33:
56:
291:
wind is able to infect other plants. The asexual cycle only takes five to seven days to complete. Sexual reproduction occurs when the conditions are unfavourable and it needs to withstand harsh environmental conditions. During sexual reproduction, the hyphae will undergo meiosis forming antheridia and oogonia, the only haploid structures in the
290:
can undergo either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs when the air outside is moist making for favourable conditions. During asexual reproduction, hyphae on the host plant will form sporangiophores, which will produce conidia. The conidia will be dispersed by the
366:
isolates using
Illumina sequencing. They estimated the genome size to be 68 Mb with a mitochondrial genome of 43 kb. The two assemblies had 61.8x and 128.9x coverage for the nuclear genomes and 6,824x and 43,225x coverage for the mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genome only differed by seven
285:
life history is the sporangia. The sporangia are small spore-like structures about 65 um long that germinate a germ-tube when they are near a leaf stoma. A germ tube will come from the sporangium and penetrate the leaf cell where it will form a haustorium. The haustorium absorbs nutrients from
165:
is a genus of oomycetes that are obligate plant pathogens of many eudicots. Most species in this group produce a downy mildew disease, which can cause severe damage to many different cultivated crops, as well as wild and ornamental plants. There are 19 genera that produce downy mildew, and
295:
life history. The antheridia will fuse to the oogonia, initiating plasmogamy and then karyogamy, and will result in the production of many oospores. The oospores can then be dispersed by the wind to infect more plants.
256:
species are highly specific to their hosts and can generally be found anywhere the host plant grows, or is being cultivated. A large portion of their life cycle is spent inside their host plant. Many species of
286:
the leaf, while hyphae invade the intercellular space, and the leaf will eventually develop a lesion. These lesions often start out yellow and then turn brown as the leaf starts to undergo necrosis. From here,
1608:
904:
917:
188:
has far more species than any other genus of the downy mildews. However, many species have been moved from this genus to be reclassified to other or new genera. Among these was the most famous
1168:
1104:
1504:
1315:
1308:
739:
667:
658:
1497:
1322:
1175:
1399:
1294:
1161:
585:
1698:
1567:
1041:
1588:
1385:
649:
1329:
1189:
367:
single nucleotide polymorphisms, three small indels, and one copy number variant. Using a program to predict gene models, they found 18,000 potential protein coding genes.
1560:
1357:
240:
affecting tobacco plants leading to $ 25 million in losses across eleven countries, which was about 30 percent of the tobacco plants. Another epidemic that was caused by
1982:
Göker, M., Voglmayr, H., Riethmüller, A., Weiß, M., & Oberwinkler, F. (2003). "Taxonomic aspects of
Peronosporaceae inferred from Bayesian molecular phylogenetics".
1539:
1068:
685:
1629:
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1427:
1392:
1154:
603:
1622:
1273:
1217:
1210:
1113:
847:
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430:
1643:
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1406:
1336:
1203:
1005:
721:
712:
694:
630:
612:
448:
421:
394:
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was considered for its ability to devastate fields of the opium poppy, which could have targeted areas that depend on the crop. The United States has classified
2294:
1636:
1553:
1483:
1462:
1448:
1350:
1280:
1231:
1122:
1077:
1059:
969:
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730:
639:
621:
540:
531:
467:
214:
causes blue mold on tobacco plants and can severely reduce yields of this economically important crop to the point where it has been classified as a bioweapon.
1712:
1685:
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933:
748:
558:
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439:
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1546:
1469:
1378:
1224:
1147:
820:
766:
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403:
385:
1719:
1434:
1266:
978:
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856:
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1343:
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1196:
1050:
1023:
960:
942:
829:
504:
865:
457:
2594:
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2212:
2153:
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2009:
1963:
1883:
1804:
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2234:
2450:
2489:
225:
was first described in 1837 by August Carl Joseph Corda, a Czech mycologist and physician, in his first of six volumes of his
2494:
244:
reduced the yield of sweet onions by 25 percent in
Georgia, USA in 2012, and led to an estimated $ 18.2 million in losses.
346:
as a possible bioweapon, because if it were used to target the US tobacco industry, it would lead to major economic loss.
265:
crop-plant pathogens is likely to be a result of unknowingly trading infected seeds to new areas. There are also many
891:
233:
have been allocated to other genera or given rise to new genera based on new techniques such as molecular genetics.
2533:
1740:
2235:
Derevnina, L., Chin-Wo-Reyes, S., Martin, F., Wood, K., Froenicke, L., Spring, O., & Michelmore, R. (2015).
2515:
1595:
1574:
1581:
1981:
198:
55:
2115:
2543:
1650:
2442:
2599:
703:
338:
have been considered for their use as a bioweapon or have been classified as potential bioweapons.
2589:
1602:
1301:
793:
522:
2325:
1657:
1140:
775:
486:
41:
2481:
269:
species that are spread by wind currents, which allows them to disperse over large distances.
2363:
2274:
2206:
2147:
2079:
2003:
1957:
1877:
1798:
1413:
594:
2566:
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2057:
2398:
1758:
1741:
Göker, M., GarcĂa-Blázquez, G., Voglmayr, H., TellerĂa, M. T., & MartĂn, M. P. (2009).
1532:
883:
8:
1131:
784:
32:
2429:
1762:
1860:
1819:
1781:
1742:
1692:
1476:
838:
50:
1817:
2551:
2385:
2377:
2262:
2194:
1945:
1865:
1786:
951:
172:
1920:"Evolution, diversity, and taxonomy of the Peronosporaceae, with focus on the genus
2252:
2184:
2133:
1991:
1935:
1855:
1847:
1776:
1766:
1371:
327:, used to be included in this genus, however it has been reclassified to the genus
2390:
358:
has had its genome sequenced and assembled. In 2015, Derevnina et al. performed a
1940:
1919:
1771:
136:
2520:
2189:
2168:
2138:
2117:
2116:
Parkunan, V., Gitaitis, R. D., Dutta, B., Langston, D. B., & Ji, P. (2013).
2437:
2348:
1851:
126:
93:
80:
2257:
2236:
2583:
2266:
2198:
1949:
1869:
1790:
177:
106:
2463:
2357:
2455:
2237:"Genome sequence and architecture of the tobacco downy mildew pathogen
2166:
307:
are characterized by their ability to produce melanized sporangia, but
2468:
2424:
2411:
2058:
Krsteska, V., Dimeska, V., Stojkov, S., & Stojanoski, P. (2015).
67:
2507:
2319:
1995:
2502:
2416:
2342:
116:
2059:
181:
1818:
Lee, J. S., Shin, H. D., Lee, H. B., & Choi, Y. J. (2017).
2403:
1743:"Molecular taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi: a case study in
1917:
2160:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
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2222:
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2049:
2047:
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2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1890:
2219:
229:. Since then, many of the species originally placed in
2109:
2016:
1977:
1975:
1973:
2064:
A. the causing agent of Blue Mold disease on tobacco"
261:
are seedborne pathogens, so the worldwide spread of
1970:
1734:
1811:
2581:
2167:Langston Jr, D. B., & Sumner, D. R. (2000).
273:species prefer humid air and cool temperatures.
2098:
276:
2279:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2211:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2152:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2092:
2084:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2008:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1962:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1882:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2122:on Vidalia Sweet Onions in Georgia in 2012"
2102:Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum, vol. 1
375:The following species are placed in genus
31:
2256:
2188:
2169:"First report of downy mildew (caused by
2137:
2068:Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science
1939:
1859:
1780:
1770:
206:species of most importance is likely the
2595:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
349:
2118:"An Epidemic of Downy Mildew caused by
362:sequence assembly of the genome of two
318:
2582:
1918:Thines, M., & Choi, Y. J. (2015).
247:
2324:
2323:
2544:dfafaead-9504-4bd3-8444-6925046214ff
2245:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
1832:in Korea, with the Introduction of
1169:Peronospora medicaginis-orbicularis
227:Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum
13:
1105:Peronospora linariae-genistifoliae
370:
14:
2611:
1505:Peronospora stellariae-uliginosae
1316:Peronospora potentillae-reptantis
1309:Peronospora potentillae-anserinae
740:Peronospora corydalis-intermediae
668:Peronospora chenopodii-polyspermi
659:Peronospora cerastii-brachypetali
236:There was an epidemic in 1960 of
1824:Species (Oomycota) Parasitic to
1498:Peronospora stellariae-aquaticae
1323:Peronospora potentillae-sterilis
1176:Peronospora melandryi-noctiflori
54:
2287:
1400:Peronospora saturejae-hortensis
1295:Peronospora polygoni-convolvuli
1162:Peronospora medicaginis-minimae
586:Peronospora atriplicis-hastatae
1568:Peronospora trifolii-alpestris
354:Only one species in the genus
1:
1727:
1596:Peronospora trifolii-repentis
1575:Peronospora trifolii-arvensis
1042:Peronospora kochiae-scopariae
323:The model oomycete pathogen,
1941:10.1094/PHYTO-05-15-0127-RVW
1772:10.1371/journal.pone.0006319
1589:Peronospora trifolii-minoris
1582:Peronospora trifolii-hybridi
1386:Peronospora salviae-plebeiae
650:Peronospora cerastii-anomali
7:
2190:10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.489B
2139:10.1094/PHP-2013-0328-01-BR
1820:"Taxonomy and Phylogeny of
1330:Peronospora pseudostellaria
1190:Peronospora mesembryanthemi
311:produces zoospores whereas
199:Hyaloperonospora parasitica
192:species, formerly known as
10:
2616:
1984:Canadian Journal of Botany
1852:10.5941/MYCO.2017.45.4.263
1561:Peronospora tranzscheliana
1358:Peronospora aff. ranunculi
277:General form and structure
217:
170:has been placed alongside
2332:
2258:10.1094/MPMI-05-15-0112-R
1651:Peronospora valerianellae
1540:Peronospora tetragonolobi
1069:Peronospora lathyri-verni
686:Peronospora chrysosplenii
51:Scientific classification
49:
39:
30:
23:
2099:Corda, A. C. J. (1837).
1630:Peronospora trigonotidis
1512:Peronospora stigmaticola
1428:Peronospora scutellariae
1393:Peronospora sanguisorbae
1155:Peronospora meconopsidis
704:Peronospora conglomerata
604:Peronospora boni-henrici
1623:Peronospora trigonellae
1610:Peronospora trifoliorum
1603:Peronospora trifoliorum
1302:Peronospora potentillae
1274:Peronospora plantaginis
1218:Peronospora oblatispora
1211:Peronospora narbonensis
1114:Peronospora lithospermi
848:Peronospora elsholtziae
794:Peronospora dianthicola
758:Peronospora cyparissiae
577:Peronospora astragalina
568:Peronospora asperuginis
523:Peronospora arborescens
478:Peronospora anagallidis
431:Peronospora alchemillae
281:The first stage in the
16:Genus of plant pathogen
2303:NCBI taxonomy database
2173:) of onion in Georgia"
2171:Peronospora destructor
2120:Peronospora destructor
1658:Peronospora variabilis
1644:Peronospora valerianae
1456:Peronospora silvestris
1442:Peronospora sherardiae
1421:Peronospora scleranthi
1407:Peronospora saxifragae
1337:Peronospora pulveracea
1204:Peronospora myosotidis
1141:Peronospora manshurica
1006:Peronospora honckenyae
776:Peronospora destructor
722:Peronospora coronillae
713:Peronospora consolidae
695:Peronospora claytoniae
631:Peronospora campestris
613:Peronospora bulbocapni
487:Peronospora antirrhini
449:Peronospora alsinearum
422:Peronospora agrimoniae
395:Peronospora aestivalis
325:Peronospora parasitica
242:Peronospora destructor
194:Peronospora parasitica
2126:Plant Health Progress
1637:Peronospora trivialis
1554:Peronospora tomentosa
1484:Peronospora stachydis
1463:Peronospora somniferi
1449:Peronospora silvatica
1414:Peronospora schachtii
1351:Peronospora ranunculi
1281:Peronospora polycarpi
1232:Peronospora ornithopi
1123:Peronospora litoralis
1078:Peronospora lathyrina
1060:Peronospora lapponica
970:Peronospora glechomae
812:Peronospora digitalis
803:Peronospora dicentrae
731:Peronospora corydalis
640:Peronospora canescens
622:Peronospora calotheca
595:Peronospora belbahrii
541:Peronospora argemones
532:Peronospora arenariae
468:Peronospora akatsukae
350:Genomics and genetics
2239:Peronospora tabacina
2062:Peronospora tabacina
1834:Peronospora casparyi
1713:Peronospora violacea
1686:Peronospora vernalis
1672:Peronospora verbenae
1665:Peronospora verbasci
1533:Peronospora tabacina
1526:Peronospora symphyti
1519:Peronospora swinglei
1491:Peronospora statices
1365:Peronospora romanica
1288:Peronospora polygoni
1260:Peronospora perillae
1183:Peronospora meliloti
1096:Peronospora linariae
1087:Peronospora lepigoni
1033:Peronospora knautiae
1015:Peronospora illyrica
997:Peronospora holostei
988:Peronospora hiemalis
934:Peronospora ficariae
919:Peronospora farinosa
906:Peronospora farinosa
893:Peronospora farinosa
884:Peronospora farinosa
749:Peronospora cristata
559:Peronospora arvensis
550:Peronospora arthurii
514:Peronospora aquatica
496:Peronospora aparines
440:Peronospora alpicola
413:Peronospora agrestis
364:Peronospora tabacina
344:Peronospora tabacina
340:Peronspora somniferi
319:Practical importance
238:Peronospora tabacina
212:Peronospora tabacina
208:Peronospora tabacina
2295:"Taxonomy Browser:
1763:2009PLoSO...4.6319G
1547:Peronospora teucrii
1470:Peronospora sordida
1379:Peronospora rumicis
1225:Peronospora obovata
1148:Peronospora mayorii
1132:Peronospora lotorum
821:Peronospora dipsaci
785:Peronospora dianthi
767:Peronospora debaryi
677:Peronospora chlorae
404:Peronospora affinis
386:Peronospora aconiti
248:Habitat and ecology
196:, and now known as
1720:Peronospora violae
1693:Peronospora viciae
1614:trifolii-pratensis
1477:Peronospora sparsa
1435:Peronospora sepium
1267:Peronospora phacae
979:Peronospora grisea
875:Peronospora esulae
857:Peronospora erodii
839:Peronospora effusa
472:Ito & Murayama
2577:
2576:
2552:Open Tree of Life
2326:Taxon identifiers
2251:(11): 1198–1215.
1700:Peronospora vicia
1679:Peronospora verna
1344:Peronospora radii
1253:Peronospora paula
1246:Peronospora parva
1239:Peronospora orobi
1197:Peronospora minor
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1051:Peronospora lamii
1046:
1037:
1028:
1024:Peronospora jagei
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
961:Peronospora galii
956:
952:Peronospora fulva
947:
943:Peronospora flava
938:
927:
914:
901:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
830:Peronospora echii
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
505:Peronospora apula
500:
491:
482:
473:
463:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
309:Pseudoperonospora
305:Pseudoperonospora
173:Pseudoperonospora
158:
157:
154:
2607:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2521:NHMSYS0001492208
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2232:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2192:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2055:
2014:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1943:
1915:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1863:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1738:
1372:Peronospora rubi
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
926:
913:
900:
887:
878:
869:
866:Peronospora ervi
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
471:
461:
458:Peronospora alta
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
398:
389:
334:Some species of
329:Hyaloperonospora
176:in the group of
152:
59:
58:
45:on soybean leaf
35:
21:
20:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2600:Oomycete genera
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2272:
2271:
2233:
2220:
2204:
2203:
2165:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2114:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2077:
2076:
2056:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1996:10.1139/b03-066
1980:
1971:
1955:
1954:
1916:
1891:
1875:
1874:
1830:Pseudostellaria
1816:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
373:
371:List of species
352:
321:
279:
250:
220:
151:
137:Peronosporaceae
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Peronosporales
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2548:
2538:
2525:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2460:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2354:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2286:
2218:
2159:
2108:
2091:
2015:
1990:(7): 672–683.
1969:
1928:Phytopathology
1889:
1846:(4): 263–269.
1810:
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81:Diaphoretickes
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2177:Plant Disease
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179:
178:downy mildews
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169:
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150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
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125:
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118:
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107:Stramenopiles
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98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
43:
42:P. manshurica
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2333:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2297:Peronospora
2296:
2289:
2275:cite journal
2248:
2244:
2238:
2207:cite journal
2180:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2148:cite journal
2129:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2080:cite journal
2071:
2067:
2061:
2004:cite journal
1987:
1983:
1958:cite journal
1931:
1927:
1921:
1878:cite journal
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1799:cite journal
1757:(7): e6319.
1754:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1718:
1711:
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1496:
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1475:
1468:
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1454:
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1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
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1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
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1279:
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1265:
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1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
922:
918:
909:
905:
896:
892:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
783:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
539:
530:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
476:
466:
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
376:
374:
363:
359:
355:
353:
343:
339:
335:
333:
328:
324:
322:
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
292:
287:
282:
280:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
252:Most of the
251:
241:
237:
235:
230:
226:
222:
221:
211:
207:
203:
197:
193:
189:
185:
171:
167:
161:
160:
159:
147:
146:
100:
87:
74:
40:
24:
18:
2464:iNaturalist
2364:Peronospora
2358:Wikispecies
2334:Peronospora
2308:7 September
1934:(1): 6–18.
1922:Peronospora
1840:Mycobiology
1822:Peronospora
1745:Peronospora
377:Peronospora
356:Peronospora
336:Peronospora
313:Peronospora
301:Peronospora
293:Peronospora
288:Peronospora
283:Peronospora
271:Peronospora
267:Peronospora
263:Peronospora
259:Peronospora
254:Peronospora
231:Peronospora
223:Peronospora
204:Peronospora
202:. Now, the
190:Peronospora
186:Peronospora
168:Peronospora
162:Peronospora
148:Peronospora
25:Peronospora
2584:Categories
2183:(4): 489.
2074:: 132–139.
1728:References
910:chenopodii
2425:FloraBase
1826:Stellaria
1702:e f. sp.
923:spinaciae
68:Eukaryota
2503:MycoBank
2438:Fungorum
2378:60013705
2373:AusFungi
2349:Q1650703
2343:Wikidata
2267:26196322
2199:30841183
1950:26649784
1870:29371794
1836:sp. nov"
1791:19641601
1751:PLOS ONE
315:cannot.
133:Family:
117:Oomycota
113:Phylum:
64:Domain:
2482:1361868
2456:2583264
1861:5780358
1782:2712678
1759:Bibcode
921:f. sp.
908:f. sp.
895:f. sp.
360:de novo
218:History
182:conidia
143:Genus:
123:Order:
2567:440538
2564:uBio:
2557:993569
2541:NZOR:
2495:189578
2469:375009
2417:1PEROG
2265:
2197:
2132:: 54.
1948:
1868:
1858:
1789:
1779:
644:Benua
462:Fuckel
2534:70742
2508:20402
2477:IRMNG
2443:20402
2430:51213
2404:16309
897:betae
299:Both
153:Corda
101:Clade
88:Clade
75:Clade
2529:NCBI
2490:ITIS
2451:GBIF
2412:EPPO
2391:6LQ7
2310:2023
2281:link
2263:PMID
2213:link
2195:PMID
2154:link
2086:link
2010:link
1964:link
1946:PMID
1884:link
1866:PMID
1828:and
1805:link
1787:PMID
1704:pisi
303:and
2516:NBN
2399:EoL
2386:CoL
2253:doi
2185:doi
2134:doi
1992:doi
1936:doi
1932:106
1856:PMC
1848:doi
1777:PMC
1767:doi
1612:f.
94:SAR
2586::
2554::
2531::
2518::
2505::
2492::
2479::
2466::
2453::
2440::
2427::
2414::
2401::
2388::
2375::
2360::
2345::
2301:.
2277:}}
2273:{{
2261:.
2249:28
2247:.
2243:.
2221:^
2209:}}
2205:{{
2193:.
2181:84
2179:.
2175:.
2150:}}
2146:{{
2130:14
2128:.
2124:.
2082:}}
2078:{{
2072:21
2070:.
2066:.
2018:^
2006:}}
2002:{{
1988:81
1986:.
1972:^
1960:}}
1956:{{
1944:.
1930:.
1926:.
1892:^
1880:}}
1876:{{
1864:.
1854:.
1844:45
1842:.
1838:.
1801:}}
1797:{{
1785:.
1775:.
1765:.
1753:.
1749:.
379::
331:.
210:.
184:.
103::
90::
77::
2312:.
2299:"
2283:)
2269:.
2255::
2241:"
2215:)
2201:.
2187::
2156:)
2142:.
2136::
2105:.
2088:)
2060:"
2012:)
1998:.
1994::
1966:)
1952:.
1938::
1924:"
1886:)
1872:.
1850::
1807:)
1793:.
1769::
1761::
1755:4
1747:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
