Periyar - Knowledge

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said to be, the more they needed reform. Because of changes brought about by means of modern transport and international contact, and happenings that have attracted words and products from many countries, foreign words and their pronunciations have been assimilated into Tamil quite easily. Just as a few compound characters have separate signs to indicate their length as in ' கா ', ' கே ' (kA:, kE:), Ramasamy questioned why other compound characters like ' கி ', ' கீ ', 'கு ', ' கூ ' (kI, ki:, kU, ku:) (indicated integrally as of now), shouldn't also have separate signs. Further, changing the shape of letters, creating new symbols and adding new letters and similarly, dropping those that are redundant, were quite essential according to Ramasamy. Thus, the glory and excellence of a language and its script depend on how easily they can be understood or learned and on nothing else"

1839:(DMK), or Dravidian Progressive Federation. This was due to differences between the two, while Ramasamy advocated a separate independent Dravidian or Tamil state, Annadurai compromised with the Delhi government, at the same time claiming increased state independence. Ramasamy was convinced that individuals and movements that undertake the task of eradicating the social evils in the Indian sub-continent have to pursue the goal with devotion and dedication without deviating from the path and with uncompromising zeal. Thus, if they contest elections aiming to assume political power, they would lose vigour and a sense of purpose. But among his followers, there were those who had a different view, wanting to enter into politics and have a share in running the government. Thus, when Ramasamy married Maniammai on 9 July 1948, they quit the 2316:

these remarks on Tamil because it had no respective feminine verbal forms. But Anita Diehl's explanation doesn't match with Ramasamy's own explanation. Ramasamy himself explained the reasons many times in his speeches and writings, for instance, an excerpt from his book Thamizhum, Thamizharum(Tamil and Tamil people) reads, "I say Tamil as barbarian language. Many get angry with me for saying so. But no one ponders over why I say so. They say Tamil is a 3,000 to 4,000 years-old language and they boast about this. Precisely that is what the reason why I call Tamil as barbarian language. People should understand the term primitive and barbarism. What was the status of people living 4,000 years ago and now? We are just blindly sticking to old glories. No one has come forward to reform Tamil language and work for its growth."

2216:, Ramasamy pleaded for rural reform. At that time rural India still formed the largest part of the Indian subcontinent, in spite of the ongoing process of urbanisation. Thus, the distinction between rural and urban had meant an economic and social degradation for rural inhabitants. Ramasamy wanted to eradicate the concept of "village" as a discriminatory word among places, similar to the concept of "outcast" among social groups. Ramasamy advocated for a location where neither the name nor the situation or its conditions imply differences among people. He further advocated for the modernisation of villages by providing public facilities such as schools, libraries, radio stations, roads, bus transport, and police stations. 2906: 2827:

linked this interpretation with his rationalist concepts. The search for basis began in the course of the movement and was intensified soon after independence. It was again an experiment in the search for self-respect and the object was to get liberation from the shudrahood of Hinduism. Periyar stated that what he was propagating could be found in the teachings of Buddha given 2000 years ago and wanted to revive them as an independent movement. Ramasamy claimed that Buddha Vihars at Srirangam, Kanchi, Palani and Tirupati were converted into Hindu temples.

2401: 2476:(Why an independent Tamil Nadu?), he criticised the Central Government of India, inducing thousands of Tamilians to burn the constitution of India. The reason for this action was that Ramasamy held the Government responsible for maintaining the caste system. After stating reasons for separation and turning down opinions against it, he closed his speech with a "war cry" to join and burn the map of India on 5 June. Ramasamy was sentenced to six months imprisonment for burning the Indian constitution. 1872: 1104: 2726:

term "atheist" implies in his address on philosophy. He repudiated the term as without real sense: "... the talk of the atheist should be considered thoughtless and erroneous. The thing I call god ... that makes all people equal and free, the god that does not stop free thinking and research, the god that does not ask for money, flattery and temples can certainly be an object of worship. For saying this much I have been called an atheist, a term that has no meaning".

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religious freedom (which, they believed, gave protection to the caste system and particularly to Brahmins), and if they failed to do so the copies of the Constitution would be burnt, and portraits and statues of Mahatma Gandhi would be broken; if it produced no results, the Dravidar Kazhagam members would be asked to kill Brahmins and burn their residential localities. In 1973, he again called to "kill Tamil Brahmins" in a speech in Karaikudi.

2556:"They say Bharati is an immortal poet ... Even if a rat dies in an akrakāram, they would declare it to be immortal. ... of Tamilnadu praises him. Why should this be so? Supposedly because he sang fulsome praises of Tamil and Tamilnadu. What else could he sing? His own mother tongue, Sanskrit, has been dead for years. What other language did he know? He cannot sing in Sanskrit. ... He says Tamilnadu is the land of Aryas." 2604:"The Jews are only interested in themselves, and nobody else. They somehow contrive to have the rulers in their pocket, participate in governance and conspire to torture and suck the lives out of other citizens in order that they live (in comfort). Are they not comparable to the Brahmins who too have no responsibility but have the rulers in their pocket, have entered the ruling dispensation and been lording over (all of us)?" 2863:

should be in a position to claim to be a truly representative body of all communities. What objection can there be to admit such Brahmins as are willing to subscribe to the aims and objects of our Federation? It may be that the Brahmins may not join even if the ban is removed. But surely our Federation will not thereafter be open to objection on the ground that it is an exclusive organisation.

1437: 2246:), determined by natural surroundings and adequate means of living. Ramasamy also argued that birds, animals, and worms, which are considered to be devoid of rationalism do not create castes, or differences of high and low in their own species. But man, considered to be a rational being, was suffering from these because of religion and discrimination. 1548:, political thinking worldwide received a jolt from the spread of international communism. Indian political parties, movements and considerable sections of leadership were also affected by inter-continental ideologies. The Self-Respect Movement also came under the influence of the leftist philosophies and institutions. Ramasamy, after establishing the 2652:"With all his good qualities, Gandhi did not bring the people forward from foolish and evil ways. His murderer was an educated man. Therefore nobody can say this is a time of high culture. If you eat poison, you will die. If electricity hits the body, you will die. If you oppose the Brahmin, you will die. Gandhi did not advocate the eradication of 1900:

illiterate and more mundane masses, scores of educated people were also swayed. Ramasamy viewed reasoning as a special tool. According to him, all were blessed with this tool, but very few used it. Thus Ramasamy used reasoning with respect to subjects of social interest in his presentations to his audiences. Communal differences in

471:. He questioned what he felt was the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahmins enjoyed gifts and donations from non-Brahmins but opposed and discriminated against non-Brahmins in cultural and religious matters. He declared his stance to be "no god, no religion, no Gandhi, no Congress, and no Brahmins". 2703:

in consequence of his Hindu belief. These pro-Periyar sources, with the exception of M. Mahar and D.S. Sharma, clearly show that Ramasamy and his followers emphasised that Ramasamy was the real fighter for the removal of Untouchability and the true upliftment of Hairjans, whereas Gandhi was not. This

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Ramasamy's foremost appeal to people was to develop self-respect. He preached that the Brahmins had monopolised and cheated other communities for decades and deprived them of self-respect. He stated that most Brahmins claimed to belong to a "superior" community with the reserved privilege of being in

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where the bride's family is supposed to give the husband a huge payment for the bride. The purpose of this was to assist the newly wedded couple financially, but in many instances dowries were misused by bridegrooms. The outcome of this abuse turned to the exploitation of the bride's parents wealth,

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Ramasamy's philosophy of self-respect was based on his image of an ideal world and a universally accepted one. His philosophy preaches that human actions should be based on rational thinking. Further, the outcome of the natural instinct of human beings is to examine every object and every action and

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living being, does these evils. The differences, hatred, enmity, degradation, poverty and wickedness now prevalent in society are due to lack of wisdom and rationalism and not due to God or the cruelty of time. Ramasamy had written in his books and magazines dozens of times of various occasions that

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Ramasamy and his followers campaigned constantly to influence and pressure the government to take measures to remove social inequality (abolish untouchability, manual scavenging system etc.) even while other nationalist forerunners focused on the struggle for political independence. The Self-Respect

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In 1920, when the Justice Party came to power, Brahmins occupied about 70 percent of the high level posts in the government. After reservation was introduced by the Justice Party, it reversed this trend, allowing non-Brahmins to rise in the government of the Madras Presidency. Ramasamy, through the

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but including those of Ceylon as well. In 1953, Ramasamy helped to preserve Madras as the capital of Tamil Nadu, which later was the name he substituted for the more general Dravida Nadu. In 1955 Ramasamy threatened to burn the national flag, but on Chief Minister Kamaraj's pledge that Hindi should

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and Aryan "Varnashrama" existed, there was need for a "Dravidian Progressive Movement" and a "Self-Respect Movement". Ramasamy became very concerned about the growing North Indian domination over the south which appeared to him no different from foreign domination. He wanted to secure the fruits of

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are found in other shapes. As a matter of necessity and advantage to cope with printing technology, Ramasamy thought that it was sensible to change a few letters, reduce the number of letters, and alter a few signs. He further explained that the older and more divine a language and its letters were

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Ramasamy wanted thinking people to see their society as far from perfect and in urgent need of reform. He wanted the government, the political parties and social workers to identify the evils in society and boldly adopt measures to remove them. Ramasamy's philosophy did not differentiate social and

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In a message to the Brahmin community, Ramasamy stated, "in the name of god, religion, and sastras you have duped us. We were the ruling people. Stop this life of cheating us from this year. Give room for rationalism and humanism". He added that "any opposition not based on rationalism, science, or

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At a young age, he felt that some people used religion only as a mask to deceive innocent people and regarded it as his life's mission to warn people against superstitions and priests. Anita Diehl explains that Ramasamy cannot be called an atheist philosopher. Ramasamy, however, qualified what the

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and other communities of the Dravidian race. On the other hand, Ramasamy opined that the ethics from the Kural was comparable to the Christian Bible. The Dravidar Kazhagam adopted the Thirukkural and advocated that Thiruvalluvar's Kural alone was enough to educate the people of the country. One of

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At the same time, Ramasamy was also known to have made controversial remarks on the Tamil language and people from time to time. On one occasion, he referred to the Tamil people as "barbarians" and the Tamil language as the "language of barbarians". However, Anita Diehl explains that Ramasamy made

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With relation to writing, Ramasamy stated that using the Tamil script about the arts, which are useful to the people in their life and foster knowledge, talent and courage, and propagating them among the masses, will enlighten the people. Further, he explained that it will enrich the language, and

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and trying to keep it in a subordinate position forever. He wanted the exploited to sit up and think about their position, and use their reason to realise that they were being exploited by a handful of people. If they started thinking, they would realise that they were human beings like the rest,

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So long as we exclude one community, we cannot as a political party speak on behalf of, or claim to represent all the people of our presidency. If, as we hope, provincial autonomy is given to the provinces as a result of the reforms that may be granted, it should be essential that our Federation

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from the discrimination of Hinduism. The fact that Buddha denied the classical Hindu concepts of Brahman, "god" and Atman soul, appealed to Periyar and so also the fact that Buddha-Bodhi could be interpreted as wisdom, sense and that early Buddhism thus advocated reason or enlightenment. Periyar

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Anita Diehl explains that Ramasamy saw faith as compatible with social equality and did not oppose religion itself. In a book on revolution published in 1961, Ramasamy stated: "be of help to people. Do not use treachery or deceit. Speak the truth and do not cheat. That indeed is service to God."

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came to be well known among the urban communities and students. Villages were influenced by its message. Hindi, and ceremonies that had become associated with Brahmanical priesthood, were identified as alien symbols that should be eliminated from Tamil culture. Brahmins, who were regarded as the

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During the same year, the slogan "Tamil Nadu for Tamilians" was first used by Ramasamy in protest against the introduction of Hindi in schools. He claimed that the introduction of Hindi was a dangerous mechanism used by the Aryans to infiltrate Dravidian culture. He reasoned that the adoption of

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In October 1957, he supposedly called upon his followers to kill Brahmins and set fire to their houses. On 3 November 1957, Dravidar Kazhagam held a convention in Thanjavur under Ramasamy's leadership and demanded that the Government of India delete provisions from the Constitution dealing with

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Ramasamy also blamed the capitalists for their control of machinery, creating difficulties for the workers. According to his philosophy, rationalism, which ought to lead the way to a peaceful life for all, had resulted in causing poverty and anxiety among the people due to dominating forces. He

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Ramasamy spent over fifty years giving speeches, propagating the realisation that everyone is an equal citizen and the differences on the basis of caste and creed were man-made to keep the innocent and ignorant as underdogs in the society. Although Ramasamy's speeches were targeted towards the

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The activities of Ramasamy continued when he went to Bangalore in 1958 to participate in the All India Official Language Conference. There he stressed the need to retain English as the Union Official Language instead of Hindi. Five years later, Ramasamy travelled to North India to advocate the

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was far better than the Tamil spoken by the Brahmins. Ramasamy believed that Tamil language will make the Dravidian people unite under the banner of Tamil culture, and that it will make the Kannadigas, Andhras and the Malayalees be vigilant. With regards to a Dravidian alliance under a common

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was observed on 17 September 1960 resulting in numerous arrests. However, Ramasamy resumed his campaign in 1968. He wrote an editorial on 'Tamil Nadu for Tamilians' in which he stated, that by nationalism only Brahmins had prospered and nationalism had been developed to abolish the rights of

1475:, religion, community and traditional occupations based on the accident of birth, have chained the mass of the people and created "superior" and "inferior" classes ... and to give people equal rights; to completely eradicate untouchability and to establish a united society based on 1750:

weakened in the absence of mass support, Ramasamy took over the leadership of the party after being jailed for opposing Hindi in 1939. Under his tutelage the party prospered, but the party's conservative members, most of whom were rich and educated, withdrew from active participation.

2795:"Muslims are following the ancient philosophies of the Dravidians. The Arabic word for Dravidian religion is Islam. When Brahmanism was imposed in this country, it was Mohammad Nabi who opposed it, by instilling the Dravidian religion's policies as Islam in the minds of the people" 5999: 1141:. Ramasamy's father was Venkatappa Nayakar (or Venkata), and his mother was Chinnathyee Muthammal. He had one elder brother named Krishnaswamy and two sisters named Kannamma and Ponnuthoy. He later came to be known as "Periyar", meaning 'respected one' or 'elder' in Tamil. 2425:

labour of the Dravidians to the Dravidians, and lamented that fields such as political, economic, industrial, social, art, and spiritual were dominated by the north for the benefit of the North Indians. Thus, with the approach of independence from Britain, this fear that

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system. In his view it was an example of a list of degradations of women, attaching them to temples for the entertainment of others, and as temple prostitutes. Further, for the liberation of women, Ramasamy pushed for their right to have an education and to join the

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At a time when non-Brahmins in other parties were gradually coming over to the Justice Party, being fed up with the Brahmin's methods and ways of dealing with political questions, it was nothing short of folly to think of admitting him into the ranks of the Justice

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Congress. On 14 April, Ramasamy and his wife Nagamma arrived in Vaikom. They were immediately arrested and imprisoned for participation. Ramasamy and his followers continued to give support to the movement until it was withdrawn during which he was arrested again.

2127:. There have been hundreds of thousands of cases where wives have been murdered, mutilated, and burned alive because the father of the bride was unable to make the dowry payment to the husband. Ramasamy fiercely stood up against this abuse meted out against women. 2733:

On Hinduism, Ramasamy believed that it was a religion with no distinctive sacred book (Bhagawad Gita) or origins, but an imaginary faith preaching the "superiority" of the Brahmins, the inferiority of the Shudras, and the untouchability of the Dalits (Panchamas).

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thinking and conclusions drawn from reason should be respected under all circumstances. Freedom means respect to thoughts and actions considered 'right' by human beings on the basis of 'reason'. There is not much difference between 'freedom' and 'self-respect'.

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thus it can be regarded as a zeal for Tamil. Ramasamy also stated that if words of North Indian origin (Sanskrit) are removed from Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam, only Tamil will be left. On the Brahmin usage of Tamil, he stated that the Tamil spoken by the

2508:. Ramasamy's ideology of anti-Brahmanism is quite often confused as being anti-Brahmin. Even a non-Brahmin who supports inequality based on caste was seen as a supporter of Brahmanism. Ramasamy called on both Brahmins and non-Brahmins to shun Brahmanism. 2867:

Though certain members supported the resolution, a faction in the Justice Party known as the "Ginger Group" opposed the resolution and eventually voted it down. Ramasamy, who was then an observer in the Justice Party, criticised Munuswamy Naidu, saying:

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structure, but sees in it a task for the humanisation of society and social change possible within its structure. The consequence of this would be continued high-caste leadership. Gandhi adapted Brahmins to social change without depriving them of their

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However, one particular alleged incident in Kasi had a profound impact on Ramasamy's ideology and future work. At the worship site, there were free meals offered to guests. To Ramasamy's shock, he was refused meals at choultries, which exclusively fed

6312: 3616: 3531: 3257: 6513: 1296:. In 1921, Ramasamy courted imprisonment for picketing toddy shops in Erode. When his wife as well as his sister joined the agitation, it gained momentum, and the administration was forced to come to a compromise. He was again arrested during the 2415:

The Dravidian-Aryan conflict was believed to be a continuous historical phenomenon that started when the Aryans first set their foot in the Dravidian lands. Even a decade before the idea of separation appeared, Ramasamy stated that, "as long as

2540:. If anyone thinks so, I would only pity him. But we will not tolerate the ways in which Brahminism and Baniaism is degrading Dravidanadu. Whatever support they may have from the government, neither myself nor my movement will be of cowardice". 2130:

Women in India also did not have rights to their families' or husbands' property. Ramasamy fought fiercely for this and also advocated for women to have the right to separate or divorce their husbands under reasonable circumstances. While

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even nature with a spirit of inquiry, and to refuse to submit to anything irrational as equivalent to slavery. Thus, the philosophy of self-respect taught that human actions should be guided by reason, right and wrong should follow from

1678:. Ramasamy claimed that Hindi would not only halt the progress of Tamil people, but would also completely destroy their culture and nullify the progressive ideas that had been successfully inculcated through Tamil in the recent decades. 2784:. He said "It will be more difficult to abolish Islam and Christianity from society", and "What was said 2000 years ago can not be relevant today". He added that "Heaven in all religion is a way of collecting money. Can you accept 1552:

as an independent institution, began to look for ways to strengthen it politically and socially. To accomplish this, he studied the history and politics of different countries, and personally observed these systems at work.

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to discuss this matter. The main difference between them came out when Ramasamy stood for the total eradication of Hinduism to which Gandhi objected saying that Hinduism is not fixed in doctrines but can be changed. In the

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political service. According to him, the first duty of a government is to run the social organisation efficiently, and the philosophy of religion was to organise the social system. Ramasamy stated that while Christian and

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and ardent social reformer, Ramasamy advocated forcefully throughout his life that women should be given their legitimate position in society as the equals of men, that they should be provided good education and have the

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of 1924, 1931, and up to 1950 were created for non-Brahmins. Another accomplishment took place during the 1970s when Tamil replaced Sanskrit as the temple language in Tamil Nadu, while Dalits finally became eligible for

2179: 4371: 2587:) an address from Periyar was read out that he had sent from jail. In it he called the Brahmins 'mosquitos', 'bugs' and 'Jews', and said that the abolition of the reign of priests was more urgent than the abolition of 1418:, was access to the eastern road and entry into the temple allowed to the lower castes. In 1925 the Madras Presidency Congress passed an unanimous resolution hailing Ramasamy as Vaikom Veerar or Hero of Vaikom in the 4853: 6543: 5658: 6281: 5944: 2117:

women. Much worse was the practice of child marriages practised throughout India at the time. It was believed that it would be a sin to marry after puberty. Another practice, which is prevalent today, is the

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As his hunger became intolerable, Ramasamy was forced to feed on leftovers from the streets. Around this time, he realised that the eatery which had refused him entry was built by a wealthy non-Brahmin from

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and administration of public bodies. He visited Egypt, Greece, Turkey, the Soviet Union, Germany, England, Spain, France and Portugal, staying in Russia for three months. On his return journey he halted at

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stories. As Ramasamy grew, he felt that people used religion only as a mask to deceive innocent people and therefore took it as one of his duties in life to warn people against superstitions and priests.

2949:' were burnt in New Delhi. For this act she was imprisoned. During the 1974 May Day meetings held at different places in Tamil Nadu, a resolution urging the Government to preserve 80 percent of jobs for 2385:

Ramasamy also asserted that due to the secular nature of Thirukkural, it has the capacity to be the common book of faith for all humanity and can be kept on par or above the holy books of all religions.

2358:, absorbing knowledge in politics, society, and economics. According to him, though certain items in this ancient book of ethics may not relate to today, it permitted such changes for modern society. 3386: 1883:, the President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, Ramasamy organised a procession to the Marina to burn pictures of the Hindu God Rama. Ramasamy was subsequently arrested and confined to prison. 4433: 1491:

and marriages based on law favourable to one sect, to conduct and encourage love marriages, widow marriages, inter caste and inter-religious marriages and to have the marriages registered under the

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provides the following distinct classes: Southern (including Tamil–Malayalam, Kannada and Tulu); Central (including Telugu–Kui and Kolami–Parji); and, Northern (including Kurukh–Malto and Brahui).

1361:, were not allowed into the close streets around and leading to the temple, let alone inside it. Anti-caste feelings were growing and in 1924 Vaikom was chosen as a suitable place for an organised 2312:

umbrella language, Ramasamy stated that "a time will come for unity. This will go on until there is an end to the North Indian domination. We shall reclaim an independent sovereign state for us".

7254: 1843:, stating that Ramasamy married Maniammayar who was the daughter of Kanagasabhai when he was 70 and she 32. Those who parted company with Ramasamy joined the DMK. Though the DMK split from the 1779:, or "Dravidian Association". However, a few who disagreed with Ramasamy started a splinter group, claiming to be the original Justice Party. This party was led by veteran Justice Party leader 5354: 2984:

of Ramasamy and his recorded speeches. Also during the same year Ramasamy's ancestral home in Erode, was dedicated as a commemoration building. On 20 February 1977, the opening function of

2083:. He felt that they were trying to reassert their control over religion by using their superior caste status to claim the exclusive privilege to touch idols or enter the sanctum sanctorum. 1284:

in 1919 after quitting his business and resigning from public posts. He held the chairmanship of Erode Municipality and wholeheartedly undertook constructive programs spreading the use of

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began to grow fast and received the sympathy of the heads of the Justice Party from the beginning. In May 1929, a conference of Self-Respect Volunteers was held at Pattukkotai under the

1847:, the organisation made efforts to carry on Ramasamy's Self-Respect Movement to villagers and urban students. The DMK advocated the thesis that the Tamil language was much richer than 1532:

of the former Madras Presidency. A Self-Respect training school was opened at Erode, the home town of Ramasamy. The object was not just to introduce social reform but to bring about a

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Ramasamy also found Buddhism a basis for his philosophy, though he did not accept that religion. It was again an alternative in the search for self-respect and the object was to get

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to dominate Indian society, so he emphasised that individuals must first develop self-respect and learn to analyse propositions rationally. According to Ramasamy, a self-respecting

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to the non-Brahmin groups. To gain the support of the masses, non-Brahmin politicians began propagating an ideology of equality among non-Brahmin castes. Brahmanical priesthood and

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propagandist who attacked the evils of religious influence on society, mainly what he regarded as Brahmin domination. He offered criticism of both Dharmic and Abrahamic religions.

2448:, including religious, linguistic, and cultural freedom of the people. A separatist conference was held in June 1940 at Kanchipuram when Ramasamy released the map of the proposed 6771: 6483: 4363: 2564:" (If you see a snake and a Brahmin, beat the Brahmin). Ramasamy also claimed, on several occasions, that to eliminate the caste system, driving away the Brahmins was crucial. 2205:. He argued that the government was not for the people, but, in a "topsy-turvy" manner, the people were for the government. He attributed this situation to the state of the 1891:, Chennai on 19 December 1973, Ramasamy declared a call for action to gain social equality and a dignified way of life. On 24 December 1973, Ramasamy died at the age of 94. 1211:, he witnessed immoral activities such as begging and floating dead bodies. His frustrations extended to functional Hinduism in general, when he experienced what he called " 6886: 4143: 2913:

After the death of Ramasamy in 1973, conferences were held throughout Tamil Nadu for a week in January 1974. The same year Ramasamy's wife, Maniyammai, the new head of the

8058: 596: 6535: 5814: 2162:. Ramasamy held that, in matters of education and employment, there should be no difference between men and women. Gopalakrishnan states that Ramasamy's influence in the 1227:

on his bare chest, but was betrayed by his moustache. The gatekeeper at the temple concluded that Ramasamy was not a Brahmin, as Brahmins were not permitted by the Hindu

6273: 2291:. He explained that the Tamil language is called by four different names since it is spoken in four different Dravidian states. Nevertheless, current understanding of 2106:. He thought that age and social customs were not a bar to marrying women. He was keen that women should realise their rights and be worthy citizens of their country. 6809: 5934: 4847: 4010: 2639:

Peiryar in his references to Gandhi used opportunities to present Gandhi as, on principle, serving the interests of the Brahmins. In 1927, Ramasamy and Gandhi met at

8515: 5736: 5697: 1241:. This discriminatory attitude dealt a blow to Ramasamy's regard for Hinduism, for the events he had witnessed at Kasi were completely different from the picture of 889: 4402: 3425: 1368:

Under his guidance a movement had already begun with the aim of giving all castes the right to enter the temples. Thus, agitations and demonstrations took place.

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session, where he advocated strongly for reservation in government jobs and education. His attempts were defeated in the Congress party due to discrimination and

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in 1925, reporting on the fact that Gandhi opposed resolutions for the maintaining of caste and Untouchability Laws which would spoil his efforts to bring about

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for women and argued that it should either apply also to men, or not at all for both genders. While fighting against this, Ramasamy advocated getting rid of the

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relates the 'Vaikom Satyagraha', including Gandhi's negotiations with the temple authorities in relation to the event. Furthermore, the editor of Ramasamy's

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was "when Dravida Nadu (Dravidistan) was a victim to Indo-Aryan deceit, Thirukkural was written by a great Dravidian Thiruvalluvar to free the Dravidians".

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that birth did not and should not endow superiority over others and that they must awaken themselves and do everything possible to improve their own lot.

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of Self-Respect. The communist system in the Soviet Union appealed to him as appropriately suited to deal with the social ills of the country. Thus, on

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When B. Munuswamy Naidu became the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency in 1930, he endorsed the inclusion of Brahmins in the Justice Party, saying:

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faith of Islam. He explained that the Christian faith says that there can be only one God which has no name or shape. Ramasamy took an interest in

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as a valuable scripture which contained many scientific and philosophical truths. He also praised the secular nature of the work. Ramasamy praised

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Periyar believed that south Indians, especially Tamils, were a separate race and the Brahmins who came from the north were intruders and possibly

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for his description of God as a formless entity with only positive attributes. He also suggested that one who reads the Thirukkural will become a

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Ramasamy fought against the orthodox traditions of marriage as suppression of women in Tamil Nadu and throughout the Indian sub-continent. Though

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Movement was described from the beginning as "dedicated to the goal of giving non-Brahmins a sense of pride based on their Dravidian past".

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who gave discourses in his house enjoying his father's hospitality. At a young age, he began questioning the apparent contradictions in the

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would readily realise that the caste system had been stifling self-respect and therefore he or she would strive to get rid of this menace.

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At a rally in 1944, Ramasamy, in his capacity as the leader of the Justice Party, declared that the party would henceforth be known as the

6642: 6390: 5553: 2323:

reforms included those such as the reasons for the vowel 'ஈ' (i) having a cursive and looped representation of the short form 'இ' (I). In

1730:

In 1937, when the government required that Hindi be taught in the school system, Ramasamy organised opposition to this policy through the

10167: 8718: 7628: 6864: 4598: 4559: 3694: 3655: 1175:

and Tamil. Ramasamy attended school for five years after which he joined his father's trade at the age of 12. He used to listen to Tamil

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intensified social reformist work and put forward the fact that superstitions were the cause for the degeneration of Dravidians. The

1528:

of S. Guruswami. K. V. Alagiriswami took charge as the head of the volunteer band. Conferences followed in succession throughout the

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Justice Party, advocated against the imbalance of the domination of Brahmins who constituted only 3 percent of the population, over

1711:) was founded in 1916, principally to oppose the economic and political power of the Brahmin groups. The party's goal was to render 10217: 9195: 8078: 7323: 5275: 2266: 2230:

Ramasamy stated that the caste system in South India is, due to Indo-Aryan influence, linked with the arrival of Brahmins from the

2135:

remained taboo in society of Ramasamy's time, he advocated for it not only for the health of women and population control, but for

1960: 616: 5844: 4499: 10237: 9396: 9335: 8708: 7242: 6894: 4139: 3928: 2187: 1414:

to all castes. However, she refused to open the eastern road. The compromise was criticized by Ramasamy. Only in 1936, after the

970: 2742:, stating: "his contemptuous attitude to the baleful influence of Hinduism in Indian public life is strikingly akin to the anti- 2692:; to secure voluntary lifting of the ban by changing the hearts of caste Hindus; and to work within a Hindu framework of ideas. 2460:

for his views on the Congress, and for his opposition to Hindi. They then decided to convene a movement to resist the Congress.

10187: 10140: 7328: 6570: 5798: 3059: 1071: 186: 17: 9442: 8869: 8354: 8033: 7165:

Thirumavalavan, Thol; Meena Kandasamy (2004). Uproot Hindutva: The Fiery Voice of the Liberation Panthers. Popular Prakashan.

7047: 6962: 6754: 6729: 6190: 6114: 6009: 5808: 5769: 5730: 5691: 5629: 5596: 5431: 5166: 4830: 4797: 4773: 4592: 4524: 4283: 4205: 3596: 3491: 3461: 3329: 3290: 571: 8900: 4530: 4289: 4250: 4211: 4172: 4036: 3950: 3733: 3335: 3296: 1624:. Immediately after his return, Ramasamy, in alliance with the enthusiastic communist, M. Singaravelar, began to work out a 8569: 8552: 7226: 6801: 4014: 1929: 943: 926: 6127: 5720: 5681: 3782: 10329: 10268: 8913: 8581: 8053: 8003: 7952: 7947: 4113: 2584: 2014:

The bedrock of Ramasamy's principles and the movements that he started was rationalism. He thought that an insignificant

1965: 591: 6699: 4394: 3409: 2560:

However, Ramaswamy did make incendiary statements towards the encouragement of violence against the Brahmin community: "

2166:

and even the Center made it possible for women to join police departments and the army. Ramasamy also spoke out against

1658:, he introduced Hindi as a compulsory language of study in schools, thereby igniting a series of anti-Hindi agitations. 2905: 1738:

derived considerable support from the student community. In later years, opposition to Hindi played a big role in the

1338:

was known for its rigid and oppressive caste system and hence Swami Vivekananda called Travancore a "lunatic asylum".

1330:

Vaikom Satyagraha was a nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited public environs of the Vaikom Temple in the

10162: 10157: 8839: 8396: 7488: 7138: 6990: 4244: 3987: 3817: 3727: 3688: 3649: 3365: 2001: 1581: 1050: 3609:"Ramasamy Periyar | Tamil Nadu: Statue wars - Who was Periyar and why does he trigger sentiment in Tamil Nadu?" 1152:, continued Ramasamy's social work after his death in 1973, and his ideas then were advocated by Dravidar Kazhagam. 10389: 10172: 9085: 8301: 8195: 8048: 7811: 7333: 7286: 5759: 2893:

directed the state government to remove a false information from school and college syllabus that claimed that the

796: 586: 142: 7153:

Other Half of the Coconut: Women Writing Self-Respect History – an anthology of self-respect literature, 1928–1936

7042:

Bandyopadhyaya, Sekhara, (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A history of modern India. Orient Longman: New Delhi.

4340: 2452:, but failed to get British approval. On the contrary, Ramasamy received sympathy and support from people such as 10364: 10359: 10314: 9325: 9315: 9280: 8281: 8200: 8112: 7513: 3121:

was a close confidant of Ramasamy and encouraged Nadars to be a part of the Self-Respect Movement. A writer from

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Likewise, Ramasamy explained that wisdom lies in thinking and that the spear-head of thinking is rationalism. On

1832: 1529: 801: 650: 7263: 2621:

action. Ramasamy and his followers emphasised the difference in point of view between Gandhi and himself on the

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This factionism continued until 1932 when Munuswamy Naidu stepped down as the Chief Minister of Madras and the

2773:

and Rama, stating that they were Aryan gods that considered the Dravidian Shudras to be "sons of prostitutes".

2440:

areas, that is part of the then existing Madras Presidency with adjoining areas into a federation guaranteeing

633: 10399: 10384: 10258: 10227: 8564: 7205: 2158:

According to biographer M.D. Gopalakrishnan, Ramasamy and his movement achieved a better status for women in

1939: 938: 8083: 6692:"Remembering Theena Muna Kana, N.S.Krishnan and the Camouflaged Narrative Devices of Tamil Political Cinema" 1576:. During the same month, he inaugurated the Tamils Conference, convened by the Tamils Reformatory Sangam in 1395:

states that Brahmins purposely suppressed news about Ramasamy's participation. A leading Congress magazine,

1223:. Due to extreme hunger, Ramasamy felt compelled to enter one of the eateries disguised as a Brahmin with a 621: 10344: 10278: 9934: 9285: 8892: 8632: 8557: 8144: 6029: 5528: 2417: 1647: 1383:

events have been recorded provides a clue to the image of the respective organisers. In an article entitle

931: 682: 8139: 2680:. As shown in the negotiations at Vaikom his methods for abolishing discrimination were: to stress on the 2467:

was later modified down to Tamil Nadu. This led to a proposal for a union of the Tamil people of not only

1742:. The fear of the Hindi language had its origin in the conflict between Brahmins and non-Brahmins. To the 1628:

scheme incorporating socialist and self-respect ideals. This marked a crucial stage of development in the

677: 10339: 10124: 9511: 9160: 8611: 8547: 8438: 8233: 8228: 8164: 7279: 4849:

The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia, Chapter 9: E. V. Ramasami's Reading of the Ramayana

2178: 921: 734: 729: 702: 9320: 6364: 4696: 3520:"As Tamil Nadu celebrated Periyar's birthday on September 17, we recall the impact of his foreign trips" 2296: 9859: 9411: 9128: 9123: 8625: 8503: 8073: 8063: 7538: 7343: 5210: 2043:

stated that there is no use to simply acquiring titles or amassing wealth if one lacks self-respect or

1934: 1233:

to have moustaches. He not only prevented Ramasamy's entry but also pushed him rudely into the street.

877: 611: 601: 444:. Since 2021, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu celebrates his birth anniversary as 'Social Justice Day'. 6454:"International Convention for Solidarity with Eelam Tamils of Sri Lanka, 1997 – Nothing but, Genocide" 4516:

E. V. Ramaswami Naicker-Periyar: A Study of the Influence of a Personality in Contemporary South India

467:. He resigned from the Congress in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of 10374: 9834: 9531: 9406: 9245: 9185: 8461: 8325: 8308: 8149: 8043: 7453: 7318: 6955:

E. V. Ramaswami Naicker-Periar: A study of the influence of a personality in contemporary South India

6604: 5939: 2212:

One of the areas of Ramasamy's focus was on the upliftment of rural communities. In a booklet called

1975: 1944: 1826: 1415: 835: 687: 581: 495: 6430: 6342: 6305:"Socrates title for Periyar in Class IX text book is false information, says petition in high court" 5252: 4472: 10369: 10354: 10349: 10119: 10094: 9631: 9330: 9310: 9170: 9030: 8988: 8807: 8681: 8413: 8291: 8268: 7748: 7687: 2976:

was opened by the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi. This library contained Ramasamy's

2254: 1297: 1281: 1018: 448: 286: 238: 101: 31: 5324: 10334: 9839: 9809: 9546: 9526: 9361: 9270: 8993: 8983: 8973: 8963: 8844: 8819: 8695: 8134: 7926: 7921: 7880: 7588: 7563: 7473: 3082:

K. Veeramani. Nationally, Ramasamy is an ideological icon for India's third largest voted party,

3075: 1144:

Ramasamy married when he was 19, and had a daughter who lived for only 5 months. His first wife,

1055: 1030: 672: 263: 2695:

On the Temple Entry issue, pro-Periyar sources claim that Gandhi never advocated the opening of

1410:, who released all those arrested and opened the north, south, and west public roads leading to 10394: 10064: 9974: 9969: 9210: 9149: 9041: 8968: 8958: 8824: 8466: 8359: 8347: 8276: 8185: 8180: 8117: 7573: 7408: 6634: 6453: 6400: 5560: 2636:. From this, Gandhi learned the need for pleasing the Brahmins if anything was to be achieved. 2019: 1739: 1411: 1313: 1035: 840: 786: 781: 655: 522: 8253: 6856: 5683:

Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order

5156: 4582: 4553: 3678: 3639: 2034:, he stated that no other living being harms or degrades its own class. But man, said to be a 754: 10263: 10202: 10029: 9814: 9759: 9591: 9551: 9356: 9275: 9220: 9205: 9155: 9143: 9020: 8688: 8604: 8510: 8456: 8335: 8248: 8107: 8090: 8038: 8019: 7977: 7901: 7796: 7763: 7753: 7448: 7358: 6831: 5901:"DMK spokesperson supports Periyar's call for 'killing Brahmins'; Subramanian Swamy moves EC" 3481: 3174: 3168:

on 1 May 2007 and was screened at the Goa International Film Festival in November that year.

3067: 2878: 2853: 2239: 2064: 2031: 1994: 1698: 1686: 1667: 1641: 1580:, and then went to Singapore. In December 1931 he undertook a tour of Europe, accompanied by 1472: 1441: 1431: 1335: 1331: 884: 830: 749: 645: 628: 576: 553: 518: 483: 425: 244: 109: 1859:

continued to counter Brahminism, Indo-Aryan propaganda, and uphold the Dravidians' right of

10324: 10319: 10114: 10069: 10004: 9949: 9894: 9779: 9684: 9641: 9596: 9516: 9416: 9260: 9165: 9015: 8829: 8814: 8770: 8753: 8646: 8473: 8433: 8418: 8401: 8330: 8320: 8154: 8129: 8124: 7821: 7781: 7682: 7598: 7423: 7373: 6714: 6664: 4495: 2808: 2750: 2055:

experience will one day or another, reveal the fraud, selfishness, lies and conspiracies".

2044: 1468: 1040: 1025: 847: 692: 667: 662: 498:(DMK) in 1949. While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent 3449: 3379:"TN govt will celebrate Periyar's birth anniversary as social justice day, says CM Stalin" 8: 10099: 10044: 9929: 9924: 9819: 9799: 9724: 9521: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9466: 9305: 8532: 8488: 8483: 8374: 8190: 7733: 7643: 6926: 3156: 3142: 3083: 2753:

philosophes". In 1955 Ramasamy was arrested for his public action of burning pictures of

2545: 2405: 2292: 1720: 1663: 1301: 1134: 906: 862: 857: 791: 5283: 4689:"History: A Chronology of Anti-Hindi Agitations in Tamil Nadu and What the Future Holds" 2201:

religions were fulfilling this role, the Hindu religion remained totally unsuitable for

1463:; to allow people to live a life of freedom from slavery to anything against reason and 1455:

was registered with a list of objectives of the institution from which may be quoted as

10283: 10129: 10049: 9979: 9964: 9874: 9864: 9774: 9764: 9749: 9734: 9714: 9689: 9561: 9506: 9230: 9200: 9095: 9075: 9025: 8923: 8539: 8478: 8448: 8408: 8238: 8223: 8102: 7962: 7911: 7651: 7608: 7443: 5836: 4332: 3863: 3850:

The political career of E.V. Ramasami: a study in the politics of Tamil Nadu, 1920–1949

3527: 3225: 2633: 2533: 2110: 2080: 2051:

in India were sending rice and cereals to their dead forefathers through the Brahmins.

1860: 1735: 1605: 1436: 1407: 1164: 913: 852: 739: 724: 640: 534: 433: 130: 7239: 3924: 2113:

were meant to enable a couple to live together throughout life, it was manipulated to

10273: 10104: 10089: 9989: 9884: 9844: 9769: 9674: 9646: 9606: 9431: 9215: 9175: 9138: 9100: 9080: 9070: 8953: 8943: 8802: 8639: 8498: 7957: 7931: 7845: 7674: 7463: 7368: 7308: 7160:

Talisman, Extreme Emotions of Dalit Liberation: Extreme emotions of Dalit Liberation.

7134: 7043: 6986: 6958: 6750: 6725: 6186: 6110: 6005: 5884: 5867: 5804: 5765: 5726: 5687: 5592: 5427: 5162: 4826: 4793: 4769: 4588: 4520: 4279: 4240: 4201: 3983: 3813: 3723: 3684: 3645: 3592: 3568: 3487: 3457: 3417: 3361: 3325: 3286: 3161: 3126: 2890: 2807:- both he and his followers wanted to liken him and his role to that of the European 2614: 2163: 2136: 2103: 1970: 1904:

were considered by many to be deep-rooted features until Ramasamy came to the scene.

1806: 1775: 1760: 1659: 1655: 1621: 1585: 1533: 1460: 1372: 1325: 1305: 1138: 1013: 872: 514: 429: 368: 222: 66: 8159: 6566: 1855:

in content, and thus was a key which opened the door to subjects to be learned. The

697: 474:

He founded Self-Respect Movement in 1926. From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy made a tour of

10293: 10207: 10084: 10054: 10034: 10009: 9999: 9939: 9849: 9794: 9789: 9679: 9601: 9426: 9381: 9366: 9290: 9265: 9235: 8998: 8938: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8618: 8296: 7916: 7855: 7692: 7618: 7603: 7503: 7468: 7353: 7182:

Gawthaman.Pasu, (2009). "E.V.Ramasamy enginra naan". Bhaathi Puthakalayam. Chennai.

6182: 6034: 4584:

Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 2 - Re-Inventing Hinduism

4324: 3098: 2992:

held, there on that day, it was decided to support the candidates belonging to the

2653: 2400: 1987: 1810: 1716: 1589: 1569: 1545: 1492: 1204: 6506:"Ties between Mayawati and BJP hit new low as Kalyan Singh attacks her government" 5625: 2758: 1476: 1148:, died in 1933. Ramasamy married for a second time in July 1948. His second wife, 10242: 10232: 10134: 10039: 9984: 9899: 9879: 9699: 9669: 9664: 9621: 9611: 9576: 9571: 9536: 9461: 9386: 9225: 8948: 8792: 8775: 8493: 8428: 7834: 7768: 7702: 7638: 7613: 7583: 7458: 7433: 7418: 7393: 7246: 7230: 7209: 5966: 5588:

Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity

5586: 5421: 4763: 4514: 4273: 4234: 4195: 4166: 4040: 3977: 3954: 3717: 3451: 3319: 3280: 3151: 3043: 2618: 2525: 2513: 2505: 2370: 2276: 2202: 1625: 1593: 1520:

started in 1928 carried on the propaganda among the English educated people. The

1488: 1388: 1183: 1172: 1003: 867: 526: 491: 8243: 7223: 5837:"Questioning Periyar Is Necessary for Forging a Progressive Anti-Caste Politics" 2625:, such as fighting the Untouchability Laws and eradication of the caste system. 2441: 1685:

politicians rallied together in their opposition to Hindi. There were recurrent

1480: 744: 10074: 10024: 10014: 9994: 9959: 9919: 9904: 9626: 9556: 9541: 9481: 9471: 9300: 9190: 9060: 9035: 9010: 8908: 8861: 8381: 7826: 7786: 7776: 7528: 7428: 7378: 7363: 6131: 6025: 5930: 3862:

Merchant Caste of Telugu Ancestry who descended from the migrant commanders of

3786: 3250:"Statue wars: Who was Periyar and why does he trigger sentiment in Tamil Nadu?" 3212: 3199: 3179: 3097:. Ramasamy's life and teachings have also influenced writers and poets such as 3071: 3047: 3042:

Over the years, Ramasamy influenced Tamil Nadu's political party heads such as

2954: 2409: 2362: 2288: 2272: 2250: 2220: 2167: 2152: 2015: 1712: 1651: 1613: 1609: 1557: 1403: 1350: 1293: 1107: 475: 456: 8258: 4117: 2520:

and the Madras University. His Self-Respect Movement espoused rationalism and

2472:

not be made compulsory, he postponed the action. In his speech of 1957 called

759: 10308: 10019: 9944: 9909: 9869: 9784: 9754: 9744: 9729: 9616: 9586: 9566: 9295: 8834: 8527: 8522: 7896: 7860: 7850: 7758: 7743: 7669: 7548: 7523: 7398: 6691: 5240: 3421: 3122: 3102: 3055: 2816: 2804: 2757:

in public places as a symbolic protest against the Indo-Aryan domination and

2622: 2537: 2453: 2351: 2304: 2206: 2132: 2047:. An example he gave was the West sending messages to the planets, while the 1675: 1224: 1045: 901: 896: 2295:

contradicts such claims. For example, the currently known classification of

1791:

guardians of such symbols, came under verbal attack. From 1949 onwards, the

10222: 10109: 9739: 9704: 9694: 9636: 9436: 9340: 9250: 9240: 9005: 8933: 8918: 8423: 8369: 8364: 8342: 7967: 7906: 7870: 7801: 7738: 7707: 7697: 7593: 7568: 7498: 7478: 7438: 5935:"Periyar EV Ramasamy -- The Man Who Opposed Mahatma Gandhi's Idea Of India" 4765:

NFuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of E.V. Ramasamy's Views on Untouchability

3106: 3012: 2950: 2800: 2777: 2628:

According to the booklet "Gandhi and Periyar", Ramasamy wrote in his paper

2489: 2395: 2355: 2328: 2320: 2159: 2048: 1901: 1871: 1746:, acceptance of Hindi in the school system was a form of bondage. When the 1743: 1565: 1484: 1464: 1160: 1103: 510: 499: 479: 3453:

Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of E.V. Ramasamy's Views on Untouchability

2617:

of 1924, Ramasamy and Gandhi both cooperated and confronted each other in

1568:

with his wife Nagammal and his followers, Ramasamy was received by 50,000

1406:, the agitation was given up and a compromise was reached with the Regent 1371:

Ramasamy was invited to lead the movement as he was the President of the

9829: 9709: 9401: 9180: 8928: 8765: 8738: 8207: 7791: 7712: 7558: 7553: 7383: 5797:

Kandasamy, W. B. Vasantha; Smarandache, Florentin; Kandasamy, K. (2005).

3114: 3063: 2981: 2977: 2735: 2704:

did not prevent Ramasamy from having faith in Gandhi on certain matters.

2468: 2457: 2430: 2426: 2341: 2231: 2224: 2124: 2098: 2071: 2035: 1780: 1682: 1419: 1238: 1176: 808: 530: 506: 416:(17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), revered by his followers as 391: 364: 154: 7988: 4364:"Periyar, the unsung hero who breathed life back into Vaikom Satyagraha" 1110:

with Ramasamy when they met in connection with a Buddhist conference in

10079: 9854: 9804: 9719: 9371: 9255: 9090: 8743: 7865: 7664: 5761:

Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu

4336: 4312: 3450:

Kandasamy, W.B. Vansantha; Florentin Smarandache; K. Kandasamy (2005).

3087: 2988:

in Madras was held. At the meeting which the Managing Committee of the

2942: 2836: 2739: 2719: 2676:, but was against discrimination against them using the revaluing term 2596: 2480: 2445: 2437: 2324: 2235: 1525: 1512: 1503: 1363: 1346: 464: 452: 441: 403: 399: 380: 7124:

Religion and Society:: Selections from Periyar's Speeches and Writings

6747:

India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India

6179:

Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu

2436:

Ramasamy was clear about the concept of a separate nation, comprising

1467:; to do away with needless customs, meaningless ceremonies, and blind 10059: 9954: 9914: 9889: 9824: 9486: 9476: 9376: 7717: 7659: 7271: 6395: 3757:

Journal of Indian history, Volume 54, University of Allahabad, p. 175

3224:

In 27 October 1939, 11 November 1940 and 18 October 1942 British and

3169: 3147: 3110: 3028: 2930: 2681: 2640: 2517: 2280: 2242:) had a different stratification of society in four or five regions ( 1880: 1814: 1510:

became the full-time activity of Ramasamy since 1925. A Tamil weekly

1496: 1265: 1149: 7131:

Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia

7089:

Second Freedom Struggle: Chandapuri's Call to Overthrow Brahmin Rule

6030:"Why Do Dravidian Intellectuals Admire a Man as Prickly as Periyar?" 5800:

Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability

5204: 5202: 5158:

Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India

4328: 2953:

was passed. Soon after this, a camp was held at Ramasamy Mansion in

2483:

demands were banned by law in 1957. Regardless of these measures, a

1670:

in 1938 which ended with numerous arrests by the Rajaji government.

9421: 9065: 8797: 8760: 5233: 3483:

The Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India

3165: 3094: 2946: 2918: 2762: 2746: 2743: 2685: 2588: 2308: 2147: 2143: 2023: 1888: 1848: 1358: 1250: 1245:

he had in mind, as a holy place which welcomed all. Ramasamy was a

1242: 1229: 1220: 1208: 1196: 1145: 1008: 7082:

Debrahmanising History: Dominance and Resistance in Indian Society

5267: 3278: 2897:

had conferred the title "Socrates of South-East Asia" on Periyar.

2552:

for portraying Mother Tamil as a sister of Sanskrit in his poems:

1799:

vehemently fought for the abolition of untouchability amongst the

1560:

for a month, from December 1929 to January 1930, to propagate the

451:

in 1919. In 1924, Ramasamy participated in non-violent agitation (

50: 8748: 7875: 7578: 7388: 7202: 5654:

Passions of the Tongue:Language Devotion in Tamil Nadu, 1891–1970

5199: 2823: 2770: 2766: 2521: 2284: 2198: 2114: 1632:

which got politicised and found its compatibility in Tamil Nadu.

1617: 1309: 1254: 1212: 1168: 1159:

from his name at the First Provincial Self-Respect Conference of

1123: 1115: 1111: 468: 437: 376: 203: 7103:

How to Revive the Phule-Ambedkar-Periyar Movement in South India

7068:

Castes of mind : colonialism and the making of modern India

6887:"Periyar and Ammuvagiya Naan at the International Film Festival" 3090:. Other political figures influenced by Ramasamy include former 1692: 1471:

in society; to put an end to the present social system in which

9105: 4823:

Towards a Non-Brahmin Millennium: From Iyothee Thass to Periyar

3228:

offered him sworn as premier (Chief Minister) but he refused it

2938: 2894: 2785: 2374: 1598: 1573: 1354: 1342: 1274: 1270: 1246: 1126: 482:

which influenced him. In 1939, Ramasamy became the head of the

460: 424:, was an Indian social activist and politician who started the 7217: 6738: 6536:"Kanshi Ram retains his fire despite 'Periyar' Mela's failure" 1399:, in its extensive reports on Vaikom never mentions Ramasamy. 6567:"Mayawati pursuing another dream – Periyar statue in Lucknow" 6368: 5796: 4164: 3130: 2933:' at Ramasamy Thidal, Madras. This was in retaliation to the 2781: 2421: 2366: 2119: 1852: 1801: 1285: 1200: 1130: 182: 2253:(Equality Village) social equality system introduced by the 2219:

Ramasamy felt that a small number of cunning people created

1155:

In 1929, Ramasamy announced the deletion of his caste title

7255:`The economic interest ... that was the contradiction' 7022:. Chennai: The Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution. 6921: 6772:"These unsung Dalit writers fuelled BSP's culture politics" 4275:

Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'

4158: 3589:

Up Against Caste: Comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar

2926: 2922: 2754: 2577: 1577: 1179: 6722:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

5423:

Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India

1875:

Periyar Thidal at Vepery, where Ramasamy's body was buried

1674:

Hindi would make Tamils subordinate to the Hindi-speaking

1584:

and Erode Ramu, to personally acquaint himself with their

1292:, boycotting shops selling foreign cloth, and eradicating 1122:

Erode Venkata Ramasamy was born on 17 September 1879 to a

7193: 2957:

to train young men and women to spread the ideals of the

2173: 27:

Indian social activist and advocate of Dravidian movement

7146:

Social and Religious Reform: The Hindus of British India

6367:. Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Archived from 6128:"About Periyar: A Biographical Sketch From 1950 to 1972" 6107:

Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India since the great rebellion

3783:"About Periyar: A Biographical Sketch from 1879 to 1909" 2964:

On Ramasamy's birthday on 17 September 1974, Ramasamy's

2209:

contrived for the advantage of a small group of people.

1887:

eradication of the caste system. In his last meeting at

6335:"Periyar's philosophy relevant even today: Karunanidhi" 3317: 2738:, a lecturer at Oxford University, compares him to the 6802:"Lalai Singh Yadav: Fiery hero of rebel consciousness" 6445: 5307:

Periyar E. V. Ramaswamy: A Proper Perspective D.G.S.;

4106: 3835:

Tamil renaissance and Dravidian nationalism, 1905–1944

3567:. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.: Bombay. pp. 62, 64. 3282:

Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations

2378:

Ramasamy's quotes on the Thirukkural from Veeramani's

6744: 5497:

Sociology of Politics: Tradition of politics in India

4790:

Tirukkural/ The Handbok of Tamil Culture and Heritage

3021:

Periyar-Maniyammai Educational and Charitable Society

2583:

In a rally organised on 29 December 1938 (during the

2389: 1765: 1304:. In 1922, Ramasamy was elected the President of the 7070:. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey. 5644: 5527:. Tehelka – The People's Paper. 2006. Archived from 5114: 5112: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3356:

Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha; Shankar Raghuraman (2004).

2811:. Thus Christian views, as expressed for example in 6657: 6476:"No law stops me from installing statues: Mayawati" 6266: 6170: 5623: 5034: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4686: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 2499: 2192:

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and the eradication of caste

1754: 1539: 6296: 6216: 6214: 5617: 5548: 5546: 5419: 3925:"E V Ramasamy Naickarin Marupakkam - M Venkatesan" 3753: 3751: 3680:The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India 3324:. Har-Anand Publications: New Delhi. p. 425. 2847: 2819:, had at least an indirect influence on Ramasamy. 2492:. He advocated that there was need to establish a 6280:. Madurai: Kasturi & Sons. 10 February 2021. 5722:Treading the Beaten Path: A Journey Through India 5391: 5389: 5313: 5109: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5024: 5022: 4997: 4995: 4944: 4885: 4733: 4731: 4649: 4545: 4417: 4187: 3880: 3641:Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader 3475: 3473: 2909:Ramasamy on postal stamp of India, issued in 1978 2182:Ramasamy on postal stamp of India, issued in 2009 1260: 1253:, after which his views changed and he became an 1207:. Though regarded as one of the holiest sites of 10306: 8891: 5502: 5440: 5276:"The boy who gives a truer picture of 'Periyar'" 4922: 4920: 4907: 4905: 4868: 4841: 4839: 4788:International Tamil Language Foundation, (2000). 4487: 4313:"Temple-Entry Movement in Travancore, 1860-1940" 4197:India, the Perfidies of Power: A Social Critique 4193: 4114:"Biography of Periyar E.V. Ramasami (1879–1973)" 4094: 4070: 3979:Periyar: A Political Biography of E.V. Ramaswamy 3285:. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks. p. 48. 1835:, established a separate association called the 1536:to foster a new spirit and build a new society. 1319: 7148:. Oxford University Press: New Delhi; New York. 6274:"Remove wrong information on Periyar: PIL plea" 6211: 5543: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4637: 4278:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108 and 118–19. 4060: 4058: 3748: 2799:Ramasamy viewed Christianity as similar to the 1544:Between 1929 and 1935, under the strain of the 1499:and widows and to run educational institutions. 8516:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance 7158:Thirumavalavan, Thol; Meena Kandasamy (2003). 6146: 5626:"Periyar was against Brahminism, not Brahmins" 5401: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5097: 5070: 5046: 5019: 5007: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4932: 4728: 4625: 4386: 4003: 3917: 3868: 3470: 2496:and that it was necessary to work towards it. 2479:Advocacy of such a nation became illegal when 2420:, Indo-Aryan domination, propagation of Aryan 2335: 1316:, which led to his leaving the party in 1925. 890:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance 490:. The party later split with one group led by 402:, and the person should be referred to by the 379:, and the person should be referred to by the 8877: 8004: 7287: 6451: 5136: 4917: 4902: 4836: 4355: 4011:"Tamil pride: What?s that? - Hindustan Times" 3975: 3841: 3812:. Tamilnadu: Kizhaku Pathipakam. p. 15. 3583: 3581: 3279:Mehta, Vrajendra Raj; Thomas Pantham (2006). 3117:was a close friend and follower of Ramasamy. 2761:of the Dravidian leadership according to the 2365:, he believed that the Kural illustrates how 2260: 1995: 1693:As President of the Justice Party (1938–1944) 1079: 440:dominance and gender and caste inequality in 7133:. University of California Press: Berkeley. 7004:. Madras: Institute of South Indian Studies. 6597: 6391:"POTA misuse will be main poll issue: Vaiko" 6327: 6109:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 181. 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 5605: 5584: 5298: 4711: 4426:"Vaikom Satyagraha, Periyar, and Tamil Nadu" 4423: 4239:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 229 and 244. 4055: 3905: 3637: 2429:would take the place of Britain to dominate 1190: 7727:Deputy speakers of the legislative assembly 6724:. University of Chicago. 1984. p. 48. 5889:. Second Series. Vol. 40. p. 387. 5872:. Second Series. Vol. 39. p. 383. 5559:. Columbia University. 2006. Archived from 5519: 5517: 5426:. Princeton University Press. p. 263. 5369: 5245:"E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai" 5187: 5175: 5154: 5148: 4825:. M. Sen for SAMYA: Calcutta, p. 481. 4755: 4574: 4512: 3847: 3676: 3445: 3443: 3037:Periyar Rationalist Propaganda Organization 3009:Managing Committee of the Dravidar Kazhagam 2536:does not exist against the Brahmins or the 2257:in the late 1990s is named after Ramasamy. 1516:started in 1925, while the English journal 9392:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 8884: 8870: 8675:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster 8011: 7997: 7294: 7280: 6627: 6120: 4680: 3807: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3591:. Rawat Publications: Chennai. pp. 40–42. 3578: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3172:reprised his role as Ramasamy in the film 2608: 2002: 1988: 1564:philosophy. Embarking on his journey from 1385:Gandhi and Ambedkar, A Study in Leadership 1195:In 1904, Ramasamy went on a pilgrimage to 1086: 1072: 79:27 August 1944 – 24 December 1973 49: 8018: 6957:. Sweden: Scandinavian University Books. 6558: 6423:"Busts of Marx, Periyar, Ambedkar opened" 6415: 6087: 6075: 6054: 5650: 5499:. Asia Publishing House: New York. p. 48. 5477: 5249:India Today: 100 people of the millennium 4761: 4506: 4493: 4392: 4116:. Barathidasan University. Archived from 4029: 3826: 3715: 3683:. Harvard University Press. p. 100. 3644:. Indiana University Press. p. 401. 3479: 3407: 3350: 3129:translated Ramasamy's notable works into 3031:on 21 September 1980. On 8 May 1982, the 2714:Religious views of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy 2093:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and women's rights 1620:, but he did not advocate for abolishing 1459:for the diffusion of useful knowledge of 533:and the imposition of what he considered 7324:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7105:. Bahujan Samaj Publications: Bangalore. 6365:"Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam" 6256: 6254: 6099: 6024: 5929: 5757: 5514: 5304: 5273: 5208: 4768:. American Research Press. p. 109. 4424:Muralidharan, Siddarth (30 March 2023). 4361: 4165:N. Vanamamalai; Nā Vān̲amāmalai (1981). 4142:. The Indian Express. 24 December 2018. 3440: 3360:. Sage Publications. New Delhi. p. 230. 2904: 2791:At the rally in Tiruchi, Ramasamy said: 2594:In an article published in his magazine 2399: 2267:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Tamil grammar 2177: 1894: 1870: 1601:and returned to India in November 1932. 1435: 1425: 1264: 1102: 7075:Tamil Varalarril Tantai Periyar (Tamil) 7063:. Bahujan Publication Trust: New Delhi. 6383: 6158: 5718: 5679: 4845: 4613: 4466: 4310: 4271: 3943: 3832: 3760: 3546: 3154:starred in a government-sponsored film 3007:On 16 March 1978, Maniyammai died. The 2884: 2707: 2562:Pambaium parpanaium partha parpanai adi 2188:Periyar E.V. Ramasamy and social reform 2039:British rule is better than self-rule. 1820: 1805:. It also focused its attention on the 1717:Sanskritic social class-value hierarchy 529:of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of 278: 1899; died 1933) 14: 10307: 7329:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7301: 7037:Humanist Thought in Contemporary India 6357: 6042:from the original on 12 September 2023 5997: 5979:from the original on 18 September 2023 5975:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 23. 5965: 5661:from the original on 18 September 2023 5347:"Periyar: Both sides of the same coin" 4856:from the original on 18 September 2023 4815: 4687:Nalankilli, Thanjai (1 January 2003). 4393:Athiyaman, Pazha. (23 December 2019). 4292:from the original on 18 September 2023 4232: 4214:from the original on 18 September 2023 4175:from the original on 18 September 2023 4168:Interpretation of Tamil Folk Creations 4037:"About Periyar: Revolutionary Sayings" 3969: 3856: 3736:from the original on 18 September 2023 3697:from the original on 18 September 2023 3658:from the original on 18 September 2023 3638:Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (2008). 3500:from the original on 18 September 2023 3358:A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand 3338:from the original on 18 September 2023 3321:Political Theory and Political Thought 3299:from the original on 18 September 2023 3060:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 3035:was started under the auspices of the 2287:came from the same mother language of 2174:Social reform and eradication of caste 1831:In 1949, Ramasamy's chief lieutenant, 1635: 486:, and in 1944, he changed its name to 187:Coimbatore District, Madras Presidency 55:Portrait of Periyar on a postage stamp 8865: 7992: 7275: 6909: 6867:from the original on 28 February 2009 6769: 6689: 6645:from the original on 27 February 2009 6573:from the original on 27 February 2009 6315:from the original on 30 November 2021 6284:from the original on 30 November 2021 6251: 5947:from the original on 6 September 2023 5882: 5865: 5632:from the original on 27 February 2009 5624:Rajasekharan, Gnana (30 April 2007). 5462:. Popular Book Depot: Bombay, p. 318. 5323:. thanthaiperiyar.org. Archived from 5239: 5221:from the original on 23 November 2001 4551: 4502:from the original on 1 February 2009. 4343:from the original on 14 February 2023 4171:. Dravidian Linguistics Association. 3408:Athiyaman, Pazha (24 December 2019). 3389:from the original on 8 September 2021 3136: 3025:Periyar Centenary Women's Polytechnic 2718:Ramasamy was generally regarded as a 2528:. Furthermore, Ramasamy stated that: 2123:and in certain circumstances, led to 1345:, a small town in Kerala state, then 7630:Speakers of the legislative assembly 7240:The Revolutionary Sayings of Periyar 7177:Dalits in India (A set of 2 Volumes) 6564: 6176: 5998:Gandhi, Rajmohan (14 October 2010). 5161:. Palaniappa Brothers. p. 357. 4821:Geetha, V.; S.V. Rajadurai, (1987). 4782: 4362:Chandran, Abhilash (14 March 2023). 4013:. hindustantimes.com. Archived from 3982:. Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd. 3534:from the original on 29 October 2020 3033:College for Correspondence Education 3019:on 17 March 1978. From then on, the 1813:, willing marriage, widow marriage, 505:Ramasamy promoted the principles of 432:. He is known as the 'Father of the 7948:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu 6971: 6671:from the original on 23 August 2010 6665:"Kalaivanar and his Contemporaries" 6615:from the original on 4 January 2009 6429:. 19 September 2007. Archived from 6302: 6130:. Dravidar Kazhagam. Archived from 5719:Ghafoor, Dr Fazal (21 April 2021). 5118: 5064: 5040: 4950: 4896: 4879: 4555:The Humanistic Philosophy of Gandhi 4265: 4100: 4039:. Dravidar Kazhagam. Archived from 3899: 3874: 3785:. Dravidar Kazhagam. Archived from 3722:. Rajat Publications. p. 211. 2504:Ramasamy was a radical advocate of 1966:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu 1705:South Indian Libertarian Federation 1440:Ramasamy during the early years of 24: 7073:Kothandaraman, Ponnusamy, (1995). 7028: 7017: 7008: 6983:Encyclopaedia of Political Parties 6152: 5886:Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru 5869:Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru 5778:from the original on 26 April 2023 5611: 5380: 5209:Raghavan, B. S. (9 October 2000). 5193: 5181: 5142: 5052: 5028: 5013: 5001: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4926: 4911: 4558:. K.K. Publications. p. 121. 4304: 4226: 4064: 3619:from the original on 28 March 2019 3428:from the original on 9 August 2021 3318:Arora, N.D.; S.S. Awasthy (2007). 3260:from the original on 28 March 2019 2889:In 2021, the Madurai Bench of the 2600:on 20 March 1938, he had written: 2390:Self-determination of Dravida Nadu 25: 10411: 10380:Justice Party (India) politicians 7187: 7115:Ramasami, Periyar E.V., (1994). 7091:. Mission Prakashan Patna: Bihar. 6974:Periyar: Father of the Tamil race 6893:. 19 October 2007. Archived from 6812:from the original on 29 June 2018 6782:from the original on 29 June 2018 6770:Ghosh, Avijit (31 October 2016). 6516:from the original on 11 July 2018 6486:from the original on 11 July 2018 6399:. 8 February 2004. Archived from 5847:from the original on 9 April 2023 5758:Gorringe, Hugo (7 January 2005). 5739:from the original on 9 April 2023 5700:from the original on 9 April 2023 5686:. Popular Prakashan. p. 64. 5357:from the original on 19 July 2020 5309:. Vairam Pathippagam. p. 24. 4601:from the original on 20 June 2023 4562:from the original on 20 June 2023 4533:from the original on 27 July 2021 4253:from the original on 5 April 2023 4146:from the original on 27 July 2021 3931:from the original on 6 March 2016 3565:Caste, Nationalism, and Ethnicity 2524:and the movement had currents of 2086: 2079:charge of temples and performing 1719:were blamed for the existence of 1453:Self-Respect Movement Institution 9086:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 8079:Unification Church in Japan 7890:Deputy leaders of the opposition 7515:Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha 7334:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam 7179:. Anmol Publications. New Delhi. 7119:. Chintakara Chavadi: Bangalore. 7110:Declaration of War on Brahminism 7098:. Oscar Publications: New Delhi. 7020:Collected Works of Periyar E.V.R 6945: 6879: 6849: 6824: 6794: 6763: 6702:from the original on 5 July 2010 6683: 6585: 6546:from the original on 6 July 2018 6528: 6498: 6468: 6239: 6226: 6199: 6018: 5991: 5959: 5923: 5911:from the original on 9 July 2022 5893: 5876: 5859: 5829: 5790: 5751: 5712: 5673: 5578: 5489: 5465: 5452: 4580: 4436:from the original on 24 May 2023 4405:from the original on 25 May 2023 4374:from the original on 25 May 2023 2937:celebrations where effigies of ' 2842: 2571: 2500:Anti-Brahmanism vs. Anti-Brahmin 2327:from 400 or 500 years ago, many 1755:Dravidar Kazhagam (1944–onwards) 1540:International travel (1929–1932) 1495:; and to establish and maintain 617:Unification Church in Japan 143:Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili 9326:Provisional Government of India 7101:Ram, Dadasaheb Kanshi, (2001). 6999: 6985:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. 6749:. Hurst & Co. p. 167. 6341:. 9 August 2007. Archived from 6220: 5817:from the original on 9 May 2023 5508: 5446: 5413: 5407: 5395: 5339: 5124: 5103: 5085: 5079: 4938: 4803: 4792:. ITLF: Chicago, p. 1346. 4743: 4737: 4722: 4668: 4662: 4643: 4631: 4519:. Esselte studium. p. 24. 4460: 4448: 4132: 3911: 3801: 3709: 3670: 3631: 3601: 3512: 3456:. HEXIS: Phoenix. p. 106. 3218: 3211:'Father' or 'father figure' in 3092:Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 2848:Factionism in the Justice Party 2585:Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937—40 2494:Tamil Nadu Freedom Organization 2142:He criticised the hypocrisy of 2058: 1879:In 1956, despite warnings from 1833:Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai 1703:A political party known as the 1353:in and around the temple area. 298: 275: 8704:Books critical of Christianity 7170:Social Justice and Reservation 7013:. Chennai: Emerald Publishers. 6976:. Chennai: Emerald Publishers. 6857:"Periyar premiere in Malaysia" 6745:Jaffrelot, Christophe (1984). 6635:"Sathyaraj gets Periyar Award" 5591:. Orient Longman. p. 95. 3401: 3371: 3311: 3272: 3242: 3205: 3198:'Respected one' or 'elder' in 3192: 3160:released in 2007. Directed by 3119:W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar 3004:during the General Elections. 2433:became more and more intense. 1907: 1866: 1662:, the Justice Party under Sir 1308:Congress Committee during the 1261:Member of Congress (1919–1925) 1098: 548:This article is of a series on 122:1939 – 27 August 1944 13: 1: 8724:Books critical of Scientology 7172:. Emerald Publishers: Madras. 7126:. Emerald Publishers: Madras. 7077:. Pumpolil Veliyitu: Chennai. 6972:Gopalakrishnan, G.P. (1991). 6832:"PERIYAR REMEMBERED IN PATNA" 6177:More, J. B. Prashant (2004). 5274:Sundaram, V. (6 March 2006). 4587:. Notion Press. p. 147. 4395:"Periyar, the hero of Vaikom" 4200:. Vedam ebooks. p. 245. 3953:. periyar.org. Archived from 3716:Mahapatra, Subhasini (2001). 3677:Subramanian, Ajantha (2019). 3410:"Periyar, the hero of Vaikom" 3235: 2830:Through Ramasamy's movement, 2776:Periyar was also critical of 1320:Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925) 9935:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 9211:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 8893:Indian independence movement 8633:Letter to a Christian Nation 7953:Cinema in Dravidian politics 7155:. Oscar Publications: Delhi. 7122:Ramasami, Periyar, (1994). 7108:Ramasami, Periyar, (1998). 7066:Dirks, Nicholas B., (2001). 6667:. www.kalaivanar.com. 2009. 6311:. Madurai: The Times Group. 6234:E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar 5657:. University of California. 5460:Caste, Class, and Occupation 4852:. University of California. 3015:as General Secretary of the 1681:Cutting across party lines, 1648:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 1592:, way of life, economic and 1349:, there were strict laws of 540: 7: 10125:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 9512:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 8719:Books critical of Mormonism 7224:Rationalist/Social Reformer 7087:Mission Prakashan, (2003). 7080:Mani, Braj Ranjan, (2005). 6980: 6260: 6245: 5972:The Rajaji Story, 1937-1972 5651:Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1997). 5420:Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). 3848:Vicuvanātan, Ī. Ca (1983). 3164:, the film was screened in 2881:became the chief minister. 2648:, Ramasamy explained that: 2485:Dravida Nadu Separation Day 2380:Collected Works of Ramasamy 2336:Thoughts on the Thirukkural 1608:of Ramasamy to achieve the 10: 10416: 10330:People from Erode district 9860:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 9412:Indian Independence League 9129:Partition of Bengal (1947) 9124:Partition of Bengal (1905) 8626:God: The Failed Hypothesis 8612:God in the Age of Science? 7564:Kadambur M. R. Janarthanan 7162:Popular Prakashan: Mumbai. 7061:Bahujan and their Movement 7054:Pathos of Marxism in India 6952: 6591: 6205: 6164: 6093: 6081: 6069: 5883:Nehru, Jawaharlal (1984). 5866:Nehru, Jawaharlal (1984). 5483: 5471: 5305:Dasgupta, Shankar (1975). 5130: 5091: 4809: 4749: 4674: 4619: 4494:Ravikumar (2 March 2006). 4454: 4089: 3833:Arooran, K. Nambi (1980). 3140: 3052:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam' 2851: 2711: 2393: 2339: 2264: 2261:Tamil language and writing 2185: 2090: 2062: 1824: 1758: 1696: 1639: 1429: 1402:After the intervention of 1323: 502:(land of the Dravidians). 389: 362: 29: 10251: 10150: 10035:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 9835:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 9655: 9532:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 9452: 9407:Indian Home Rule movement 9349: 9246:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 9186:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 9114: 9051: 8899: 8783: 8732: 8714:Books critical of Judaism 8580: 8447: 8267: 8216: 8173: 8059:Latter Day Saint movement 8026: 7973:Rise of Dravidian parties 7940: 7889: 7813:Leaders of the opposition 7810: 7726: 7627: 7537: 7512: 7487: 7454:V. N. Janaki Ramachandran 7407: 7342: 7319:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 7307: 7056:. Orion Books: New Delhi. 7035:Bandistse, D.D., (2008). 7011:Periyar on Women's Rights 6836:www.modernrationalist.com 5764:. SAGE Publishing India. 4194:P. Radhakrishnan (2002). 3587:Chatterjee, Debi (2004) 3486:. OUP India. p. 44. 2998:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 2900: 2672:reap the reward of their 2544:Ramasamy also criticised 2474:Suthantara Tamil Nadu En? 1837:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1827:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1783:and survived until 1957. 1707:(commonly referred to as 1666:, and Ramasamy organised 1416:Temple Entry Proclamation 1191:Kashi pilgrimage Incident 597:Latter Day Saint movement 496:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 414:Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy 357: 331: 311: 254: 229: 218: 210: 193: 169: 164: 160: 148: 136: 126: 115: 107: 95: 83: 72: 64: 60: 48: 41: 10274:Indian annexation of Goa 10120:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 9632:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 9397:Indian National Congress 9196:Non-cooperation movement 8682:Why I Am Not a Christian 8269:Religious discrimination 7688:P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan 7540:Union ministers of state 7175:Yadav, Bibhuti, (2002). 7129:Richman, Paula, (1991). 6605:"'Periyar' Audio Launch" 6303:TNN (11 February 2021). 5525:"Superiority in Numbers" 3185: 3182:which released in 2017. 2255:Government of Tamil Nadu 1961:Indian National Congress 1689:in 1948, 1952 and 1965. 1298:Non-Cooperation movement 1282:Indian National Congress 1269:A statue of Ramasamy at 449:Indian National Congress 287:Annai E. V. R. Maniammai 239:Indian National Congress 102:Annai E. V. R. Maniammai 32:Periyar (disambiguation) 10390:Indian social reformers 10279:Indian Independence Act 9865:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 9840:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 9810:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 9547:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 9527:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 9362:All-India Muslim League 9316:Royal Air Force strikes 9281:Round table conferences 9271:Chittagong armoury raid 9161:Hindu–German Conspiracy 9144:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 8914:Porto Grande de Bengala 8820:Criticism of monotheism 8709:Books critical of Islam 8696:The Demon-Haunted World 8553:Anti-Christian violence 8084:Westboro Baptist Church 7927:Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj 7922:Panruti S. Ramachandran 7881:Edappadi K. Palaniswami 7589:Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan 7474:Edappadi K. Palaniswami 7345:Union cabinet ministers 7229:4 December 2013 at the 7220:(online radio in Tamil) 7168:Venugopal, P., (1990). 7144:Sen, Amiya P., (2003). 7000:Saraswathi, S. (2004). 6917:"Kalavadiya Pozhudugal" 5680:Pandian, Jacob (1987). 5215:The Hindu Business Line 4846:Richman, Paula (1991). 4311:Jeffrey, Robin (1976). 4272:Jeffrey, Robin (1992). 4236:Modern India: 1885–1947 3808:Muthukumar, R. (2008). 3113:. Noted Tamil Comedian 3076:Dalit Panthers of India 2668:in the sense that "the 2609:Comparisons with Gandhi 1334:by the Congress Party. 1163:. He could speak three 1031:Criticism of monotheism 927:Anti-Christian violence 622:Westboro Baptist Church 436:'. He rebelled against 264:Annai E. V. R. Nagammai 10365:Tamil-language writers 10360:Tamil Nadu politicians 10315:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy 10065:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 9970:Purushottam Das Tandon 9336:Praja Mandala movement 9150:The Indian Sociologist 8140:New religious movement 7574:Gingee N. Ramachandran 7490:Deputy chief ministers 7094:Omvedt, Gail, (2006). 7052:Biswas, S.K., (1996). 7039:. B.R. Pub: New Delhi. 7018:Veeramani, K. (2005). 7009:Veeramani, K. (1992). 6981:Ralhan, O. P. (2002). 6452:Veeramani, K. (1997). 5554:"India and the Tamils" 5495:Bhaskaran, R. (1967). 5351:The New Indian Express 4368:The New Indian Express 4233:Sarkar, Sumit (1989). 3976:Jeyaraman, B. (2013). 3480:Deshpande, A. (2011). 2910: 2875: 2865: 2797: 2788:according to reason?" 2662: 2606: 2558: 2542: 2454:Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 2412: 2271:Ramasamy claimed that 2183: 2155:and the police force. 1876: 1740:politics of Tamil Nadu 1501: 1451:In 1952, the Ramasamy 1444: 1412:Vaikom Mahadeva Temple 1277: 1119: 678:New religious movement 18:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy 10289:Political integration 10030:Shyamji Krishna Varma 9815:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9760:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 9592:Rettamalai Srinivasan 9552:Mahadev Govind Ranade 9357:All India Kisan Sabha 9321:Coup d'état of Yanaon 9221:Qissa Khwani massacre 9206:Coolie-Begar movement 9021:Second Anglo-Sikh War 8771:Nontheistic religions 8689:Why I Am Not a Muslim 8605:Christianity Unveiled 8069:Seventh-day Adventist 8020:Criticism of religion 7978:Self-Respect Movement 7902:Su. Thirunavukkarasar 7842:V. M. C. V. Ganapathy 7797:Pollachi V. Jayaraman 7764:V. P. Balasubramanian 7754:Su. Thirunavukkarasar 7449:M. D. R. Ramachandran 7359:Aravinda Bala Pajanor 7151:Srilata, K., (2006). 7084:. Manohar: New Delhi. 7059:Chand, Mool, (1992). 6953:Diehl, Anita (1977). 6808:. 24 September 2016. 6565:IANS (28 July 2007). 6512:. 30 September 1995. 6105:Misra, Maria (2008). 6028:(21 September 2017). 5933:(27 September 2019). 5585:Omvedt, Gail (2006). 5458:Ghurye, G.S. (1961). 5321:"Periyar's Otherside" 4471:. ACA. Archived from 4140:"God's own challenge" 3563:Pandian, J., (1987). 3530:. 20 September 2016. 3175:Kalavadiya Pozhudugal 3068:Pattali Makkal Katchi 2908: 2870: 2860: 2854:Justice Party (India) 2813:The Precepts of Jesus 2793: 2650: 2602: 2554: 2530: 2403: 2181: 2065:Self-Respect Movement 1895:Principles and legacy 1874: 1699:Justice Party (India) 1687:anti-Hindi agitations 1642:Anti-Hindi agitations 1630:Self-Respect Movement 1550:Self-Respect Movement 1522:Self-Respect Movement 1506:of the philosophy of 1487:to women; to prevent 1469:superstitious beliefs 1457: 1442:Self-Respect Movement 1439: 1432:Self-Respect Movement 1426:Self-Respect Movement 1379:The way in which the 1336:Kingdom of Travancore 1332:Kingdom of Travancore 1268: 1199:to visit the revered 1133:, then a part of the 1106: 607:Seventh-day Adventist 555:Criticism of religion 426:Self-Respect Movement 10400:Anti-caste activists 10385:Critics of religions 10115:Veeran Sundaralingam 10070:Tara Rani Srivastava 10005:Sahajanand Saraswati 9895:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 9780:Chandra Shekhar Azad 9685:Alluri Sitarama Raju 9642:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 9597:Sahajanand Saraswati 9517:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 9417:Indian National Army 9261:Dharasana Satyagraha 9166:Champaran Satyagraha 9016:First Anglo-Sikh War 8815:Criticism of atheism 8647:The Blind Watchmaker 8229:Charles Taze Russell 8074:Unification movement 7822:V. R. Nedunchezhiyan 7782:Parithi Ilamvazhuthi 7683:Sedapatti R. Muthiah 7599:S. S. Palanimanickam 7424:V. R. Nedunchezhiyan 7374:Sedapatti R. Muthiah 7245:28 July 2013 at the 7002:Towards Self-Respect 6690:Ravindran, Gopalan. 6641:. 30 December 2006. 6611:. 25 December 2006. 5531:on 18 September 2012 5155:Muthiah, S. (2008). 4552:Singh, M.K. (2022). 4513:Anita Diehl (1977). 4496:"Re-reading Periyar" 4067:, Introduction – xi. 4017:on 29 September 2014 3385:. 6 September 2021. 3072:Thol. Thirumavalavan 2885:False claim of award 2765:epic. Ramasamy also 2708:Religion and atheism 2346:Ramasamy hailed the 2319:Ramasamy's ideas on 2045:scientific knowledge 1930:Eradication of caste 1821:Split with Annadurai 1616:issues Ramasamy was 1604:The tour shaped the 1280:Ramasamy joined the 1026:Criticism of atheism 730:Charles Taze Russell 612:Unification movement 447:Ramasamy joined the 189:, British India 90:Position established 30:For other uses, see 10345:Indian rationalists 10100:V. K. Krishna Menon 10045:Subhas Chandra Bose 9930:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 9925:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 9820:Govind Ballabh Pant 9800:Dayananda Saraswati 9725:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 9522:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 9502:Dhondo Keshav Karve 9497:Dayananda Saraswati 9492:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 9467:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 8980:Anglo-Maratha Wars 8196:Mormon sacred texts 8054:Jehovah's Witnesses 7734:Pulavar K. Govindan 7644:Pulavar K. Govindan 7196:(official website) 6696:Wide Screen Journal 6542:. 15 October 1995. 6433:on 27 February 2009 6403:on 27 February 2009 6345:on 27 February 2009 6134:on 26 December 2008 5566:on 18 December 2008 4498:. Countercurrents. 4043:on 26 December 2008 3957:on 20 December 2014 3143:Periyar (2007 film) 3105:and actors such as 3084:Bahujan Samaj Party 3080:Dravidar Kazhagam's 2966:Rationalist Library 2546:Subramanya Bharathi 2458:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2406:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2297:Dravidian languages 2293:Dravidian languages 2137:liberation of women 1807:liberation of women 1668:anti-Hindi protests 1664:A. T. Panneerselvam 1636:Opposition to Hindi 1461:political education 1302:Temperance movement 1249:until his visit to 1165:Dravidian languages 1135:Coimbatore district 1129:merchant family in 797:Mormon sacred texts 717:By religious figure 592:Jehovah's Witnesses 517:and eradication of 206:, Tamil Nadu, India 10340:Dravidian movement 10284:Partition of India 10130:Yashwantrao Holkar 10095:V. O. Chidamabaram 10050:Subramania Bharati 9980:Rahul Sankrityayan 9965:Pritilata Waddedar 9875:Shri Krishna Singh 9775:C. Rajagopalachari 9765:Bidhan Chandra Roy 9750:Bhavabhushan Mitra 9735:Begum Hazrat Mahal 9690:Annapurna Maharana 9562:Muthulakshmi Reddy 9507:G. Subramania Iyer 9201:Christmas Day Plot 9076:Indian nationalism 9026:Sannyasi rebellion 8924:East India Company 8598:Breaking the Spell 8540:Sectarian violence 8449:Religious violence 8397:Oriental Orthodoxy 8254:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 8113:Twelver Shia Islam 7963:Dravidian movement 7912:K. A. Sengottaiyan 7693:V. M. C. Sivakumar 7652:K. A. Mathiazhagan 7609:S. Jagathrakshakan 7444:M. G. Ramachandran 7302:Dravidian Politics 7208:2 May 2021 at the 6776:The Economic Times 6309:The Times of India 5803:. Infinite Study. 5327:on 21 January 2009 5286:on 20 October 2008 5255:on 24 October 2008 5211:"Thanthai Periyar" 4762:Kandasamy (2005). 3927:. tamilnation.co. 3864:Vijayanagar Empire 3719:Women and Politics 3613:The Economic Times 3528:The Times of India 3383:The Indian Express 3254:The Economic Times 3226:C. Rajagopalachari 3137:In popular culture 2974:Research Institute 2917:, set fire to the 2911: 2634:Hindu-Muslim unity 2534:Dravidian movement 2413: 2325:stone inscriptions 2221:caste distinctions 2184: 2111:arranged marriages 1877: 1861:self-determination 1736:Dravidian movement 1734:. After 1937, the 1723:among non-Brahmin 1660:Tamil nationalists 1606:political ideology 1445: 1408:Sethu Lakshmi Bayi 1278: 1273:town in Kottayam, 1184:Hindu mythological 1120: 914:Sectarian violence 823:Religious violence 755:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 651:Twelver Shia Islam 434:Dravidian movement 214:Periyar Ninaividam 131:C. Natesa Mudaliar 10302: 10301: 10269:Republic of India 10105:Vallabhbhai Patel 10090:Ubaidullah Sindhi 9990:Ram Prasad Bismil 9885:M. Bhaktavatsalam 9845:Jatindra Nath Das 9770:Bipin Chandra Pal 9705:Babu Kunwar Singh 9675:Achyut Patwardhan 9432:Khudai Khidmatgar 9276:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 9216:Kakori conspiracy 9176:Rowlatt Committee 9139:Direct Action Day 9101:Swadeshi movement 9081:Khilafat Movement 9071:Hindu nationalism 9031:Rebellion of 1857 8954:Anglo-Mysore Wars 8944:Battle of Plassey 8857: 8856: 8640:The Age of Reason 8591:Atheist Manifesto 8392:Eastern Orthodoxy 8355:Jehovah's Witness 8314:post–Cold War era 8217:Religious figures 8096:Swaminarayan sect 7986: 7985: 7958:Dravidar Kazhagam 7932:R. B. Udhayakumar 7846:R. V. Janakiraman 7675:M. Tamilkudimagan 7639:Si. Pa. Adithanar 7464:R. V. Janakiraman 7369:T. G. Venkatraman 7310:Political parties 7048:978-81-250-2596-2 6964:978-91-24-27645-4 6897:on 5 January 2008 6863:. 30 April 2007. 6756:978-1-85065-670-8 6731:978-0-226-73137-7 6482:. 16 March 2010. 6456:. TamilNation.org 6192:978-81-250-2632-7 6115:978-0-300-13721-7 6011:978-93-85890-33-8 5810:978-1-931233-00-2 5771:978-93-5280-305-7 5732:978-1-63745-397-1 5693:978-0-86132-136-0 5598:978-81-250-2895-6 5433:978-0-691-08895-2 5353:. 11 March 2018. 5168:978-81-8379-468-8 4831:978-81-85604-37-4 4798:978-0-9676212-0-3 4775:978-1-931233-00-2 4594:978-1-946515-56-8 4526:978-91-24-27645-4 4285:978-1-349-12252-3 4207:978-81-7936-003-3 3597:978-81-7033-860-4 3493:978-0-19-908846-1 3463:978-1-931233-00-2 3331:978-81-241-1164-2 3292:978-0-7619-3420-2 3162:Gnana Rajasekaran 3127:Lalai Singh Yadav 3074:, founder of the 3017:Dravidar Kazhagam 2990:Dravidar Kazhagam 2986:Ramasamy Building 2959:Dravidar Kazhagam 2915:Dravidar Kazhagam 2891:Madras High Court 2832:Temple Entry Acts 2615:Vaikom Satyagraha 2373:were against the 2164:State departments 2104:right to property 2012: 2011: 1971:Dravidian parties 1857:Dravidar Kazhagam 1845:Dravidar Kazhagam 1841:Dravidar Kazhagam 1817:and mercy homes. 1811:women's education 1797:Dravidar Kazhagam 1793:Dravidar Kazhagam 1788:Dravidar Kazhagam 1776:Dravidar Kazhagam 1768:Dravidar Kazhagam 1766:Formation of the 1761:Dravidar Kazhagam 1656:Madras Presidency 1622:private ownership 1586:political systems 1534:social revolution 1497:homes for orphans 1381:Vaikom Satyagraha 1373:Madras Presidency 1326:Vaikom Satyagraha 1306:Madras Presidency 1139:Madras Presidency 1096: 1095: 634:Swaminarayan sect 521:. He opposed the 488:Dravidar Kazhagam 430:Dravidar Kazhagam 369:toponymic surname 361: 360: 349:Venthaadi Venthan 223:Dravidar Kazhagam 180:17 September 1879 67:Dravidar Kazhagam 16:(Redirected from 10407: 10375:Indian reformers 10294:Simla Conference 10085:Tiruppur Kumaran 10055:Subramaniya Siva 10010:Sangolli Rayanna 10000:Rash Behari Bose 9940:Nagnath Naikwadi 9850:Jawaharlal Nehru 9795:Dadabhai Naoroji 9790:Chittaranjan Das 9680:A. K. Fazlul Huq 9602:Savitribai Phule 9427:Khaksar movement 9382:Berlin Committee 9367:Anushilan Samiti 9331:Independence Day 9291:Aundh Experiment 9266:Vedaranyam March 9171:Kheda Satyagraha 9156:Singapore Mutiny 8939:Portuguese India 8886: 8879: 8872: 8863: 8862: 8668:The God Delusion 8661:The End of Faith 8654:The Caged Virgin 8619:God Is Not Great 8013: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7917:O. Panneerselvam 7856:O. Panneerselvam 7831:P. K. Loganathan 7814: 7631: 7604:V. Radhika Selvi 7541: 7516: 7504:O. Panneerselvam 7491: 7469:O. Panneerselvam 7411: 7354:Sathiavani Muthu 7346: 7311: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7264:Thanthai Periyar 7260: 7251: 7236: 7214: 7203:Thanthai Periyar 7199: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6977: 6968: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6925:. 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Archived from 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4317:Social Scientist 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4068: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3779: 3758: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3615:. 7 March 2018. 3605: 3599: 3585: 3576: 3561: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3256:. 7 March 2018. 3246: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3099:Kavignar Inkulab 3086:and its founder 2970:Research Library 2961:in rural areas. 2664:Gandhi accepted 2004: 1997: 1990: 1912: 1911: 1889:Thiagaraya Nagar 1590:social movements 1570:Tamil Malaysians 1556:Ramasamy toured 1546:Great Depression 1357:, also known as 1205:Kashi Vishwanath 1088: 1081: 1074: 556: 545: 544: 422:Thanthai Periyar 302: 300: 279: 277: 200: 197:24 December 1973 179: 177: 165:Personal details 151: 139: 127:Inaugural Holder 120: 98: 86: 77: 53: 39: 38: 21: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10370:Anti-Brahminism 10355:Tamil activists 10350:Indian atheists 10305: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10259:Cabinet Mission 10247: 10151:British leaders 10146: 10135:Yogendra Shukla 10040:Siraj ud-Daulah 9995:Rani Lakshmibai 9985:Rajendra Prasad 9975:R. Venkataraman 9920:Mithuben Petit‎ 9900:Mahadaji Shinde 9880:Lala Lajpat Rai 9715:Bahadur Shah II 9700:Ashfaqulla Khan 9670:Accamma Cherian 9665:Abul Kalam Azad 9657: 9651: 9622:Syed Ahmad Khan 9612:Sister Nivedita 9577:Pandita Ramabai 9572:Niralamba Swami 9537:J. B. Kripalani 9462:Ashfaqulla Khan 9454: 9448: 9387:Ghadar Movement 9345: 9226:Flag Satyagraha 9134:Revolutionaries 9116: 9110: 9053: 9047: 8949:Battle of Buxar 8895: 8890: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8808:In Christianity 8779: 8776:Parody religion 8728: 8576: 8443: 8302:Catholic Church 8263: 8212: 8174:Religious texts 8169: 8022: 8017: 7987: 7982: 7936: 7885: 7861:A. M. H. Nazeem 7835:J. Jayalalithaa 7812: 7806: 7769:V. P. Duraisamy 7722: 7703:R. Avudaiyappan 7629: 7623: 7614:S. Gandhiselvan 7584:K. Venkatapathy 7539: 7533: 7514: 7508: 7489: 7483: 7459:J. Jayalalithaa 7434:M. O. H. Farook 7419:C. N. Annadurai 7410:Chief ministers 7409: 7403: 7394:Dayanidhi Maran 7344: 7338: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7266: 7258: 7249: 7247:Wayback Machine 7234: 7231:Wayback Machine 7212: 7210:Wayback Machine 7197: 7190: 7185: 7031: 7029:Further reading 7026: 6993: 6965: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6929:on 22 July 2009 6915: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6185:. p. 164. 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6026:Krishnan, P. A. 6023: 6019: 6012: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5931:Krishnan, P. A. 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5907:. 9 June 2022. 5899: 5898: 5894: 5881: 5877: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5628:. Rediff News. 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4886: 4878: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4844: 4837: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4699:on 30 July 2010 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4475:on 15 June 2010 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4329:10.2307/3516377 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4120:on 14 June 2007 4112: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3846: 3842: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3789:on 10 July 2005 3781: 3780: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3586: 3579: 3562: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3494: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3448: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3293: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3152:Khushboo Sundar 3145: 3139: 3066:founder of the 3058:founder of the 3044:C. N. Annadurai 3000:(DMK), and the 2903: 2887: 2879:Raja of Bobbili 2856: 2850: 2845: 2716: 2710: 2619:socio-political 2611: 2574: 2548:in the journal 2526:anti-Brahminism 2514:government jobs 2506:anti-Brahmanism 2502: 2463:The concept of 2398: 2392: 2344: 2338: 2309:Malayali people 2269: 2263: 2203:social progress 2194: 2186:Main articles: 2176: 2095: 2089: 2067: 2061: 2018:in society was 2008: 1935:Religious views 1910: 1897: 1869: 1829: 1823: 1771: 1763: 1757: 1701: 1695: 1644: 1638: 1626:socio-political 1594:social progress 1542: 1530:Tamil districts 1489:child marriages 1434: 1428: 1389:Eleanor Zelliot 1328: 1322: 1263: 1215:exploitation". 1193: 1101: 1092: 1063: 1062: 1019:In Christianity 999: 991: 990: 961: 953: 952: 951: 950: 824: 816: 815: 814: 813: 775: 767: 766: 765: 764: 718: 710: 709: 708: 707: 565: 554: 543: 527:marginalisation 492:C. N. Annadurai 411: 388: 353: 327: 324:social reformer 307: 304: 301: 1948) 296: 292: 289: 281: 273: 269: 266: 250: 231: 230:Other political 219:Political party 202: 198: 181: 175: 173: 149: 137: 121: 116: 96: 84: 78: 73: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10413: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10335:Kannada people 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Tarak Nath Das 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10025:Shuja-ud-Daula 10022: 10017: 10015:Sarojini Naidu 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9960:Prafulla Chaki 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9905:Mahatma Gandhi 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9627:Vakkom Moulavi 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9557:Mahatma Gandhi 9554: 9549: 9544: 9542:Jyotirao Phule 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9482:B. R. Ambedkar 9479: 9474: 9472:Ayya Vaikundar 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301:Cripps Mission 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9191:Noakhali riots 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9120: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9054:and ideologies 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9038: 9036:Radcliffe Line 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9011:Vellore Mutiny 9008: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8866: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784:Related topics 8781: 8780: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8542: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8201:Book of Mormon 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8165:Zoroastrianism 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7827:M. Karunanidhi 7824: 7818: 7816: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7787:A. Arunachalam 7784: 7779: 7777:S. Gandhirajan 7774: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7529:M. Thambidurai 7526: 7520: 7518: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7429:M. Karunanidhi 7426: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7379:M. Thambidurai 7376: 7371: 7366: 7364:Murasoli Maran 7361: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7237: 7221: 7215: 7200: 7189: 7188:External links 7186: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7040: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7015: 7006: 6997: 6991: 6978: 6969: 6963: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6908: 6891:Chennai365.com 6878: 6861:IndiaGlitz.com 6848: 6823: 6793: 6762: 6755: 6737: 6730: 6713: 6682: 6656: 6626: 6596: 6584: 6557: 6527: 6497: 6467: 6444: 6414: 6382: 6371:on 24 May 2004 6356: 6326: 6295: 6265: 6250: 6238: 6225: 6210: 6198: 6191: 6169: 6157: 6155:, pp. 218–219. 6153:Veeramani 2005 6145: 6119: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6053: 6017: 6010: 6004:. Penguin UK. 6001:Rajaji: A Life 5990: 5958: 5922: 5892: 5875: 5858: 5828: 5809: 5789: 5770: 5750: 5731: 5711: 5692: 5672: 5643: 5616: 5612:Veeramani 2005 5604: 5597: 5577: 5542: 5513: 5501: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5451: 5439: 5432: 5412: 5400: 5385: 5383:, pp. 505–508. 5381:Veeramani 2005 5368: 5338: 5312: 5297: 5266: 5241:Ramaswamy, Cho 5232: 5198: 5194:Veeramani 2005 5186: 5184:, pp. 550–552. 5182:Veeramani 2005 5174: 5167: 5147: 5143:Veeramani 2005 5135: 5123: 5119:Gopalakrishnan 5108: 5096: 5084: 5082:, pp. 164–165. 5069: 5065:Gopalakrishnan 5057: 5053:Veeramani 1992 5045: 5041:Gopalakrishnan 5033: 5029:Veeramani 1992 5018: 5014:Veeramani 2005 5006: 5002:Veeramani 1992 4991: 4987:Veeramani 1992 4979: 4975:Veeramani 1992 4967: 4963:Veeramani 1992 4955: 4951:Gopalakrishnan 4943: 4931: 4927:Veeramani 2005 4916: 4912:Veeramani 2005 4901: 4897:Gopalakrishnan 4884: 4880:Gopalakrishnan 4867: 4835: 4814: 4802: 4781: 4774: 4754: 4742: 4727: 4725:, pp. 118–119. 4710: 4679: 4667: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4593: 4573: 4544: 4525: 4505: 4486: 4459: 4447: 4416: 4385: 4354: 4303: 4284: 4264: 4245: 4225: 4206: 4186: 4157: 4131: 4105: 4101:Gopalakrishnan 4093: 4069: 4065:Veeramani 1992 4054: 4028: 4002: 3988: 3968: 3942: 3916: 3904: 3900:Gopalakrishnan 3879: 3875:Gopalakrishnan 3867: 3855: 3840: 3837:. p. 152. 3825: 3818: 3800: 3759: 3747: 3728: 3708: 3689: 3669: 3650: 3630: 3600: 3577: 3545: 3511: 3492: 3469: 3462: 3439: 3400: 3370: 3349: 3330: 3310: 3291: 3271: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3217: 3204: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180:Thangar Bachan 3141:Main article: 3138: 3135: 3115:N. S. Krishnan 3048:M. Karunanidhi 2955:Tiruchirapalli 2902: 2899: 2886: 2883: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2712:Main article: 2709: 2706: 2610: 2607: 2573: 2570: 2501: 2498: 2418:Aryan religion 2410:B. R. Ambedkar 2404:Ramasamy with 2394:Main article: 2391: 2388: 2356:Self-respecter 2340:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2321:Tamil alphabet 2265:Main article: 2262: 2259: 2251:Samathuvapuram 2214:Village Uplift 2175: 2172: 2168:child marriage 2153:armed services 2091:Main article: 2088: 2087:Women's rights 2085: 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1906: 1896: 1893: 1868: 1865: 1825:Main article: 1822: 1819: 1770: 1764: 1759:Main article: 1756: 1753: 1713:social justice 1697:Main article: 1694: 1691: 1652:Chief Minister 1646:In 1937, when 1640:Main article: 1637: 1634: 1614:socio-economic 1610:social concept 1541: 1538: 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1404:Mahatma Gandhi 1351:untouchability 1324:Main article: 1321: 1318: 1294:untouchability 1262: 1259: 1192: 1189: 1108:B. R. Ambedkar 1100: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1006: 1000: 998:Related topics 997: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 962: 960:Bibliographies 959: 958: 955: 954: 949: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 935: 934: 929: 916: 911: 910: 909: 904: 894: 893: 892: 882: 881: 880: 875: 870: 865: 855: 850: 845: 844: 843: 833: 827: 826: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 812: 811: 806: 805: 804: 802:Book of Mormon 794: 789: 784: 778: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 721: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 706: 705: 703:Zoroastrianism 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 659: 658: 653: 648: 638: 637: 636: 626: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 579: 574: 568: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 550: 549: 542: 539: 515:women's rights 478:, Europe, and 476:British Malaya 457:Mahatma Gandhi 375:. It is not a 359: 358: 355: 354: 352: 351: 346: 341: 335: 333: 329: 328: 326: 325: 322: 319: 315: 313: 309: 308: 306: 305: 294: 290: 285: 284: 282: 271: 267: 262: 261: 258: 256: 252: 251: 249: 248: 242: 235: 233: 227: 226: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 201:(aged 94) 195: 191: 190: 171: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 113: 112: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 70: 69: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10412: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395:Dalit history 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10020:Satyapal Dang 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9945:Nana Fadnavis 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9910:Mangal Pandey 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9870:Khudiram Bose 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9785:Chetram Jatav 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Bhikaiji Cama 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9745:Bharathidasan 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9730:Basawon Singh 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9617:Sri Aurobindo 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587:Ram Mohan Roy 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9567:Narayana Guru 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350:Organisations 9348: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9311:Bombay Mutiny 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9296:Indian Legion 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9236:1928 Protests 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Rowlatt Bills 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8875: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8835:Superstitions 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:Protestantism 8407: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8064:Protestantism 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7897:K. Anbazhagan 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:K. Anbazhagan 7849: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7759:P. H. Pandian 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7744:P. Seenivasan 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679:G. Palaniraja 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670:P. H. Pandian 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7549:N. V. N. Somu 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7524:G. Lakshmanan 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7399:M. K. Alagiri 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7306: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7265: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7218:Periyar Kural 7216: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139:0-520-07281-2 7136: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7096:Dalit Visions 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6992:81-7488-865-9 6988: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6946:Cited sources 6928: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6806:Forward Press 6803: 6797: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6572: 6569:. DNA India. 6568: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6455: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6013: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5905:Deccan Herald 5902: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4842: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4698: 4694: 4693:Tamil Tribune 4690: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4467:Kent, David. 4463: 4456: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4252: 4248: 4246:9781349197125 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3991: 3989:9788129132260 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3951:"Periyar.org" 3946: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3902:, pp. 50, 52. 3901: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3852:. p. 23. 3851: 3844: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3819:9788184930337 3815: 3811: 3804: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3729:9788178800233 3725: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3690:9780674987883 3686: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3651:9780253352699 3647: 3643: 3642: 3634: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3444: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3366:0-7619-3237-2 3363: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123:Uttar Pradesh 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:Bharathidasan 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056:V. Gopalswamy 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 3002:Marxist Party 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2843:Controversies 2840: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2817:Ram Mohan Roy 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805:Martin Luther 2802: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:enlightenment 2748: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2688:treatment of 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2623:social issues 2620: 2616: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2572:Anti-Semitism 2569: 2565: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352:Thiruvalluvar 2349: 2343: 2333: 2330: 2329:Tamil letters 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2207:social system 2204: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:Tamil society 2156: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2133:birth control 2128: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2066: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2049:Tamil society 2046: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976:Social reform 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945:Tamil grammar 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1902:Tamil society 1892: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1762: 1752: 1749: 1748:Justice Party 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:Justice Party 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:Justice Party 1706: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1676:North Indians 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:S. Ramanathan 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1225:sacred thread 1222: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046:Superstitions 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 957: 956: 945: 942: 940: 937: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 920: 919: 917: 915: 912: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 891: 888: 887: 886: 883: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 820: 819: 810: 807: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 771: 770: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 714: 713: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 635: 632: 631: 630: 627: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 602:Protestantism 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 561: 560: 557: 552: 551: 547: 546: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Justice Party 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 356: 350: 347: 345: 344:Vaikom Veerar 342: 340: 337: 336: 334: 330: 323: 320: 317: 316: 314: 310: 288: 283: 265: 260: 259: 257: 253: 246: 245:Justice Party 243: 240: 237: 236: 234: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 211:Resting place 209: 205: 196: 192: 188: 184: 172: 168: 163: 159: 156: 153: 147: 144: 141: 135: 132: 129: 125: 119: 114: 111: 110:Justice Party 106: 103: 100: 94: 91: 88: 82: 76: 71: 68: 65:President of 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10264:Constitution 10252:Independence 10139: 10110:Vanchinathan 9740:Bhagat Singh 9695:Annie Besant 9656:Independence 9637:Vinoba Bhave 9581: 9441: 9437:Swaraj Party 9341:Lucknow Pact 9251:Purna Swaraj 9241:Nehru Report 9148: 9052:Philosophies 9040: 9006:Polygar Wars 8934:French India 8919:Dutch Bengal 8909:Colonisation 8859: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8462:Christianity 8439:Zorostianism 8370:Anti-Judaism 8365:Antisemitism 8309:Christianity 8287:Bahá'i Faith 8044:Christianity 8034:Baháˈí Faith 7968:Dravidianism 7907:Duraimurugan 7871:M. K. Stalin 7839:S. R. Eradha 7802:K. Pitchandi 7773:K. Ponnusamy 7749:N. Ganapathy 7739:G. R. Edmund 7708:D. Jayakumar 7698:K. Kalimuthu 7594:S. Regupathy 7569:M. Kannappan 7499:M. K. Stalin 7479:M. K. Stalin 7439:S. Ramassamy 7267:(in English) 7259:(in English) 7250:(in English) 7235:(in English) 7213:(in English) 7198:(in English) 7176: 7169: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7036: 7019: 7010: 7001: 6982: 6973: 6954: 6931:. Retrieved 6927:the original 6920: 6911: 6899:. Retrieved 6895:the original 6890: 6881: 6869:. Retrieved 6860: 6851: 6839:. Retrieved 6835: 6826: 6814:. Retrieved 6805: 6796: 6784:. Retrieved 6775: 6765: 6746: 6740: 6721: 6716: 6704:. Retrieved 6695: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6659: 6647:. Retrieved 6638: 6629: 6617:. Retrieved 6608: 6599: 6587: 6575:. Retrieved 6560: 6548:. Retrieved 6539: 6530: 6518:. Retrieved 6509: 6500: 6488:. Retrieved 6479: 6470: 6458:. Retrieved 6447: 6435:. 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Veeramani 3008: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2994:Janata Party 2993: 2989: 2985: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2934: 2914: 2912: 2888: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2812: 2801:monotheistic 2798: 2794: 2790: 2778:Christianity 2775: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2700: 2697:Garbha Griha 2696: 2694: 2690:Untouchables 2689: 2677: 2673: 2670:Untouchables 2669: 2665: 2663: 2660:leadership". 2656: 2651: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2603: 2595: 2593: 2582: 2575: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2531: 2510: 2503: 2493: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2465:Dravida Nadu 2464: 2462: 2450:Dravida Nadu 2449: 2435: 2414: 2396:Dravida Nadu 2384: 2379: 2360: 2347: 2345: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2270: 2248: 2243: 2229: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2195: 2157: 2141: 2129: 2125:dowry deaths 2120:dowry system 2108: 2096: 2077: 2068: 2059:Self-respect 2053: 2041: 2029: 2013: 1940:Women rights 1915: 1898: 1885: 1878: 1856: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1747: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1721:inequalities 1708: 1704: 1702: 1683:South Indian 1680: 1672: 1645: 1629: 1603: 1566:Nagapattinam 1562:self-respect 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508:self-respect 1507: 1502: 1485:equal rights 1465:self respect 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1370: 1362: 1340: 1329: 1314:indifference 1288:, picketing 1279: 1235: 1228: 1217: 1194: 1161:Chengalpattu 1156: 1154: 1143: 1121: 966:Christianity 836:Christianity 582:Christianity 572:Baháˈí Faith 523:exploitation 511:self-respect 504: 500:Dravida Nadu 494:forming the 487: 480:Soviet Union 473: 455:) involving 446: 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 395: 384: 372: 348: 343: 338: 232:affiliations 199:(1973-12-24) 150:Succeeded by 117: 108:Head of the 97:Succeeded by 89: 74: 36: 10325:1973 deaths 10320:1879 births 10208:Mountbatten 9830:Hemu Kalani 9710:Bagha Jatin 9647:Vivekananda 9402:India House 9286:Act of 1935 9061:Ambedkarism 8929:British Raj 8766:New Atheism 8739:Agnosticism 8544:By country 8511:Persecution 8424:Sunni Islam 8387:Neopaganism 8375:Persecution 8348:Persecution 8336:Persecution 8297:Catholicism 8234:Ellen White 8150:Scientology 8145:Neopaganism 8027:By religion 7792:P. Dhanapal 7713:P. Dhanapal 7619:D. Nepoleon 7559:R. K. Kumar 7554:T. R. Baalu 7384:T. R. Baalu 6901:28 November 6871:28 November 6649:17 December 6619:16 December 6577:16 December 6540:India Today 6510:India Today 6460:17 December 6437:17 December 6407:17 December 6375:16 December 6349:17 December 6319:30 November 6288:30 November 6138:30 November 6072:, pp. 86–88 6046:6 September 5951:6 September 5665:21 February 5636:16 December 5570:6 September 5331:21 February 4622:, pp. 77–78 4457:, pp. 22–24 4124:6 September 4047:30 November 3538:4 September 3524:G Olivannan 3393:8 September 3078:(DPI), and 3064:S. Ramadoss 2982:manuscripts 2980:works, the 2978:rationalist 2759:degradation 2740:philosophes 2736:Maria Misra 2469:South India 2431:South India 2427:North India 2348:Thirukkural 2342:Thirukkural 2225:rationalist 2099:rationalist 1908:Rationalism 1867:Later years 1781:P. T. Rajan 1650:became the 1504:Propagation 1420:Kanchipuram 1397:Young India 1290:toddy shops 1239:South India 1177:Vaishnavite 1099:Early years 986:Scientology 918:By country 885:Persecution 735:Ellen White 688:Scientology 683:Neopaganism 564:By religion 531:South India 507:rationalism 394:, the name 392:Indian name 377:family name 365:Indian name 247:(1925–1944) 241:(1919–1925) 225:(from 1944) 155:P. T. Rajan 138:Preceded by 85:Preceded by 10309:Categories 10238:Linlithgow 10178:Chelmsford 10168:Cornwallis 10080:Tatya Tope 9950:Nana Saheb 9855:K. Kamaraj 9805:Dhan Singh 9720:Bakht Khan 9372:Arya Samaj 9306:Quit India 9256:Salt March 9115:Events and 9091:Satyagraha 8744:Antitheism 8533:In Judaism 8429:Shia Islam 8326:Falun Gong 8135:Monotheism 7866:Vijayakant 7665:K. Rajaram 7656:S. Pakkiam 7648:S. Perumal 7257:(article) 7233:(article) 7112:. Chennai. 6639:Cine South 6609:indiaglitz 6221:Saraswathi 5509:Saraswathi 5447:Saraswathi 5408:Saraswathi 5396:Saraswathi 5280:News Today 5259:27 October 5104:Saraswathi 5080:Saraswathi 4939:Saraswathi 4738:Saraswathi 4723:Saraswathi 4703:13 January 4663:Saraswathi 4644:Saraswathi 4632:Saraswathi 3912:Saraswathi 3740:31 October 3701:31 October 3662:31 October 3573:0861321367 3236:References 3088:Kanshi Ram 2943:Kumbakarna 2852:See also: 2837:priesthood 2824:liberation 2815:(1820) by 2769:images of 2654:Varnasrama 2646:Kudi Arasu 2630:Kudi Arasu 2597:Kudi Arasu 2481:separatist 2446:minorities 2442:protection 2240:Tamilakkam 2236:Tamil Nadu 2234:. Ancient 2020:exploiting 1953:Activities 1922:Ideologies 1815:orphanages 1526:presidency 1513:Kudi Arasu 1483:; to give 1481:sisterhood 1364:Satyagraha 1347:Travancore 1203:temple of 907:In Judaism 673:Monotheism 535:Indo-Aryan 465:Travancore 453:satyagraha 442:Tamil Nadu 404:given name 400:patronymic 396:Venkatappa 381:given name 321:politician 312:Occupation 176:1879-09-17 10213:Wellesley 10198:Dalhousie 10060:Surya Sen 9955:P. Kakkan 9915:Mir Qasim 9890:M. N. Roy 9825:Har Dayal 9658:activists 9487:Baba Amte 9477:Ayyankali 9455:reformers 9377:Azad Hind 9117:movements 9096:Socialism 8825:Sexuality 8754:Criticism 8733:Movements 8558:In Odisha 8489:Christian 8484:Terrorism 8467:Mormonism 8414:Rastafari 8382:Mormonism 8277:Ahmadiyya 8160:Yazdânism 8118:Wahhabism 7718:M. 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