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296:â Away from the moderating influence of the ocean, seasonal temperature variation is more extreme and freeze-thaw goes deeper. In the centres of Canada and Siberia, the permafrost typical of periglaciation goes deeper and extends further towards the Equator. Similarly, solifluction associated with freeze-thaw extends into somewhat lower latitudes than on western coasts.
65:. The meltwater may refreeze in ice wedges and other structures. "Periglacial" originally suggested an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes also outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere when freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner.
289:
for example. Conversely, warm surface currents from tropical seas increases mean temperatures. The cold conditions are then found only in more northerly places. This is apparent in western North
America which is affected by the North Pacific current. In the same way but more markedly, the Gulf Stream
163:
are periglaciated. In 1935, Melik discovered that frost weathering had been a very successful geomorphic process in non-glaciated regions of the
Slovenian Alps throughout the Pleistocene. The word "periglacial" was not well-known at the time so he merely emphasized enhanced transit of scree down the
126:
The definition of what a periglacial zone is not clear-cut but a conservative estimate is that a quarter of Earth's land surface has periglacial conditions. Beyond this quarter an additional quarter or fifth of Earth's land surface had periglacial conditions at some time during the
274:. Since there is more land at these latitudes in the north, most of this effect is seen in the northern hemisphere. However, in lower latitudes, the direct effect of the Sun's radiation is greater so the freeze-thaw effect is seen but permafrost is much less widespread.
164:
slopes in relation to mass movement processes. In 1963, Melik introduced the term "periglacial" in the second version of the general section of his
Slovenia book, where he also provided a more thorough description of the dominant geomorphic processes on the slopes.
97:
that followed the congress participants were able to observe the phenomena reported by ĆoziĆski, directly. ĆoziĆski published his contribution to the congress in 1912. From 1950 to 1970, periglacial geomorphology developed chiefly as a subdiscipline of
171:
introduced the concept of periglacial climate in 1944 there have been various attempts to classify the diversity of periglacial climates. Hugh M. French's classification recognizes six climate types existing in the present:
284:
Ocean currents â Cold surface currents from polar regions, reduce mean average temperatures in places where they exert their effect so that ice caps and periglacial conditions will show nearer to the
Equator as in
596:, which leads to flooding downstream, owing to obstructing river ice in the still-frozen, downstream parts of the rivers. When these ice dams melt or break open, the release of impounded water causes erosion.
443:
or
Felsenmeer â Blockfields are areas covered by large angular blocks, traditionally believed to have been created by freeze-thaw action. A good example of a blockfield can be found in the
277:
Altitude â Air temperature drops by approximately 1 °C for every 100 m rise above sea level. This means that on mountain ranges, modern periglacial conditions are found nearer the
420:
Coombe and head deposits â Coombe deposits are chalk deposits found below chalk escarpments in
Southern England. Head deposits are more common below outcrops of granite on
718:
Zhang, Ting; Li, Dongfeng; East, Amy E.; Walling, Desmond E.; Lane, Stuart; Overeem, Irina; Beylich, Achim A.; Koppes, MichĂšle; Lu, Xixi (1 November 2022).
147:. In addition Alpine areas in the non-arctic northern hemisphere might also be subject to periglaciation. A major outlier in the northern hemisphere is the
1093:
430:â Patterned ground occurs where stones form circles, polygons and stripes. Local topography affects which of these are expressed. A process called
447:, Wales. Blockfields are common in the unglaciated parts of the Appalachian Mountains in the northeastern United States, such as at the
160:
437:
Solifluction lobes â Solifluction lobes are formed when waterlogged soil slips down a slope due to gravity, forming U-shaped lobes.
131:. In the northern hemisphere larger swathes of northern Asia and northern North America are periglaciated. In Europe parts of
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Periglaciation results in a variety of ground conditions but especially those involving irregular, mixed deposits created by
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Latitude â temperatures tend to be higher towards the equator. Periglacial environments tend to be found in higher
908:
Boelhouwers, J.; Holness, S.; Sumner, P. (2003). "The maritime
Subantarctic: a distinct periglacial environment".
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873:. The History of the Study of Landforms: Or the Development of Geomorphology. Vol. 4. pp. 647â49.
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Many areas of periglaciation have relatively low precipitationâotherwise, they would be glaciatedâand low
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that stands out by its size and low-latitude location. In the southern hemisphere parts of the
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Brunsden, D. (2001). "A critical assessment of the sensitivity concept in geomorphology".
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resulting from earlier thawing of snow pack in the upper, more southerly reaches of their
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77:, a Polish geologist, introduced the term in 1909. ĆoziĆski drew upon the early work of
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679:"Criteria to Distinguish Between Periglacial, Proglacial and Paraglacial Environments"
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which makes their average river discharge rates low. However, rivers flowing into the
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Quaternary and Recent
Processes and Forms (1890â1965) and the Mid-Century Revolutions
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Natural processes associated with freezing and thawing in regions close to glaciers
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processes that result from seasonal thawing and freezing, very often in areas of
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Periglaciation became a distinct subject within the study of geology after
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335: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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416:. Periglacial environments trend towards stable geomorphologies.
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720:"Warming-driven erosion and sediment transport in cold regions"
53:(adjective: "periglacial", referring to places at the edges of
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35:
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SeppÀlÀ, Matti (1979). "Recent palsa studies in
Finland".
112:, was important for the consolidation of the discipline.
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adjacent to northern Canada and
Siberia are prone to
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that was current in Europe at the time. The journal
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caused significant discussion. In the field trip to
776:French, H. M. (1979). "Periglacial geomorphology".
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656:. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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194:Climate of dry unglaciated areas of Antarctica
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34:Example of a periglacial landscape with both
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1057:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
548:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
237:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
85:, his introduction of his work at the 1910
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604:Notable periglacial scientists include:
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568:Learn how and when to remove this message
351:Learn how and when to remove this message
257:Learn how and when to remove this message
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756:
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191:Climates of low annual temperature range
29:
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14:
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856:
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724:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
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942:
759:"Periglacial Processes and Landforms"
651:
645:
546:adding citations to reliable sources
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333:adding citations to reliable sources
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235:adding citations to reliable sources
202:
24:
763:Fundamentals of Physical Geography
434:is responsible for these features.
25:
1524:
1408:Montane grasslands and shrublands
945:"Periglacialne oblike na Pohorju"
859:"Periglacial Processes and Forms"
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87:International Geological Congress
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320:needs additional citations for
46:, Northwest Territories, Canada
1472:Category:Periglacial landforms
951:(in Slovenian) (27): 247â263.
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778:Progress in Physical Geography
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711:
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654:Geology; A Self-teaching Guide
116:Periglacial zones and climates
13:
1:
1215:Solifluction lobes and sheets
1011:10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00134-X
930:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00247-7
833:"Stulecie pojĂȘcia peryglacja"
639:
1300:Syngenetic permafrost growth
1037:Acta Universitatis Ouluensis
831:Mroczek, PrzemysĆaw (2010).
7:
1055:The Periglacial Environment
943:Natek, Karel (2007-12-01).
865:; Brunsden, D.; Cox, N.J.;
301:Landforms of periglaciation
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798:10.1177/030913337900300206
744:10.1038/s43017-022-00362-0
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199:Factors affecting location
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453:Hickory Run Boulder Field
281:than they are lower down.
108:, established in 1954 by
1351:Stratified slope deposit
1053:French, Hugh M. (2007).
857:French, Hugh M. (2008).
683:Quaestiones Geographicae
468:Other landforms include:
363:Not to be confused with
155:, the ice-free areas of
1103:Periglacial environment
1024:Orbituary Link Washburn
979:French 2007, pp. 32â34
958:10.4312/dela.27.247-263
898:French 2007, pp. 11â13
652:Murck, Barbara (2001).
609:Albert Lincoln Washburn
445:Snowdonia National Park
290:affects Western Europe.
1513:Mountain geomorphology
1260:Fluvio-thermal erosion
677:Slaymaker, O. (2011).
600:Periglacial scientists
393:
382:
122:Climatic geomorphology
105:Biuletyn Peryglacjalny
100:climatic geomorphology
79:Johan Gunnar Andersson
47:
1503:Periglacial landforms
1422:Massenerhebung effect
1127:Cryoplanation terrace
1039:. Ser. A (82): 81â87.
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161:sub-Antarctic islands
33:
840:PrzeglÄ
d Geologiczny
821:French 2007, pp. 3â4
757:Pidwirny, M (2006).
542:improve this section
329:improve this article
231:improve this section
179:Continental climates
176:High Arctic climates
1305:Zero-curtain effect
1003:2001Caten..42...99B
922:2003Geomo..52...39B
790:1979PrPG....3..264F
736:2022NRvEE...3..832Z
695:2011QGeo...30a..85S
389:A boulder field in
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861:. In Burt, T.P.;
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16:(Redirected from
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81:. According to
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846:(2): 130â132.
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1321:Active layer
1295:Solifluction
1275:Gelifluction
1172:Rock glacier
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689:(1): 85â94.
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672:
653:
647:
603:
586:Arctic Ocean
579:
564:
558:October 2016
555:
540:Please help
528:
499:Stone stripe
494:Rock glacier
467:
466:
461:Pennsylvania
406:gelifluction
402:solifluction
395:
391:Pennsylvania
375:
347:
341:October 2016
338:
327:Please help
322:verification
319:
253:
247:October 2016
244:
229:Please help
217:
166:
133:Fennoscandia
125:
103:
72:
50:
49:
1265:Frost heave
1250:Cryosuction
1187:Thermokarst
1182:Glaciokarst
504:Thermokarst
441:Blockfields
410:frost creep
380:Mount Kenya
365:paraglacial
139:, northern
129:Pleistocene
83:Alfred Jahn
44:Tuktoyaktuk
18:Periglacial
1508:Permafrost
1498:Glaciology
1492:Categories
1346:Permafrost
1225:Stone ring
1205:Frost boil
1177:Strandflat
1117:Blockfield
640:References
634:Carl Troll
398:ice wedges
376:blockfield
169:Carl Troll
157:Antarctica
120:See also:
63:permafrost
59:geomorphic
1331:Ice wedge
1238:Processes
1122:Bratschen
1110:Landforms
967:1854-1089
806:220928112
619:Jan Dylik
529:does not
474:Bratschen
414:rockfalls
272:latitudes
218:does not
110:Jan Dylik
91:Stockholm
1459:Subpolar
1375:ecotones
1326:Gelisols
1290:Nivation
1210:Polygons
1142:Lithalsa
869:(eds.).
422:Dartmoor
287:Labrador
159:and the
145:Svalbard
95:Svalbard
89:held in
1442:Climate
999:Bibcode
918:Bibcode
786:Bibcode
732:Bibcode
691:Bibcode
590:erosion
550:removed
535:sources
279:Equator
239:removed
224:sources
137:Iceland
69:History
55:glacial
1449:Alpine
1398:Golets
1371:Biomes
1361:Yedoma
1061:
991:CATENA
965:
877:
804:
660:
167:Since
36:pingos
1454:Polar
1428:Taiga
1356:Talik
1336:Loess
1162:Pingo
1152:Palsa
1137:Kurum
836:(PDF)
802:S2CID
489:Pingo
479:Palsa
153:Andes
42:near
1373:and
1341:Peat
1147:Paha
1059:ISBN
963:ISSN
949:Dela
875:ISBN
658:ISBN
533:any
531:cite
412:and
222:any
220:cite
143:and
38:and
1007:doi
953:doi
926:doi
794:doi
740:doi
699:doi
544:by
451:or
331:by
233:by
1494::
1005:.
995:42
993:.
961:.
947:.
924:.
914:52
912:.
889:^
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687:30
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459:,
455:,
408:,
404:,
400:,
374:A
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1095:e
1088:t
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