented by officers of the 2156:Palestine Liberation Organization 1762:Summer 1981 Hunger Demonstrations 1363:, including the southern half of 1170:1990 Polish presidential election 54:This article has multiple issues. 12413:1989 disestablishments in Poland 11488:January 1991 events in Lithuania 11146:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 11100: 10975: 10919: 10844: 7609: 7383:1957 Polish legislative election 7265:1947 Polish legislative election 6867:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 6307: 6293: 5623:"Edukacja w II Rzeczypospolitej" 3974: 3962: 3883: 3509:, the large German minority was 3407:1947 Polish legislative election 2624: 2613: 1794:1989 Polish legislative election 1722:On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski 1522: 1506: 1180:, until the introduction of the 1176:retained the 1952 constitution, 1019: 994: 418: 382: 368: 188: 84: 43: 18:People's Republic of Poland 11212:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 7470:Solidarity (Polish trade union) 7260:1946 Polish people's referendum 6262: 6130: 6108:"POLAND: Distrust in the Ranks" 6100: 6074: 6052: 6036:. 26 April 2016. Archived from 5992: 5971: 5946: 5928:"Poland most homogeneous in EU" 5920: 5894: 5837: 5815: 5594: 5555: 5525: 5475: 5445: 5394: 5376: 5358: 5340: 5334:Podkowiański Magazyn Kulturalny 5300: 5248: 5209: 5168: 5150: 5132: 5114: 5074: 5056: 5038: 5028:"Aktuelle Kamera – tvpforum.pl" 5020: 4990: 4971: 4932: 4914: 4892: 4771: 4745: 4687: 4611: 4577: 4550: 4465: 4461:– via Country Studies US. 4440: 4421:Saxon, Wolfgang (29 May 1981). 4414: 4378: 4300:, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 3817:until being deposed during the 3797: 3756:. Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, 3594: 3316:was seen as a way to construct 3176: 2134:The Polish People's Republic's 1453:Border changes of Poland after 1430:Between the referendum and the 1126:1946 Polish people's referendum 199:needs additional citations for 62:or discuss these issues on the 12044:Azerbaijan People's Government 10531:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 8234:Territorial changes of Germany 8142:Indonesian National Revolution 7388:Millennium of the Polish State 6247: 6208: 5844:Olchawa, Maciej (2 May 2017). 5539:. 19 July 2017. Archived from 4406:Stefan Wyszyński, (1901–1981). 4303: 4274: 4249: 4194: 4184:) was also province governor. 3981:Polish voivodeships after 1975 3969:Polish voivodeships after 1957 3464:Polish anti-religious campaign 3109:Anna Constantia von Brockdorff 2863:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2641:Opening panel and sequence of 2605:Censorship in Communist Poland 2353: 2223: 1432:January 1947 general elections 1412:. One faction, which included 1399:, land reform, and making the 1045:(1947–1952), was a country in 158:You may also add the template 13: 1: 12408:1947 establishments in Poland 11493:January 1991 events in Latvia 11483:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 11232:Socialist Republic of Romania 11207:People's Republic of Bulgaria 11199:People's Republic of Albania 11168:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 9931:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9882:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9646:German invasion of Luxembourg 8020:Mediterranean and Middle East 7490:1981 warning strike in Poland 6122:– via content.time.com. 6096:– via content.time.com. 6082:"POLAND: Child of the People" 5885:, Yale University Press, 2005 5846:"Ghosts of Operation Vistula" 4639:10.1080/14682745.2023.2206650 4388:, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2000, 4334:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 4187: 3639:Państwowy Urząd Repatriacyjny 3601:Demographic history of Poland 3580:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 3528:which, under the doctrine of 3493:The experiences in and after 3248:Palace of Culture and Science 3083:Knights of the Teutonic Order 2971:Knights of the Teutonic Order 1246:History of Poland (1945–1989) 11478:Collapse of the Soviet Union 11468:Fall of communism in Albania 9838:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9527:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8838:Independent State of Croatia 7569:Polish Round Table Agreement 7549:Federation of Fighting Youth 7398:1968 Polish political crisis 7310:Polish United Workers' Party 5261:. Lidia Burakowska-Oginska. 5238:"Filmy prl, socjalizm – FDB" 5158:"Kultowe polskie dobranocki" 4481:. Reuters. 11 December 1989. 4404:Britannica (10 April 2013), 4337:The United States and Poland 4224:"Small Constitution of 1947" 4202:"What Was the Eastern Bloc?" 3953: 3944:Polish United Workers' Party 3910:Pomeranian Military District 3848:, had by that time moved to 3686:socialist apartment building 3635:National Repatriation Office 3487:Ministry of Internal Affairs 3363: 3170:How I Unleashed World War II 2960:National Film School in Łódź 2801:at its premiere in Warsaw's 2724:also became synonymous with 2699:Polish United Workers' Party 2403:years and the imposition of 2173:(as a founding member), the 1908:Polish United Workers' Party 1901:Polish United Workers' Party 1489:Polish United Workers' Party 1250: 1228:. In addition, units of the 1134:Polish United Workers' Party 342:Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa 7: 12084:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 11453:End of communism in Hungary 11222:Hungarian People's Republic 10822:End of World War II in Asia 10662:Western invasion of Germany 10169:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 10146:Second Battle of El Alamein 9716:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9688:Battle of the Mediterranean 9541:Italian invasion of Albania 7708:Air warfare of World War II 7325:Socialist realism in Poland 6648:Central European Initiative 6459:Prehistory and protohistory 6151:10.1177/0888325497011002006 4847:. Public Affairs. pp. 4822:(PDF file, direct download) 4810:Karolina Szamańska (2008). 4557:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). 4506:10.1177/0888325494008003005 4079:annexed by the Soviet Union 3946:and driven out back to the 3929:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3811:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3786: 3643:forced to leave their homes 3457: 2908:. Every televised show was 2330:until 1946, when after the 2187:International Energy Agency 2039:Foreign relations of Poland 1926:to the extent of being its 1831:by the Polish authorities. 1758:1980 Gdańsk Shipyard Strike 1457:. The eastern territories ( 1291:In the summer of 1944, the 1193:Ministry of Public Security 10: 12444: 12388:Former socialist republics 11217:German Democratic Republic 10748:Naval bombardment of Japan 10116:First Battle of El Alamein 10035:Battle of Christmas Island 9980:Japanese invasion of Burma 9744:Italian invasion of Greece 9660:German invasion of Belgium 9632:German invasion of Denmark 9605:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9474:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7731:Comparative military ranks 7510:autocratic rule and demise 7445:Workers' Defence Committee 7270:Small Constitution of 1947 6279: 6169:; Żakowski, Jacek (1995). 5064:"W mrokach propagandy PRL" 4940:"Zapomniany jubileusz TVP" 4728:(Google Books, no preview) 4355:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 4083:Newly acquired territories 4066: 3918:Silesian Military District 3790: 3641:), millions of Poles were 3598: 3507:annihilated by the Germans 3467: 3461: 3431:vocational career training 3367: 3180: 2931: 2594: 2583: 2579: 2328:the nationalization reform 2212: 2208: 2129:invasion of Czechoslovakia 2105:Poland was hostile to the 2084:People's Republic of China 2036: 1888: 1740:co-founded and headed the 1382:Polish government-in-exile 1285:Soviet sphere of influence 1273:industrialized territories 1243: 1239: 1158:Small Constitution of 1947 1041:(1952–1989), formerly the 588:First Secretary and Leader 223:"Polish People's Republic" 122:Machine translation, like 29: 12318: 12179: 12111: 12036: 11943: 11912: 11826: 11815: 11744: 11723: 11554: 11428: 11405:Information dissemination 11382: 11332:1956 Hungarian Revolution 11322:1953 East German uprising 11290: 11248: 11191: 11128: 11108: 11045: 11026: 10984: 10973: 10926: 10917: 10837: 10669:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10609: 10600:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 10337: 10224:Allied invasion of Sicily 10178: 10084:Aleutian Islands campaign 10056:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10003: 9994:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9889:Second Battle of Changsha 9794:German invasion of Greece 9762: 9639:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9614: 9552: 9447: 9328: 9054: 8964: 8805: 8508: 8499: 8257: 8082: 7974:North and Central Pacific 7935: 7697: 7690: 7617: 7503: 7416: 7369: 7293: 7199: 7126: 7077: 7029: 6914: 6901: 6892: 6787: 6778: 6638: 6629: 6567: 6558: 6518: 6449: 6440: 6399: 5999:Kałużny, Ryszard (2007). 5737:10.1017/S0034670500007130 5384:"Socrealizm nieoczywisty" 5336:(in Polish). No. 63. 5271:– via Google Books. 5221:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl 4721:Hofhansel, Claus (2005). 4607:– via Google Books. 4590:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3912:with its headquarters in 3651:former German territories 3549:Catholic Church in Poland 3031:1973 Cannes Film Festival 2927: 2450:and the development of a 2388:In 1981, Poland notified 1819:On 10 December 1989, the 1790:Tiananmen Square protests 1172:, but the post-communist 1140:but the country had more 973: 961: 949: 939: 915: 897: 882: 872: 865: 855: 848: 844: 831: 821: 808: 795: 782: 769: 756: 752: 742: 732: 728: 713: 698: 694: 684: 680: 665: 650: 646: 636: 632: 615: 600: 596: 586: 574: 558: 538: 528: 484: 469: 431: 400: 364: 359: 306: 99:the corresponding article 12378:Polish People's Republic 11390:Emigration and defection 11227:Polish People's Republic 10261:Allied invasion of Italy 10238:Solomon Islands campaign 9987:Third Battle of Changsha 9584:First Battle of Changsha 9490:Second Sino-Japanese War 8423:German military brothels 8289:United States war crimes 7465:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes 7193:Polish People's Republic 6643:Administrative divisions 6373:Propaganda komunistyczna 6201: 6192:Pucci M (14 July 2020). 6175:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie 5602:"Centralny Dom Towarowy" 5002:www.irekw.internetdsl.pl 4097:and partially joined to 3874:Battle of Kolberg (1945) 3783:as their native tongue. 3710:Nazi extermination camps 3667:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 3330:multi-family residential 3291:large panel construction 3027:The Hourglass Sanatorium 2719:. Throughout the 1970s, 2306:State Agricultural Farms 1867:democratic consolidation 1640:On 16 October 1978, the 1039:Polish People's Republic 332:Polish People's Republic 12403:Soviet satellite states 12094:North Korea (1947–1948) 12089:North Korea (1946–1947) 11448:Fall of the Berlin Wall 11374:1981 protests in Kosovo 11312:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 10683:Second Guangxi campaign 10538:Philippines (1944–1945) 10042:Battle of the Coral Sea 9945:Fall of the Philippines 9591:Battle of South Guangxi 9497:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8896:Italian Social Republic 7408:Polish protests of 1970 7355:Poznań protests of 1956 6842:Regional GDP per capita 6060:"Śląski Okręg Wojskowy" 5877:7 November 2006 at the 5805:East European Quarterly 5764:East European Quarterly 5663:Polish American Studies 5515:"Skąd się wzięły bloki" 5453:"Pałac Kultury i Nauki" 4682:Nacjonalizacja w Polsce 4450:Poland: A Country Study 4409:Encyclopædia Britannica 3908:Military District, the 3557:Russian Orthodox Church 3515:the eastern territories 3240:classicist architecture 3115:Salt of the Black Earth 2822:Stakes Larger Than Life 2816:Four Tank-Men and a Dog 2798:Four Tank-Men and a Dog 2546:, a former milk bar in 2234:State Agricultural Farm 2086:. At the height of the 1959:Front of National Unity 1951:Polish Council of State 1885:Government and politics 1786:Rozmowy Okrągłego Stołu 1277:territories in the east 529:Official languages 169:For more guidance, see 11816:Current and historical 10268:Armistice of Cassibile 10070:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10021:Battle of the Java Sea 9924:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9824:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9817:Battle of South Shanxi 9787:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9570:Battle of the Atlantic 9184:Korean Liberation Army 8890:(until September 1943) 8847:(until September 1944) 8825:(until September 1944) 7109:Orders and decorations 6346:2 October 2015 at the 6257: 6241: 6218: 6177:. pp. 348 pages. 6173:(in Polish). Wrocław: 6171:PRL dla początkujących 5725:The Review of Politics 5284:Polish national cinema 5180:wiadomosci.dziennik.pl 5050:wiadomosci.dziennik.pl 4998:"Dziennik Telewizyjny" 4812:"Sklepy w czasach PRL" 4280:Rummel, R. J. (1997). 4069:Voivodeships of Poland 4000: 3932:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3870:Vistula–Oder Offensive 3822: 3807:Konstantin Rokossovsky 3693: 3614: 3611:Second Polish Republic 3572:Polish Orthodox Church 3490: 3421: 3391:Second Polish Republic 3379: 3358:Second Polish Republic 3344:and the completion of 3293: 3278: 3236:Stalinist Empire style 3208: 3127:Battle of Westerplatte 2989: 2946: 2878: 2806: 2670:. The second channel, 2555: 2510: 2439: 2366: 2320: 2264: 2241: 2219:Eastern Bloc economies 2059: 2024:. The Milicja's elite 1903: 1765: 1749: 1724:proclaimed martial law 1719: 1668: 1637: 1605: 1493:Konstantin Rokossovsky 1476: 1417:Edward Osóbka-Morawski 1410:Polish Socialist Party 1288: 1151: 835:Presidential elections 413:Poland Is Not Yet Lost 406: 341: 317: 11498:Breakup of Yugoslavia 10432:Second Battle of Guam 10328:Bengal famine of 1943 10298:Second Battle of Kiev 10254:Battle of the Dnieper 9959:Battle of Wake Island 9831:East African campaign 9773:Battle of South Henan 9418:atrocities by Germans 9191:Korean Volunteer Army 8165:Occupation of Germany 7919:Music in World War II 7534:Pacification of Wujek 7517:Martial law in Poland 7423:international opening 7403:Kniefall von Warschau 7345:Trial of the Generals 7210:Recovered Territories 6242:Rzeczpospolita Polska 6005:Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL 5282:Marek Haltof (2002). 4843:Neier, Aryeh (2003). 4667:Wojciech Roszkowski, 4235:(PDF direct download) 4140:– previously part of 4132:– previously part of 4124:– previously part of 3998: 3805: 3683: 3608: 3599:Further information: 3477: 3419: 3377: 3354:Smyk Department Store 3328:. Mass-prefabricated 3284: 3275:Smyk Department Store 3273: 3261:Empire State Building 3202: 2980: 2941: 2871: 2794: 2782:(Polish: Krecik) and 2758:evening cartoon block 2735:, from December 1981 2733:martial law in Poland 2540: 2505: 2430: 2399:movement. During the 2361: 2314: 2251: 2231: 2213:Further information: 2046: 1898: 1836:Third Polish Republic 1809:United People's Party 1755: 1736: 1709: 1662: 1634: 1595: 1465:Recovered Territories 1452: 1440:Polish People's Party 1425:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 1305:Polish Workers' Party 1258: 1218:universal health care 1203:(MO), along with its 1174:Third Polish Republic 1152:Rzeczpospolita Polska 1081:and cultural city of 1015:Third Polish Republic 318:Rzeczpospolita Polska 171:Knowledge:Translation 142:copyright attribution 12321:History of socialism 11346:1970 Polish protests 11327:1956 Poznań protests 11192:Soviet-allied states 10718:Surrender of Germany 10196:Battle of West Hubei 10153:Guadalcanal campaign 10123:Battle of Stalingrad 10049:Battle of Madagascar 8816:Albania protectorate 8603:(formerly Swaziland) 8312:Wehrmacht war crimes 8128:Expulsion of Germans 7912:Art and World War II 7810:British contribution 7759:Governments in exile 7245:Trial of the Sixteen 7220:Expulsion of Germans 7021:World Heritage Sites 6362:3 April 2008 at the 6334:at PolskaLudowa.com 5958:languageknowledge.eu 4757:www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl 4049:Regained Territories 3827:Polish People's Army 3793:Polish People's Army 3671:Bieszczady Mountains 3522:communist government 3133:Death of a President 2983:communist censorship 2748:the country under a 2721:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2690:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2680:(People's Tribune). 2597:Dziennik Telewizyjny 2591:Television and media 2277:satellite government 1955:presidency of Poland 1918:, the country was a 1642:Archbishop of Kraków 1598:1970 Polish protests 1578:1956 Poznań protests 1226:Polish People's Army 1186:parliamentary system 1182:current constitution 1162:Constitution of 1952 917:• Summer ( 874:• 1989 estimate 407:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego 208:improve this article 12428:Totalitarian states 12398:Communism in Poland 12350: / 12257:Estonia (1918–1919) 12151:Hungary (1949–1989) 11463:Romanian revolution 11436:Revolutions of 1989 11317:1953 Plzeň uprising 10808:Potsdam Declaration 10697:Italy (Spring 1945) 10460:Liberation of Paris 9917:Siege of Sevastopol 8928:(until August 1944) 8831:Wang Jingwei regime 8653:from September 1943 8613:from September 1944 8551:from September 1944 8411:Romanian war crimes 8402:Persecution of Jews 8388:Croatian war crimes 8358:Japanese war crimes 8172:Occupation of Japan 8121:First Indochina War 7833:Military production 7745:Declarations of war 7564:1988 Polish strikes 7544:Fighting Solidarity 7539:1982 demonstrations 7455:1980 Lublin strikes 7376:autarchic communism 6761:Political prisoners 5648:encyklopedia.pwn.pl 5543:on 10 February 2020 5328:Piotr Łopuszański. 5146:. 21 February 2020. 5110:. 13 December 2008. 5052:. 17 November 2019. 4783:www.clubdeparis.org 4296:Rao, B. V. (2006), 3904:Military District, 3900:Military District, 3896:Military District, 3627:revision of borders 3575:after his release. 3395:Jędrzejewicz reform 3348:in the 1970s under 2741:Polish Armed Forces 2289:agricultural reform 2100:general secretaries 2022:Milicja Obywatelska 2006:large standing army 1746:President of Poland 1742:Solidarity movement 1701:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1665:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1648:Karol Wojtyła, was 1602:Milicja Obywatelska 1391:In June 1946, the " 1230:Soviet Armed Forces 1201:Milicja Obywatelska 1195:(UB) and later the 1166:Revolutions of 1989 675:Wojciech Jaruzelski 626:Mieczysław Rakowski 509: / 12222:Byelorussia (1919) 11473:Singing Revolution 11356:June 1976 protests 11141:Soviet occupations 10801:Surrender of Japan 10634:Battle of Iwo Jima 10483:Belgrade offensive 9896:Siege of Leningrad 9780:Battle of Shanggao 9709:British Somaliland 9674:Dunkirk evacuation 9625:Norwegian campaign 9563:Invasion of Poland 9390:Japanese prisoners 8351:Italian war crimes 8282:British war crimes 8197:Soviet occupations 7981:South-West Pacific 7868:Allied cooperation 7826:Military equipment 7554:Orange Alternative 7440:June 1976 protests 6088:. 21 November 1949 5907:The New York Times 5433:on 26 January 2017 5223:. 16 October 2014. 5203:www.telemagazyn.pl 5008:on 5 December 2014 4824:on 19 October 2014 4587:European Penology? 4427:The New York Times 4384:Czesław Osękowski 4017:Kaliningrad Oblast 4007:to the North; the 4001: 3890:military districts 3866:Karol Świerczewski 3862:Polish Second Army 3823: 3696:The population of 3694: 3615: 3491: 3470:Religion in Poland 3427:physical education 3422: 3380: 3294: 3279: 3209: 3062:Ashes and Diamonds 3042:Knife in the Water 2994:Polish Film School 2990: 2947: 2879: 2807: 2805:, 3 January, 1966. 2556: 2511: 2440: 2421:economic sanctions 2367: 2342:Soviet-controlled 2321: 2265: 2242: 2238:collective farming 2164:State of Palestine 2122:Prezydent Gottwald 2060: 1904: 1891:Politics of Poland 1863:post-Soviet troops 1842:— the first since 1814:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 1766: 1750: 1720: 1669: 1652:, taking the name 1638: 1622:1973 energy crisis 1606: 1477: 1421:Józef Cyrankiewicz 1373:Potsdam Conference 1369:pre-WWII territory 1320:Franklin Roosevelt 1314:in February 1945, 1289: 1263:in February 1945. 1097:to the south, and 1089:to the north, the 1055:Republic of Poland 1051:Republic of Poland 1043:Republic of Poland 760:Small Constitution 723:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 708:E. Osóbka-Morawski 581:socialist republic 450:Show map of Europe 308:Republic of Poland 150:interlanguage link 12354:52.250°N 18.833°E 12333: 12332: 12327: 12326: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12107: 12106: 11849:Congo-Brazzaville 11745:Regional variants 11513: 11512: 11458:Velvet Revolution 11420:Telephone tapping 11394:list of defectors 11183:Tito–Stalin split 11068: 11067: 10875: 10874: 10833: 10832: 10676:Battle of Okinawa 10575:Burma (1944–1945) 10409:Mariana and Palau 10189:Tunisian campaign 10014:Fall of Singapore 9938:Fall of Hong Kong 9681:Battle of Britain 9534:Operation Himmler 9443: 9442: 9107:Dutch East Indies 8743:Southern Rhodesia 8495: 8494: 8395:Genocide of Serbs 8298:German war crimes 8275:Soviet war crimes 8268:Allied war crimes 8114:Division of Korea 8093:Chinese Civil War 7891:Strategic bombing 7803:Manhattan Project 7577: 7576: 7450:Flying University 7430:1971 Łódź strikes 7335:1952 Constitution 7225:Operation Vistula 7155: 7154: 7122: 7121: 7044:Ethnic minorities 6888: 6887: 6774: 6773: 6727:Political parties 6673:Foreign relations 6625: 6624: 6554: 6553: 6510:Poland since 1989 6350:at MuzeumPRL.com 6040:on 16 August 2018 6007:(in Polish) (2). 5490:on 14 August 2019 5457:otwartezabytki.pl 5293:978-1-57181-276-6 4946:. 23 August 2009. 4928:. 26 August 2019. 4737:978-0-415-36406-5 4707:978-1-84545-013-7 4680:Zbigniew Landau, 4538:on 6 January 2020 4041:Tehran Conference 4035:to the south and 3936:Marshal of Poland 3854:Polish First Army 3815:Marshal of Poland 3675:Operation Vistula 3623:ethnic minorities 3568:Polish Protestant 3542:Communist Albania 3483:Security Services 3479:Jerzy Popiełuszko 3310:Władysław Gomułka 3213:socialist realism 3187:Socialist realism 2885:Czterdziestolatek 2859:Kingdom of Poland 2633: 2566:social safety net 2375:Western creditors 2285:centrally planned 2215:Economy of Poland 2191:Council of Europe 2111:Chinese Civil War 2107:Republic of China 2048:Władysław Gomułka 2033:Foreign relations 1975:hammer and sickle 1969:, stars, ears of 1963:communist symbols 1928:satellite country 1517:" 1946 referendum 1497:Marshal of Poland 1485:1952 Constitution 1406:Władysław Gomułka 1377:Potsdam Agreement 1324:Winston Churchill 1118:German occupation 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1007: 1006: 773:July Constitution 718: 703: 700:• 1944–1947 670: 667:• 1985–1989 655: 652:• 1947–1952 620: 605: 602:• 1947–1956 543:Roman Catholicism 513:52.217°N 21.033°E 462: (dark grey) 423: 302: 301: 294: 284: 283: 276: 258: 182: 181: 111: 107: 77: 16:(Redirected from 12435: 12393:Communist states 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12343: 12177: 12176: 12034: 12033: 11824: 11823: 11819:socialist states 11698:African-American 11540: 11533: 11526: 11517: 11516: 11302:Goryani Movement 11282: 11274: 11240: 11202: 11136:Yalta Conference 11095: 11088: 11081: 11072: 11071: 10979: 10923: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10879: 10878: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10851:World portal 10849: 10848: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10711:Prague offensive 10706: 10704:Battle of Berlin 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10648:Vienna offensive 10643: 10636: 10629: 10627:Battle of Manila 10622: 10602: 10593: 10584: 10577: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10501: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10411: 10404: 10395: 10386: 10377: 10370: 10368:Korsun–Cherkassy 10363: 10352: 10330: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10270: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10210:Bombing of Gorky 10205: 10198: 10191: 10171: 10164: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10077:Battle of Midway 10072: 10065: 10063:Battle of Gazala 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9973:Battle of Borneo 9968: 9966:Malayan campaign 9961: 9954: 9947: 9940: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9910:Bombing of Gorky 9905: 9903:Battle of Moscow 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9755: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9667:Battle of France 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9520:Munich Agreement 9515: 9508: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9476: 9469: 9454: 9453: 9436: 9429: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9405:Soviet prisoners 9399: 9392: 9385: 9376: 9369: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9345:German prisoners 9341: 9321: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8876: 8874:French Indochina 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8818: 8798: 8789: 8782: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8721:from August 1944 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8604: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8506: 8505: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8447: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8365:Nanjing Massacre 8360: 8353: 8344: 8342:Nuremberg trials 8335: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8183: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8075: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7946:Asia and Pacific 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7877: 7875:Mulberry harbour 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7717: 7710: 7695: 7694: 7683: 7676: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7485:Bydgoszcz events 7480:Rural Solidarity 7460:Gdańsk Agreement 7320:Collectivization 7280:Battle for trade 7255:Augustów roundup 7182: 7175: 7168: 7159: 7158: 7135: 6899: 6898: 6880: 6807:Economic history 6797:Balcerowicz Plan 6785: 6784: 6636: 6635: 6572:Cities and towns 6565: 6564: 6505:Communist Poland 6485: 6477: 6447: 6446: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6403: 6402: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6353: 6337: 6328: 6317: 6315:Communism portal 6312: 6311: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6269: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6245: 6235: 6226: 6212: 6197: 6188: 6162: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6021: 6020: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5930:. 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Archived from 4524: 4518: 4517: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4402: 4396: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4351: 4330: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4182:prezydent miasta 4057:Oder-Neisse line 3978: 3966: 3878:Battle of Berlin 3588:Eastern Catholic 2934:Cinema of Poland 2894:(1986–1987) and 2819:(1966–1970) and 2813:history such as 2811:Second World War 2726:authoritarianism 2659:Telewizja Polska 2635: 2634: 2617: 2601:Telewizja Polska 2452:shortage economy 2383:central planning 2300:and creation of 2298:collectivization 2240:created in 1949. 1916:Democratic Party 1877:in 1999 and the 1869:, Poland joined 1782:Roundtable Talks 1610:violent protests 1559:Stefan Wyszyński 1546:collectivisation 1526: 1510: 1436:Democratic Party 1401:Oder–Neisse line 1397:Senate of Poland 1361:Oder–Neisse line 1312:Yalta Conference 1261:Yalta Conference 1197:Security Service 1154: 1110:Marxist–Leninist 1023: 1022: 1011: 1010: 998: 997: 991: 990: 975: 974: 930: 906: 827:31 December 1989 804:13 December 1981 765:19 February 1947 716: 701: 668: 653: 628: 618: 603: 554: 547: 524: 523: 521: 520: 519: 514: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 487:and largest city 451: 448: 441: 438: 425: 424: 409: 386: 372: 354: 353: 352: 344: 337: 330: 329: 328: 320: 313: 304: 303: 297: 290: 279: 272: 268: 265: 259: 257: 216: 192: 184: 161: 155: 128:Google Translate 109: 106:(September 2021) 105: 88: 87: 80: 69: 47: 46: 39: 21: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12368: 12367: 12358: 12356: 12352: 12349: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12329: 12328: 12323: 12306: 12287:Slovakia (1919) 12187:Alsace-Lorraine 12175: 12103: 12032: 11939: 11908: 11817: 11811: 11740: 11719: 11550: 11544: 11514: 11509: 11424: 11378: 11365:Soviet reaction 11351:Croatian Spring 11295: 11293: 11286: 11280: 11272: 11244: 11238: 11200: 11187: 11173:Berlin Blockade 11124: 11123: 11104: 11099: 11069: 11064: 11041: 11038: 11022: 11019: 10980: 10971: 10968: 10924: 10913: 10906: 10876: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10843: 10841: 10829: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10767: 10762:Atomic bombings 10760: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10605: 10598: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10564: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10520: 10511: 10504: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10465: 10458: 10453:Eastern Romania 10451: 10446:Warsaw Uprising 10444: 10439:Tannenberg Line 10437: 10430: 10425:Western Ukraine 10423: 10414: 10407: 10398: 10389: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10355: 10346: 10333: 10326: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10217:Battle of Kursk 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10174: 10167: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10105: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10028:St Nazaire Raid 10026: 10019: 10012: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9957: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9852: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9810:Anglo-Iraqi War 9808: 9801:Battle of Crete 9799: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9758: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9730:Eastern Romania 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9548: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9472: 9465: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9416: 9409: 9404: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9372: 9365: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9337: 9324: 9317: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9291:Western Ukraine 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9235:Northeast China 9233: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8934:Slovak Republic 8932: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8905:Empire of Japan 8903: 8894: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8821: 8814: 8801: 8794: 8785: 8778: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8491: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8450: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8417:Sexual violence 8416: 8409: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8349: 8340: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8186: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8147: 8140: 8135:Greek Civil War 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8078: 8071: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7960:South-East Asia 7958: 7951: 7944: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7819:Military awards 7817: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7713: 7706: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7608: 7578: 7573: 7509: 7499: 7422: 7412: 7375: 7365: 7350:PAX Association 7298: 7289: 7285:Three-Year Plan 7275:Amnesty of 1947 7250:Cursed soldiers 7195: 7186: 7156: 7151: 7138: 7131: 7118: 7073: 7025: 6991:Public holidays 6910: 6884: 6878: 6872:Venture capital 6770: 6700:Law enforcement 6621: 6607:Protected areas 6550: 6514: 6483: 6475: 6436: 6430: 6395: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6366:at Komunizm.eu 6364:Wayback Machine 6351: 6348:Wayback Machine 6335: 6326: 6325:at Czas-PRL.pl 6313: 6308: 6306: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276:Further reading 6273: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6252: 6248: 6236: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6185: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6062:. 14 April 2003 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6024: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5879:Wayback Machine 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5801: 5794: 5779: 5775: 5759: 5752: 5721: 5714: 5699: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5659: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5513: 5512: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5463:on 28 July 2021 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5326: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5187: 5182:. 28 June 2009. 5174: 5173: 5169: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4976: 4972: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4808: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4490: 4486: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4419: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4348: 4327: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4288: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4071: 4065: 4031:) to the east; 3993: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3956: 3886: 3858:Zygmunt Berling 3800: 3795: 3789: 3645:in the eastern 3603: 3597: 3503:Jewish minority 3472: 3466: 3460: 3372: 3366: 3197: 3181:Main articles: 3179: 3143:The Coup d'Etat 3069:Nights and Days 2965:Forbidden Songs 2955:Aleksander Ford 2936: 2930: 2831:Soviet invasion 2773:Bolek and Lolek 2716:Aktuelle Kamera 2651: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2595:Main articles: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2570:Gdańsk Shipyard 2524:Wyjazd na saksy 2509:for sugar, 1977 2490:U.S. currency ( 2379:Marxian economy 2363:Supersam Warsaw 2356: 2338:Polish owners. 2324:Nationalisation 2281:economic system 2279:, Poland's new 2226: 2221: 2211: 2098:and the Soviet 2096:U.S. presidents 2082:as well as the 2052:Leonid Brezhnev 2041: 2035: 2016:and succeeding 1920:one-party state 1893: 1887: 1827:was removed in 1760:and subsequent 1696:Catholic Church 1673:Stanisław Kania 1590: 1588:1970s and 1980s 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1515:Three Times Yes 1511: 1444:Bolesław Bierut 1393:Three Times Yes 1340:, which it had 1281:pre-war borders 1253: 1248: 1242: 1178:with amendments 1138:one-party state 1122:electoral fraud 1020: 995: 925: 922: 901: 875: 858: 840:9 December 1990 837: 824: 814: 801: 791:21 October 1956 788: 775: 762: 719: 704: 671: 660:Bolesław Bierut 656: 638:Head of Council 624: 621: 610:Bolesław Bierut 606: 552: 548: 545: 517: 515: 511: 508: 503: 500: 498: 496: 495: 494: 488: 465: 464: 453: 452: 449: 442: 427: 426: 419: 410: 396: 395: 394: 391: 387: 379: 378: 373: 355: 346: 339: 338: 335: 334: 333: 331: 322: 315: 314: 311: 310: 309: 298: 287: 286: 285: 280: 269: 263: 260: 217: 215: 205: 193: 178: 177: 176: 159: 153: 112: 89: 85: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12441: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12359:52.250; 18.833 12331: 12330: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12267:Hungary (1919) 12264: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12183: 12181: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12134:Czech Republic 12129:Czechoslovakia 12126: 12121: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12069:Inner Mongolia 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12049:East Turkestan 12046: 12040: 12038: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11958: 11953: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11864: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11830: 11828: 11821: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11748: 11746: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11731:United Kingdom 11727: 11725: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11690: 11688:United Kingdom 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11598: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11581: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11551: 11543: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11520: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11438: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11298: 11296: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11276: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11242: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11138: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11098: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11075: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10941:Czechoslovakia 10938: 10933: 10927: 10925: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10905: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10882: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10781: 10778:South Sakhalin 10774: 10773: 10772: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10615: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10578: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10518: 10509: 10502: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10463: 10456: 10449: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10412: 10405: 10396: 10387: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10315: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10257: 10250: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10203:Battle of Attu 10199: 10192: 10184: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10165: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10094: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10009: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9952:Battle of Guam 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9875:Battle of Kiev 9871: 9864: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9768: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9558: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9502: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9462: 9460: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9414: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9386: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9374:United Kingdom 9370: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9342: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9306: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9187: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9060: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8819: 8811: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8771:British Empire 8764:United Kingdom 8760: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8605: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8580:Czechoslovakia 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8480: 8477:Rape of Manila 8473: 8466: 8459: 8448: 8433: 8426: 8414: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8398: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8354: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8315: 8308: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8263: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8248:United Nations 8244: 8237: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8193: 8184: 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8107:Decolonization 8103: 8096: 8088: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8053: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8007: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7941: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7871: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7799: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7780:United Kingdom 7776: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7703: 7701: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7626: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7522:Militsiya hour 7513: 7511: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7360:Polish October 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7202:Early post-war 7197: 7196: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6847:Stock exchange 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6766:Visegrád Group 6763: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6749:Prime Minister 6746: 6745: 6744: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6710:Prison Service 6707: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6653:Climate change 6650: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6602:Poland A and B 6599: 6597:National parks 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6495:Interwar years 6492: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: articles 6429: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6354: 6338: 6329: 6319: 6318: 6304: 6288: 6287:External links 6285: 6280:Main article: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6261: 6246: 6227: 6221:Rzeczpospolita 6206: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6189: 6183: 6163: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6099: 6073: 6051: 6022: 5991: 5970: 5945: 5934:on 9 July 2018 5919: 5893: 5887: 5864: 5836: 5814: 5792: 5773: 5750: 5731:(3): 332–349. 5712: 5690: 5680: 5653: 5632: 5611: 5593: 5572: 5554: 5524: 5501: 5474: 5444: 5411: 5393: 5375: 5357: 5339: 5317: 5299: 5292: 5274: 5267: 5247: 5226: 5208: 5185: 5167: 5149: 5131: 5113: 5092: 5073: 5055: 5037: 5019: 4989: 4970: 4949: 4931: 4913: 4902:. 2 April 2016 4891: 4884: 4864: 4857: 4835: 4795: 4770: 4744: 4736: 4713: 4706: 4686: 4673: 4660: 4632:(4): 517–535. 4610: 4596: 4576: 4569: 4549: 4519: 4500:(3): 467–494. 4484: 4478:New York Times 4464: 4439: 4413: 4397: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4331: 4325: 4309: 4302: 4286: 4273: 4248: 4237:on 3 June 2015 4214: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4067:Main article: 4064: 4063:Administration 4061: 4033:Czechoslovakia 4029:Ukrainian SSRs 3986: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3940:Polish October 3885: 3882: 3819:Polish October 3799: 3796: 3791:Main article: 3788: 3785: 3714:Einsatzgruppen 3596: 3593: 3497:, wherein the 3462:Main article: 3459: 3456: 3411:secularization 3384:intelligentsia 3368:Main article: 3365: 3362: 3314:Prefabrication 3298:Polish October 3296:Following the 3203:The 237-meter 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3129: 3118: 3111: 3104:Countess Cosel 3100: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3049: 3002:Roman Polanski 2987:Czechoslovakia 2932:Main article: 2929: 2926: 2902:block of flats 2855:Katyn massacre 2750:military junta 2640: 2639: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2592: 2589: 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2355: 2352: 2291:issued by the 2225: 2222: 2210: 2207: 2171:United Nations 2072:United Kingdom 2034: 2031: 1936:Czechoslovakia 1886: 1883: 1879:European Union 1825:Vladimir Lenin 1792:in China, the 1778:working groups 1692:anti-communist 1589: 1586: 1528: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1414:Prime Minister 1252: 1249: 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1222:free education 1095:Czechoslovakia 1047:Central Europe 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1008: 1005: 1004: 999: 987: 986: 981: 971: 970: 965: 959: 958: 953: 947: 946: 943: 937: 936: 923: 916: 913: 912: 899: 895: 894: 884: 880: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 852: 846: 845: 842: 841: 838: 832: 829: 828: 825: 822: 819: 818: 815: 812:Free elections 809: 806: 805: 802: 796: 793: 792: 789: 786:Polish October 783: 780: 779: 776: 770: 767: 766: 763: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 744: 743:Historical era 740: 739: 734: 730: 729: 726: 725: 720: 714: 711: 710: 705: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 688: 686:Prime Minister 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 666: 663: 662: 657: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 634: 633: 630: 629: 622: 616: 613: 612: 607: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 578: 572: 571: 562: 556: 555: 540: 536: 535: 530: 526: 525: 518:52.217; 21.033 489: 486: 482: 481: 471: 467: 466: 455: 454: 443: 433: 432: 429: 428: 417: 416: 398: 397: 388: 381: 380: 374: 367: 366: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 307: 300: 299: 282: 281: 196: 194: 187: 180: 179: 175: 174: 167: 156: 134: 131: 120: 113: 94: 93: 92: 90: 83: 78: 52: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12440: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12366: 12363: 12322: 12317: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12237:Crimea (1919) 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12100: 12099:South Vietnam 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12027: 12026:North Vietnam 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11814: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11743: 11737: 11736:United States 11734: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11693:United States 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11573: 11572:New Australia 11570: 11569: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11541: 11536: 11534: 11529: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11518: 11504: 11503:Yugoslav Wars 11501: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11381: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11337:Prague Spring 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11289: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11249:Organizations 11247: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11151:Baltic states 11149: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11096: 11091: 11089: 11084: 11082: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11044: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10989:Soviet Russia 10987: 10986: 10983: 10978: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10922: 10916: 10911: 10903: 10898: 10896: 10891: 10889: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785:Kuril Islands 10782: 10779: 10775: 10770: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10552:Syrmian Front 10549: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10498:Market Garden 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10358: 10357:Monte Cassino 10354: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9723:Baltic states 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9367:United States 9364: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9303:Quốc dân Đảng 9300: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9003:Liechtenstein 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8955:Collaboration 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780:United States 8777: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8470:Comfort women 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8454: / 8453: 8449: 8446: 8443: / 8442: 8439: / 8438: 8434: 8431: 8430:Camp brothels 8427: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319:The Holocaust 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8305:forced labour 8302: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8158:Marshall Plan 8155: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8012: 8011:Eastern Front 8008: 8005: 8004:Western Front 8001: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898:Puppet states 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7840:Naval history 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7787:United States 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Six-Year Plan 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7297: 7296:Sovietization 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827:Merchant Navy 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6474:Early Modern 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6379: 6374: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6305: 6302: 6301:Poland portal 6291: 6283: 6265: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6184:83-7023-461-5 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6114:. 1 July 1957 6113: 6109: 6103: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5980: 5974: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5825:. 23 May 2017 5824: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5717: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5508: 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Sisters 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3221:functionalism 3218: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3195:Functionalism 3192: 3188: 3184: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998:Andrzej Wajda 2995: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2943:Andrzej Wajda 2940: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2891:Alternatywy 4 2888:(1975–1978), 2887: 2886: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2827:Kapitan Kloss 2824: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2803:Congress Hall 2800: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 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2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092:Edward Gierek 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:United States 2065: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Soviet troops 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:imperialistic 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953:replaced the 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930:, along with 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Edward Gierek 1611: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1532: 1525: 1516: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1329:fait accompli 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Joseph Stalin 1262: 1257: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:unitary state 1102: 1101:to the west. 1100: 1096: 1093:to the east, 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1000: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 972: 969: 966: 964: 963:ISO 3166 code 960: 957: 954: 952: 948: 944: 942: 938: 934: 928: 924: 920: 914: 910: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 885: 881: 877: 871: 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12146:East Germany 11844:Burkina Faso 11440: 11226: 11114:Soviet Union 11102:Eastern Bloc 11050:Eastern Bloc 10993:Soviet Union 10955: 10946:East Germany 10859:Bibliography 10842: 10655:Project Hula 10620:Vistula–Oder 10589: 10522: 10513: 10497: 10467: 10416: 10400: 10391: 10382: 10348: 10245: 10160: 10136: 10106: 9857: 9750: 9695:North Africa 9397:Soviet Union 9351:Soviet Union 9277:Soviet Union 9045:Vatican City 8948:Vichy France 8853:German Reich 8750:Soviet Union 8736:South Africa 8729:Sierra Leone 8682:Newfoundland 8501:Participants 8484:Marocchinate 8217: 8188: 8179: 8149: 8027:North Africa 7988:Indian Ocean 7847:Nazi plunder 7738:Cryptography 7611:World War II 7435:Letter of 59 7192: 7092:Coat of arms 7031:Demographics 6981:Polish names 6951:Folk beliefs 6924:Architecture 6862:Unemployment 6802:Central bank 6678:Human rights 6658:Constitution 6500:World War II 6264: 6249: 6210: 6193: 6170: 6167:Kuroń, Jacek 6142: 6138: 6131:Bibliography 6116:. Retrieved 6111: 6102: 6090:. Retrieved 6085: 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6038:the original 6004: 5994: 5982:. Retrieved 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5957: 5948: 5936:. Retrieved 5932:the original 5922: 5910:. Retrieved 5906: 5896: 5890: 5882: 5867: 5855:. Retrieved 5849: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5817: 5808: 5804: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5728: 5724: 5706: 5702: 5683: 5669:(2): 15–30. 5666: 5662: 5656: 5647: 5626: 5605: 5596: 5588:TVN Warszawa 5587: 5566: 5557: 5545:. Retrieved 5541:the original 5536: 5527: 5518: 5492:. Retrieved 5488:the original 5477: 5465:. Retrieved 5461:the original 5456: 5447: 5435:. Retrieved 5431:the original 5426: 5405: 5396: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5311: 5302: 5283: 5277: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5108:www.tvp.info 5107: 5086: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5010:. 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Under the 3619:World War II 3616: 3595:Demographics 3577: 3565: 3561: 3546: 3519: 3495:World War II 3492: 3485:"SB" of the 3443:Eastern Bloc 3439: 3423: 3404: 3388: 3381: 3339: 3334: 3326:Le Corbusier 3318:tower blocks 3295: 3225: 3210: 3177:Architecture 3168: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3131: 3122:Westerplatte 3120: 3113: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3055:A Generation 3053: 3035: 3022:Andrzej Munk 3006:Wojciech Has 2991: 2981:Allegory of 2969: 2963: 2948: 2916:members and 2914:Eastern Bloc 2895: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874:Trybuna Ludu 2872: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2796: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2677:Trybuna Ludu 2675: 2655:World War II 2652: 2642: 2574: 2557: 2541: 2523: 2512: 2507:Ration cards 2491: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2448:black market 2441: 2417:luxury goods 2412: 2409:ration cards 2394: 2387: 2368: 2344:East Germany 2340: 2322: 2273:Soviet Union 2269:Nazi Germany 2266: 2261:World War II 2243: 2168: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2104: 2080:Western Bloc 2064:Soviet Union 2061: 2003: 1983:coat of arms 1944: 1940:Eastern Bloc 1932:East Germany 1924:Soviet Union 1911: 1905: 1899:Logo of the 1848: 1833: 1818: 1806: 1785: 1775: 1767: 1721: 1683: 1670: 1654:John Paul II 1650:elected Pope 1639: 1626:trade unions 1618:West Germany 1607: 1570:Edward Ochab 1567: 1563:house arrest 1550: 1542:nationalised 1539: 1482: 1478: 1458: 1455:World War II 1429: 1390: 1365:East Prussia 1359:east of the 1346: 1334:Soviet Union 1327: 1309: 1297:Nazi Germany 1290: 1216:. Access to 1214:urbanization 1190: 1149: 1103: 1099:East Germany 1091:Soviet Union 1067:Eastern Bloc 1058: 1054: 1042: 1038: 1036: 984:Succeeded by 983: 978: 951:Calling code 857:• Total 778:22 July 1952 715:• 1989 617:• 1989 457: 401: 390:Coat of arms 288: 270: 261: 251: 244: 237: 230: 218: 206:Please help 201:verification 198: 146:edit summary 137: 104: 96: 70: 63: 57: 56:Please help 53: 36: 12357: / 12180:Short-lived 12037:Short-lived 12006:South Yemen 11991:North Korea 11951:Afghanistan 11668:New Zealand 11663:Netherlands 11429:Dissolution 11369:Martial law 11292:Revolts and 11266:Warsaw Pact 11055:Warsaw Pact 11031:Byelorussia 10590:Bodenplatte 10476:Gothic Line 9702:West Africa 9249:Philippines 9228:Netherlands 9093:Czech lands 9031:Switzerland 8975:Afghanistan 8919:Philippines 8787:Puerto Rico 8703:Philippines 8689:New Zealand 8675:Netherlands 8628:Free France 8379:Prosecution 8180:Osoaviakhim 8050:West Africa 8034:East Africa 7681:Conferences 7064:Health care 7016:Video games 6956:Folk dances 6792:Agriculture 6732:Politicians 6531:Demographic 6490:World War I 6484:(1795–1918) 6476:(1569–1795) 6464:Middle Ages 6384:(in Polish) 6376:(in Polish) 6368:(in Polish) 6352:(in Polish) 6336:(in Polish) 6327:(in Polish) 5567:www.mwkz.pl 5537:Onet Biznes 5427:www.pkin.pl 5144:Portal I.pl 5126:wyborcza.pl 5068:histmag.org 5032:tvpforum.pl 4944:Newsweek.pl 4788:12 December 4763:19 December 4759:(in Polish) 4457:10 December 4432:10 December 4241:21 February 3846:Anders Army 3750:Belarusians 3706:labor camps 3447:Theological 3232:proletariat 2951:Film Polski 2847:Imperialism 2785:The Moomins 2712:East German 2543:Bar mleczny 2464:remittances 2456:U.S. dollar 2405:martial law 2369:During the 2354:Later years 2335:referendums 2224:Early years 2203:Interkosmos 2179:Warsaw Pact 2152:Six-Day War 2115:cargo ships 2056:East Berlin 2008:and hosted 1991:Middle Ages 1987:White Eagle 1861:. The last 1851:Warsaw Pact 1738:Lech Wałęsa 1688:Lech Wałęsa 1684:Solidarność 1677:trade union 1582:Polish Army 1357:Brandenburg 1338:Curzon Line 1236:countries. 1234:Warsaw Pact 1071:Warsaw Pact 979:Preceded by 817:4 June 1989 799:Martial law 733:Legislature 516: / 474:Warsaw Pact 392:(1980–1990) 336:(1952–1989) 312:(1947–1952) 12372:Categories 12292:Tarnobrzeg 12217:Bessarabia 12171:Yugoslavia 11894:Seychelles 11889:Mozambique 11884:Madagascar 11807:Vietnamese 11802:Venezuelan 11792:Nicaraguan 11787:Melanesian 11704:Venezuela 11616:Kuomintang 11609:since 1978 11579:Bangladesh 11555:By country 11549:by country 11383:Conditions 11361:Solidarity 11294:opposition 10966:Yugoslavia 10690:West Hunan 10523:Pointblank 9859:Silver Fox 9845:Summer War 9598:Winter War 9577:Phoney War 9358:Azerbaijan 9319:Yugoslavia 9214:Luxembourg 9056:Resistance 8796:Yugoslavia 8661:Luxembourg 8463:Sook Ching 8259:War crimes 7861:Technology 7854:Opposition 7796:Lend-Lease 7773:Australian 7766:Home front 7724:Blitzkrieg 7674:Casualties 7665:Commanders 7637:Operations 7506:Jaruzelski 7011:Traditions 6961:Literature 6879:(currency) 6722:Parliament 6663:Corruption 6341:Muzeum PRL 5606:Culture.pl 5519:Culture.pl 5388:Culture.pl 5352:Culture.pl 5162:Culture.pl 4965:naTemat.pl 4828:15 October 4188:References 4021:Lithuanian 4005:Baltic Sea 3864:headed by 3860:, and the 3762:Lithuanian 3746:Ukrainians 3712:or by the 3684:A typical 3663:Belarusian 3629:, and the 3468:See also: 3451:Philosophy 3405:After the 3322:plattenbau 3287:FSO Syrena 3183:Plattenbau 3163:Teddy Bear 3156:Sexmission 3149:The Cruise 3076:The Deluge 3036:The first 3010:Kieślowski 2918:censorship 2851:Capitalism 2762:Dobranocka 2746:militarize 2683:The chief 2561:commissars 2519:skyscraper 2516:Szkieletor 2492:bony PeKaO 2468:Cinkciarze 2401:Solidarity 2397:Solidarity 2371:Gierek era 2160:recognized 2078:, and the 2037:See also: 1999:monarchist 1949:, and the 1938:and other 1889:See also: 1680:Solidarity 1087:Baltic Sea 878:37,970,155 867:Population 576:Government 560:Demonym(s) 546:(de facto) 440:Show globe 234:newspapers 59:improve it 12250:1939–1940 12205:1918–1919 11974:1982–1992 11969:1979–1992 11964:1975–1979 11960:Cambodia 11935:Nicaragua 11867:1987–1991 11862:1974–1987 11858:Ethiopia 11797:Tanzanian 11678:Sri Lanka 11621:Hong Kong 11604:Communist 11567:Australia 11562:Argentina 11547:Socialism 11442:Die Wende 11415:Economies 11256:Cominform 11239:(to 1948) 11201:(to 1961) 11129:Formation 11119:Communism 11017:1982–1991 11012:1964–1982 11007:1953–1964 11002:1927–1953 10997:1917–1927 10910:Communist 10755:Manchuria 10641:Indochina 10417:Bagration 9868:Lithuania 9513:Anschluss 9310:Viet Minh 9207:Lithuania 9149:Hong Kong 8912:Manchukuo 8867:Azad Hind 8526:Australia 8326:Aftermath 8189:Paperclip 8084:Aftermath 7884:Total war 7752:Diplomacy 7715:In Europe 7069:Languages 7059:Education 6986:Name days 6857:Transport 6737:President 6690:Judiciary 6668:Elections 6592:Mountains 6560:Geography 6159:144514807 6118:16 August 6092:16 August 6066:16 August 6044:16 August 6017:1731-8157 6011:: 86–87. 5984:16 August 5745:146704335 5370:dzieje.pl 4648:1468-2745 4514:144432959 4011:(via the 3954:Geography 3659:Ukrainian 3631:Holocaust 3553:Lithuania 3364:Education 3302:modernist 3228:Stalinism 3217:modernism 3191:Modernism 3090:The Quack 2897:Zmiennicy 2835:Holocaust 2144:Holocaust 2136:relations 2131:in 1968. 1977:) on its 1942:members. 1881:in 2004. 1873:in 1996, 1529:Draft of 1349:Pomerania 1326:, with a 1251:1945–1956 1063:communist 941:Drives on 898:Time zone 553:(de jure) 539:Religion 360:1947–1989 164:talk page 101:in Polish 65:talk page 12302:Würzburg 12277:Naissaar 12241:Finland 12201:Bavaria 12139:Slovakia 12124:Bulgaria 12054:Far East 12001:Mongolia 11913:Americas 11777:European 11708:Chavismo 11673:Pakistan 11410:Politics 10936:Bulgaria 10866:Category 10815:document 10725:document 10582:Ardennes 10566:Budapest 10514:Crossbow 10392:Overlord 10231:Smolensk 9449:Timeline 9284:Slovakia 9270:Thailand 9121:Ethiopia 9086:Bulgaria 9010:Portugal 8941:Thailand 8823:Bulgaria 8601:Eswatini 8594:Ethiopia 8547:Bulgaria 8372:Unit 731 8333:Response 8150:Keelhaul 8100:Cold War 8073:Americas 8064:timeline 8057:Atlantic 7937:Theaters 7504:1981–89 7417:1970–81 7370:1956–70 7294:1948–56 7200:1945–48 7142:Category 7049:Refugees 6996:Religion 6717:Military 6631:Politics 6541:Military 6536:Economic 6526:Cultural 6519:By topic 6469:Monarchs 6451:Timeline 6360:Archived 6344:Archived 5875:Archived 5851:HuffPost 5675:20147803 4150:Szczecin 4134:Katowice 4126:Szczecin 4122:Koszalin 4103:Katowice 4087:Szczecin 3922:Katowice 3916:and the 3872:and the 3821:in 1956. 3787:Military 3717:Warsaw, 3655:expelled 3458:Religion 3342:Old Town 3265:New York 3259:and the 3244:Art Deco 3097:The Doll 2910:censored 2839:Red Army 2833:and the 2737:Dziennik 2707:Dziennik 2695:Dziennik 2685:newscast 2644:Dziennik 2552:canteens 2550:. These 2088:Cold War 1967:red star 1710:The new 1663:General 1646:Cardinal 1553:cardinal 1269:Red Army 1267:, whose 1209:Cold War 1168:and the 1146:Cold War 1128:and the 1114:Red Army 883:Currency 747:Cold War 140:provide 12345:18°50′E 12342:52°15′N 12272:Ireland 12262:Galicia 12161:Romania 12119:Albania 12074:Jiangxi 12021:Vietnam 11925:Grenada 11899:Somalia 11782:Israeli 11772:Chinese 11767:Burmese 11762:British 11752:African 11724:History 11715:Vietnam 11683:Tunisia 11633:Finland 11628:Estonia 11261:COMECON 11161:Romania 11156:Hungary 11060:Comecon 11036:Ukraine 10961:Romania 10951:Hungary 10931:Albania 10792:Shumshu 10559:Hungary 10506:Estonia 10490:Lapland 10468:Dragoon 10401:Neptune 10383:Ichi-Go 10349:Tempest 10291:Changde 10246:Cottage 10138:Jubilee 9854:Finland 9752:Compass 9458:Prelude 9411:Finland 9297:Vietnam 9263:Romania 9135:Germany 9114:Estonia 9100:Denmark 9079:Belgium 9072:Austria 9065:Albania 8996:Ireland 8982:Andorra 8966:Neutral 8926:Romania 8860:Hungary 8845:Finland 8717:Romania 8609:Finland 8587:Denmark 8533:Belgium 8519:Algeria 8225:Romania 8211:Hungary 7967:Pacific 7691:General 7645:Leaders 7630:Battles 7623:Outline 7372:Gomułka 7303:'s rule 7191:of the 7189:History 7133:Outline 7114:Polonia 7079:Symbols 7006:Theatre 6939:Cuisine 6916:Culture 6906:Lawyers 6894:Society 6852:Tourism 6837:Poverty 6822:Exports 6780:Economy 6612:Regions 6582:Islands 6577:Forests 6442:History 6219:Polska 5688:118–134 5547:7 March 5494:7 March 5467:7 March 5437:7 March 5012:7 March 4653:30 June 4154:Wrocław 4146:Wrocław 4095:Olsztyn 4091:Wrocław 4053:east of 3833:as the 3770:Masuria 3768:and in 3727:Wrocław 3702:ghettos 3669:in the 3617:Before 3530:Marxism 3400:Polesie 3277:, 1960s 3014:Zanussi 2861:or the 2760:called 2580:Culture 2482:Baltona 2317:textile 2315:Female 2302:sovkhoz 2259:during 2209:Economy 2183:Comecon 1771:strikes 1556:primate 1473:Vilnius 1353:Silesia 1310:At the 1240:History 1142:liberal 1124:in the 1108:with a 833:• 810:• 797:• 784:• 771:• 758:• 702:(first) 654:(first) 604:(first) 504:21°02′E 501:52°13′N 485:Capital 478:Comecon 402:Anthem: 248:scholar 162:to the 144:in the 103:. 12282:Saxony 12227:Bremen 12156:Poland 12112:Europe 12079:Kuwait 12059:Fujian 11874:Guinea 11834:Angola 11827:Africa 11643:Greece 11638:France 11600:China 11596:Canada 11589:Lulism 11584:Brazil 11281:(WFDY) 11273:(WFTU) 10956:Poland 10912:period 10769:Debate 10741:Taipei 10734:Borneo 10312:Tarawa 9506:Europe 9467:Africa 9256:Poland 9242:Norway 9221:Malaya 9200:Latvia 9142:Greece 9128:France 9024:Sweden 8989:Bhutan 8710:Poland 8696:Norway 8668:Mexico 8635:Greece 8621:France 8559:Canada 8540:Brazil 8510:Allies 8456:Serbia 8445:Poland 8218:Poland 8204:Baltic 7997:Europe 7699:Topics 7651:Allied 7419:Gierek 7362:(1956) 7301:Bierut 7299:under 7147:Portal 7087:Anthem 6934:Cinema 6877:Złoty 6832:Mining 6817:Energy 6705:Police 6617:Rivers 6546:Postal 6433:Poland 6258:Polska 6254:Polish 6238:Polish 6223:Ludowa 6215:Polish 6181: 6157: 6015: 5963:9 July 5938:9 July 5912:9 July 5857:9 July 5829:9 July 5743: 5703:OL PAN 5673: 5290: 5265: 5242:fdb.pl 4906:9 July 4882: 4855: 4849:p. 251 4742: 4734: 4704: 4646: 4603:9 July 4594: 4567: 4542:9 July 4512: 4392: 4365: 4344: 4323: 4266:9 July 4207:9 July 4174:Kraków 4170:Warsaw 4162:Poznań 4158:Kraków 4142:Poznań 4136:, and 4111:Warsaw 4107:Poznań 4099:Gdańsk 3906:Poznań 3898:Kraków 3894:Lublin 3781:Polish 3760:, and 3758:Slovak 3723:Kraków 3526:Poland 3501:, its 3257:Moscow 3226:Under 3193:, and 3048:Movies 3018:Bareja 2928:Cinema 2906:satire 2843:Nazism 2767:Reksio 2731:Under 2603:, and 2548:Gdynia 2487:ersatz 2460:zlotys 2413:Kartki 2304:-like 2257:Warsaw 2197:, the 2193:, the 2189:, the 2185:, the 2177:, the 2158:which 2140:Israel 2076:France 2058:, 1967 1985:. The 1829:Warsaw 1821:statue 1802:Senate 1716:Warsaw 1636:paper. 1574:Poznań 1355:, and 1316:Stalin 1132:. The 1083:Kraków 1075:Warsaw 1059:Poland 717:(last) 690: 669:(last) 642: 619:(last) 592: 565:Polish 533:Polish 492:Warsaw 480:member 470:Status 460:Europe 404: 349:Polish 345: 325:Polish 321: 250: 243: 236: 229: 221: 12297:Užice 12232:Bihać 12192:Banat 12064:Gilan 12011:Syria 11981:China 11956:Burma 11930:Chile 11904:Sudan 11879:Libya 11854:Egypt 11839:Benin 11658:Italy 11648:India 10545:Leyte 10375:Narva 10361:Anzio 10319:Makin 10277:Burma 10161:Torch 10130:Rzhev 10091:Kiska 9177:Korea 9163:Japan 9156:Italy 9038:Tibet 9017:Spain 8888:Italy 8649:Italy 8642:India 8566:China 8441:Japan 8041:Italy 7953:China 7905:Women 7054:Crime 7039:Poles 7001:Sport 6976:Names 6971:Music 6966:Media 6587:Lakes 6225:(PRL) 6202:Notes 6155:S2CID 5741:S2CID 5671:JSTOR 4815:(PDF) 4510:S2CID 4130:Opole 4045:Kresy 3914:Toruń 3766:Opole 3740:Most 3647:Kresy 3534:Poles 3335:bloki 2825:with 2779:Krtek 2528:Libya 2477:Pewex 2432:Pewex 2381:with 2332:3xTAK 2138:with 2118:Praca 1973:, or 1971:wheat 1460:Kresy 945:right 887:Złoty 850:Area 255:JSTOR 241:books 124:DeepL 12245:1918 12210:1919 12016:Tuva 11996:Laos 11986:Iraq 11944:Asia 11920:Cuba 11757:Arab 11653:Iran 10611:1945 10339:1944 10180:1943 10108:Blue 10098:Attu 10005:1942 9764:1941 9616:1940 9554:1939 9483:Asia 9330:POWs 9170:Jews 8881:Iraq 8807:Axis 8757:Tuva 8573:Cuba 7658:Axis 7102:list 7097:Flag 6944:Wine 6754:List 6742:List 6683:LGBT 6244:(RP) 6179:ISBN 6120:2018 6112:Time 6094:2018 6086:Time 6068:2018 6046:2018 6013:ISSN 5986:2018 5965:2018 5940:2018 5914:2018 5859:2018 5831:2018 5811:(3). 5789:(2). 5770:(3). 5549:2020 5496:2020 5469:2020 5439:2020 5288:ISBN 5263:ISBN 5014:2020 4908:2018 4880:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4830:2014 4790:2017 4765:2019 4732:ISBN 4702:ISBN 4655:2024 4644:ISSN 4605:2018 4592:ISBN 4565:ISBN 4544:2018 4459:2017 4434:2017 4390:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4342:ISBN 4321:ISBN 4268:2018 4243:2015 4209:2018 4178:Łódź 4176:and 4160:and 4148:and 4115:Łódź 4113:and 4105:and 4055:the 4027:and 3902:Łódź 3850:Iran 3825:The 3813:and 3754:USSR 3725:and 3719:Łódź 3704:and 3698:Jews 3661:and 3570:and 3547:The 3505:was 3435:mute 3242:and 3219:and 3040:was 3020:and 2958:new 2922:cult 2672:TVP2 2668:TVP1 2532:Iraq 2530:and 2480:and 2253:Łódź 2217:and 2201:and 2162:the 2120:and 2050:and 2026:ZOMO 1997:and 1981:and 1979:flag 1875:NATO 1871:OECD 1844:1928 1840:1991 1798:Sejm 1756:The 1596:The 1471:and 1469:Lviv 1322:and 1220:and 1205:ZOMO 1191:The 1079:Łódź 1065:and 1037:The 933:CEST 737:Sejm 569:Pole 476:and 376:Flag 227:news 138:must 136:You 117:View 7421:'s 6929:Art 6812:EEZ 6695:Law 6323:PRL 6147:doi 6009:AWL 5733:doi 4634:doi 4502:doi 4019:), 3920:in 3524:in 3413:). 3320:or 3263:in 3255:in 2849:or 2703:CET 2663:CET 2054:in 1823:of 1784:" ( 1714:in 956:+48 927:UTC 919:DST 909:CET 903:UTC 891:PLZ 458:in 210:by 126:or 12374:: 11367:/ 11363:/ 11339:/ 10995:: 10991:/ 10359:/ 7508:'s 7374:'s 6256:: 6240:: 6230:^ 6217:: 6153:. 6143:11 6141:. 6110:. 6084:. 6025:^ 6003:. 5956:. 5905:. 5848:. 5809:36 5807:. 5795:^ 5787:30 5785:. 5768:39 5766:. 5753:^ 5739:. 5729:28 5727:. 5715:^ 5693:^ 5667:26 5665:. 5646:. 5635:^ 5625:. 5614:^ 5604:. 5586:. 5575:^ 5565:. 5535:. 5517:. 5504:^ 5455:. 5425:. 5414:^ 5404:. 5386:. 5368:. 5350:. 5320:^ 5310:. 5240:. 5229:^ 5219:. 5201:. 5188:^ 5178:. 5160:. 5142:. 5124:. 5106:. 5095:^ 5085:. 5066:. 5048:. 5030:. 5000:. 4982:. 4963:. 4952:^ 4942:. 4924:. 4851:. 4798:^ 4781:. 4755:. 4730:. 4700:. 4642:. 4630:23 4628:. 4622:. 4530:. 4508:. 4496:. 4475:. 4425:. 4289:^ 4259:. 4172:, 4164:. 4156:, 4144:, 4128:, 4117:. 4101:, 4093:, 4089:, 4059:. 4051:" 4023:, 3924:. 3880:. 3729:. 3721:, 3677:. 3445:. 3360:. 3312:. 3215:, 3189:, 3185:, 3136:– 3125:– 3107:– 3033:. 3016:, 3012:, 3008:, 3004:, 3000:, 2865:. 2845:, 2788:. 2776:, 2770:, 2599:, 2534:. 2205:. 2181:, 2074:, 2070:, 2018:SB 2014:UB 2001:. 1934:, 1846:. 1804:. 1644:, 1446:. 1351:, 1344:. 1307:. 968:PL 929:+2 905:+1 567:, 68:. 11539:e 11532:t 11525:v 11396:) 11392:( 11094:e 11087:t 11080:v 10901:e 10894:t 10887:v 9862:) 9856:( 8723:) 8719:( 8655:) 8651:( 8615:) 8611:( 8553:) 8549:( 7603:e 7596:t 7589:v 7181:e 7174:t 7167:v 6425:e 6418:t 6411:v 6187:. 6161:. 6149:: 6070:. 6048:. 6019:. 5988:. 5967:. 5942:. 5916:. 5861:. 5833:. 5747:. 5735:: 5677:. 5650:. 5629:. 5608:. 5590:. 5569:. 5551:. 5521:. 5498:. 5471:. 5441:. 5408:. 5390:. 5372:. 5354:. 5314:. 5296:. 5244:. 5164:. 5128:. 5089:. 5070:. 5034:. 5016:. 4986:. 4967:. 4910:. 4888:. 4861:. 4832:. 4792:. 4767:. 4740:. 4710:. 4636:: 4573:. 4546:. 4516:. 4504:: 4498:8 4436:. 4411:. 4371:. 4350:. 4329:. 4270:. 4245:. 4211:. 4015:( 3637:( 3489:. 2411:( 1965:( 1910:( 1748:. 1682:( 1475:. 1287:. 935:) 931:( 921:) 911:) 907:( 893:) 889:( 415:" 411:" 351:) 347:( 327:) 323:( 295:) 289:( 277:) 271:( 266:) 262:( 252:· 245:· 238:· 231:· 204:. 173:. 166:. 75:) 71:( 34:. 20:)

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