Persecution of Copts

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faith of Muhammad, and having married a Christian. Unfortunately, she tattooed a blue cross on her arm, which led to her detection by one of her former friends in a bath. She was mounted upon a high-saddled ass, such as ladies in Egypt usually ride, and very respectably dressed, attended by soldiers, and surrounded by a rabble, who, instead of commiserating, uttered loud imprecations against her. The Kadee who passed sentence upon her, exhorted her, in vain, to return to her former faith. She was taken in a boat into the midst of the river, stripped nearly naked, strangled and then thrown into the stream.

3625:(prostitutes), or "lewd" and therefore willing to be raped. Egyptian activist Salma Almasrya said that what the scholar has claimed matches the official declaration from state men which blamed the female activists for the rape crimes which they were subjected to. Almasrya commented on the un-deterred harassment on the part of the Ministry of Media for two female interviewers in two different situations, one of whom was called "hot" on air while the other was told to "come and I will show you where!" when she asked about the freedom of expression, a phrase that was considered very offensive by the media. 24: 3318:, four Christians and one Muslim were killed in sectarian clashes that broke out north of Cairo after children allegedly drew a swastika on Islamic property. On Sunday Christians gathered in Cairo to remember the dead in a service that ended by further escalating sectarian tensions resulting in two Christians and one Muslim being killed. Local news reports that the sixth Coptic victim who has died was set on fire during the clashes died in hospital a few days later, while according to other media sources the second Muslim victim died from a fractured skull. 6871: 6270: 6209: 6867: 2679: 8026: 130: 375: 5688: 3168:

Al Kosheh itself, but in surrounding villages where Muslims are the majority. In the aftermath, 38 Muslim defendants were charged with murder and possession of guns in connection with the deaths of the 20 Copts. But all were acquitted of murder charges, and only four were convicted of any (lesser) charges, with the longest sentence given being 10 years. After protest by the Coptic Pope Shenouda, the government granted a new trial.

437: 5692: 3031:, who issued strict orders completely prohibiting its use anywhere whether in homes, roadways, or schools. Those who didn't comply had their tongues cut off. He even ordered mothers that spoke to their children in Coptic to also have their tongue cut off. He personally walked the streets of Cairo and eavesdropped on Coptic-speaking homes to find out if any family was speaking Coptic. 6382: 3017:, celebrated annually at the church during the Easter Vigil. The chronicler Yahia noted that "only those things that were too difficult to demolish were spared." Processions were prohibited, and a few years later all of the convents and churches in Palestine were said to have been destroyed or confiscated. It was only in 1042 that the 3042:

smaller-scale anti-Christian attacks, arson, looting, and murder became far more persistent. In the year 1354 Muslim mobs “ran amok, destroying churches... and attacking Christians and Jews in the streets, and throwing them into bonfires if they refused to pronounce the shahādatayn ”. According to the medieval Egyptian historian

3880: 6897: 6274: 3046:, soon afterwards in “all the provinces of Egypt, both north and south, no church remained that had not been razed.... Thus did Islam spread among the Christians of Egypt.” The Mamluks destroyed most of the churches and killed an estimated 300,000 Coptic Christians over the course of the 13th century. 3167:

a predominantly Christian Village in southern Egypt. After a Muslim customer and a Christian shoe-store owner fell into an argument, three days of rioting and street fighting erupted leaving 20 Christians (including four children) and one Muslim dead. The killings were not committed in the village of

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Observers note a large gap between rights for Copts and other minorities that exist under the law and what exists in practice. Critics cite that while in 2016 the parliament worked to pass a bill making it easier for Christians to get government permission to build churches, in practice security

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in which dating of the years began with the start of Diocletian's reign. When Egyptians were persecuted by Diocletian, many retreated to the desert to seek relief, though relief of the spirit and of its worldly desires to attain peace and unity with Christ the Creator, not escaping the persecutions.

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27 May 2021 – A Coptic monk is executed for murder of the abbot of his monastery over authority and control disputes, the accused monk within the monastery was forced to confess. UN experts sent a letter to the Egyptian authorities expressing concerns about the allegations of torture of him and his

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13 March 1997 - Village of Bahgoura, Upper Egypt: a group of armed terrorists emerged from the sugar cane fields near the village of Bahgoura and indiscriminately fired on the residents, killing 13 persons and wounding 15 others. Nine of the dead were Coptic Christians. Apparently while fleeing the

3062:

The many riots against Coptic Christians in many Egyptian cities and towns such as Cairo during the 14th century were due to resentment over the extraordinary wealth of Copts who dominated the Sultan’s bureaucracy and who, despite repeated purges, often returned to power because Muslim replacements

3586:

In April 2010, a bipartisan group of 17 members of the U.S. Congress expressed concern to the State Department's Trafficking in Persons Office about Coptic women who faced "physical and sexual violence, captivity ... exploitation in forced domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, and

3544:

19 July 2021 – St. George Coptic Orthodox Church in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada was completely incinerated. This followed a string of church arsons in Canada, following, now refuted claims, that mass graves of indigenous students had been discovered in Catholic residential schools. The woman

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Apostasy from the faith of Islam is considered a most heinous sin, and must be punished with death, unless the apostate will recant on being thrice warned. I once saw a woman paraded through the streets of Cairo, and afterwards taken down to the Nile to be drowned, for having apostatized from the

3137:

4 May 1992 – Villages of Manshia and Weesa in Dyroot, Upper Egypt: After being Manshiet Naser's Christians for weeks, an Islamic extremist methodically shoots 13 of them to death. Victims included ten farmers and a child tending their fields, a doctor leaving his home for work, and an elementary

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has noted "growing religious intolerance" and sectarian violence against Coptic Christians in recent years, as well as a failure by the Egyptian government to effectively investigate properly and prosecute those responsible. However, as political violence is common many churches believe that the

3273:

18 May 2011 – The Coptic Church obtained a permission in January to turn a garment factory bought by the church in 2006, into a church in the neighbourhood of Ain Shams of Cairo. However, angry Muslim mobs attacked the church and scores of Copts and Muslims were arrested for the disturbance. On

3110:, stated in an interview that "regrettably, there’s a lot of people in Egypt who are bigoted over colour, religion and ethnicity. We must confront them and not bury our heads in the sand. Can you believe it that in the history of football in Egypt, only five Christians played at the top level?" 3057:

In 1389, a great procession of Copts who had accepted Muhammad under fear of death, marched through Cairo. Repenting of their apostasy, they now wished to atone for it by the inevitable consequence of returning to Christianity. So as they marched, they announced that they believed in Christ and

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Copts complain that disputes between Christians and Muslims are often put before "reconciliation councils", and that these councils invariably favour Muslims. Some Copts complain that the police do not respond when crimes are committed against them. Copts also have little representation in

3041:

Muslim mobs in Cairo began destroying Coptic churches in 1321. The historian Donald P. Little says that these anti-Christian riots “were carefully orchestrated throughout Egypt,” destroying large numbers of churches and monasteries. Although Muslim rulers did eventually put down the mobs,

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that "once they saw that she was a Christian because of a cross hanging on her rear view mirror, they jumped on top of the car. They pulled her out of the car and started pounding on her and pulling her hair. They beat and stripped her, stabbed her in the back and slit her

2530:(Bahnasa), which suggests that Christianity already began to spread south of Alexandria at an early date. By the mid-third century, a sizable number of Egyptians were persecuted by the Romans on account of having adopted the new Christian faith, beginning with the Edict of 3560: 3106:. Pope Tawadros remarked in 2018 that "it’s extraordinary that all of Egypt’s football teams don’t have a single Copt who has good legs and who kicked a ball on the streets when he was little". And Muslim former player Ahmed Hossam, known in the footballing world as 3091:

The government also requires permits for repairing churches or building new ones, which are often withheld. Article 235 of the 2013 draft constitution requires the next legislative body to create a law that would remove the restrictions on the building of churches.

2943:

boasted: “I sit in this position and none of Egypt’s Copts can make demands of me with regards to treaty or pact ; if I desire, I kill, if I desire, I keep the fifth, and if I desire, I sell.” When a Coptic man who converted to Islam during the time of Caliph

3266:

5 March 2011 – A church was set on fire in Sole, Egypt by a group of Muslim men angry that a Muslim woman was romantically involved with a Christian man. Large groups of Copts then proceeded to hold major protests stopping traffic for hours in vital areas of

3074:, an Arabist who traveled around Egypt in the 1820s disguised as a Muslim, was one of the first modern Europeans to witness the execution of an apostate—in this case, a female convert to Christianity who was exposed by her Coptic cross tattoo. Lane recounts: 2489:

attacks against the church are not religious statements, instead political statements. Since 2011, hundreds of Egyptian Copts have been killed in sectarian clashes, and many homes, churches and businesses have been destroyed. In just one province (

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members and Salafist groups attempted to attack Kamel as he was led out of court, and rocks were thrown at the police car used to take him away from the court. However, the schoolteacher denied posting the cartoons and said that his account was

3193:'s Eve killing two (Hedra Adib (22 years old), and Amir Estafanos (26 years old)) and injuring another (Mina Samir (25 years old)). This event was in Hegaza village, Koos city. On February 22, 2010, they were sentenced to 25 years of jail. 3536:

was held captive for five months by ISIS in the Sinai Peninsula, then killed on camera. In the video, he stated that he helped build the Church of Virgin Mary in Bir El-Abd, and that it is helping the army and intelligence services fight

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on the Coptic Orthodox Church in the city of Alexandria left 21 dead and many more injured. One week later, thousands of Muslims stood as human shields outside churches as Coptic Christians attended Christmas Masses on 6 and 7 January

3905:

Escalating Violence Against Coptic Women and Girls: Will the New Egypt be More Dangerous than the Old? : Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, July 18,

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because they are not in the radical boat or oppose the regime, have been seen as unacceptable and degrading to Egyptian women in general, and to independent women (widows and divorcees) in particular. Coptic women were categorized as

3594:, between 2011 and March 2014, around 550 Coptic girls have been kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. According the same survey around 40% of the girls were raped prior to their conversion to Islam and married their captors. 3258:

11 January 2011 – A mentally deranged member of the police force opened fire randomly in a train in Samalout station in Minya province resulting in the death of a 71-year-old Coptic Christian man and injuring of 5 others Copts and

3382:

in Libya. They kidnapped his eldest daughter Catherine, who was later found dead in a desert. The motivation for the killing was found to be religious and not criminal because local police found money in the doctor's apartment

3184:

19 April 2009 – A group of Muslims (Mahmoud Hussein Mohamed (26 years old), Mohamed Abdel Kader (32 years old), Ramadan Fawzy Mohamed (24 years old), Ahmed Mohamed Saeed (16 years old), and Abu Bakr Mohamed Saeed) open fire at

3262:

30 January 2011, just days after the demonstrations to reform the Egyptian government, Muslims in southern Egypt broke into two homes belonging to Coptic Christians. The Muslim assailants murdered 11 people and wounded four

3176:

reports that in February 2001, armed Muslims burned a church and 35 Christian homes in Egypt. April 2001 a 14-year-old Egyptian Christian girl was kidnapped because her parents were believed to be harboring a convert from

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attacked Coptic people, homes and property after two Muslim adults bullied and beat up a 10-year-old Coptic child, causing retaliation from Coptic adults. The police later arrested six Muslims and six Christians.

3423:

February 2016 – three Christian teenagers in Minya are sentenced to five years in prison for insulting Islam. They had appeared in a video, allegedly mocking Muslim prayers, but claimed they had been mocking

5451: 5370: 3134:, Upper Egypt: the Copt son of a farmer, Badr Abdullah Massoud, is gunned down after refusing to pay a tax of about $ 166 to the local leader of an Islamic group. Massoud's body is then hacked with knives. 5612: 3145:: Three masked gunmen entered St. George Church in Abu Qurqas and shot dead eight Copts at a weekly youth group meeting. As the attackers fled, they gunned down a Christian farmer watering his fields. 5259: 3583:

and the anguish felt by the young women because returning to Christianity is against the law. Further allegations of organised abduction of Copts, trafficking and police collusion continue in 2017.

3456:

9 April 2017 – Bombings of two Coptic churches kill over 45 people and injures over 130. St George's Coptic Orthodox Church in the Tanta region and St Mark's Church in Alexandria were bombed during

3270:

7 May 2011 – the burning of 3 Coptic Orthodox churches, and the destruction of many Christian-owned houses and businesses. In addition, 15 people were killed in the attacks, and about 232 injured.

5927: 5134: 5900: 3005:"turban", both in black. In addition, Jews must wear a wooden calf necklace and Christians an iron cross. In the public baths, Jews must replace the calf with a bell. In addition, women of the 5874: 4746: 3058:

renounced Muhammad. They were seized and all the men were beheaded one after another in an open square before the women. But this did not terrify the women; so they, too, were all martyred.

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26 May – a 70-year-old Christian woman in Minya is beaten and dragged through the streets naked by a mob who falsely suspected her son of having a sexual relationship with a Muslim woman.

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persecuted and put to death a great number of Christian Egyptians. This event became a bloodshed in the history of Egyptian Christianity, marking the beginning of a distinct Egyptian or

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Sunday May 29, an Egyptian Military Court sentenced two Coptic Christians to five years in jail each for violence and for trying to turn a factory into an unlicensed church.

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Complaints by Copts of discrimination in social life also reach the world of sports and the notable absence of Christians in major Egyption sports delegations, namely the

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call for attacks on Christians. At least seven Christians are killed in separate attacks in city of El Arish in Sinai. Many Coptic families respond by fleeing from the

2571:, are credited as pioneers. By the end of the 4th century, it is estimated that the mass of the Egyptians had either embraced Christianity or were nominally Christian. 5156: 3515:

12 December – A Coptic man and his son were killed in Minya Governorate by a police officer responsible for guarding the church after fabricating a quarrel with them.

2484:, who currently make up 10% of the population—the largest religious minority of that country. Copts have cited instances of persecution throughout their history and 7545: 6106: 5581: 6532: 5441: 1885: 5374: 5761: 4408: 3009:

had to wear two different coloured shoes, one red and one black. These remained in place until 1014. On 18 October 1009, al-Hakim ordered the destruction of the

7752: 7145: 909: 5641: 7680: 7533: 6128:"International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends" 5604: 5550: 4685: 3987: 2866: 3849: 7624: 6157: 5815: 5511: 174: 6426: 4982: 1125: 6001: 5923: 5267: 2913:

which gave them the freedom to practice their religion freely in public and the exemption from military conscription in exchange for an annual tax, the

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Bahgoura massacre, the group fired bursts of automatic fire at the Luxor-Cairo train, killing one female passenger and wounding six other passengers.

2296: 1657: 5735: 2917:, on adult wealthy men. Rampant discrimination and persecution under the Pact of Umar forced the majority of Coptic Christians to convert to Islam. 53: 5866: 3027:

undertook to reconstruct the Holy Sepulchre with the permission of Al-Hakim's successor. The Coptic language massively declined under the hands of

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The Jews of Iran in the nineteenth century : aspects of history, community, and culture / by David Yeroushalmi. Leiden; Boston : Brill, 2009.

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and its associated buildings, apparently outraged by what he regarded as the fraud practiced by the monks in the "miraculous" Descent of the

5942: 5086: 7692: 7639: 7634: 7629: 6845: 5494: 5392: 5285: 4681: 3983: 3613: 3142: 1662: 6015: 4712: 8054: 7946: 7461: 6518: 5775: 3674: 3505:. Two armed Muslim men stopped Bassem and asked him about his religion. After answering that he was Christian, they shot him in the head. 1632: 1218: 734: 279: 4819: 3119:

20 June 1981 – Ten dead in Muslim Brotherhood-Christian clashes in Zawaya Hamra. Five Christians killed and four Muslims killed and one

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Haddad, Yvonne; Donovan, Joshua (2013). "Good Copt, Bad Copt: Competing Narratives on Coptic Identity in Egypt and the United States".

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12 October – A Coptic priest was killed in a knife attack in Cairo; his murderer subsequently declared his antipathy toward Christians.

2932:

which remained in place until December 28, 1999. The prohibition against raising the cross was revoked as a result of the martyrdom of

894: 6400: 3549: 3220:) tribe called Al-Hawara on Coptic Christians celebrating Christmas. Seven are killed (including a Muslim officer who was on service). 7764: 7581: 6135: 6041: 5663: 3649: 3366:

In March 2014, Mary Sameh George, a 25-year-old Coptic Christian woman, was killed by a group of Muslims who are affiliated with the

6450: 4153: 6183: 4870: 4846: 3131: 816: 704: 6546: 5348: 5237: 5206: 5179: 5112: 69: 3470:, In May 2017, gunmen executed at least 28 Christian pilgrims traveling in a bus to the monastery of St. Samuel the Confessor in 2494: 403: 325: 320: 6690: 5845: 5016: 8069: 7491: 2397: 1081: 826: 654: 639: 634: 464: 7539: 6763: 5475: 8084: 8074: 7740: 7204: 7135: 4505: 4190: 3572: 968: 899: 619: 7788: 3703: 3425: 3246: 2948:

requested to be freed from his obligation to pay the Jizya, the Caliph said, “No, the conquest of your land was by force.”

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1 January – Two Coptic Christian brothers were killed by masked gunmen for being inside an alcohol store in Al Omraneyah,

7884: 7746: 7064: 6098: 5713: 2831: 2098: 1754: 1667: 1558: 1208: 1026: 644: 629: 299: 6739:"Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)" 3936: 8064: 6592: 3576: 3288:

18 September 2012 – A Coptic Christian schoolteacher was sentenced to jail for six years because he posted cartoons on

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which mandated that the Ottoman sultan must issue permits for any construction or maintenance of churches, and the

2564: 2051: 1880: 1774: 1213: 1103: 315: 305: 289: 45: 3349:– Muslim Brotherhood supporters burn dozens of churches throughout Egypt and killed at least 45 Coptic Christians. 8000: 7970: 7100: 4892: 3726: 3644: 3639: 3173: 2454: 2414: 1627: 1120: 864: 659: 6161: 5811: 5519: 3612:

and fatwas by other scholars which categorize certain groups of women (primarily Coptic women) as women who are

3338: 7988: 7686: 7057: 5573: 3481: 2789: 719: 310: 7110: 2497:. The abduction and disappearance of Coptic Christian women and girls also remains a serious ongoing problem. 874: 8049: 8006: 7982: 7770: 7569: 6924: 5993: 5063: 4947: 4236:

History of the Arab Invasions: The Conquest of the Lands: A New Translation of Al-Baladhuri's Futuh Al-Buldan

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European Centre for Law and Justice (2011): The Persecution of Oriental Christians, what answer from Europe?

5127:"Blast at Coptic church in Egypt kills 21, sparks clashes between Christians, Muslims after New Year's Mass" 7896: 7794: 7618: 3841: 3654: 3103: 3010: 1585: 1533: 454: 7820: 7044: 2744: 7245: 5637: 3901: 3324: 3099:

The government and other Egyptian sources blame tribal behavior in rural Egypt for much of the violence.

2779: 2239: 2083: 1488: 1071: 1009: 396: 7834: 8089: 6575:"Orthodox Church mourns death of Christian man killed by ISIS in Sinai's Bir El-Abd - Politics - Egypt" 2929: 2759: 2481: 2348: 1093: 754: 469: 58: 7800: 6868:"إنتقادات لتصريحات أعضاء الشوري الخاصة بتحميل الفتيات مسؤلية التحرش بهن خلال المظاهرات – بوابة الشباب" 7928: 7904: 7872: 7716: 7521: 7503: 7497: 7455: 7152: 7120: 3305: 1679: 1493: 1382: 1262: 916: 884: 533: 459: 3249:

killing at least 21 and injuring at least 79. The incident happened a few minutes after midnight as

3203:

7 January 2010—six Christians killed in attack on Christmas celebration in Nag Hammadi known as the

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On July 6, 2013, Fr. Mina Aboud, a beloved priest serving in El-Areesh, was martyred for his faith.

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2 November – At least seven killed and seven wounded when Bedouins loyal to ISIL opened fire on a

8059: 8011: 7515: 7437: 4141:, A. S. TRITTON MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH, HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1930, p.5 3379: 3234: 2754: 2244: 2224: 2078: 2068: 2026: 1642: 1483: 1332: 1327: 1297: 1292: 1235: 1170: 1155: 1088: 1061: 1046: 420: 207: 49: 6955: 6947: 6841: 5491: 5388: 5318: 5281: 4689: 3991: 3480:

29 December – A gunman who was later identified as an Islamic extremist shot multiple people at

1272: 7964: 7940: 7656: 7240: 7213: 7184: 7179: 7105: 6561:"IS executes elderly Copt, threatens 'crusaders' worldwide and supporters of the Egyptian army" 6361: 3664: 3548:

April 7, 2022, Fr. Arsanios Wadid, a priest in Karmouz, Alexandria, was martyred for his faith.

3226: 3035: 2764: 2343: 2316: 2306: 1764: 1744: 1607: 1478: 1362: 1307: 1277: 1257: 1185: 1165: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1041: 1004: 977: 948: 943: 869: 518: 508: 389: 356: 351: 346: 3498:. According to eyewitnesses, the masked man shouted during the shooting "these are Christians" 7934: 7593: 7378: 7343: 7313: 7162: 7080: 4794:"Egyptian tribes shift their approach to politics – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 4288:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

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This pact (or some version of it) would remain in place for centuries, influencing the 1856

2642:(457–474). This continued until the Arab conquest of Egypt, most notably under the militant 2493:), 77 cases of sectarian attacks on Copts between 2011 and 2016 have been documented by the 7916: 7852: 7662: 7473: 7358: 7263: 7194: 7157: 7049: 4151:

Medieval Sourcebook: Pact of Umar, 7th Century? The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule

3902:

United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (July 18, 2012).

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was divided into two branches. Those who accepted the terms of the Council became known as

2579: 2575: 2519: 2182: 1694: 1568: 1387: 1267: 1225: 1175: 1150: 958: 921: 649: 503: 6713:"Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in'" 8: 7828: 7808: 7563: 7449: 7393: 7363: 7328: 7218: 6454: 5446: 4150: 3071: 2703: 2646: 2511: 2358: 2219: 1838: 1734: 1714: 1503: 1411: 1357: 1337: 1302: 1195: 982: 779: 379: 149: 34: 5689:""تحقيقات الأهرام" ترصد وقائع اغتيالها فى عين شمسمارى..بأى ذنب قتلت ؟! - الأهرام اليومي" 5340: 5229: 5202: 5171: 5104: 7922: 7846: 7840: 7398: 7368: 7353: 7230: 7004: 6842:""حقوق الإنسان" بـ"الشورى": الفتيات يتحملن مسؤولية التحرش.. وما يحدث فى الخيام "دعارة"" 6493:

https://www.tahrirnews.com/Story/1210799/شرطي-يقتل-قبطيا-ونجله-بالرصاص-أمام-كنيسة/جريمة

5947: 5664:"Coptic Christian woman with cross dangling in her car brutally killed by Islamist mob" 4577: 4569: 4476: 4452: 4428: 4043: 4035: 3779: 3410: 3367: 3346: 3006: 2964: 2718: 2708: 2639: 2485: 2123: 2118: 2108: 2056: 2046: 2021: 1955: 1913: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1719: 994: 295: 229: 219: 38: 6682: 5924:"Isis says it was behind Cairo Coptic Christian church suicide bombing that killed 25" 5837: 4182:

Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt

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financial benefit to the individuals who secure the forced conversion of the victim."

7976: 7704: 7606: 7479: 7323: 7273: 7268: 7025: 6990: 6966: 6951: 6943: 6271:"إيداع جثتي ضحيتي الهجوم على محل خمور العمرانية مشرحة زينهم | التحرير الإخبـاري" 5008: 4581: 4528: 4501: 4377: 4336: 4307: 4266: 4240: 4213: 4186: 4047: 3771: 3471: 3467: 3107: 3088:

the government does not officially recognize conversions from Islam to Christianity.

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Despite the persecution under al-Hakim's reign, Egypt remained mainly Christian, but

2981:) to both Muslims and non-Muslims alike, producing hardship for both Christians (who 2784: 2556: 2515: 2490: 2390: 2301: 2229: 2214: 1997: 1940: 1739: 1647: 1538: 1458: 1287: 558: 239: 202: 189: 73: 7994: 7910: 7890: 7710: 7373: 7298: 7125: 6933: 6759: 6295: 5472: 4561: 4332: 4027: 3763: 3442: 2921: 2734: 2627: 2607: 2591: 2480:, literally: "Egyptian Christian") are the indigenous Christians in Egypt, usually 2353: 2338: 2266: 2187: 2157: 1972: 1808: 1508: 1056: 1051: 889: 774: 285: 275: 62: 6989:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

6210:"المتهم بقتل "كاهن المرج": "قتلته متعمدًا".. والتحريات: دائم التعدي على "الأقباط"" 5789: 3463:

7 May 2017 – A Christian man was shot dead by Islamic State militants in El Arish.

8030: 7952: 7858: 7782: 7776: 7509: 7443: 7308: 7303: 7189: 7019: 7008: 6984: 6980: 5498: 5479: 5313: 4596: 4522: 4495: 4371: 4358:"The Vision of Theophilus: Resistance Through Orality Among the Persecuted Copts" 4357: 4260: 4234: 4180: 4157: 3827: 3580: 3446: 3406: 3127: 2839: 2826: 2631: 2603: 2547: 2470: 2368: 2276: 2172: 2113: 1965: 1950: 1930: 1895: 1602: 1513: 1448: 1230: 1180: 953: 799: 330: 244: 194: 184: 159: 6738: 6574: 5463:"12 dead in Egypt as Christians and Muslims clash", 8 May 2011, Washington Post. 4922:

Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

3378:

In December 2014, A Coptic doctor named Magdy Sobhi and his wife were killed by

7698: 7587: 7575: 7388: 7167: 7140: 6785: 5414: 4209:

How Violence Shapes Religion: Belief and Conflict in the Middle East and Africa

3563:

Agape Girgis, 13-year-old Egyptian girl, abducted from Nahda, el-Ameriya, near

3160: 3024: 2905:

where Byzantine persecution was still in place. The Muslim rulers enforced the

2844: 2713: 2543: 2363: 2321: 2291: 2281: 2199: 2192: 2177: 2167: 1987: 1923: 1865: 1860: 1845: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1498: 1433: 931: 904: 744: 428: 270: 265: 260: 179: 6624: 6504: 5867:"Egyptian Crack-Down on Human Rights Defenders Reaches Key Christian Activist" 4565: 4031: 8043: 7878: 7864: 7674: 7403: 7383: 7278: 3928: 3775: 3342: 3301: 2940: 2933: 2818: 2813: 2643: 2523: 2375: 1982: 1918: 1903: 1759: 1724: 1704: 1575: 1518: 1453: 821: 724: 5038: 4948:"U.S. Department of State, Egypt, Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997" 4896: 4554:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

3597: 2951:

An exception to the relative tolerance of Muslim rulers at the time was the

7199: 7174: 6811: 6533:"Latest attack on Coptic Christians highlights religious violence in Egypt" 4087:"The Coptic Orthodox Church under Islam | The British Orthodox Church" 3960:"Newlywed becomes 8th Egyptian Christian woman to be kidnapped since April" 3567:, on December 23, 2012, published by the Assyrian International News Agency 3314: 2960: 2906: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2595: 2583: 2209: 2088: 1908: 1875: 1855: 1779: 1769: 1749: 1729: 1352: 1245: 1240: 963: 938: 789: 729: 694: 664: 214: 169: 6937: 6340:"أسقف الجيزة: الملثمون هتفوا نحو شهيديّ العمرانية 'دُول المسيحيين الكفرة'" 5157:"Egypt Copts and Muslims come together for once during Orthodox Christmas" 4304:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

3053:, massacres of Coptic men and women would also happen if they left Islam: 7467: 7283: 7021:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 1 (600-900)

3592:

Egyptian NGO Association of Victims of Abduction and Forced Disappearance

2552: 2527: 2466: 2103: 2063: 2031: 1890: 1850: 1684: 1597: 1548: 1523: 1423: 1098: 811: 794: 749: 669: 224: 6099:"Gunmen in Egypt Force Coptic Christian Pilgrims from Buses and Kill 28" 6067:"Suspected IS militants kill Christian man in northern Sinai - ABC News" 5442:"12 dead in Egypt as Christians and Muslims clash - the Washington Post" 3783: 3751: 7338: 7333: 6653:"House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages" 6317: 4550:"Coptic Conversion to Islam under the Baḥrī Mamlūks, 692-755/1293-1354" 3564: 3533: 3250: 3243: 3186: 3043: 2568: 2535: 2385: 2380: 2261: 2256: 2152: 2128: 1977: 1870: 1828: 1784: 1592: 1580: 1553: 1543: 1463: 838: 833: 804: 739: 580: 154: 6593:"OHCHR | Egypt: UN experts condemn execution of Coptic Christian" 6451:"تفاصيل مثيرة في مقتل قبطيين على يد شرطي مصري (صور) | إرم نيوز‬‎" 6339: 6228:"Gunman kills 11 in attacks on Coptic church, Christian-owned shop..." 5059: 4573: 4480: 4470: 4456: 4446: 4432: 4422: 4039: 3512:

pilgrims travelling between Cairo and Minya on its way to a monastery.

7814: 7527: 6296:"بالصور- تفاصيل حادث العمرانية: المتهم استهدف محل "بيرة" وقتل شقيقين" 4847:"Egyptians love their national football team, but some feel left out" 4549: 4472:

Coptic Conversion to Islam Under the Mahri Mamlūks, 692–755/1293–1354

4448:

Coptic Conversion to Islam Under the Mahri Mamlūks, 692–755/1293–1354

4424:

Coptic Conversion to Islam Under the Mahri Mamlūks, 692–755/1293–1354

3903: 3767: 3618: 3609: 3018: 3014: 2902: 2619: 2560: 2522:. Within 50 years of St. Mark's arrival in Alexandria, a fragment of 2286: 2234: 1935: 1528: 614: 164: 4329:

Arab Dress: A Short History - From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times

4015: 3929:"Masress : Sectarian tensions rise in wake of crime boss death" 8025: 7551: 7288: 6611:

Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture

5230:"BBC News – Egypt's president calls for unity after church bombing" 4284: 4282: 3502: 3297: 3289: 3096:

government, leading them to fear there is little hope of progress.

2458: 2251: 2073: 1992: 1637: 1563: 1468: 1428: 769: 764: 759: 684: 679: 624: 4497:

The Future of the Global Church: History, Trends and Possibilities

3554: 3332:

July 2013 – Muslim Brotherhood supporters burn dozens of churches.

6401:"Egypt attack: Gunmen kill seven Coptic Christians in bus ambush" 6383:"الليلة.. جنازة باسم شحاته شهيد العريش في مسقط رأسه بسوهاج - مصر" 5543:"Egyptian Christian funeral ends in violent clashes, killing one" 5260:"Policeman shoots Christian dead in southern Egypt - Yahoo! News" 3798:"Relations Between Copts, Government and Islamic Groups in Egypt" 3526: 3217: 3213: 3021: 2952: 2635: 2587: 689: 585: 565: 538: 513: 436: 374: 6427:"Egypt security forces kill 19 suspects linked to Coptic attack" 4279: 4004:

See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"

3833: 7348: 6986:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.

6253:"نقل جثتى قتيلى إطلاق نار على محل خمور بالعمرانية لمشرحة زينهم" 5976:"ISIS Egypt Is Openly Betting On Bigotry As A Winning Strategy" 5605:"Egyptian Copt jailed for 'insulting Islam, Morsi' on Facebook" 3575:

and marry Muslim men. In 2009 the Washington, D.C.-based group

3402: 3398: 3395: 3190: 2968: 2910: 2901:

took place in 639-641 AD, during the rule of the Roman Emperor

2531: 1689: 674: 570: 548: 543: 493: 129: 6547:"Christians Targeted by Mob Following Wedding Attack in Egypt" 6505:"مصر | فيديو للحظة قتل شرطي لقبطيين رمياً بالرصاص في مصر" 6184:"Coptic priest killed in stabbing incident in Cairo outskirts" 3559: 2590:. Those who did not abide by the council's terms were labeled 7600: 5838:"Pope Francis visits bombed Coptic church during Egypt visit" 5130: 4652:"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians" 4598:

An Account of the manners and customs of the modern Egyptians

4067: 3604: 3525:

5 October 2020 – A Muslim mob in the village of Dabbous near

3293: 3233:

1 January 2011 (On New Year's Eve) – 21 Christians killed in

3178: 3085: 2989:). In 1005, al-Ḥākim ordered that Jews and Christians follow 2914: 2670: 2450: 2446: 1699: 498: 114: 7079: 5812:"Coptic Church Recognizes Martyrdom of 21 Coptic Christians" 5776:"Coptic Doctor and Wife Killed, Daughter Kidnapped in Libya" 5172:"BBC News – Egypt bomb kills 21 at Alexandria Coptic Church" 4097: 3386:

On 15 February 2015, militants in Libya claiming loyalty to

6318:"ننشر الصور الأولى لحادث إطلاق نار على محل خمور بالعمرانية" 5994:"In New Video, ISIS Threatens To Increase Attacks On Copts" 4327:

Stillman, Yedida Kalfon (2000). Stillman, Norman A. (ed.).

3495: 3387: 2977:) and even other intoxicating drinks not made from grapes ( 2945: 2333: 2162: 6812:"مصرس : مسئولية الفتاة عن اغتصابها بين القبول والرفض" 5897:"Egypt: Muslim mob attacks Christians, parade naked woman" 6519:"Skirmishes between Copts and Muslims in Minya's Dabbous" 5501:. Edition.cnn.com (2011-05-08). Retrieved on 12 May 2011. 5415:"الاف المصرييين في ميدان التحرير دفاعا عن الوحدة الوطنية" 3598:

Post-revolution anti-women radical trend afflicting Copts

2909:

and the Copts, as non-Muslim subjects, had the status of

2634:. First persecutions occurred during reigns of emperors 56:

and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as

5492:

At least 6 dead in Egyptian sectarian violence – CNN.com

5389:"Egyptian Copts, reeling from violence, want protection" 4820:"10. Tribal Fanaticism reigns supreme in southern Egypt" 4713:"English Translation of Egypt's 2013 Draft Constitution" 6760:"أبو إسلام تحت طائلة سب المسيحيات والدولة متهمة بالصمت" 3484:

in Helwan killing 11 people including a police officer.

7753:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

6008: 5473:

9 قتلى و109 مصاباً في إشتباكات طائفية في مصر بسبب فتاة

4290:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

3660:

Religion in Egypt#Freedom of religion and human rights

2453:. Their treatment is indicative of the poor status of 7681:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

7534:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

6607:"Coptic Orthodox church burns down in Western Canada" 6016:"Egypt's Coptic Christians flee Sinai after killings" 5736:"Coptic family killed by Islamists in Libya – Watani" 5309:"After the Egyptian Revolution: The Wars of Religion" 4686:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

4612: 4610: 4608: 3988:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

3327:, and the first time the Cathedral had been attacked. 5105:"Alexandria church bomb: Egypt police on high alert" 4871:"EGYPT NOW SAYS 10 DEAD IN MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN CLASHES" 4127:

al Turtushi, Siraj al Muluk, Cairo 1872, pp 229-230.

5632: 5630: 4702:

See drop-down essay on "Religious Freedom in Egypt"

4645: 4643: 4618:"Twin attacks kill at least 45 Christians in Egypt" 4109: 6675: 6625:"Egyptian Christian Girl, 13, Abducted By Muslims" 5574:"Egypt Christians vent fury after clashes kill 25" 4605: 4398: 4331:. Themes in Islamic Studies. Vol. 2. Boston: 4232: 5371:"Egypt to lift restrictions on building churches" 4547: 4233:Yahya Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad b. (15 December 2022). 3864: 3441:February 2017 – terrorist groups fighting in the 3394:. Subsequently, the victims were commemorated as 3038:lost its majority status after the 14th century. 2993:"the law of differentiation" – in this case, the 2297:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8041: 6737:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 6042:"Church bombings in Egypt kill 37, wound dozens" 5888: 5638:"Two more dead after sectarian clashes in Egypt" 5627: 4640: 3756:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2928:had to apply for all such permits, and the 1934 6646: 6644: 6158:"Egyptian Coptic priest killed in Cairo attack" 5571: 3555:Abduction and forced conversion of Coptic women 3545:responsible was sentenced to 4 years in prison. 3428:following a number of beheadings by that group. 3084:officials have stopped actual construction. In 2886: 1941:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 7432:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 7426:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 5714:"Muslim Brotherhood Slaughter Christian Woman" 5602: 5534: 5485: 3705:Egypt: Roman Rule and the Rise of Christianity 2626:branch, which led to their persecution by the 1417:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7613:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 7420:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 7065: 7017: 6921: 6754: 6752: 5804: 5381: 4373:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) 4103: 3253:were leaving a New Year's Eve Church service. 2867: 2422: 397: 7735:Violence against Hindus in independent India 6683:"Christian minority under pressure in Egypt" 6641: 6097:Walsh, Declan; Youssef, Nour (26 May 2017). 6096: 5940: 4962: 4927: 3909:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office 37:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to 7947:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 7462:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 7003: 5974:Fernandez, Alberto M. (February 22, 2017). 5512:"Egypt sentences Copts over church scuffle" 5407: 5341:"Ten dead after Copt-Muslim clash in Cairo" 5159:. Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 8 January 2011. 4674: 4301: 3976: 3675:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 2514:is said to have founded the Holy Apostolic 1633:List of people killed for being transgender 52:and maintains a consistent citation style. 7072: 7058: 6979: 6749: 6476:"مصر.. التحقيق مع شرطي قتل قبطيين بالرصاص" 5282:"Christians slaughtered in southern Egypt" 5087:"Tensions high after Egypt church bombing" 4916: 4914: 4265:. Austin Macauley. June 2020. p. 43. 4212:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. 4073: 4016:"Some Coptic Legends about Roman Emperors" 3670:Controversies related to Islam and Muslims 3370:. An eyewitness told the Egyptian TV show 2874: 2860: 2614:as erroneous and insisted on being called 2429: 2415: 404: 390: 7582:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 5973: 5943:"ISIS claims deadly Cairo church bombing" 5921: 4520: 4493: 4292:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp. 66–78 4138:The Caliphs And Their Non Muslim Subjects 3821:Egypt and Libya: A Year of Serious Abuses 3727:"How many Christians are there in Egypt?" 3650:Human rights in Muslim-majority countries 3640:Human rights in Egypt#Freedom of religion 3501:15 January – A Coptic man was killed in 94:Learn how and when to remove this message 7018:Thomas, David; Roggema, Barbara (2009), 6034: 5540: 5306: 4705: 4355: 4326: 4013: 3870: 3579:published a study of the abductions and 3558: 3212:Machine gun attack by three MBs from an 705:Social determinants of health in poverty 7546:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 5922:Watkinson, William (13 December 2016). 5894: 5615:from the original on September 18, 2012 5565: 5433: 4911: 4769:"Tribal infighting plagues Upper Egypt" 4743:"In Qena elections, Copts have no fear" 3957: 3438:killed 29 people and injured 47 others. 3300:, and also insulted Egyptian President 2495:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 2461:is native to the Middle East, and that 2457:more widely, despite the fact that the 8042: 7492:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 6663:from the original on November 23, 2010 6650: 5930:from the original on 13 December 2016. 5482:. Elaph.com. Retrieved on 12 May 2011. 5466: 5240:from the original on December 20, 2011 4649: 4494:Johnstone, Patrick (17 January 2014). 4376:. American Univ in Cairo Press. 2010. 3724: 2551:The practice precipitated the rise of 2449:are historic and widespread issues in 7741:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 7053: 6848:from the original on 29 November 2014 6822:from the original on 29 November 2014 6792:from the original on 14 December 2014 5955:from the original on 16 December 2016 5903:from the original on 22 February 2017 5818:from the original on 18 November 2015 5603:Ibrahim, Ekram (September 18, 2012). 5584:from the original on October 10, 2011 5421:from the original on 14 December 2014 5395:from the original on 14 December 2014 5227: 5200: 5169: 5066:from the original on October 30, 2012 4885: 4881:from the original on January 3, 2017. 4826:from the original on 22 December 2015 4723:from the original on 18 December 2013 4205: 4178: 3883:from the original on 24 December 2016 3571:Coptic women and girls are abducted, 3163:in riots in the village of Al Kosheh, 2939:One day while sitting in the mosque, 8080:Persecution of Christians by Muslims 6960: 6900:from the original on 9 November 2013 6874:from the original on 25 January 2016 6766:from the original on 9 November 2013 6736: 6004:from the original on March 22, 2017. 5572:Elyan and Blair (October 10, 2011). 5300: 5209:from the original on January 4, 2011 5182:from the original on January 1, 2011 5115:from the original on 4 January 2011. 4749:from the original on 25 January 2016 4594: 4396: 4295: 4239:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 217. 4115: 3939:from the original on 25 January 2016 3839: 3749: 2987:used it in their religious festivals 2971:. He also outlawed the use of wine ( 1439:Capital punishment for homosexuality 710:Social determinants of mental health 17: 7885:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 7835:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 7747:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 7540:Christianization of the Sámi people 6715:. World Watch Monitor. 2017-09-14. 6693:from the original on March 22, 2017 5553:from the original on 6 January 2015 5351:from the original on March 21, 2012 5039:"بوابة مصرية وطنية – wataninet.com" 4844: 3871:Eltahawy, Mona (22 December 2016). 3292:which were allegedly defamatory to 3242:A car bomb exploded in front of an 2660:Part of a series of articles on the 1559:Genital modification and mutilation 44:Please consider converting them to 13: 8055:Anti-Christian sentiment in Africa 6629:Assyrian International News Agency 6022:from the original on 29 April 2017 5859: 5541:Kingsley, Patrick (7 April 2013). 5307:Abouzeid, Rania (March 10, 2011). 5228:Knell, Yolande (January 1, 2011). 5201:Saleh, Yasmine (January 1, 2011). 5170:Knell, Yolande (January 1, 2011). 5084: 4628:from the original on 29 April 2017 4500:. InterVarsity Press. p. 49. 4390: 3577:Christian Solidarity International 2983:used wine in their religious rites 2555:, for which the Egyptians, namely 2534:. Beginning in 284 AD the Emperor 14: 8101: 7729:Violence against Muslims in India 7723:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 7669:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 7038: 6651:Abrams, Joseph (April 21, 2010). 6160:. 12 October 2017. Archived from 5941:Staff writer (13 December 2016). 5644:from the original on July 9, 2015 5288:from the original on 6 March 2012 5019:from the original on May 11, 2011 4400:"Do Copts have a future in Egypt" 4064:(One World (Oxford)), 2000, p. 32 3852:from the original on June 3, 2010 3392:beheading of 21 Coptic Christians 8024: 6886: 6860: 6834: 6804: 6778: 6730: 6705: 6617: 6599: 6585: 6567: 6553: 6539: 6525: 6511: 6497: 6486: 6468: 6443: 6419: 6393: 6375: 6354: 6332: 6310: 6288: 6263: 6245: 6220: 6202: 6176: 6150: 6018:. Al Jazeera. 26 February 2017. 5790:"مقتل طبيب مصري مسيحي وزوجته في" 5093:from the original on 2011-01-03. 4662:from the original on 19 May 2017 4411:from the original on 2017-06-20. 3680:Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment 3532:18 April 2021 – A Coptic man in 3225:A 2010 New Year's Eve attack by 2677: 2052:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1881:Law for Protection of the Nation 1775:White genocide conspiracy theory 435: 373: 128: 22: 8001:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 7971:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 6915: 6719:from the original on 2018-09-13 6120: 6109:from the original on 2017-05-30 6090: 6079:from the original on 2017-05-07 6059: 6048:from the original on 2017-04-09 5986: 5967: 5934: 5915: 5877:from the original on 2016-06-12 5848:from the original on 2017-04-29 5830: 5782: 5768: 5754: 5728: 5706: 5681: 5656: 5596: 5504: 5454:from the original on 2011-05-09 5363: 5333: 5274: 5252: 5221: 5203:"Bomb kills 21 at Egypt Church" 5194: 5163: 5149: 5119: 5097: 5078: 5052: 5031: 5001: 4975: 4940: 4863: 4838: 4812: 4786: 4775:from the original on 2016-03-04 4761: 4735: 4588: 4541: 4514: 4487: 4463: 4439: 4415: 4364: 4356:Guirguis, Fatin Morris (2010). 4349: 4320: 4253: 4226: 4199: 4172: 4163: 4144: 4130: 4121: 4079: 4054: 4007: 3951: 3873:"Egypt's Cruelty to Christians" 3842:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians" 3752:"Asyūṭ in the 1260's (1844-53)" 3655:Persecution of Christians#Egypt 3645:Human rights in the Middle East 3519: 3390:released a video depicting the 3174:International Christian Concern 2665: 2505: 1886:MSM blood donation restrictions 1628:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 7989:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 7959:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 7693:Communist Romanian persecution 7010:History of the Byzantine State 5895:Hendawi, Hamza (26 May 2016). 5518:. May 29, 2011. Archived from 5062:. Arab news. January 8, 2010. 4895:. 23 July 2011. Archived from 4650:Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). 3921: 3895: 3814: 3790: 3743: 3718: 3696: 3409:, which is February 15 of the 3138:school teacher giving a class. 3113: 2652: 2500: 1899:(as religious or racial quota) 48:to ensure the article remains 1: 8070:History of Oriental Orthodoxy 8007:2024 Istanbul church shooting 7983:Christchurch mosque shootings 7771:Religious violence in Nigeria 7765:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 6963:Medieval Islamic Civilization 6925:Studies in World Christianity 4595:Lane, Edward William (1860). 3725:Hacket, Conrad (2011-02-16). 3690: 3066: 2610:, however, rejected the term 2546:' and is commemorated in the 2518:and to have become its first 2478:ou Remenkīmi en.E khristianos 2455:Christians in the Middle East 2329:Second-generation gender bias 2037:Constitutional colorblindness 700:Social determinants of health 8085:Islamist attacks on churches 8075:Human rights abuses in Egypt 7897:War crimes in the Kosovo War 7687:Communist Polish persecution 7558:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 7486:Crusades against schismatics 6362:"الأقباط متحدون -باسم شحاته" 3840:Zaki, Moheb (May 18, 2010). 3417: 3360: 3282: 3197: 3001:"belt" (Greek ζωνάριον) and 2887:The Muslim conquest of Egypt 7: 5060:"Church attack spark riots" 4524:The lesser eastern churches 4185:. OUP Oxford. p. 120. 3830:, hrw.org, January 24, 2010 3628: 3345:– a member of the Islamist 2445:and discrimination against 2240:Medical model of disability 2084:Hate speech laws by country 10: 8106: 7013:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 5640:. Reuters. April 8, 2013. 4548:Little, Donald P. (1976). 4527:. AMS Press. p. 247. 4521:Fortescue, Adrian (1913). 4206:Meral, Ziya (2018-08-23). 3573:forced to convert to Islam 3172:February and April 2001 – 2963:could no longer celebrate 2930:Ten Conditions of Al-Ezabi 2890: 2780:Alexandria and Tanta, 2017 2542:. It became known as the ' 2475:ⲟⲩⲣⲉⲙ'ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ 'ⲛ'Ⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓ'ⲁⲛⲟⲥ 2447:Coptic Orthodox Christians 2349:Social model of disability 755:Discrimination against men 8065:Persecution of Christians 8021: 7929:South Thailand insurgency 7905:Walisongo school massacre 7873:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 7522:Expulsion of the Moriscos 7498:European wars of religion 7412: 7256: 7091: 4566:10.1017/S0041977X00051004 4306:. Sussex Academic Press. 4032:10.1017/S0009838800005851 3434:On 11 December 2016, the 3161:20 Christians were killed 2574:In 451 AD, following the 1680:Opposition to immigration 549:Race / Ethnicity 7319:Extrajudicial punishment 4397:Shea, Nina (June 2017). 4014:Winstedt, E. O. (1909). 3685: 3436:Botroseya Church bombing 3153: 2899:Muslim conquest of Egypt 2630:imperial authorities in 1675:Occupational segregation 1444:Compulsory sterilization 8012:Crocus City Hall attack 7759:Persecution of Tibetans 7516:French Wars of Religion 7438:Yellow Turban Rebellion 6961:Meri, Josef W. (2005). 6044:. Reuters. 2017-04-09. 4179:Stilt, Kristen (2011). 4020:The Classical Quarterly 3846:The Wall Street Journal 3602:The synchronization of 3488: 3458:Palm Sunday processions 3323:Christians complained 3227:Islamic fundamentalists 2959:, who decreed that the 2225:Internalized oppression 2079:Fighting Discrimination 2069:Fat acceptance movement 2027:Anti-discrimination law 1653:Native American mascots 380:Christianity portal 109:Part of a series on the 7965:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 7941:Maspero demonstrations 7789:Huế Phật Đản shootings 4062:Egypt: A Short History 3958:Premier (2018-05-09). 3750:Walz, Terence (1978). 3665:Christianity and Islam 3568: 3247:Coptic Orthodox Church 3104:national football team 3081: 3060: 2618:. The majority of the 2344:Social identity threat 2317:Reverse discrimination 2307:Racial color blindness 1765:Violence against women 1745:Sex-selective abortion 352:Coptic Catholic Church 347:Coptic Orthodox Church 7935:Boko Haram insurgency 7594:Pontic Greek genocide 7504:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 7314:Extrajudicial killing 7081:Religious persecution 6938:10.3366/swc.2013.0058 6689:. December 17, 2010. 6000:. February 20, 2017. 5377:on November 25, 2011. 4656:Brookings Institution 4262:A Sword over the Nile 4160:Paul Halsall Jan 1996 4156:16 April 2016 at the 3635:Christianity in Egypt 3562: 3235:bombing in Alexandria 3076: 3055: 3029:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2957:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 2893:Islamization of Egypt 2699:Human rights in Egypt 2694:Christianity in Egypt 2526:writings appeared in 2463:Christianity in Egypt 2312:Religious intolerance 2272:Political correctness 2094:Intersex human rights 2042:Cultural assimilation 1710:Religious persecution 1474:Disability hate crime 1241:Jewish / Antisemitism 8050:Persecution of Copts 7917:September 11 attacks 7853:1984 anti-Sikh riots 7717:Rawalpindi massacres 7663:White Terror (Spain) 7474:Massacre at Ayyadieh 7359:Population cleansing 6762:. 16 February 2013. 6482:. December 13, 2018. 5814:. 21 February 2015. 5668:The Washington Times 5522:on November 28, 2011 5270:on February 1, 2011. 4692:on December 20, 2011 4302:Nissim Dana (2003). 3994:on December 20, 2011 3451:Ismailia Governorate 3306:Al-Jamaa Al-Islamiya 3205:Nag Hammadi massacre 3063:could not be found. 2580:Church of Alexandria 2576:Council of Chalcedon 2443:persecution of Copts 1695:Political repression 660:Anti-left handedness 650:Anti-intellectualism 7829:Bangladesh genocide 7809:Cultural Revolution 7801:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 7564:Circassian genocide 7450:Rhineland massacres 7364:Population transfer 7329:Forced displacement 7136:Jehovah's Witnesses 7005:Ostrogorsky, George 6507:. 13 December 2018. 5778:. 25 December 2014. 5447:The Washington Post 4989:. November 23, 2002 4987:The Free Lance-Star 4719:. 6 December 2013. 3731:Pew Research Center 3141:12 February 1997 – 3072:Edward William Lane 3036:Coptic Christianity 2704:Secularism in Egypt 2647:Cyrus of Alexandria 2512:Mark the Evangelist 2220:Historical eugenics 1735:Segregation academy 1715:Religious terrorism 1504:Enemy of the people 1412:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 900:Jehovah's Witnesses 780:Perpetual foreigner 7923:2002 Gujarat riots 7847:Cambodian genocide 7841:Lebanese Civil War 7619:Soviet persecution 7456:Jerusalem massacre 7369:Sectarian violence 7354:Political violence 6535:. 16 October 2020. 6259:. January 1, 2018. 6233:. 30 December 2017 6164:on 8 November 2017 6138:on 23 October 2017 6103:The New York Times 5948:Al Arabiya English 5792:. 23 December 2014 5742:. 30 December 2014 5497:2011-05-11 at the 5478:2011-05-12 at the 5111:. 3 January 2011. 5015:. April 20, 2009. 4983:"Copts Under Fire" 4875:The New York Times 4845:ACN (2022-02-11). 4800:. 20 February 2015 4584:– via JSTOR. 4104:ThomasRoggema 2009 4076:, p. 187-194. 4060:Jankowski, James, 3877:The New York Times 3826:2011-07-04 at the 3569: 3510:bus-load of Coptic 3482:Saint Menas church 3411:Gregorian calendar 3368:Muslim Brotherhood 3347:Muslim Brotherhood 3341:against President 3339:July 3 coup d'état 3051:forced conversions 3007:People of the Book 2719:Terrorism in Egypt 2709:Judiciary of Egypt 2666:Modern persecution 2486:Human Rights Watch 2465:dates back to the 2124:Social integration 2119:Self-determination 2109:Racial integration 2057:Diversity training 2047:Cultural pluralism 2022:Affirmative action 1914:Racial segregation 1824:Crime of apartheid 1720:Religious violence 1205:Indigenous people 576:Sexual orientation 362:Evangelical Church 8090:Islamic terrorism 8037: 8036: 7977:Rohingya genocide 7705:Direct Action Day 7657:Šahovići massacre 7607:Armenian genocide 7601:Assyrian genocide 7488:(13th–15th cent.) 7482:(12th–16th cent.) 7480:Northern Crusades 7324:Forced conversion 7274:Cultural genocide 7269:Communal violence 7146:post–Cold War era 7131:Eastern Orthodoxy 6549:. 8 October 2020. 6521:. 7 October 2020. 6431:www.aljazeera.com 6407:. 3 November 2018 6190:. 12 October 2017 6188:Egypt Independent 5871:Morning Star News 5609:Egypt Independent 5347:. March 9, 2011. 5321:on March 12, 2011 5137:on 2 January 2012 4970:Passion for Islam 4950:. 30 January 1998 4935:Passion for Islam 4893:"الأقباط الأحرار" 4877:. June 21, 1981. 4851:ACN International 4771:. 10 April 2014. 4507:978-0-8308-5712-8 4192:978-0-19-960243-8 3590:According to the 3472:Minya Governorate 3468:2017 Minya attack 3121:unidentified body 2884: 2883: 2750:Nag Hammadi, 2010 2727:Terrorist attacks 2671:Coptic Christians 2608:non-Chalcedonians 2592:non-Chalcedonians 2516:See of Alexandria 2482:Oriental Orthodox 2439: 2438: 2302:Racism by country 2230:Intersectionality 2215:Heteronormativity 1998:Voter suppression 1740:Sexual harassment 1539:Forced conversion 1459:Cultural genocide 1104:African Americans 910:post–Cold War era 895:Eastern Orthodoxy 645:Anti-drug addicts 640:Anti-homelessness 559:Scientific racism 414: 413: 104: 103: 96: 54:Several templates 8097: 8029: 8028: 7995:2020 Delhi riots 7911:Kosheh massacres 7891:Bosnian genocide 7711:1946 Bihar riots 7374:Social cleansing 7299:Ethnic cleansing 7074: 7067: 7060: 7051: 7050: 7034: 7014: 7000: 6981:Meyendorff, John 6976: 6941: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6613:. July 20, 2021. 6603: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6563:. 18 April 2021. 6557: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6453:. Archived from 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298:. 1 January 2018 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6273:. Archived from 6267: 6261: 6260: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6134:. Archived from 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5740:en.wataninet.com 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5691:. Archived from 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5508: 5502: 5489: 5483: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5439:Ernesto Londono 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5373:. Archived from 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5317:. Archived from 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5284:. Israel Today. 5278: 5272: 5271: 5266:. Archived from 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5133:. Archived from 5123: 5117: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4968:Murphy, Caryle, 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4944: 4938: 4933:Murphy, Caryle, 4931: 4925: 4920:Murphy, Caryle, 4918: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4717:Atlantic Council 4709: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4688:. Archived from 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4624:. 9 April 2017. 4614: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4333:Brill Publishers 4324: 4318: 4317: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4091:British Orthodox 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4011: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990:. Archived from 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3768:10.2307/40000135 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3700: 3581:forced marriages 3443:Sinai insurgency 3181:to Christianity. 2985:) and Jews (who 2922:Hamayouni Decree 2876: 2869: 2862: 2755:Alexandria, 2011 2745:Saint Fana, 2008 2740:Alexandria, 2005 2681: 2680: 2657: 2656: 2622:belonged to the 2476: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2354:Social privilege 2339:Social exclusion 2267:Police brutality 2188:Multiculturalism 2158:Amatonormativity 1973:Social exclusion 1809:Age of candidacy 1603:Homeless dumping 1509:Ethnic cleansing 439: 416: 415: 406: 399: 392: 378: 377: 132: 117: 106: 105: 99: 92: 88: 85: 79: 77: 66: 26: 25: 18: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8023: 8017: 7953:Yazidi genocide 7859:Revival Process 7795:Thích Quảng Đức 7783:Buddhist crisis 7777:Istanbul pogrom 7645:1970–1987 7640:1958–1964 7635:1928–1941 7630:1921–1928 7625:1917–1921 7510:Goa Inquisition 7444:Battle of Tours 7434:(c.550–c. 1200) 7428:(c. 324–c. 491) 7408: 7309:Ethnic violence 7304:Ethnic conflict 7252: 7251: 7250: 7205:minority Muslim 7087: 7078: 7041: 7032: 6997: 6973: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6894:"الأخبار – msn" 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6460: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6435: 6433: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6405:theguardian.com 6399: 6398: 6394: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6112: 6110: 6095: 6091: 6082: 6080: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5939: 5935: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5851: 5849: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5716:. 31 March 2014 5712: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5499:Wayback Machine 5490: 5486: 5480:Wayback Machine 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5417:. 13 May 2011. 5413: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4899:on 23 July 2011 4891: 4890: 4886: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4693: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4648: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4616: 4615: 4606: 4593: 4589: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4475:. p. 568. 4469: 4468: 4464: 4451:. p. 567. 4445: 4444: 4440: 4427:. p. 563. 4421: 4420: 4416: 4405:Foreign Affairs 4395: 4391: 4384: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335:. p. 106. 4325: 4321: 4314: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4158:Wayback Machine 4149: 4145: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4074:Meyendorff 1989 4072: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4012: 4008: 3997: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3838: 3834: 3828:Wayback Machine 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3631: 3614:'asking for it' 3600: 3557: 3522: 3491: 3447:Sinai Peninsula 3420: 3407:Coptic calendar 3380:Ansar al-Sharia 3363: 3285: 3200: 3159:January 2000 – 3156: 3128:Manshiet Nasser 3126:9 March 1992 – 3116: 3069: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2849: 2827:Mohammed Hegazy 2823: 2678: 2668: 2655: 2604:Jacob Baradaeus 2548:Coptic calendar 2508: 2503: 2474: 2435: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2277:Polyculturalism 2173:Civil liberties 2145: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2114:Reappropriation 2014: 2013:Countermeasures 2006: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1931:Racial steering 1897:Numerus clausus 1801: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1514:Ethnic conflict 1449:Corrective rape 1404: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 969:minority Muslim 857: 847: 846: 845: 844: 843: 735:HIV/AIDS stigma 607: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 544:Mental disorder 486: 478: 477: 476: 475: 474: 447: 410: 372: 137: 136: 135: 134: 133: 115: 100: 89: 83: 80: 68: 57: 43: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 8103: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8060:Coptic history 8057: 8052: 8035: 8034: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7979:(2016–ongoing) 7974: 7973:(2014–ongoing) 7968: 7962: 7961:(2014–ongoing) 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7937:(2009–ongoing) 7932: 7931:(2004–ongoing) 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7837:(1971–ongoing) 7832: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7818: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7780: 7774: 7773:(1953–ongoing) 7768: 7762: 7761:(1950–ongoing) 7756: 7755:(1949–ongoing) 7750: 7744: 7738: 7737:(1947–ongoing) 7732: 7731:(1947–ongoing) 7726: 7725:(1947–ongoing) 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7699:Noakhali riots 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7588:Greek genocide 7585: 7579: 7576:Adana massacre 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7440:(c.184–c. 205) 7435: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7389:State religion 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7294:Discrimination 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7246:Zoroastrianism 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7168:Untouchability 7165: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7085:discrimination 7077: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7039:External links 7037: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7015: 7001: 6995: 6977: 6971: 6958: 6932:(3): 208–232. 6917: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6885: 6859: 6833: 6803: 6777: 6748: 6729: 6704: 6674: 6640: 6616: 6598: 6584: 6566: 6552: 6538: 6524: 6510: 6496: 6485: 6467: 6442: 6418: 6392: 6374: 6353: 6342:. January 2018 6331: 6320:. January 2018 6309: 6287: 6262: 6244: 6219: 6201: 6175: 6149: 6119: 6089: 6058: 6033: 6007: 5985: 5966: 5933: 5914: 5887: 5873:. 2016-05-31. 5858: 5844:. 2017-04-28. 5829: 5803: 5781: 5767: 5753: 5727: 5705: 5680: 5655: 5626: 5595: 5564: 5533: 5503: 5484: 5465: 5432: 5406: 5380: 5362: 5332: 5299: 5273: 5264:news.yahoo.com 5251: 5220: 5193: 5162: 5148: 5118: 5096: 5089:. GlobalPost. 5077: 5051: 5030: 5009:"News article" 5000: 4974: 4961: 4939: 4926: 4910: 4884: 4862: 4837: 4811: 4785: 4760: 4734: 4704: 4673: 4639: 4604: 4601:. p. 108. 4587: 4560:(3): 552–569. 4540: 4533: 4513: 4506: 4486: 4462: 4438: 4414: 4389: 4382: 4363: 4348: 4341: 4319: 4312: 4294: 4278: 4271: 4252: 4245: 4225: 4218: 4198: 4191: 4171: 4162: 4143: 4129: 4120: 4118:, p. 205. 4108: 4106:, p. 362. 4096: 4078: 4066: 4053: 4026:(3): 218–222. 4006: 3975: 3950: 3920: 3894: 3863: 3832: 3813: 3789: 3742: 3717: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3599: 3596: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3464: 3461: 3454: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3384: 3376: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3337:Following the 3334: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3310: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3209: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3182: 3165: 3164: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3124: 3115: 3112: 3068: 3065: 3025:Constantine IX 3011:Holy Sepulchre 2888: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2845:Zakaria Botros 2842: 2836: 2834: 2832:Bahaa el-Akkad 2829: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2714:Crime in Egypt 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2638:(450–457) and 2544:Era of Martyrs 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2322:Reverse racism 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2292:Prisoner abuse 2289: 2284: 2282:Power distance 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200:Ethnic penalty 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193:Neurodiversity 2190: 2180: 2178:Dehumanization 2175: 2170: 2168:Cisnormativity 2165: 2160: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2144:Related topics 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1988:State religion 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1924:Nuremberg Laws 1921: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866:Ghetto benches 1863: 1861:Gerrymandering 1858: 1853: 1848: 1846:Gender pay gap 1843: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1623:Lavender scare 1620: 1618:Kill Haole Day 1615: 1613:Indian rolling 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499:Eliminationism 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434:Cancel culture 1431: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1403:Manifestations 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283:Middle Eastern 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1010:Zoroastrianism 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 986: 985: 975: 974: 973: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 936: 935: 934: 932:Untouchability 929: 919: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 882: 877: 872: 867: 861: 860: 859: 858: 853: 852: 849: 848: 842: 841: 836: 831: 830: 829: 824: 819: 809: 808: 807: 802: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 745:Leprosy stigma 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 611: 610: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 562: 561: 556: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 490: 489: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 451: 450: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 432: 431: 429:Discrimination 425: 424: 412: 411: 409: 408: 401: 394: 386: 383: 382: 369: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 354: 349: 341: 340: 336: 335: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 293: 283: 273: 268: 263: 255: 254: 250: 249: 248: 247: 245:Writing system 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 211: 210: 205: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 144: 143: 139: 138: 127: 126: 125: 124: 123: 120: 119: 111: 110: 102: 101: 46:full citations 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8102: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8032: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879:Yugoslav Wars 7877: 7874: 7871: 7866: 7865:Big Excursion 7863: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7675:The Holocaust 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7570:Dungan Revolt 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7384:State atheism 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:Deprogramming 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231:Protestantism 7229: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7141:LDS or Mormon 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7033: 7031:9789004169753 7027: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6996:9780881410556 6992: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6972:9780415966900 6968: 6965:. Routledge. 6964: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6645: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6548: 6542: 6534: 6528: 6520: 6514: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6457:on 2018-12-15 6456: 6452: 6446: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6335: 6319: 6313: 6297: 6291: 6277:on 2018-07-07 6276: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5709: 5695:on 2017-10-14 5694: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5619:September 19, 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5085:Jensen, Jon. 5081: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4644: 4627: 4623: 4622:The Economist 4619: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4534:9780404025175 4530: 4526: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4383:9789774160936 4379: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4342:90-04-11373-8 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4313:1-903900-36-0 4309: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4272:9781643787619 4268: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4246:9781788314190 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4219:9781108429009 4215: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3908: 3907: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3561: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3541:co-defendant. 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343:Mohamed Morsi 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3312:According to 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302:Mohamed Morsi 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2941:Amr ibn al-As 2937: 2935: 2934:Sidhom Bishay 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2819:Master Malati 2817: 2815: 2814:Sidhom Bishay 2812: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775:Abbasia, 2016 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2765:Maspero, 2011 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644:monotheletist 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:Chalcedonians 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540:Coptic Church 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:New Testament 2521: 2517: 2513: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2376:Social stigma 2374: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2010: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1983:State atheism 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1919:Jim Crow laws 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1904:One-drop rule 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819:Blood quantum 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760:Victimisation 1758: 1756: 1755:Trans bashing 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725:Religious war 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1705:Racialization 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:Glass ceiling 1574: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1519:Ethnic hatred 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1454:Counter-jihad 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219:United States 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082:United States 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 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Reuters. 5186:October 10, 5141:28 February 5070:October 10, 5023:October 10, 4924:, pp. 236–7 4727:24 December 3887:22 December 3762:: 113–126. 3711:19 December 3401:on the 8th 3114:1980s–1990s 2926:Coptic Pope 2795:Minya, 2018 2785:Minya, 2017 2770:Libya, 2015 2653:Islamic era 2616:Miaphysites 2598:(and later 2553:monasticism 2528:Oxyrhynchus 2501:Ancient era 2104:Nonviolence 2099:LGBT rights 2064:Empowerment 2032:Anti-racism 1946:Segregation 1891:No kid zone 1685:Persecution 1598:Hate speech 1549:Gay bashing 1524:Ethnic joke 1479:Dog whistle 1424:Blood libel 1094:Azerbaijani 990:Neopaganism 983:Persecution 944:Persecution 927:Persecution 890:Catholicism 870:Exclusivism 812:Transphobia 795:Supremacism 750:Lesbophobia 670:Aporophobia 635:Anti-autism 470:Taste-based 465:Statistical 235:Persecution 230:Nationalism 220:Monasticism 199:Literature 8044:Categories 7464:(643–1526) 7339:Iconoclasm 7334:Hate crime 7264:Censorship 7153:Falun Gong 6786:"الرئيسية" 6723:2017-12-25 6697:January 1, 6634:2020-11-28 6461:2018-12-13 6436:2018-11-04 6411:3 November 6281:2018-01-02 6214:مصراوي.كوم 6113:2017-05-31 6083:2017-05-07 6052:2017-04-09 5881:2016-06-05 5852:2017-04-29 5762:"الرئيسية" 5699:2017-10-15 5458:2011-05-08 4972:, p.247, 9 4856:2022-11-04 4798:Al-Monitor 4779:2015-07-20 3969:2019-10-14 3807:2023-07-26 3736:2023-10-25 3691:References 3565:Alexandria 3534:Bir al-Abd 3383:untouched. 3372:90 Minutes 3325:revolution 3251:Christians 3244:Alexandria 3187:Christians 3143:Abu Qurqas 3067:Modern era 3044:Al-Maqrizi 2961:Christians 2891:See also: 2624:Miaphysite 2561:St. Bakhum 2557:St. Antony 2536:Diocletian 2386:Stereotype 2381:Speciesism 2262:Oppression 2257:Oikophobia 2153:Allophilia 2129:Toleration 1978:Sodomy law 1871:Internment 1785:Witch-hunt 1663:Blackhawks 1593:Hate group 1581:Hate crime 1554:Gendercide 1544:Freak show 1534:Excellence 1494:Employment 1464:Defamation 1383:Vietnamese 1378:Venezuelan 1263:Lithuanian 917:Falun Gong 839:Xenophobia 834:Vegaphobia 817:Non-binary 775:Pedophobia 740:Homophobia 554:Skin color 514:Disability 485:Attributes 460:Structural 240:Philosophy 50:verifiable 7815:Four Olds 7528:Test Acts 7394:Terrorism 7236:Rastafari 7185:Ahmadiyya 7024:, BRILL, 6956:1750-0230 6948:1354-9901 6904:6 January 6878:2 January 6852:6 January 6826:6 January 6796:6 January 6770:6 January 6387:أخبارك.نت 5557:6 January 5516:France 24 5325:March 11, 5044:6 January 4830:2 January 4804:2 January 4753:2 January 4582:170719417 4116:Meri 2005 4048:171011141 3943:2 January 3802:Al Bawaba 3776:0065-9991 3623:sharameet 3619:Crusaders 3610:Abu Islam 3466:26 May – 3418:2016–2017 3361:2014–2015 3283:2012–2013 3198:2010–2011 3019:Byzantine 3015:Holy Fire 2903:Heraclius 2628:Byzantine 2620:Egyptians 2600:Jacobites 2520:Patriarch 2469:. 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