Pepin le Bossu - Knowledge

1099:, is loosely based on the Pippin the Hunchback of history. In that work, Pippin, who is not a hunchback, has graduated from university and is trying to decide what his life should be about. He eventually decides to go off to war in his father's army but quickly changes his mind. By the end of the first act, having found no meaning in women and sex, Pippin decides to revolt. In a glaring breach with history, the revolt succeeds, Charles is assassinated, and Pippin finds himself king. However, again, he finds no meaning in this calling and so, through magic and song, he resurrects Charles. He toys with suicide, but ultimately chooses the love of a woman over killing himself. The musical was well-received; its original New York production ran for almost five years and won multiple Tony awards: Best Direction of a Musical ( 473:, the story of Himiltrude might have been altered and forgotten. Or, perhaps, Charles' resentment over a deformed son led him to divorce Himiltrude once an opportune and advantageous time arrived. Yet another possibility is that, when Pepin's hunchback became evident, stories needed to change to accommodate a different heir. At any rate, concepts like legitimacy and rightful inheritance were very likely more fluid for the Carolingians than they were for later monarchies—an ambiguity that continues to provoke debate about Pepin's disinheritance. What is known fairly certainly is that Charles fathered a son with a woman named Himiltrude, with whom he may or may not have been married. 1039:. Some time later, when faced with another revolt, Charlemagne sends messengers to Pepin to ask his advice. The king's men find Pepin weeding nestles in the garden, where he refuses to offer Charles any advice, saying "I will send him no message except—what I am doing! I am digging up the useless weeds in order that the valuable vegetables may be able to develop more freely." When the messengers relate the story back to Charlemagne, he manages to "divine the real meaning of the words" and puts the rebellious nobles to death. As a reward for his good counsel, Charles allows Pepin to choose "the manner of life that most pleased him" and Pepin asks to move to the monastery of Prüm. 891:, however, treats Pepin's disability as more of a mundane inconvenience than a sign from God: he writes, with a hint of droll humor, that "all deformed people tend to be more irritable than those who are properly proportioned." Significantly, no early medieval record of Pepin directly links his deformity to his treason against Charlemagne. Although some of his contemporaries might have read spiritual implications into his hunchback, Pepin's disability seemed to cause more political than moral problems for the Carolingian succession. Apprehension about the fitness of a disabled leader hurt his chances of attaining power, just as they might for a modern head of state. 1003:

historian Carl Hammer points out the disparate attention Einhard gives to Pepin's revolt, arguing, "he gives it priority over his account of the evidently more widespread and possibly more dangerous rebellion of 785/6." Hammer also points out that Einhard describes Pepin as a "hapless pawn of the real conspirators" and so hopes to maintain the cohesion of the family unit in his portrayal of Charlemagne and his offspring. Finally, Hammer points out that no historian we have record of prior to Einhard called Pepin "the Hunchback"—Presumably, this slander was another aspect of Einhard's attempt to spare the family."

533:, a 9th-century Latin poet who records the events of Charlemagne's reign, tells us that while Charlemagne "attended the solemnties of Easter the venerable Pope administered soul-saving baptism to Charles' son Pepin ." Charles had added another, more fit Pepin to his lineage—an apparent snub that many historians have interpreted as the beginning of Pepin the Hunchback's disinheritance. However, a dearth of documents and credible contemporary historians leaves the question up for debate, and some have even argued that Pepin retained a full stake in the inheritance of the kingdom right up until his rebellion in 792. 1028:("Concerning Charles the Great") provides much more detail about Pepin's plot than earlier sources, although some of the story seems heavily inspired by classical sources. According to Notker, Pepin and his co-conspirators meet in the church of St. Peter in Regensburg to discuss their plot, where a cleric hiding under the altar overhears them. After the deacon reveals the conspiracy to Charlemagne, the plotters are captured, and Pepin is "cruelly scourged" and banished to a poor monastery—Notker claims that it was the monastery of St. Gall, although Pepin was almost certainly sent to the monastery of Prüm. 952:

in the days of the judices of Israel, who slew his brothers...But when King Charles learned of the plot by Pippin and those who were with him, he called together an assembly of the Franks and his other fideles at Regensburg , and there the whole Christian people present with the king judged that Pippin as well as those who were his accomplices in this abominable plot should lose both the estates and their lives. And this judgement was carried out with regard to some; but as regards Pippin, since the king did not wish him to be put to death, the Franks judged that he must be subjected to God's service.

1074: 1070:"can be seen as an attempt to provide a revision of Einhard's text, with a proper emphasis, lacking in Einhard, on Charlemagne as Christian ruler and a part of the divine plan for salvation." Professor Lewis Thorpe suggests that "the Charlemagne of the Monk of Saint Gall seems to live before our eyes and to be a little nearer to the real man whom we find portrayed elsewhere." Like his portrayal of Charlemagne, Notker's depiction of the hunchback inaugurated a long tradition of fictionalizing Pepin as a literary character, with an emphasis on the complex relationship he maintained with his father. 1139:

the year you were born. When I heard my son called Gobbo I knew he must not succeed me. No king must be mocked. Besides.... I fear that Gobbo is not entirely to be trusted". This, then, is yet another possibility (and, though it is founded in little historical evidence, makes intuitive sense) for Charlemagne's changing his heir. However, it seems that the king's prophetic concerns about Pepin's trustworthiness are little more than a literary device. Pepin's relationship with his father was probably fairly strong in his early years, according to most of the available sources.

719:. According to Einhard's account, instead of accompanying his father, Pepin the Hunchback faked sickness. Einhard explains: "When Charles was at war with the Huns, and was wintering in Bavaria, this Pepin shammed sickness, and plotted against his father in company with some of the leading Franks, who seduced him with vain promises of the royal authority." We must keep in mind Einhard's partisan bias to Charles in this account: he was a member of the royal court, and his description of Pepin's motivation should be taken with a grain of salt. 542:

marriage to anybody") and probably reflects Charles' reluctance to leave problematic heirs that could interfere with a peaceful succession after his death. But in spite of all the potential difficulties that Pepin presented for the succession—particularly his dubious birth and problematic deformity—sources suggest that Charlemagne treated him with affection and even respect. Even after Carloman was rechristened "Pepin", Charlemagne maintained the older Pepin at his court, right alongside Charles the Younger, one of Charlemagne's sons by

1931: 2521: 109: 2245: 841: 775:, historian Stewart Airlie points out a possible upshot of Pepin's revolt (from Charles' point of view). He suggests that "Pippin's conspiracy was the last rising against Charlemagne and its suppression permitted the king to slim the royal family down further: only the sons of Hildegard were to inherit..." However, Airlie also points out that the cost of the revolt to Charles was more expansive than the mere insult and threat of death. 676:

consolidate power and "check the abuses of local counts." He instructed the nobility to take a new oath of loyalty to him as king: "I, , promise that in relation to my lord King Charles and his sons I am faithful and I shall be so for all of my life without treachery or evil intentions." This increased presence of central authority might have chafed the aristocracy, opening the door for a palace coup directed against Charlemagne.

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descendants of Aaron the priest who has a defect is to come near to offer the LORD'S offerings by fire; since he has a defect, he shall not come near to offer the food of his God. He may eat the food of his God, both of the most holy and of the holy, only he shall not go in to the veil or come near the altar because he has a defect, so that he will not profane My sanctuaries. For I am the LORD who sanctifies them.

984:... married Hildegard, a woman of high birth, of Suabian origin. He had three sons by her—Charles, Pepin, and Louis—and as many daughters—Hruodrud, Bertha, and Gisela. He had three other daughters besides these—Theoderada, Hiltrud, and Ruodhaid—two by his third wife, Fastrada, a woman of East Frankish (that is to say, of German) origin, and the third by a concubine, whose name for the moment escapes me. 432:—the first child-bearing partner of Charlemagne, about whom little is now known. However, Einhard and most other Carolingian historians worked in the courts of Charlemagne's successors, and had a vested interest in undermining the legitimacy of the claims of other potential royal lines. These writers may have maligned Charles' union to Himiltrude after the fact, in order to lend a 554:, the rechristening of Carloman probably had more to do with satisfying "political interests outside family," than it did with disinheriting the original Pepin. Particularly, the christening of an Italian king named Pepin reaffirmed the Franks' historical commitment to the papacy: it was probably meant to evoke the pro-papal policies of Charles' father 700:: "It is supposed that the cruelty of Queen Fastrada was the primary cause of these plots, and they were both due to Charles' apparent acquiescence in his wife's cruel conduct, and deviation from the usual kindness and gentleness of his disposition." Historian Carl Hammer paraphrases Einhard's position, suggesting the revolt was caused by " 574:, written by Paul the Deacon in the mid 780s before Pepin's revolt, reveals the "succession plan" of Charlemagne and his court—a plan that left no room for a hunchbacked king. According to Goffart, Paul uses his history of the ancestry of Charlemagne as an allegory for the current succession by depicting the Frankish kingship as a " 887:

demonstrates this ambiguous position of deformed and disabled people in Carolingian society—individuals who traveled through life apparently cursed by God, but for reasons incomprehensible to humans. Einhard calls Pepin "handsome of face, but hunchbacked," and dissociates him completely from Charlemagne's other progeny.

1052:("Annals of the Deeds of Emperor Charlemagne in Five Books") near the end of the 9th century, relies heavily on classical models and existing sources like Einhard and the Royal Frankish Annals. Generally, he offers an interesting literary restatement of the older vitae and annals, but little new history. 1138:

Such a detailed account does not exist, of course. The name "Gobbo" is an interesting and sensible choice since it means "hunchback" in Italian. The character Charlemagne explains its etymology in harsh terms: "Gobbo means hunchback.... The men picked the word up in Italy, when we fought the Lombards

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outright, even if Himiltrude was technically Charlemagne's legal wife under old Germanic law. Some historians have argued that this morality shift—a move to more orthodox Catholic definitions of marriage—helped push Pepin into the background. If Charles wanted to impose Catholic notions of orthodoxy

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style by fleshing out the details of more historical accounts (likely, Einhard was a major source). In such scenes as Carloman's baptism, "Carl" expresses distress as he realizes that he has been renamed Pepin and takes his older half-brother's place. Willard adds special tension to the scene: "Carl

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This is explained by Einhard's subsequent account of Pepin's revolt. Pepin feigned illness as he plotted with "certain leading Franks" to overthrow his father. When the plot was discovered, Einhard writes that Pepin was tonsured and sent directly to the monastery of Prüm. In his paper "Pipinus Rex"

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The court and king found all of the conspirators guilty, confiscated their lands and condemned them to death as punishment. However, some of the conspirators walked away with their lives, Pepin included. Charles was likely unwilling to put to death his first-born son, who still seemed to hold some

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incited acts of hostility in Italy. Although it seems likely that the famine contributed to the general strife in the Carolingian domains around 792, a single bad harvest does not make a revolt. The local nobility had recently been the target of new royal measures handed down by Charles in order to

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for his marital sins. Indeed, the medieval historians who dismissed Pepin's mother as a concubine were often the same intellectuals and religious reformers who pushed for the imposition of orthodox Catholic practices throughout the Frankish domains, and the abandonment of old pre-Christian customs.

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Charlemagne was extremely conscious of the notions of succession and inheritance during his lifetime, even refusing to marry off his daughters to the Frankish nobility. This quirk scandalized later contemporary historians ("Strange to say," Einhard writes, "he never wanted to give any one of them in

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The nature of Pepin's birth is further illuminated by an understanding of his name and the customs of naming present during this time. Carolingian aristocrats frequently named newborn children after successful ancestors. This tradition was more than a mere homage to dead relatives—it seems that the

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was rechristened as "Pepin of Italy"—a step that may have signaled Charlemagne's decision to disinherit the elder Pepin, for a variety of possible reasons. In 792, Pepin the Hunchback revolted against his father with a group of leading Frankish nobles, but the plot was discovered and put down before

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And there came to light this year a most wicked plot which Pippin, the king's son by a concubine named Himiltrud, against the life of the king and of his sons by a lawfully wedded wife, for they intended to kill the king and those sons and Pippin sought to reign in the king's place, like Abimelech

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entry for 793, the year after the revolt, writes that Charlemagne's loyal retainers were "rewarded abundantly." Charles could not merely punish the members of his court who had been conspirators, "but he also had to reward those who had taken no part in it with gold, silver and silks. Their loyalty

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in thanks for his service to the throne in this event. When the co-conspirators were captured and accused of breaking their holy oaths (i.e. as mentioned above), they professed a technical innocence against the charge of oath-breaking, claiming they had never actually taken the oath in question (a

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But Einhard knew that Pepin was Charlemagne's son—although he does not mention that Pepin was the first born. Only a few pages later, Einhard acknowledges Pepin's birth, saying, "By one of his concubines he had a son, handsome in face, but hunchbacked, named Pepin, whom I omitted to mention in the

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around 785. Paul often digresses into broader themes of Carolingian history, and some historians (like Walter Goffart) read a great deal about the plight of Pepin into the supposedly allegorical histories that Paul provides of Charlemagne's ancestors. Paul also touches on Pepin directly, at least

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By his wife Hildegard, Charles begat four sons and five daughters. Before legal marriage, however, he had from Himiltrude, a young noblewoman, a son named Pepin. Now the names of the sons whom Hildegard bore him are as follows: the first is called Charles, that is, called after the name of his

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icked men conceived a great crime which almost blotted out forever the shining light of the Franks, for they busied themselves in many ways plotting to put the king to death. For this purpose a cruel conspiracy is said to have been formed among the Frankish nobles. Conspicuous among them, the

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and Pepin's in 792—occurred during Fastrada's tenure as his wife and queen. As cited in the year 792 of the Royal Frankish Annals, "A conspiracy was made against him by his oldest son Pepin and some Franks, who claimed that they were unable to bear the cruelty of Queen Fastrada and therefore

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For no one who has a defect shall approach: a blind man, or a lame man, or he who has a disfigured face, or any deformed limb, or a man who has a broken foot or broken hand, or a hunchback or a dwarf, or one who has a defect in his eye or eczema or scabs or crushed testicles. No man among the

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Pepin's physical deformation clearly complicated his succession to the throne, but it is unclear exactly how his hunchback would have been perceived by his contemporaries. Many medieval people probably believed that physical deformation or disability was an outward manifestation of spiritual

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that "the deserts of souls are not to be estimated by the qualities of bodies." As one historian puts it, Augustine and his disciples believed that the role of individual deformities was "hidden from human understanding, but had significance in God's divine plan of creation." Pepin's life

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Like many figures of the time period, few of the historical facts about Pepin have been fixed with certainty. Most of what is known about him comes from just a handful of early medieval annals and histories. Understanding the context of these sources, as well as their built-in biases and

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father and great-grandfather; the second is again Pepin, the namesake of his brother and grandfather; the third, Louis, was of the same birth as Lothar, who died in his second year. Of these, by God's favor, Pepin Minor now holds the kingdom of Italy and Louis that of

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on his domains, then he needed to abandon Pepin—the incarnate symbol of what was at best a pre-Christian variety of marriage and at worst, an un-Christian concubinage. Moreover, the notoriously "uxorious" Charles might have bowed to pressure from his new wife

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has varied widely over time, however, and many historians see it as more of a "literary curiosity" with only an incidental or inadvertent historical value. Even Goffart admits that historians value much of Paul's work only as a mere "repository of legends."

976:, a scholar at Charlemagne's court and one of the king's most important early biographers, provides only a glancing mention of Pepin. Initially, he makes no mention of Pepin or Himilitrude in his list of Charlemagne's legitimate offspring and spouses in his 999:

list of his children." Apparently, Pepin was already in a sort of historical exile by the time of Einhard's writing: he is not portrayed as part of the legitimate lineage and does not enjoy the place of honor enjoyed by Charlemagne's other offspring.

970:) provide another foundational annalistic source for the study of Pepin. Although they were probably compiled in Charlemagne's court, a later writer revised them after the emperor's death, which might impact the way in which the annals cover Pepin. 759:

of his father's affection. As historian Pierre Riché suggests, "The revolt in 792 of his bastard son Pippin the Hunchback especially distressed him," no doubt as a result of their kinship. Nonetheless, punishment was still necessary, so Pepin was

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named his firstborn Pepin before Charles was even married. Charles, then, was naturally inclined to name his first son "Pepin"—announcing his own dynastic ambitions, clearing the ground for the eventual recognition of his son as emperor. However,

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or "before legal marriage", but his precise meaning is unclear: he does not specify as to whether Charles and Himiltrude were not fully, legally married by the church, or if they simply got married after Pepin was born. In a letter to Charlemagne,

821:, a royal decree that divided the lands of his kingdom into three separate territories, which would be divided among his three "remaining" sons (though Pepin the Hunchback was still alive at the time): Charles the Younger, Pepin (Carloman), and 763:

and took up the habit of monkhood. As Einhard describes, "When his deceit was discovered and the conspirators were punished, his head was shaved, and he was suffered, in accordance with his wishes, to devote himself to a religious life in the

546:. Charlemagne named Charles the Younger "King of the Franks" when he divided his kingdom in 806, and to some historians this suggests that Pepin the Hunchback was also being groomed for future kingship, perhaps for the "lion's share" of 707:

Exactly what acts of cruelty were perpetrated by Fastrada against Pepin (or, more likely, against the nobles who encouraged Pepin) is unclear; but she seems to have exacerbated existing tensions between Charlemagne and the aristocracy.

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writes merely that Pepin was born to a "concubine", and he does not list him among Charlemagne's legitimate offspring. Although it is possible that Pepin was born to a now-forgotten concubine, Einhard is probably referring to

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Pepin apparently continued to live at his father's court even after Charlemagne dismissed Pepin's mother Himiltrude to marry Desiderata, the daughter of the Lombard king, around 770. Only after Charlemagne's marriage to

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Finally, changing standards of marriage might have undermined Pepin's claims to the throne. Charlemagne's intimate relationships, with both wives and concubines, drew much criticism from his contemporaries—a monk from

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joined his father on important campaigns, and even led large detachments of troops. As Goffart puts it, Charlemagne increasingly tasked "Charles the Younger to responsible commands, while leaving Pepin in the shade."

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who followed Jesus maintained that physically disabled people were not inhuman or demonic. St. Augustine, who exercised a considerable intellectual influence on Carolingian thinkers, wrote in his treatise

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In 792, Pepin the Hunchback attempted to overthrow his father with the help of a faction of discontented Frankish nobles. The plan however was discovered and thwarted before it could be put into action.

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Other historians see the baptism of Carloman as a repudiation of Pepin, and trace the systematic rejection of Pepin's claims to the throne in the subsequent actions of Charlemagne and his court.

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It is possible that the union of Charlemagne and Himiltrude was a Germanic form of marriage with fewer obligations than the sacramental marriage of the Church—what some medievalists have called

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Depiction of Moses and Aaron rejecting a hunchback in an illuminated manuscript of the 21st chapter of Leviticus. Bible moralisée, part I. Folio #: fol. 064r. Bodl.270b_roll329.1_frame3

812:, Prüm was far from the heart of Charles' empire, and therefore a fitting site for exile. Pepin spent his remaining years there, sheltered from political intrigues and upheavals. 603:

There are also more concrete reasons for believing that Pepin was passed over for the succession. While he apparently remained at court with Charlemagne's third wife and new Queen

1146:, "Episodes from Pepin et Charlemagne", has been incorrectly cited as being about Pepin the Hunchback. In fact, the story is about his namesake and grandfather, Charles's father 1107:), among others. In 2013, it returned to Broadway in a major well-acclaimed revival, which also won many Tonys, including Best Revival of a Musical, Best Direction of a Musical ( 394:

after birth, leading early medieval historians to give him the epithet "hunchback". He lived with his father's court after Charlemagne dismissed his mother and married

691:, who seems to have been poorly received by many members of court, as a factor in the rebellion. Both of the major uprisings against the throne during Charles' reign— 659:

The historical context of the rebellion deserves explanation, as Pepin's plot seems to be more than a mere dynastic struggle. To begin with, a poor harvest caused a

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described the relationship as a legitimate marriage, but he had a vested interest in preventing Charlemagne from taking a new wife—the daughter of the Lombard king

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Many modern historians dismiss the historical accuracy of Notker the Stammerer's account. However, some recent scholars argue that Notker offers a valuable early

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in the Bible, had no more than one blessing to bestow." Goffart and like-minded historians even speculate that Charlemagne and his court offered Pepin a sort of

947:, a series of historical entries compiled by Frankish monks during the life of Charlemagne. The annals provide one of the best early accounts of Pepin's revolt: 2658: 832:

Sometime around 811, Pepin died while at Prüm, likely from plague. Historians dispute the actual date, but evidence seem to suggest it ranged from 810 to 811.

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Publicity photo of American actors, (L–R) Barry Williams, I.M. Hogson, Louisa Flaningam and Adam Grammis promoting a 1975 theatrical production of

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The circumstances of Pepin's birth remain unclear to modern scholars, especially regarding the legitimacy of his mother's union to Charles. Most

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claim that seems unlikely). This is a rather weak defense, as it doesn't actually do anything to mitigate the charge of attempted regicide.

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king's oldest son madly offered himself as the author of this crime, being more ignoble in his own worthless character than in his birth.

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Dumas, Alexander. "Episodes from Pépin et Charlemagne". Selected and edited, with notes, by J. D. Whyte. London, Rivingtons, 1889.

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and so it is possible Dumas was slightly confused by the redundant names in the history) and is not about the hunchbacked prince.

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had caught Bertha by the wrist and she had answered by putting her other hand as tightly on his. Pepin? But Gobbo was Pepin...".

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Nelson, Janet L. (2002) "Charlemagne – pater optimus?" Am Vorabend der Kaiserkrönung: Originally published 2002. pp 76, 269–282.

502:, writing long after Pepin's death, suggests that it was Himiltrude (Pepin's mother), and not Charles, who gave Pepin his name. 350: 704:, the extraordinary harshness, of Charlemagne's wife, Fastrada, which had subverted the normal clemency of the king's rule." 523:(773), did Pepin's position seem to become more precarious. In either 780 or 781, Charles had the young Carloman baptized by 2481: 596:: in return for surrendering his claim to the throne, "the Hunchback may have been promised that he would become bishop of 871:

In spite of this isolated part of the Old Testament's association of deformity with uncleanliness, Christian writers like

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Goffart, Walter. "Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession."

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in 792—often an omen of political strife in medieval Europe. Nor was Pepin's revolt an isolated political event; the

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King, P. D. "Lorsch Annals." Charlemagne: Translated Sources. Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria: P.D. King, 1987. pp 137–45.

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Carolingians saw naming customs as a way to help children assume the historical roles of their eponymous ancestors.

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Nelson, Janet L. (2002) "Charlemagne – pater optimus?" Am Vorabend der Kaiserkrönung: Originally published 2002.

1163:(1981–1985) was set in the time of Charlemagne and featured Pepin (as Pip) in its contemporaneous backup strip, 2164: 1982: 1967: 221: 1691:'What If... Charlemagne's Other Sons had survived?' Charlemagne's Sons and the Problems of Royal Succession." 829:

was a result of the Revolt of 792 or due to the supposed and aforementioned illegitimate nature of his birth.

2119: 2044: 292: 2638: 2595: 2576: 1780: 1092: 1829:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II. 1302:

Winston, Richard. Charlemagne: From the Hammer to the Cross. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill, 1954.

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instead. Since his death in 811, Pepin has been the subject of numerous works of historical fiction.

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Einhard, and Notker The Stammerer. Two Lives of Charlemagne. Trans. David Ganz. N.p.: Penguin, 2008.

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the conspiracy could be put it into action. Charlemagne commuted Pepin's death sentence, having him

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Barbero, Alessandro. Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.

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Notker, however, adds another element to the story, possibly borrowed from the Roman historian

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account of Pepin. The historian David Ganz suggests in his Introduction to Notker's work that

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With Charles away, Pepin and his fellow discontented nobles plotted his assassination. The

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In 806, Charles, careful to ensure a smooth transition of power upon his death, issued the

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Capitularia Regum Francorum. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1881–97. Entry 23.

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Finally, Charles was away from his central kingdom during the year of 792, residing in

188: 131: 2571: 2562: 2538: 2437: 2379: 2287: 2178: 1254:'s 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession." 512: 1150:. The story tells how Pepin met his bride Berthe (which was the name of the wife of 825:. There is some ambivalence as to whether Pepin the Hunchback's exclusion from the 2408: 2342: 2224: 1890: 1879: 1766: 1703: 1699: 1642: 1612: 1451: 1262: 1087: 696:

conspired against the king's life." We can find confirmation of this in Einhard's

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sources dismiss Charles' first union as illegitimate. The contemporary historian

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Capitularia Regum Francorum. Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1881–97.

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offers a particularly damning account of Pepin and the other rebels, reporting:

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Imperial Abbey of Prüm, cropped from a map of the Holy Roman Empire as at 1400.

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One of the earliest, most contemporary descriptions of Pepin is found in the

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exposed the plot and reported it to Charles. He was later made abbot of the

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translated by Samuel Epes Turner, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880)

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corruption, a position that was partially informed by passages from the

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After Charles ignored Stephen's advice and married the Lombard princess

108: 2483: 2371: 2305: 2132: 1740:

Heaven and Earth in the Middle Ages: The Physical World before Columbus

1519:

Heaven and Earth in the Middle Ages: The Physical World before Columbus

1104: 1044: 840: 809: 633: 529: 494: 463: 441: 429: 387: 233: 151: 89: 414: 2278: 2072: 1948: 1886: 1862: 1835: 1803: 1733:

Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories

1366:

Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories

1100: 922: 863: 672: 639: 627: 543: 485:

Charlemagne's dynasty was dominated by the name "Pepin": it had been

194: 164: 118: 2300: 2063: 1103:), Best Choreography (Bob Fosse), Best Leading Actor in a Musical ( 715:(at Regensburg) in order to better manage his campaign against the 688: 604: 391: 626:" he had in which he saw Charlemagne being gruesomely punished in 973: 943:

Another nearly contemporary source for the life of Pepin are the

805: 760: 712: 684: 547: 424: 404: 64: 45: 797: 57: 1567:. Ed. Joanna Story. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2005. pp 90–101. 664: 660: 379: 1826: 850: 801: 587: 1032: 900:

shortcomings, is essential to understanding Pepin himself.

597: 583: 1802: 1006:

A third, and differing account of Pepin's life comes from

1756:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill, 1954. pp 41, 211. 1735:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1972. pp 6–8, 58–64. 1574:. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. 1508:. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. 2486:

from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.

1414:

Becher, Matthias. Charlemagne. New Haven: Yale UP, 2003.

1050:

Annales de gestis Caroli magni imperatoris libri quinque

1563:

Airlie, Stuart. "The Aristocracy: Captains and Kings."

1316:

Airlie, Stuart. "The Aristocracy: Captains and Kings."

1731:

Scholz, Bernhard Walter, Barbara Rogers, and Nithard.

1693:

Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung

1364:

Scholz, Bernhard Walter, Barbara Rogers, and Nithard.

550:, before his rebellion in 792. According to historian 489:

name, as well as that of several other members of the

1320:. Ed. Joanna Story. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2005. 631:Such reformers would have rejected the morality of 415:

Early life: Prior to birth (debate over legitimacy)

1634:'Pipinus Rex': Pippin's Plot of 792 and Bavaria." 1443:'Pipinus Rex': Pippin's Plot of 792 and Bavaria." 1679:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity 1288:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity 1055: 796:Pepin became a monk, and settled at the abbey of 493:. In fact, Charles' brother and political rival 466:, who was a major political enemy of the papacy. 2620: 436:justification to Pepin's later disinheritance. 561: 2659:German royalty and nobility with disabilities 1788: 1588:. New Haven: Yale UP, 2003. pp 121, 123, 127. 1524: 1482:. Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria: P.D. King, 1987. 1130:tells the story of Charlemagne's family in a 930:Paul the Deacon, Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium 536: 344: 1726:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe 1493:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe 1742:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 1996. p 91. 1662:The Life of Charlemagne (Charles the Great) 1228:The Life of Charlemagne (Charles the Great) 1048:, an anonymous Saxon poet who composed the 2035: 1795: 1781: 1672:The Saxon Poet's Life of Charles the Great 1664:. : Kessinger Pub., 2006. pp 130, 139, 140 1542: 1540: 1382:The Saxon Poet's Life of Charles the Great 1368:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1972. 1280: 1111:), Best Performance by a Leading Actress ( 791: 351: 337: 1754:Charlemagne: From the Hammer to the Cross 1498: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1298: 1296: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 894: 2654:9th-century deaths from plague (disease) 1312: 1310: 1308: 1072: 839: 782: 722: 445:—although the concept is controversial. 2206: 1599:The Stammerer. Two Lives of Charlemagne 1537: 1474: 1472: 1206: 1204: 1202: 835: 515:, and the birth of new male heirs like 14: 2621: 1681:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008. p 84. 1426: 1403: 1387: 1376: 1374: 1323: 1293: 1233: 1213: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1022:("The Deeds of Charles the Great") or 800:. Located near the confluence of the 27:Frankish prince and rebel (c. 768–811) 2482:West Francia was in the hands of the 1776: 1521:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 1996. 1511: 1485: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1305: 866:21:18–23, New American Standard Bible 1674:. New York: Pageant, 1956. pp 7, 26. 1534:." Musicals Dot Net. N.p., n.d. Web. 1469: 1749:. Bethlehem Books, 1998. pp 12, 34. 1417: 1371: 1179: 907:, an ecclesiastical history of the 398:. Around 781, Pepin's half brother 24: 1745:Willard, Barbara, and Emil Weiss. 1579:Charlemagne: Father of a Continent 1345: 25: 2685: 1760: 1014:monk writing during the reign of 808:rivers, just north of modern-day 780:could not be taken for granted." 527:in Rome, renaming him Pepin. The 382:prince. He was the eldest son of 2519: 2243: 2062: 1929: 1767:Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne 1290:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008. 687:cite Charles' then-current wife 107: 1565:Charlemagne: Empire and Society 1480:Charlemagne: Translated Sources 1318:Charlemagne: Empire and Society 1085:The 1972 Broadway musical hit, 773:Charlemagne: Empire and Society 1704:10.12759/hsr.34.2009.2.184-202 1056:In fiction and popular culture 13: 1: 1478:King, P. D. "Lorsch Annals." 1172: 1122:In her 1959 children's novel 293:Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor 935:Historical appraisal of the 905:Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium 572:Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium 505: 451:Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium 7: 562:Early disinheritance theory 10: 2690: 2649:Musical theatre characters 2229:Pepin, Count of Vermandois 1670:McKinney, Mary E., trans. 1570:Augustine, St. "Book XL." 1557: 1504:Augustine, St. "Book XL." 1384:. New York: Pageant, 1956. 1380:McKinney, Mary E., trans. 667:also revolted in 793, and 654: 537:Late disinheritance theory 378:; c. 768/769 – 811) was a 2585: 2561: 2528: 2517: 2491: 2480: 2469: 2407: 2341: 2322: 2277: 2264: 2252: 2241: 2214: 2205: 2194: 2163: 2148: 2131: 2081: 2071: 2060: 2043: 2034: 2023: 1997: 1957: 1938: 1927: 1901: 1870: 1861: 1834: 1814: 1721:." Musicals Dot Net. Web. 1617:10.1017/S0362152900004049 1267:10.1017/S0362152900004049 1250:Goffart, Walter (1986). " 1230:. : Kessinger Pub., 2006. 746:However, a Lombard named 645: 85: 75: 63: 51: 39: 34: 1819:Legend: → ≡ "father of", 1698:(2) (2009): pp 184–202. 1439:Hammer, Carl I. (2008). 2674:Children of Charlemagne 1677:McKitterick, Rosamond. 1286:McKitterick, Rosamond. 968:Annales regni Francorum 792:Monastic life and death 771:In Joanna Story's book 679:Additionally, both the 476: 2037:Sons of Charles Martel 1853:Childebert the Adopted 1082: 996: 960: 933: 895:Pepin in early sources 869: 845: 788: 744: 138:Childebert the Adopted 1804:Pippinids, Arnulfings 1647:10.1353/trd.2008.0005 1577:Barbero, Alessandro. 1456:10.1353/trd.2008.0005 1166:Valda the Iron Maiden 1076: 982: 964:Royal Frankish Annals 949: 918: 855: 843: 786: 733: 723:Discovery of the plot 681:Royal Frankish Annals 455:ante legale connubium 2234:Counts of Vermandois 1597:Einhard, and Notker 1160:Arak, Son of Thunder 1132:historical-fictional 1008:Notker the Stammerer 889:Notker the Stammerer 836:Deformity and stigma 741:Poeta Saxo, Year 792 500:Notker the Stammerer 453:that Pepin was born 376:Pippin der Buckelige 368:Pippin the Hunchback 270:Pepin I of Aquitaine 2639:Carolingian dynasty 2587:Charles of Lorraine 2550:Charles of Lorraine 2420:Louis the Stammerer 2208:Sons of Charlemagne 2097:Charles the Younger 2092:Pepin the Hunchback 1142:The short story by 609:Charles the Younger 607:, his half-brother 580:Biblical patriarchs 517:Charles the Younger 252:Charles the Younger 246:Pepin the Hunchback 101:Carolingian dynasty 18:Pepin the Hunchback 2493:Charles the Simple 2434:Charles the Simple 1752:Winston, Richard. 1747:Son of Charlemagne 1584:Becher, Matthias. 1550:. Doubleday, 1959. 1548:Son of Charlemagne 1546:Willard, Barbara. 1124:Son of Charlemagne 1083: 1020:Gesta Caroli Magni 957:Lorsch Annals, 792 877:Augustine of Hippo 873:Isidore of Seville 846: 789: 777:The Lorsch Annals' 766:monastery of Prüm. 752:Abbey at St. Denis 407:and exiled to the 189:Drogo of Champagne 2644:Frankish warriors 2616: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2438:Charles the Child 2380:Louis the Younger 2288:Louis II of Italy 2190: 2189: 2159: 2158: 2019: 2018: 1915:Hugh of Champagne 1660:Hodgkin, Thomas. 1226:Hodgkin, Thomas. 1037:Tarquin's poppies 991:Vita Karoli Magni 978:Vita Karoli Magni 698:Vita Karoli Magni 622:even reported a " 487:Charles' father's 409:monastery of Prüm 390:. He developed a 361: 360: 95: 94: 16:(Redirected from 2681: 2664:Sons of emperors 2523: 2478: 2477: 2445:Lothair the Lame 2409:Charles the Bald 2343:Louis the German 2262: 2261: 2247: 2203: 2202: 2079: 2078: 2066: 2032: 2031: 1933: 1880:Chlodulf of Metz 1868: 1867: 1822:* ≡ "brother of" 1797: 1790: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1690: 1687:Ohnacker, Elke. 1641:(2008): 235–76. 1633: 1630:Hammer, Carl I. 1551: 1544: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1476: 1467: 1442: 1437: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1401: 1398: 1385: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1343: 1340: 1321: 1314: 1303: 1300: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1248: 1231: 1224: 1211: 1208: 1093:Stephen Schwartz 994: 958: 931: 867: 818:divisio regnorum 742: 693:Hardrad's in 786 570:argues that the 460:Pope Stephen III 353: 346: 339: 316:Louis the German 304:Charles the Bald 285:Treaty of Verdun 177:Pepin of Herstal 171:Chlodulf of Metz 126:Pippin the Elder 111: 97: 96: 32: 31: 21: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2608: 2581: 2557: 2524: 2515: 2487: 2472: 2457: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2412: 2403: 2396: 2390:Charles the Fat 2388: 2378: 2362:Louis the Child 2346: 2337: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2296:Louis the Blind 2273: 2257: 2254:Louis the Pious 2248: 2239: 2210: 2197: 2186: 2155: 2144: 2127: 2107:Louis the Pious 2067: 2058: 2039: 2025: 2015: 1993: 1953: 1934: 1925: 1897: 1857: 1830: 1825: 1810: 1801: 1763: 1738:Simek, Rudolf. 1724:Riché, Pierre. 1719:Pippin Synopsis 1688: 1631: 1611:(1986): 59–93. 1560: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1538: 1532:Pippin Synopsis 1529: 1525: 1517:Simek, Rudolf. 1516: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1491:Riché, Pierre. 1490: 1486: 1477: 1470: 1440: 1438: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1404: 1399: 1388: 1379: 1372: 1363: 1346: 1341: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1285: 1281: 1252:Paul the Deacon 1249: 1234: 1225: 1214: 1209: 1180: 1175: 1144:Alexandre Dumas 1128:Barbara Willard 1097:Roger O. Hirson 1067:De Carolo Magno 1058: 1025:De Carolo Magno 1016:Charles the Fat 995: 988: 959: 956: 932: 929: 913:Paul the Deacon 897: 868: 862: 838: 794: 743: 740: 725: 657: 648: 564: 556:Pepin the Short 539: 508: 479: 447:Paul the Deacon 421:Carolingian-era 417: 386:and noblewoman 357: 328: 327: 319: 307: 295: 288: 276: 275: 264:Louis the Pious 228:Pepin the Short 211: 201: 200: 173:(d. 696 or 697) 167:(d. 662 or 679) 154: 144: 143: 121: 56: 46:Frankish Empire 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2687: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2488: 2475: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2383: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2327: 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kings 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2468: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 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59: 55:811 (aged 42) 54: 50: 47: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 2299: 2232: 2207: 2036: 2027:Carolingians 2008: 1885: 1874: 1808:Carolingians 1753: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1695: 1692: 1678: 1671: 1661: 1638: 1635: 1608: 1605: 1598: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1547: 1526: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1479: 1447: 1444: 1419: 1381: 1365: 1317: 1287: 1282: 1258: 1255: 1227: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1141: 1137: 1123: 1121: 1109:Diane Paulus 1086: 1084: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1030: 1023: 1019: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 983: 977: 972: 967: 961: 950: 942: 936: 934: 919: 904: 902: 898: 881: 870: 856: 847: 831: 826: 816: 814: 795: 772: 770: 757: 745: 734: 728: 726: 710: 706: 701: 697: 678: 669:Grimoald III 658: 649: 632: 617: 614: 602: 593:quid pro quo 591: 571: 565: 552:Janet Nelson 540: 528: 525:Pope Hadrian 509: 484: 480: 468: 454: 450: 440: 438: 433: 418: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362: 322:East Francia 310:West Francia 209:Carolingians 128:(c. 580–640) 29: 2629:760s births 2429:Carloman II 2196:Carolingian 2083:Charlemagne 2010:Nibelungids 1843:Carloman → 1586:Charlemagne 1572:City of God 1506:City of God 1012:Benedictine 911:written by 909:see of Metz 883:City of God 392:humped back 384:Charlemagne 240:Charlemagne 183:Grimoald II 80:Charlemagne 70:Carolingian 2634:811 deaths 2623:Categories 2563:Lothair IV 2539:Lothair IV 2484:Robertians 2400:→ Adalbert 2372:Zwentibold 2306:Lothair II 1940:Grimoald I 1893:, his sons 1863:Arnulfings 1849:Grimoald I 1450:: 235–76. 1173:References 1105:Ben Vereen 1045:Poeta Saxo 810:Luxembourg 729:Poeta Saxo 702:crudelitas 634:friedelehe 576:birthright 530:Poeta Saxo 519:(772) and 491:royal line 471:Desiderata 464:Desiderius 442:Friedelehe 434:post facto 430:Himiltrude 396:Desiderata 388:Himiltrude 374:, German: 296:(795–855; 283:After the 234:Carloman I 152:Arnulfings 90:Himiltrude 2424:Louis III 2374:→ Godfrey 2292:Ermengard 2279:Lothair I 2124:Theoderic 2073:Pepin III 1973:Pepin III 1949:Theudoald 1887:Ansegisel 1836:Pippinids 1261:: 59–93. 1101:Bob Fosse 989:Einhard, 923:Aquitaine 864:Leviticus 673:Benevento 640:Hildegard 628:purgatory 619:Reichenau 544:Hildegard 513:Hildegard 506:Disfavour 370:(French: 318:(804–876) 306:(823–877) 272:(797–838) 266:(778–840) 260:(773–810) 254:(772–811) 248:(768–811) 242:(742–814) 236:(751–771) 230:(714–768) 218:(686–741) 195:Theudoald 191:(670–708) 179:(635–714) 165:Ansegisel 161:(582–640) 134:(616–656) 119:Pippinids 2530:Louis IV 2502:Louis IV 2442:Carloman 2382:→ Louis 2354:Carloman 2333:Pepin II 2301:Bosonids 2179:Adalhard 2133:Carloman 2045:Carloman 1990:Remigius 1968:Carloman 1891:Pepin II 1712:20762362 1655:27832082 1636:Traditio 1625:27831181 1606:Traditio 1464:27832082 1445:Traditio 1275:27831181 1256:Traditio 1062:literary 987:— 966:(Latin: 955:— 928:— 861:— 761:tonsured 739:— 689:Fastrada 605:Fastrada 521:Carloman 495:Carloman 405:tonsured 400:Carloman 380:Frankish 224:(d. 754) 222:Carloman 197:(d. 741) 185:(d. 714) 140:(d. 662) 132:Grimoald 2605:Charles 2572:Louis V 2543:Charles 2473:Francia 2454:Charles 2394:Bernard 2324:Pepin I 2314:Charles 2225:Bernard 2183:Bernhar 2165:Bernard 2111:Lothair 1983:Bernard 1919:Godfrey 1845:Pepin I 1558:Sources 974:Einhard 827:divisio 806:Moselle 748:Fardulf 713:Bavaria 685:Einhard 655:Context 582:. Like 548:Francia 425:Einhard 65:Dynasty 2589:, sons 2577:Arnulf 2565:, sons 2532:, sons 2512:Rorico 2506:Arnulf 2495:, sons 2398:Ratold 2367:Ratold 2358:Arnulf 2281:, sons 2198:Empire 2167:, sons 2085:, sons 2075:, sons 1987:Jerome 1961:, sons 1911:Arnulf 1905:, sons 1710: 1653: 1623: 1462: 1273: 1088:Pippin 1079:Pippin 993:, 45–6 665:Saxons 661:famine 646:Revolt 624:vision 86:Mother 76:Father 2601:Louis 2554:Henry 2546:Louis 2509:Drogo 2451:Pepin 2448:Drogo 2326:, son 2218:, son 2216:Pepin 2152:Pepin 2141:Pepin 2135:, son 2115:Drogo 2102:Pepin 2054:Drogo 2047:, son 2024:Early 2001:, son 1978:Grifo 1942:, son 1922:Pepin 1903:Drogo 1827:Begga 1708:JSTOR 1651:JSTOR 1621:JSTOR 1460:JSTOR 1271:JSTOR 1148:Pepin 1091:, by 937:Gesta 851:Bible 823:Louis 802:Rhine 717:Avars 588:Isaac 366:, or 364:Pepin 287:(843) 2596:Otto 2471:West 2413:sons 2386:Hugh 2377:Otto 2347:sons 2310:Hugh 2258:sons 2174:Wala 2120:Hugh 1806:and 1095:and 1042:The 1033:Livy 1010:, a 962:The 875:and 804:and 798:Prüm 683:and 598:Metz 584:Esau 477:Name 58:Prüm 52:Died 40:Born 1700:doi 1643:doi 1613:doi 1452:doi 1263:doi 1119:). 853:: 600:." 2625:: 2422:→ 2392:→ 2360:→ 2356:→ 2308:→ 2298:→ 2294:→ 2290:→ 2231:→ 2227:→ 1889:→ 1878:→ 1851:→ 1847:→ 1706:. 1696:34 1649:. 1639:63 1619:. 1609:42 1539:^ 1471:^ 1458:. 1448:63 1428:^ 1405:^ 1389:^ 1373:^ 1347:^ 1325:^ 1307:^ 1295:^ 1269:. 1259:42 1235:^ 1215:^ 1181:^ 1169:. 980:: 768:" 558:. 2411:, 2345:, 2256:, 1796:e 1789:t 1782:v 1717:" 1714:. 1702:: 1689:" 1657:. 1645:: 1632:" 1627:. 1615:: 1530:" 1466:. 1454:: 1441:" 1277:. 1265:: 1081:. 925:. 352:e 345:t 338:v 324:) 320:( 312:) 308:( 300:) 20:)

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