Persian campaign (World War I)

2279: 2074: 52: 2093: 1934: 1636: 685: 643: 630: 406: 395: 176: 1618: 495: 486: 475: 464: 209: 2061:, began to advance against Baratov. For his part, Baratov hoped to capture Khanaqin and advance to Baghdad, sensing an opportunity to take the city as the British and Ottomans exhausted one another. On 3 June, he attacked Khanaqin once again, but, this time, the balance had changed. The Ottoman XIII Corps successful repulsed Baratov's forces, and launched a counterattack. Ali İhsan Bey captured Kermanshah on 2 July and Hamadan on 10 August. Having lost half of his men, Baratov was forced to retreat north, stopping at the Sultan Bulak range. In August 1916, the gendarmes returned to Kermanshah. 1857: 454: 443: 432: 421: 194: 1603: 1567: 1553: 590: 355: 344: 333: 322: 383: 374: 365: 163: 1868:

one of the fiercest battles between the Armenians and the Turks. The first battalion of the Armenian volunteers, under the command of the Andranik repulsed the attacks of Khalil Bey, until the Russian Chernozubov arrived. The newly-arrived Russian forces from the Caucasus were able to put Khalil Bey to flight. A poorly executed night raid on 14 April cost Halil Bey around 2,000 casualties. He lost 3,600 soldiers in the course of those three days. General Nazarbekov managed to push Halil Pasha regulars towards

2018: 1785:. Contact was limited to skirmishes on the border of northern Persia. The presence of Russian cavalry units kept them quiet. Enver established troops from conscripted at Constantinople . This unit was given under the command of Khalil Bey. While Halil Bey's troops were preparing for the operation, a small group had already crossed the Persian frontier. After repulsing a Russian offensive toward Van, Van Gendarmerie Division , a lightly equipped paramilitary formation, had chased the enemy into Persia. 5870: 660: 1589: 2736:, p.123: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the various armies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million while an influenza pandemic killed additional tens of thousands." 152: 2364:

Dilman was captured on 18 June. On 24 June, Ozanian's forces managed to defeat opposing units and besiege the city of Khoy. The 12th Division came to the rescue and repulsed Ozanian's forces. At the same time, the 5th Division of the IV Corps had to retreat in the face of a 1,500-strong Armenian force. In the south, Urmia fall to the IV Corps on 31 July. By the end of July, there was an increasing British presence in Persia and the Ninth Army's advance came to a halt.

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d'état of 1921 and the emergence of Reza Khan were assisted by the British government, which wished to halt Bolshevik penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to British India. It was later claimed by the British government that Britain provided "ammunition, supplies, and pay" for Reza's troops. However, Reza Shah's later anti-British actions, including fighting and deposing the puppets of the British government in Iran, such as

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Division at the town of Hankin, in an attempt to encircle them. However, they were too thinly spread; their infantry were held in check, while their encircling cavalry were crushed. The Ottoman forces took lighter casualties than the Russians: 85 killed, 276 wounded, and 68 missing. This gave the Turks valuable time to strengthen their defenses. On 8 June, they crossed the border back into Persia.

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eventually effect a juncture with the British forces stationed in Mesopotamia. In fact, a Cossack company of five officers and 110 men left Baratov's Russian division on 8 May, rode southward for about 180 miles through the territory of disaffected tribesmen, crossed several mountain passes at altitudes of up to 8,000 feet, and reached the British front on the Tigris on 18 May.

2372:, Iraq. Towards the end of September it was decided to raise four battalions from the Assyrians and Armenians refugees at Bakubah along the lines of an Indian Infantry battalion. 2nd Battalion was established by Van Armenians. The 3rd Battalion was established by Armenians from other regions. The G.O.C. North Persian Force decided to locate his 2nd Battalion to 2245:. Berlin and the Porte began to dispute possession of the provinces along the Russian/Ottoman border. Enver Pasha believed that Germany had disregarded Turkish interests when the terms of the armistice were negotiated with Russia, and moved to disregard German interests in turn, sending armed forces to the region to oppose the British. A newly established 2656:"Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire" (London: HMSO, 1920). Page 778. South Persian Rifles not included. Figures may be underestimated. Details for British Indian Army in Persia: 25 Indian officers, 1,779 Indian other ranks, and 670 Indian followers dead from all causes. 11 officers, 454 other ranks, and 6 followers wounded. 1876:(15 April 1915), securing the situation. Halil Bey received the following cable from Enver Pasha and leave this theater of war: "Van is silenced. Roads to Bitlis and Iraq are under danger. In order to avoid even greater threats, withdraw as soon as possible and join the Third Army which would take control of these gateways." 1333:, claimed that if the Russians could be beaten in the key cities of Persia, it could open the way to Azerbaijan, to Central Asia and to India. Enver Pasha envisioned an extended cooperation between these newly establishing nationalistic states, if they were to be removed from European influence. This was his 1812:) who were to move towards Tabriz from the bridgehead established at Qotur. However, the Battle of Sarıkamısh depleted the Ottoman forces and these forces to be deployed to Persia were needed elsewhere. On 10 January the 5th Expeditionary Force, which was on the way to Persia, was rerouted north to the 2173:

Count Kaunitz disappeared without a trace, having either killed himself or been assassinated by disenchanted coup members. The premature coup was crushed in Tehran as Ahmad Shah Qajar took refuge in the Russian legation, and a sizable Russian force arrived to Tehran under Baratov after they landed in

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of the new Pahlavi dynasty (1925). Reza Shah curtailed the power of the Majlis, effectively turning it into a rubber stamp. While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade secured Tehran, a Persian envoy in Moscow negotiated a treaty with the Bolsheviks for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. The coup

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On 26 February 1916, the Russians advanced and defeated the gendarmes, who then retreated to Qasr-i-Shirin and managed to hold the region until May 1916, when it was captured by the Russians. This time, many gendarmes gave up the fight, leaving to live in exile in Istanbul, Mosul and Baghdad. In the

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In January 1916, Baratov's forces drove off the Turks and Persian tribesman and occupied Hamedan. They proceeded to capture Kermanshah on 26 February, and Kharind on 12 March. By the middle of May, Baratov had reached the Ottoman frontier, 150 miles from Baghdad. It was expected that this unit would

1989:, had orders to push southwest to Hamadan and Kermanshah, opening the way to Baghdad. The second column advanced to Isfahan, by way of Kum and Kashan. Another detachment of the Russian Caucasus Army marched on Tehran. On 14 November, the Austro-Hungarian and German Ministers left the capital. Still, 1883:

had got through to Persia. An Armenian volunteer unit with Andranik, along with 1200 men, and commander Chernoroyal's division dispatched toward the Bashkaleh. On 7 May, they captured Bashkaleh. This group from Persia reach the City of Van on 18 May. They had expected to find Van still in a state of

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project. His political position was based on the assumption that none of the European colonial powers possessed the resources to withstand the strains of a world war and maintain their direct rule in their Asian colonies. Although nationalist movements throughout the region led to political upheaval

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entered Tabriz. Yakub Shevki faced an Armenian volunteer force of 4,000 men coming from Van. They aimed to break through the Şahtahtı-Tabriz line and join with Ozanian's forces. On 15 June, the 12th Division of the IV Corps defeated this Armenian unit at a battle to the north of Dilman. The city of

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Bey entered Tabriz without facing much resistance, having apparently taken the Russian leadership completely by surprise. Though referred as Khalil Bey by Aram, Omer Fevzi with his (superior) forces captured the city of Urmia in a few hours and marched on Salmast. At the end of 1914, Omer Fevzi who

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In February 1918, the Caucasian Cavalry Corps consisted of Baratov, General Lastochkin, Colonel Bicherakov, Colonel Baron Meden, and about 1000 loyal Kuban and Terek Cossacks. Despite the Russian government's peace agreement, Baratov and his men assisted the British against the Ottomans, while the

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In April 1915, the 1st Expeditionary Force under the command of Halil Bey moved towards northern Persia. The objective was the city of Dilman, and to clean this region from Nazarbekov's forces, which would provide a significant tactical advantage in the Caucasian Campaign. Diliman was the place of

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In late 1920, the Soviet Socialist Republic in Rasht was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Armenians, and this time Kurds, and Azerbaijanis were on their side", reinforced by the Soviet Red Army. But Soviet forces withdrew in 1921, which helped Britain in its

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By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. But they lost the rest of the region to the British. They would hold this territory until the Armistice on 30 October 1918 when the Ottoman Empire signed the

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had several battalions. Each district depending on the tribal grouping furnished one or sometimes two battalions usually under their own chiefs. The strength of battalions was from 600 to 800. They had artillery batteries whose strength ranged from four to eight guns. Irregular troops amounted to

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In early May 1916, at Enver Pasha's insistence, the Ottomans launched a second invasion of Persia. This was undertaken by the XIII Corps, roughly 25,000 troops; the Germans promised to contribute some artillery batteries, but this aid never came. On 3 June, the Russians attacked the 6th Infantry

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was determined to remain in the city, and the Prince of Reuss undertook to hold strategical points with a force of 6,000 Persian gendarmerie, about 3,000 Turkish irregulars, and some number of disaffected Persian tribesmen (a force of approximately 15,000 in all). Nevertheless, by the end of the

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In 1915, Wilhelm Wassmuss conferred with local chiefs and distributed pamphlets urging revolt. He was arrested by a local chief, and turned over to the British, but managed to escape. He hoped to incite a revolt through pro-German members of the Persian government, in conjunction with an Ottoman

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The new government removed the Grand Duke from his command and reassigned General Yudenich to a meaningless position in Central Asia, prompting his resignation. Around this time, the Russian army underwent a general disintegration, and there was no effective military force for the rest of 1917.

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On 3 February 1915, General Nazarbekov launched a counter-offensive. This time, the Van Gendarmerie Division succeeded in holding its lines. In early March, Nazarbekov attacked with a stronger force, numbering seven battalions. On 7 March, Van Gendarmerie Division evacuated Dilman and began to

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guns; their total strength did not exceed 2,000. Besides this force, in 1912 Russia obtained the formal consent of the Persian government to the formation of a similar Cossack Brigade at Tabriz under Russian officers. The consent of the government was given as a condition for the withdrawal of

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On 28 July 1914, the First World War began. First the Ottoman Empire did not take any serious action. However, the security of the region began to decline even before the Russian-Ottoman conflicts. Disturbances began along the border. A notable attack was made on Urmia, ostensibly by Kurdish

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between the Russians and British. The treaty was signed at a time when German imperial expansion into the region was underway and the agreement served both Russia and Britain by providing a counterweight to increasing German regional influence and potential future expansion into the region.

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for negotiations. Nikitin assured the Assyrians that, after the war, they would be granted land in Russia. The presence of the armed squads of Assyrians in Urmia irritated the Persians, who feared that the Russians might return and, united with the Assyrians, take power in the city.

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towards Van. However, the Russian advance toward the Caucuses campaign did not last long. The Russian forces suffered reverses. The command of Khalil Bey Eleven divisions of regular troops attacked the very center of the Russian Caucasian advance. A few days later, because of the

2408:'s political vision ("If Russians are beaten in the key cities of Persia, they could be forced to out from the region") failed as Russian and Bakhtiari troops landed in 1920 and forced the pro-Turkish Majlis to disband. The immediate outcome of the Campaign was the 2367:

During July 1918, the British Army captured the greater portion of Mesopotamia during the Mesopotamian Campaign, as well as a large parts of Iranian Azerbaijan. Preparations were made for the establishment of a large camp for Assyrian and Armenian refugees near

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In 1918, about half of the Assyrians of Persia died of Turkish and Kurdish massacres and related outbreaks of starvation and disease. About 80 percent of Assyrian clergy and spiritual leaders had perished, threatening the nation's ability to survive as a unit.

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provinces from time to time. The government-controlled gendarmerie had gradually established themselves, although not wholly, and engaged a number of tribesmen. The authorities constructed posts along the routes which they held at the outbreak of war.

2825: 1197:. The fighting also involved local Persian units, who fought against the Entente and Ottoman forces in Iran. The conflict proved to be a devastating experience for Persia. Over 2 million Persian civilians died in the conflict, mostly due to the 2136:

On 12 June 1916, the British advance in southern Persia (led by Percy Sykes) reached the Kerman. From here, he supported the Russians operations against the Ottoman Empire until June 1917, when he was withdrawn with the new Persian government.

2230:. In the following months, however, Baratov's forces began to suffer desertions. By November, the situation was so dire that Baratov had barely an effective regiment to hand, many of his cossacks having returned to their Stanisa villages. 1973:

were also defeated by the Russians. The gendarmes then retreated to Kermanshah. On 10 November 1915, pro-Central Powers Gendarmerie under Ali Quli Khan Pasyan defeated the pro-British Khamseh tribal forces of Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk

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Erickson 2001, pp. 237–238, Appendix F. Battle casualties only. First invasion (1915): 200 killed, 400 wounded. Second invasion (1916): 85 killed, 276 wounded, 68 missing/captured. Defensive against British (1918): 500 killed, 1,000

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about 50,000 in each district, with ranks composed of tribal horsemen and an uncertain number of footmen, all poorly armed. It was not uncommon of the chiefs, who controlled the battalions, to change sides. Some of these forces were

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Tribesmen. About the same time the Russians closed the Ottoman consulates in Urmia, Tabriz and Khoi, and expelled the Kurds and other Sunni Muslims from the villages near Urmia. Arms were given at the same time to some of the

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spring of 1916, Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk and his Khamseh tribesmen defeated the gendarmes under Ali Quli Khan Pesyan and Ghulam Riza Khan Pesyan, who shot and killed each other. Other gendarmes, including the German Consul

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The Russian military force, occupying not only Azerbaijan but the entire north and north-east of Iran, eventually amounted to almost twenty thousand by the outbreak of the First World War. After the opening of the so-called

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The central Persian government had difficulties in establishing order before the war. In a single year; the Qashqai Tribesmen, the most powerful in southern Persia, defied the governor-general and raided in Fars as did the

1471:, was a German consular official in Persia who loved the desert, and wore the flowing robes of a desert tribesman. He persuaded his superiors in Constantinople that he could lead Persian tribes in a revolt against Britain. 1744:

in Persia, occupied a number of cities. Tabriz was occupied in 1909; Urmia and Khoi in 1910. This measure enabled the Russians not only to control Persia, but also to secure the road from their rail-head at Djoulfa to the

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was established. He arrived to take command in Baghdad on 18 January 1918. The British troops of Dunsterville eventually numbered about 1,000. They were supported by a field artillery battery, machine gun section, three

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moved to the offense. Retreating Armenians from Van, joined by the Assyrians in defense, made a stand near Dilman but continued to retreat southward in the vicinity of Lake Urmiah. The Third Army did not pursue them.

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The Russian collapse left Van completely cut off from the Allies, and the British Army in Mesopotamia seemed unwilling to move very far beyond Baghdad. The Armenian population of Van prepared to resist on their own.

1949:. Pessian's gendarmes managed to disarm the Persian Cossacks, and some were even persuaded, after a patriotic speech, to join his forces. After this victory, the Russians advanced on the Persian Gendermerie, in 2261:

Pasha. This army's task was to "Stop the British advance in Persia, to prevent them from helping the Bolsheviks, to cover the area between the Lake of Urmia and the Caspian Sea, and, if necessary, to join the

1422:. The Persian forces were dispersed at Tehran, Kazvin (Ghazvin), and Hamadan with the objective of keeping the country's main roads, which covered an estimated distance of 930 miles, under Persian control. 2570:"Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire" (London: HMSO, 1920). Page 777. 2,050 British Army and 49,198 British Indian Army personnel sent to the "Persian Gulf Theatre" from India in total. 2316:

at Baghdad. The military goal of this "Dunsterforce" was to reach the Caucasus via Persia, and, once there, to recruit and organize an army from the Armenians and other pro-Ally elements in the Caucuses.

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made general retreat, with one Russian column retreating up to the Persian frontier. This retreat was the consequence of events in June 1915. Yudenich planned an attack to limit the Ottomans at

5856: 2770: 3216:. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum facsimile of the confidential 1929 printing ed.). London: 6177: 2009:, to be drawn from the local tribesmen by means of financial inducements. This initiative was intended to counteract the strong influence exerted by Germany across most of South Persia. 1414:, which had Swedish officers and consisted of about 6,000 troops. Only 2,000 of the 6,000 were mounted. They were in six regiments, each of nine battalions, and their armament included 2222:

put a stop to all Russian military operations. In January 1917, the Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich Romanov was sent to join Baratov, and they established a Cavalry Corps headquarters at

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Christians. Russian authorities distributed 24,000 rifles to the some Kurdish Tribesmen that sided with them in Persia and the Van Province. Russian-Ottoman conflicts began with the

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forces under Mohammad-Hossein Jahanbani and popular forces under the command of Heydar Latifiyan and in Hamedan-Kermanshah road forces under Colonel Pessian and Azizollah Zarghami

5214: 5229: 5413: 1499:, staff officers, headquarters staff etc., the total force must have numbered about 1,300. Dunsterville was ordered to "proceed from Mesopotamia through Persia to the port of 1329:. Aligned with the Germans, the Ottoman Empire wanted to undermine the influence of the Entente in this region, but for a very different reason. The Ottoman Minister of War, 2278: 6684: 2226:, in northern Persia. In April of the same year, Baratov met with a Colonel Rowlandson, the British liaison tasked with linking the Caucasian Cavalry Corps to the British 1133: 826: 2351:

In April 1918, the Armenians of Van province were eventually evacuated and withdrawn from the region and retreated eastward toward Iranian Azerbaijan. Early in 1918, the

6347: 5848: 2336:. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk stipulated that the frontiers between Russia and the Ottoman Empire were to be returned to their prewar configuration, and that the cities 1314:. The Germans hoped to free Persia from British and Russian influence and to further create a wedge between Russia and the British, eventually leading to an invasion of 831: 2684:

In size, Halil's was definitely the superior force, but his army was badly mauled in a decisive battle near Dilman that left thousands of casualties on the battlefield.

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area, General Chernozubov fought a short engagement. Russia sent a strong force which succeeded in recapturing the city. On 30 January, Chernozubov entered Tabriz.

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In the middle of November 1915, General Yudenitch, who was managing the Caucasian Campaign, dispatched two columns into the Iranian Azerbaijan; one, under General

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at its head. On the 15th of the same month, Nikolai Baratov's column took Hamadan, encountering no significant resistance. During the last days of 1915, Sir

1956: 1128: 1361:. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company was in the proposed path of Enver's project: the British had the exclusive rights to work petroleum deposits throughout the 5713: 2420:

to the Persian government in August 1919. It guaranteed British access to Iranian oil fields. In 1919, northern Persia was occupied by the British General

1566: 1777:. Only one brigade of Russian troops under the command of the Armenian General Nazarbekoff and one battalion of Armenian volunteers scattered throughout 6339: 5621: 5376: 1946: 796: 771: 5616: 5306: 5257: 5172: 3679: 3584: 764: 5902: 5460: 2786: 2312:

During 1918, the British encouraged the Armenians to hold out, and picked officers and non-commissioned officers organized them under the command of

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had several units located in the southern influence zone; its officers were experienced in fighting tribal forces through decades of conflict on the

882: 6689: 3674: 2300:. In the letter, the Archbishop thanks the monarchy for their patronage, and beseeches the Crown Prince for support and protection in light of the 5912: 5841: 5301: 4666: 3544: 3331: 3005:

Baumer, Church of the East, at 263. The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity, Christoph Baumer, I.B. Tauris, 2006.

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In December 1916, Baratov began to move on Qoms and Hamadan for clearing Persian forces and Ottoman troops. Both cities fell in the same month.

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Bey, who was sent to Persia on a special mission by Talat Pasha, captured the city of Urmia. One week later, the "Mosul Group" commanded by

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on the eve of World War I, dedicated to promoting and sustaining subversive and nationalist agitations in British India and the Persian and

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The Persian forces were established around certain districts, and not one single force. Each district furnished its own battalion and

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during the outbreak of the First World War. Despite this, the country quickly became affected by the pre-war rivalry between the

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was stationed there. The Cossack Brigade consisted of eight squadrons, a small battalion of infantry and a horse battery of six

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of Trans-Baikal Cossacks under General Trukhin. With Van secure, the fighting shifted farther west for the rest of the summer.

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see also FO 371 16077 E2844 dated 8 June 1932. A British Embassy report stated that the British put Reza Shah "on the throne".

2636: 6386: 6275: 5907: 5507: 5441: 5278: 5157: 4830: 3856: 3712: 3554: 3493: 3253: 3202: 3148:

Edward J. Erickson. "Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War". Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.

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satellite states. The bureau was involved in intelligence and subversive missions to Persia and Afghanistan to dismantle the

1194: 963: 875: 39: 6714: 6709: 6391: 5682: 5102: 3894: 3604: 2241:(Erzincan Cease-fire Agreement) was signed officially brought an end to the hostilities between Ottoman Empire and Russian 1005: 1278:

agreed to divide Persia into three regions, with the Russians laying claim to northern Persia, the part adjacent to their

5453: 4412: 3917: 3361: 3324: 1714: 1580: 1519: 1041: 510: 5667: 6739: 6734: 6699: 6649: 6442: 6325: 5978: 5652: 4942: 4351: 4109: 3285: 2623:, which became the south flank of the First World War theatre, this number gradually grew to eighty or ninety thousand. 2401: 2250: 1531:

Russian troops in Iranian Azerbaijan which, at the onset of the Great War, Russia did not. The Russians also moved one

1343: 1094: 51: 6729: 6500: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6417: 5864: 5527: 5221: 5037: 4316: 3787: 3639: 3245: 3225: 3099: 3063: 2876: 2780: 2729: 2547: 1933: 1717:'s Tribesmen; the Khamseh Tribesmen raided the caravan routes in the Kerman province; and other tribes raided in the 718: 1945:, the commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan, launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade at the 6719: 6495: 6009: 4779: 4714: 3752: 3396: 2242: 1924: 1299: 1279: 1275: 868: 1961:

could not defend Hamedan against an advancing Russian Caucasus Army which was superior in numbers and weapons. In

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and captured Shiraz. All British residents of Shiraz were arrested. The Gendarmes also captured Yazd and Kerman.

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on the scale of Enver's ambitions was never achieved. However, Enver Pasha continued with his ambition after the

1202: 1000: 905: 849: 4450: 3259:

Bati, Alum. 1918: Azerbaijan At War – a two-part article on Azerbaijan and Dunsterforce in 1918, for Part 1 see

2528:"Chapter 5: A Kurdish warlord on the Turkish-Persian frontier in the early Twentieth century: Isma'il Aqa Simko" 2073: 6548: 6039: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5252: 3904: 3777: 3458: 3317: 2499: 1917: 1012: 6073: 6061: 1210: 6515: 6090: 6044: 6004: 5553: 5548: 5512: 5446: 5338: 5184: 4774: 4626: 4164: 4092: 4023: 3792: 3762: 3757: 3619: 3599: 3478: 2592:

Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".

2459: 1552: 1209:'s inability to maintain the country's sovereignty during and immediately after the First World War led to a 754: 3138:. "A Kurdish warlord on the Turkish-Persian frontier in the early Twentieth century: Isma'il Aqa Simko". In 6724: 6553: 5938: 5502: 5129: 5069: 4966: 4871: 4641: 4427: 4131: 3970: 3869: 3579: 3483: 3453: 3427: 3422: 3366: 1746: 1267: 1106: 1099: 980: 711: 540: 234: 22: 1884:

siege, and were amazed at finding it in the hands of the Armenians. When word got to Yudenich, he sent a

1588: 1453:, where you will ignite a general rebellion and repulse the Russians from the shores of the Caspian Sea." 5740: 5177: 5162: 5020: 4972: 4744: 4295: 4169: 4082: 4077: 3846: 3834: 3829: 3609: 3529: 3027:

see also: Zirinsky, M.P. "Imperial Power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah 1921–1926."

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Russia maintained forces in northern Persia. The Russians, based on security reasons of the situation of

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Persia: The Stepping Stone To India. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol iv

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Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924.

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over Iran, in addition to tightening their control over the increasingly lucrative Persian oil fields.

2219: 1913: 1084: 1019: 2258: 6694: 6381: 6355: 6228: 6212: 6207: 5662: 5430: 5014: 5002: 4764: 4749: 4470: 4361: 4055: 4033: 3782: 3772: 3705: 3634: 3559: 3412: 3356: 2682:, ed. Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Muge Gocek, Norman M. Naimark, (Oxford University Press, 2011), 255;" 2413: 2360: 2254: 1998: 1354: 841: 4616: 1390: 6427: 5958: 5637: 5124: 5114: 5043: 4996: 4984: 4924: 4739: 4734: 4656: 4065: 4038: 3742: 3629: 3473: 3448: 2826:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

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month, Tehran had been taken by the Russian Caucasus Army and its allied Armenian volunteers.

1845:

was identified as Khalil took nearly a thousand Russians prisoners. On 26–28 January 1915, in

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Political map showing different local tribal regions and alliances in the Bushehr area, 1915

1773:

In December 1914, General Myshlaevsky ordered a withdrawal from Persia at the height of the

1266:, as well as the country's oil reserves, which were first discovered on 26 May 1908. In the 6584: 6488: 6447: 5953: 5815: 5730: 4417: 4391: 4341: 3698: 3162: 2058: 1797: 1774: 1508: 1445:(25 December): "Your duty is to move with your division towards Persia and proceed through 1430: 786: 60: 4366: 1290:(a third region was left as a buffer zone). The 1907 treaty capped off several decades of 8: 6759: 6412: 6268: 5797: 4936: 4800: 4759: 4636: 4596: 4591: 4536: 4219: 4213: 4114: 3488: 2425: 2385: 2313: 2199: 2163: 2006: 1623: 1558: 1483: 1475: 1374: 1190: 1058: 530: 526: 518: 359: 166: 103: 5750: 2005:, with the temporary rank of Brigadier-General, was tasked with establishing a force of 6610: 6463: 6407: 6290: 6243: 6202: 6097: 5757: 5672: 5031: 4895: 4877: 4842: 4806: 4646: 4611: 4563: 4548: 4435: 4386: 4225: 4184: 3864: 2609: 2489: 1762: 1523: 1303: 975: 821: 337: 304: 282: 43: 1726: 6432: 6016: 5994: 5968: 5948: 5790: 5784: 5745: 5647: 5480: 5063: 4918: 4901: 4709: 4531: 4511: 4346: 4331: 4261: 4249: 3950: 3927: 3874: 3443: 3281: 3249: 3241: 3221: 3198: 3121: 3095: 3059: 2872: 2776: 2751: 2725: 2613: 2553: 2543: 2494: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2301: 2287: 1908: 1892: 1873: 1656: 1378: 1366: 1198: 1079: 1031: 970: 927: 436: 425: 1338:

in nearly all European colonies in Asia during World War I and the interwar period,

6632: 6579: 6233: 6197: 6172: 4848: 4818: 4812: 4729: 4558: 4526: 4516: 4255: 4179: 4174: 4102: 3922: 3822: 3624: 2601: 2175: 1990: 1968: 1904: 1540: 1461: 1457: 1399: 1311: 1166: 1063: 1051: 1036: 1024: 949: 944: 816: 749: 562: 468: 447: 386: 315: 271: 224: 3303: 3156: 2605: 1321:

The Ottoman Empire's military strategic goal was to cut off Russian access to the

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goal of establishing a protectorate. In that year, a military coup established

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In December 1915, the Shah was induced to appoint a new pro-Ally cabinet with

1796:. Later, proceeded towards Khoy. It was supposed to keep this passage open to 6663: 6258: 6167: 6085: 5601: 4889: 4883: 4326: 4243: 4154: 2820: 2207: 2179: 2121: 2113: 1722: 1718: 1576: 1287: 1283: 811: 571: 453: 442: 431: 420: 199: 3120:. Library of modern Middle East studies, 43. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. 2557: 6182: 6054: 5051: 4485: 2429: 2377: 2333: 2227: 2022: 1627: 1419: 1334: 414: 326: 2722:

Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces

860: 6569: 6238: 5262: 5167: 4865: 4300: 3721: 3341: 2539: 2405: 2325: 2203: 2126: 2002: 1950: 1642: 1426: 1330: 1326: 1315: 1251: 995: 893: 399: 368: 348: 1353:

In 1914, before the war, the British government had contracted with the

6285: 2755: 2440:, a Persian officer of the Persian Cossack Brigade and then hereditary 1962: 1826: 1741: 1362: 1358: 1235: 1206: 1186: 213: 87: 1869: 1860:

1st battalion of the Armenian volunteer unit under the command of the

5057: 4824: 3381: 2437: 1900: 1805: 1754: 1734: 1527: 1492: 1438: 1214: 410: 5317: 3304:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

3113: 2637:"Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective" 2527: 2373: 1861: 1684: 1403: 703: 566: 229: 1645:

saluting his men after capturing Turkish soldiers and their banner

6280: 2369: 2345: 1927: 1885: 1853:

withdraw, reaching Qotur three days later and entrenching there.

1830: 1692: 1680: 1668: 1407: 698:

2,000,000 civilian deaths (due to war related famine and disease)

535: 64: 3339: 2871:. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 1153–1157. 6360: 2745: 2538:. Library of modern Middle East studies, 43. London; New York: 2321:

British remained in Persia until after the end of World War I.

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Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers

3118:

Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers

2536:

Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers

2170:. Although around five officers stayed serving as volunteers. 1879:

On 8 May 1915, one of the twelve Armenian messengers from the

1482:. At the end of 1917, a British force headed by Major-General 6437: 5973: 5485: 3158:

Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War

2337: 2211: 2178:

in November of that year. The pro-German coup members of the

2153: 2026: 1896: 1793: 1782: 1676: 1514:

Russia had long since established forces in the region. The

6350: 5859: 3217: 2441: 2341: 1696: 1504: 2162:

In late December 1916, almost all Swedish officers in the

2578: 2576: 2183: 1816:

and soon it was followed by the 1st Expeditionary Force.

1507:

and onwards." In 1916 the British government formed the

3092:

Persia in World War I and Its Conquest by Great Britain

2518: 2516: 2428:. The British government also attempted to establish a 2573: 2152:

Patriarch's brother Dawid; Ismail, Malka of the Upper

2416:. The treaty was issued by British Foreign Secretary 2513: 1930:, the gendarmes under Akhgar retreated to Burazjan. 6685:

Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire

2308:

and the invasion of Iranian territory by the latter

2148:. The squads within the expedition were led by the 1286:, and the British claimed the south which bordered 2282:A letter from Archbishop Nerses Melik-Tangian of 1836:On 4 January 1915, a volunteer detachment led by 1205:, influenced by British and Russian actions. The 1189:, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the 1173:) was a series of military conflicts between the 6661: 1310:. The bureau's operations in Persia were led by 172: 4667:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2206:, and at the invitation of the Russian consul, 2829:(Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1989), 209. 2348:were to be transferred to the Ottoman Empire. 1410:. The Persian central government also had the 6333: 5842: 3706: 3325: 3151: 2839: 2811:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.403 2400:After the Ottoman defeat in World War I, the 876: 719: 6616:Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war 6152:2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London 6132:2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel 3030:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2807: 2805: 2803: 21:For other military campaigns in Persia, see 6137:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel 6079:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 5150: 3265:http://www.visions.az/en/news/686/ecbd8399/ 3261:http://www.visions.az/en/news/661/cc10060a/ 3051: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2908:Aram, "Why Armenia Should be Free", page 22 890: 6340: 6326: 6142:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran 5849: 5835: 3713: 3699: 3332: 3318: 3134: 2866: 2768: 2522: 2257:, was sent to Persia under the command of 2140:In 1916, General Chernozubov sent a Russo- 1456:The German operations were carried out by 1185:in various areas of what was then neutral 883: 869: 726: 712: 50: 6606:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict 5913:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iran 5903:Ambassadors of Iran to the United Kingdom 3271:The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 3169: 2977: 2964: 2948: 2800: 190: 6628:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine 4949:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 2911: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2746:The Iranian Petroleum Institute (1971). 2286:to Crown Prince and governor-general of 2277: 2016: 1965:, gendarmerie force under Masoud Kayhan 1932: 1891:During July 1915, Russian forces in the 1855: 125: 6690:Battles of World War I involving Russia 5326:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3211: 3139: 3108: 2988: 2986: 2959: 2957: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2814: 2266:for the operation to capture Baghdad." 6662: 6308:Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations 3190: 2993: 2832: 2695: 2676:The Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians 2591: 2449:, strongly contradicted these claims. 2210:, travelled to the Russian embassy in 1511:to protect their interests in Persia. 1418:rifles, twelve machine guns, and four 1412:Persian Central Government Gendarmerie 6675:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 6670:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 6321: 6276:Neda Agha-Soltan Graduate Scholarship 5923:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615) 5918:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) 5908:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tehran 5830: 5279:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4622:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3694: 3313: 3045: 2845: 2634: 2202:, accompanied by the military leader 1195:Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I 864: 707: 40:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 6392:Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan 5683:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3089: 2983: 2954: 2934: 2885: 2719: 2412:, which gave drilling rights to the 1749:of the Ottoman Empire through Khoi. 1365:except in the northern provinces of 1298:The German Empire established their 733: 5612:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4413:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2922:Ussher, An American Physician, 286. 2700:. Melbourne: McCubbin. p. 128. 2388:and the military operations ended. 1193:on 30 October 1918, as part of the 1170: 108:Ottoman forces withdraw from Persia 13: 6443:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 6147:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute 5979:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 4352:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2402:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 2110:red Persian denomination overstamp 1350:until his death on 4 August 1922. 1344:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 14: 6771: 6501:Persian Constitutional Revolution 6418:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) 3292: 3172:"Saving Forty Thousand Armenians" 1655:The engagements were in northern 6680:Battles of the Caucasus Campaign 6645: 6644: 6621:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 6496:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 6359: 6349: 6303: 6302: 6010:British military network in Iran 5868: 5858: 4715:Second Battle of the Piave River 4337:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2243:Special Transcaucasian Committee 2118:25 qiran respectively (1916–17). 2091: 2072: 1634: 1616: 1601: 1587: 1565: 1551: 1300:Intelligence Bureau for the East 683: 673: 658: 641: 628: 614: 601: 588: 493: 484: 473: 462: 452: 441: 430: 419: 404: 393: 381: 372: 363: 353: 342: 331: 320: 309: 298: 287: 276: 265: 243: 207: 192: 174: 161: 150: 127: 16:Military campaign in World War I 5779:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4979:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3720: 3278:The British Army in Mesopotamia 3094:. University Press of America. 3036: 3021: 3008: 2999: 2970: 2925: 2762: 2739: 2724:. Georgetown University Press. 2713: 2704: 2696:Savige, Stanley George (1920). 2156:; and Andreus, the Jilu Malik. 2057:, under the command of colonel 78:December 1914 – 30 October 1918 6755:3rd term of the Iranian Majlis 6650:Category:Iran–Russia relations 6549:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 6539:1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots 6040:Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz 5602:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5461:Deportations from East Prussia 5258:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3280:, 1914–1918 (McFarland, 2013, 3234:Atabaki, Touraj (ed.) (2006). 3214:Operations in Persia 1914–1919 2769:Popplewell, Richard J (1995), 2689: 2669: 2659: 2650: 2628: 2585: 2564: 2500:Swedish intervention in Persia 2324:On 3 March 1918, Grand Vizier 2106:German Imperial Treasury notes 2063: 2046:, were arrested and tortured. 1920:, the Russian army retreated. 1903:. He planned to outflank from 1659:, comprising the provinces of 1650: 1547:Forces engaged at the Campaign 1518:and a small contingent of the 1357:for the supply of oil for the 1: 6745:Iran–United Kingdom relations 6516:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6387:Ambassadors of Russia to Iran 6045:British occupation of Bushehr 6005:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5865:Iran–United Kingdom relations 5513:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3170:Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). 3090:Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2003). 3083: 3058:. Osprey Publishing Limited. 2606:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423 2460:Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran 2376:. The 3rd Battalion moved to 2294: 2108:(5 and 10 Mark, 1904/06) with 1702: 1318:by locally organized armies. 1224: 523:Royal Persian Cossack Brigade 6554:Russian occupation of Tabriz 5939:Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801 5668:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4967:Estonian War of Independence 4642:Southern Palestine offensive 3161:. Hairenik Pub. Co. p. 3016:Iran Between Two Revolutions 2424:to enforce the terms of the 2395: 1268:Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1907 1171:اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول 695:few thousand died of disease 23:Persian War (disambiguation) 7: 6715:1910s in the Ottoman Empire 6710:1910s in the Russian Empire 6544:Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909) 6521:Iranian famine of 1942–1943 5622:USA against Austria-Hungary 5021:Turkish War of Independence 4973:Latvian War of Independence 4705:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4296:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2867:Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). 2485:Persian famine of 1917-1918 2452: 1522:under the Armenian General 1437:(11 December) and Lt. Col. 1203:Persian famine of 1917–1919 850:Persian famine of 1917–1919 10: 6776: 6125:Satanic Verses controversy 6068:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 5705:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5253:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4720:Second Battle of the Marne 4607:Second battle of the Aisne 4476:Second Battle of Champagne 4317:German invasion of Belgium 2304:that had just commened in 1707: 1228: 1201:by the Ottoman regime and 549:German Military Detachment 490:Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk 20: 6740:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 6700:Battles involving Armenia 6641: 6598: 6562: 6531: 6456: 6400: 6382:Embassy of Russia, Tehran 6369: 6299: 6229:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 6221: 6213:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 6208:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht 6160: 6032: 5987: 5931: 5890: 5878: 5811: 5770: 5691: 5630: 5592: 5536: 5525: 5486:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5429: 5401: 5349: 5271: 5245: 5197: 5090: 5083: 5015:Irish War of Independence 4911: 4793: 4765:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4750:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4675: 4577: 4504: 4405: 4362:First Battle of the Marne 4309: 4271: 4206: 4197: 4140: 4014: 4003: 3969: 3941: 3903: 3855: 3808: 3801: 3728: 3667: 3507: 3436: 3405: 3349: 3155:; Aram Torossian (1918). 2931:Erickson 2001, p. 152-153 2414:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2144:military expedition into 1916:(16 July), and the later 1464:. Wassmuss, known as the 1384: 1355:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 901: 745: 651: 622: 577: 503: 258: 118: 70: 49: 37: 32: 6428:Anglo-Russian Convention 6074:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6062:1921 Persian coup d'état 6022:British support for Iraq 5959:Anglo-Russian Convention 5638:Constantinople Agreement 4931:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4794:Co-belligerent conflicts 4770:Second Romanian campaign 4740:Third Transjordan attack 4451:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4357:Battle of Grand Couronné 3240:. New York: I.B.Tauris. 3212:Moberly, F. J. (1987) . 3194:The Baqubah Refugee Camp 2720:Ward, Steven R. (2014). 2582:Erickson 2001, page 152. 2506: 2480:Military history of Iran 2218:The chaos caused by the 2042:and the Swedish Captain 1610:Armenian volunteer units 1537:Armenian volunteer units 1217:'s establishment of the 1144:Indian and Pacific Ocean 6720:20th century in Armenia 6377:Embassy of Iran, Moscow 6249:Imperial Bank of Persia 5964:Anglo-Persian Agreement 5898:Embassy of Iran, London 5701:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5653:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4961:Greater Poland Uprising 4861:National Protection War 4745:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4695:German spring offensive 4690:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4466:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4441:Second Battle of Artois 4322:Battle of the Frontiers 3273:(Faber and Faber, 1967) 2422:William Edmund Ironside 2410:Anglo-Persian Agreement 2330:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2273: 2189: 2182:fled to Kirmanshah and 2012: 1918:Battle of Kara Killisse 1819: 1810:1st Expeditionary Force 1802:5th Expeditionary Force 1768: 1671:, and cities including 1595:Persian Cossack Brigade 1516:Persian Cossack Brigade 1495:. Together with mobile 1443:5th Expeditionary Force 1435:1st Expeditionary Force 6590:Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar 6254:Persian Gulf Residency 5944:Treaty of Paris (1857) 5726:Paris Peace Conference 5714:Ukraine–Central Powers 5508:Massacres of Albanians 5476:Late Ottoman genocides 5283:Bulgarian occupations 4991:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4955:Hungarian–Romanian War 4780:Naval Victory Bulletin 4775:Armistice with Germany 4725:Hundred Days Offensive 4652:Battle of La Malmaison 4602:Second battle of Arras 4569:Battle of Transylvania 4423:Second Battle of Ypres 4291:Sarajevo assassination 4180:South African Republic 3191:Austin, H. H. (1920). 3153:Pasdermadjian, Garegin 3055:Iran at War: 1500–1988 2680:A Question of Genocide 2594:Middle Eastern Studies 2309: 2129:German forces in Iran. 2030: 1938: 1864: 1480:North-Western Frontier 259:Commanders and leaders 6735:Iran–Russia relations 6575:Mohammad Taqi Pessian 6511:Battle of Robat Karim 6423:Treaty of Turkmenchay 6356:Iran–Russia relations 6115:Iranian Embassy siege 6103:Guadeloupe Conference 5736:Treaty of St. Germain 5709:Russia–Central Powers 5663:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5491:Pontic Greek genocide 5466:Destruction of Kalisz 5442:Eastern Mediterranean 5003:Polish–Lithuanian War 4785:Armistice of Belgrade 4755:Armistice of Salonica 4685:Operation Faustschlag 4632:Third Battle of Oituz 4554:Baranovichi offensive 4522:Lake Naroch offensive 4496:Battle of Robat Karim 4471:Vistula–Bug offensive 4446:Battles of the Isonzo 4377:First Battle of Ypres 3344:by region and country 2710:Erickson 2001, p. 152 2698:Stalky's Forlorn Hope 2291:Mohammad Hassan Mirza 2281: 2239:Armistice of Erzincan 2020: 1936: 1859: 1792:occupied the city of 1790:Van Jandarma Division 1788:On 14 December 1914, 1581:Russian Caucasus Army 1539:under the command of 1520:Russian Caucasus Army 1503:, then board ship to 1323:hydrocarbon resources 1308:Anglo-Russian Entente 1231:Anglo-Russian Entente 981:Sinai & Palestine 652:Casualties and losses 511:Russian Caucasus Army 480:Mohammad Taqi Pessian 56:The commander of the 6730:Ottoman–Persian Wars 6585:Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar 6448:Marine Security Belt 5731:Treaty of Versailles 5447:Mount Lebanon famine 5362:in the United States 5330:Russian occupations 5044:Turkish–Armenian War 4985:Polish–Ukrainian War 4925:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4872:Central Asian Revolt 4662:Armistice of Focșani 4392:Battle of Sarikamish 4342:Battle of Tannenberg 3738:Military engagements 3052:Farrokh, K. (2011). 3014:Abrahamian, Ervand. 2359:On 8 June 1918, the 2249:, consisting of the 2237:On 16 December, The 1925:the British occupied 1775:Battle of Sarikamish 1765:on 2 November 1914. 1509:South Persian Rifles 1400:Tangistani Tribesmen 1280:previously conquered 842:Occupation of Tabriz 225:Tangistani Tribesmen 6725:Wars involving Iran 6413:Treaty of Kurakchay 6269:Tehran War Cemetery 5798:They shall not pass 5721:Treaty of Bucharest 5678:Treaty of Bucharest 5617:USA against Germany 5594:Declarations of war 5298:German occupations 5211:British casualties 5070:Soviet–Georgian War 4997:Egyptian Revolution 4937:Armeno-Georgian War 4801:Somaliland campaign 4760:Armistice of Mudros 4637:Battle of Caporetto 4627:Battle of Mărășești 4597:Zimmermann telegram 4592:February Revolution 4537:Battle of the Somme 4461:Bug-Narew Offensive 4436:Battle of Gallipoli 4428:Sinking of the RMS 4220:Scramble for Africa 4214:Franco-Prussian War 3870:Sinai and Palestine 3178:. New York Times Co 2426:Armistice of Mudros 2386:Armistice of Mudros 2314:Lionel Dunsterville 2166:had been called to 2164:Persian Gendarmerie 2007:South Persia Rifles 1999:Prince Firman Firma 1923:In August 1915, as 1914:Battle of Manzikert 1559:British Indian Army 1484:Lionel Dunsterville 1476:British Indian Army 1441:, commander of the 1433:, commander of the 1404:Laristani Tribesmen 1282:territories in the 1276:British governments 1211:coup d'état in 1921 1191:Armistice of Mudros 1095:North-West Frontier 567:Laristani Militants 555:Persian Gendarmerie 531:South Persia Rifles 527:British Indian Army 519:Assyrian volunteers 515:Armenian Volunteers 360:Lionel Dunsterville 230:Laristani Tribesmen 167:Assyrian volunteers 145:Armenian Volunteers 104:Armistice of Mudros 6611:Axis of Resistance 6464:Russo-Persian Wars 6408:Treaty of Gulistan 6291:The New Great Game 6244:East India Company 6203:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 6098:Iranian Revolution 5758:Treaty of Lausanne 5673:Paris Economy Pact 5607:UK against Germany 5537:Entry into the war 5503:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5222:Ottoman casualties 5032:Franco-Turkish War 4912:Post-War conflicts 4896:Russian Revolution 4878:Invasion of Darfur 4843:Kelantan rebellion 4831:Kurdish rebellions 4807:Mexican Revolution 4647:October Revolution 4612:Kerensky offensive 4587:Capture of Baghdad 4564:Monastir offensive 4549:Brusilov offensive 4387:Battle of Kolubara 4226:Russo-Japanese War 3136:Bruinessen, Martin 2840:Pasdermadjian 1918 2635:Smith, B. (2009). 2542:. pp. 18–21. 2524:Bruinessen, Martin 2490:Russo-Persian Wars 2353:Ottoman Third Army 2310: 2220:Russian Revolution 2196:Church of the East 2186:without fighting. 2150:Church of the East 2031: 1941:In November 1915, 1939: 1909:Iranian Azerbaijan 1865: 1763:Bergmann Offensive 1657:Iranian Azerbaijan 1626:with the staff of 1524:Tovmas Nazarbekian 1346:by the victorious 996:Hejaz & Levant 338:David Lloyd George 305:Tovmas Nazarbekian 283:Fyodor Chernozubov 235:Swedish volunteers 44:Russo-Turkish Wars 6750:Invasions of Iran 6657: 6656: 6433:Tehran Conference 6315: 6314: 6108:Conspiracy theory 5995:Anglo-Persian War 5969:Tehran Conference 5954:D'Arcy Concession 5949:Reuter concession 5885: 5884: 5824: 5823: 5807: 5806: 5791:The Golden Virgin 5785:Mutilated victory 5766: 5765: 5746:Treaty of Trianon 5741:Treaty of Neuilly 5648:Damascus Protocol 5521: 5520: 5481:Armenian genocide 5438:Allied blockades 5410:Belgian refugees 5193: 5192: 5103:Strategic bombing 5079: 5078: 5064:Franco-Syrian War 5038:Greco-Turkish War 5026:Anglo-Turkish War 5009:Polish–Soviet War 4943:German Revolution 4919:Russian Civil War 4902:Finnish Civil War 4735:Battle of Megiddo 4710:Battle of Goychay 4657:Battle of Cambrai 4617:Battle of Mărăști 4532:Battle of Jutland 4512:Erzurum offensive 4367:Siege of Przemyśl 4347:Siege of Tsingtao 4332:Battle of Galicia 4262:Second Balkan War 4250:Italo-Turkish War 4207:Pre-War conflicts 4193: 4192: 4083:Portuguese Empire 3999: 3998: 3961:German New Guinea 3943:Asian and Pacific 3688: 3687: 3397:Southern Rhodesia 3392:South West Africa 3298:Atabaki, Touraj: 3263:; for Part 2 see 3254:978-1-86064-964-6 3204:978-1-59333-401-7 3127:978-1-86064-964-6 3033:, 24, 1992. p.646 2495:Turko-Persian War 2475:Caucasus campaign 2470:Assyrian genocide 2465:Armenian genocide 2302:Armenian genocide 2251:I Caucasian Corps 2134: 2133: 2053:In late May, the 1981: 1972: 1960: 1947:Battle of Musalla 1893:Caucasus Campaign 1874:Battle of Diliman 1641:Assyrian General 1429:ordered Lt. Col. 1408:Khamseh tribesmen 1396:Qashqai Tribesmen 1199:Armenian genocide 1152: 1151: 1020:South West Africa 858: 857: 702: 701: 572:Dashti Volunteers 563:Tangistani Forces 559:Qashqai Militants 536:Khamseh Tribesmen 437:Georg von Kaunitz 426:Kaiser Wilhelm II 220:Qashqai Tribesmen 114: 113: 6767: 6695:1910s in Armenia 6648: 6647: 6633:Axis of Upheaval 6580:Shafi Khan Qajar 6506:Persian Campaign 6370:Diplomatic posts 6364: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6306: 6305: 6234:Bahrain province 6198:Ghoncheh Ghavami 6173:Anoosheh Ashoori 6000:Persian Campaign 5891:Diplomatic posts 5881: 5880: 5873: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5751:Treaty of Sèvres 5643:Treaty of London 5534: 5533: 5312:Northeast France 5243: 5242: 5215:Parliamentarians 5148: 5147: 5110:Chemical weapons 5088: 5087: 4849:Senussi campaign 4819:Muscat rebellion 4813:Maritz rebellion 4730:Vardar offensive 4559:Battle of Romani 4527:Battle of Asiago 4517:Battle of Verdun 4481:Kosovo offensive 4256:First Balkan War 4204: 4203: 4103:Russian Republic 4012: 4011: 3806: 3805: 3748:Economic history 3715: 3708: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3231: 3208: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3166: 3143: 3131: 3105: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2952: 2945: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2909: 2906: 2883: 2882: 2864: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2789:on 26 March 2009 2785:, archived from 2766: 2760: 2759: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2621:Persidskii front 2589: 2583: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2520: 2299: 2296: 2176:Bandar-e Pahlavi 2095: 2076: 2064: 1991:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1975: 1966: 1954: 1825:advance towards 1638: 1620: 1605: 1591: 1569: 1555: 1543:to this region. 1541:Andranik Ozanian 1458:Wilhelm Wassmuss 1377:, Astarabad and 1312:Wilhelm Wassmuss 1207:Qajar government 1172: 1163:invasion of Iran 1159:Persian campaign 896: 885: 878: 871: 862: 861: 765:Heydar Latifiyan 740: 738: 737:Persian Campaign 728: 721: 714: 705: 704: 688: 687: 678: 677: 663: 662: 646: 645: 633: 632: 619: 618: 606: 605: 593: 592: 545:Shekak Militants 499:Heydar Latifiyan 498: 497: 496: 489: 488: 487: 478: 477: 476: 469:Ahmad Shah Qajar 467: 466: 465: 457: 456: 448:Wilhelm Wassmuss 446: 445: 435: 434: 424: 423: 409: 408: 398: 397: 387:Dawid Mar Shimun 385: 376: 367: 358: 357: 347: 346: 336: 335: 325: 324: 316:Andranik Ozanian 314: 313: 303: 302: 292: 291: 281: 280: 272:Czar Nicholas II 270: 269: 254: 248: 247: 239: 212: 211: 210: 202: 198: 196: 195: 187:Shekak Tribesmen 184: 180: 178: 177: 165: 156: 154: 153: 140: 137: 133: 131: 130: 72: 71: 54: 33:Persian campaign 30: 29: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6637: 6594: 6558: 6527: 6452: 6396: 6365: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6316: 6311: 6295: 6217: 6156: 6050:Tobacco Protest 6028: 5983: 5927: 5886: 5874: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5825: 5820: 5803: 5762: 5694: 5687: 5658:Treaty of Darin 5626: 5588: 5544:Austria-Hungary 5530: 5517: 5498:Rape of Belgium 5425: 5397: 5345: 5339:Western Armenia 5334:Eastern Galicia 5267: 5241: 5205: 5204:Civilian impact 5203: 5189: 5146: 5075: 4907: 4837:Ovambo Uprising 4789: 4671: 4573: 4500: 4418:Battle of Łomża 4401: 4397:Christmas truce 4372:Race to the Sea 4305: 4267: 4189: 4160:Austria-Hungary 4136: 4071:Empire of Japan 4008: 4006: 3995: 3979:U-boat campaign 3965: 3937: 3899: 3851: 3797: 3778:Popular culture 3724: 3719: 3689: 3684: 3663: 3520:Austria-Hungary 3503: 3432: 3401: 3345: 3338: 3295: 3228: 3205: 3181: 3179: 3176:Current History 3128: 3110:Atabaki, Touraj 3102: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3018:, (1982), p.117 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2984: 2980:, pp. 790) 2975: 2971: 2967:, pp. 789) 2962: 2955: 2951:, pp. 788) 2946: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2912: 2907: 2886: 2879: 2865: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2690: 2678:, David Gaunt, 2674: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2550: 2532:Atabaki, Touraj 2521: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2455: 2404:soon followed. 2398: 2297: 2276: 2192: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2015: 1987:Nikolai Baratov 1943:Colonel Pessian 1822: 1771: 1710: 1705: 1665:West Azerbaijan 1661:East Azerbaijan 1653: 1646: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1608:1914, Staff of 1606: 1597: 1592: 1583: 1573:Nikolai Baratov 1570: 1561: 1556: 1497:field hospitals 1491:, and also two 1387: 1256:Imperial Russia 1233: 1227: 1219:Pahlavi dynasty 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 897: 891: 889: 859: 854: 741: 736: 734: 732: 694: 692: 682: 672: 671: 669: 667: 657: 640: 639: 635: 634:~1,000 – 5,000 627: 626: 620:80,000 – 90,000 613: 612: 608: 600: 599: 595: 587: 586: 569: 565: 561: 557: 547: 543: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 494: 492: 491: 485: 483: 482: 474: 472: 471: 463: 461: 451: 450: 440: 439: 429: 428: 418: 417: 413: 403: 402: 392: 389: 380: 371: 362: 352: 351: 341: 340: 330: 329: 319: 318: 308: 307: 297: 296: 294:Nikolai Baratov 286: 285: 275: 274: 264: 252: 242: 237: 208: 206: 193: 191: 189: 185: 175: 173: 169: 160: 151: 149: 138: 128: 126: 90: 63:and his men in 55: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6773: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6655: 6654: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6264:Gholhak Garden 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6193:Kamal Foroughi 6190: 6188:Arthur Edwards 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6120:Salman Rushdie 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5854: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5693:Peace treaties 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5579:United Kingdom 5576: 5571: 5569:Ottoman Empire 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5473: 5471:Sack of Dinant 5468: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5419:United Kingdom 5416: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5379: 5373:POW locations 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5173:United Kingdom 5170: 5168:Ottoman Empire 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5145: 5144: 5142:Trench warfare 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5094: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4858: 4855:Volta-Bani War 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4700:Zeebrugge Raid 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4491:Battle of Loos 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382:Black Sea raid 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4284:Historiography 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4238:Bosnian Crisis 4235: 4232:Tangier Crisis 4229: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4165:Ottoman Empire 4162: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4142:Central Powers 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4125:British Empire 4120:United Kingdom 4117: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4098:Russian Empire 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4016:Entente Powers 4009: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3984:North Atlantic 3975: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3895:Central Arabia 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3857:Middle Eastern 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Historiography 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3650:United Kingdom 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3600:Ottoman Empire 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3479:Ottoman Empire 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3294: 3293:External links 3291: 3290: 3289: 3286:978-0786470495 3274: 3267: 3257: 3232: 3226: 3209: 3203: 3188: 3167: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3140:Atabaki (2006) 3126: 3112:, ed. (2006). 3106: 3100: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3064: 3044: 3035: 3020: 3007: 2998: 2996:, pp. 13) 2982: 2978:Northcote 1922 2969: 2965:Northcote 1922 2953: 2949:Northcote 1922 2933: 2924: 2910: 2884: 2877: 2844: 2842:, pp. 20) 2831: 2813: 2799: 2781: 2761: 2750:. p. 14. 2738: 2730: 2712: 2703: 2688: 2668: 2658: 2649: 2627: 2584: 2572: 2563: 2548: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2397: 2394: 2306:Ottoman Turkey 2275: 2272: 2191: 2188: 2132: 2131: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2014: 2011: 1821: 1818: 1770: 1767: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1577:Terek Cossacks 1571: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1386: 1383: 1363:Persian Empire 1348:Entente Powers 1340:decolonisation 1292:the Great Game 1264:Ottoman Empire 1248:Central Powers 1226: 1223: 1183:Russian Empire 1179:British Empire 1175:Ottoman Empire 1150: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1107:Naval theatres 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1006:Central Arabia 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 967: 966: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 947: 937: 932: 931: 930: 925: 915: 909: 908: 902: 899: 898: 888: 887: 880: 873: 865: 856: 855: 845: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 757: 752: 746: 743: 742: 731: 730: 723: 716: 708: 700: 699: 696: 680: 654: 653: 649: 648: 621: 580: 579: 575: 574: 551: 538: 506: 505: 504:Units involved 501: 500: 459: 458:Captain Angman 390: 378:Malik Khoshaba 261: 260: 256: 255: 241: 240: 232: 227: 222: 203: 182:Ottoman Empire 170: 158:British Empire 148: 147: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 99:Inconclusive 96: 92: 91: 86: 84: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 47: 46: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6772: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6705:1910s in Iran 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6652: 6651: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Rhum gasfield 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Kameel Ahmady 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6086:Abadan Crisis 6084: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6017:Iran–Iraq War 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5584:United States 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5185:United States 5183: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135:Convoy system 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130:Naval warfare 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4890:Kaocen revolt 4888: 4885: 4884:Easter Rising 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456:Great Retreat 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4327:Battle of Cer 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4244:Agadir Crisis 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4132:United States 4130: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4049:French Empire 4047: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4002: 3992: 3991:Mediterranean 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3971:Naval warfare 3968: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3847:Italian Front 3845: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3835:Eastern Front 3833: 3831: 3830:Western Front 3828: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3788:Puppet states 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3580:Liechtenstein 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3423:United States 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276:Paul Knight: 3275: 3272: 3269:A.J. Barker, 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3246:1-86064-964-5 3243: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3227:0-11-290453-X 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101:0-7618-2678-5 3097: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3067: 3065:9781780962214 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3039: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2878:0-86307-181-3 2874: 2870: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2821:David Fromkin 2817: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2782:0-7146-4580-X 2778: 2775:, Routledge, 2774: 2773: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2731:9781626160651 2727: 2723: 2716: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2653: 2645: 2644:Working Paper 2638: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2579: 2577: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2549:9781860649646 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2447:Sheikh Khazal 2443: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208:Basil Nikitin 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194:In 1917, the 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2128: 2123: 2115: 2104: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059:Ali İhsan Bey 2056: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1951:Robat-i-Karim 1948: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Boyer Ahmad-i 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:armoured cars 1485: 1481: 1477: 1474:In 1914, the 1472: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420:mountain guns 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1391:each province 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1316:British India 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288:British India 1285: 1284:Transcaucasia 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:British India 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238:declared its 1237: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1129:Mediterranean 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 965: 962: 961: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 941: 938: 936: 933: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 919: 918:Eastern Front 916: 914: 913:Western Front 911: 910: 907: 904: 903: 900: 895: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 866: 863: 853: 852: 851: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 744: 739: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 709: 706: 697: 691: 686: 681: 676: 668:2,474+ killed 666: 661: 656: 655: 650: 644: 638: 631: 625: 617: 611: 604: 598: 591: 585: 582: 581: 576: 573: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 550: 546: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507: 502: 481: 470: 460: 455: 449: 444: 438: 433: 427: 422: 416: 412: 407: 401: 396: 391: 388: 384: 379: 375: 370: 366: 361: 356: 350: 345: 339: 334: 328: 323: 317: 312: 306: 301: 295: 290: 284: 279: 273: 268: 263: 262: 257: 251: 246: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 204: 201: 188: 183: 171: 168: 164: 159: 146: 143: 142: 141: 136: 123: 122: 117: 107: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 94: 93: 89: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 62: 61:Ali İhsan Bey 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 24: 19: 6643: 6505: 6301: 6183:Abbas Edalat 6178:Roger Cooper 6066: 6055:Zainab Pasha 5999: 5796: 5789: 5777: 5384: / 5316: 5151:Conscription 5115:Cryptography 5052:Iraqi Revolt 4486:Siege of Kut 4429: 4007:participants 3956:German Samoa 3890:South Arabia 3879: 3463: 3387:South Africa 3277: 3270: 3235: 3213: 3193: 3180:. Retrieved 3175: 3157: 3117: 3091: 3069:. Retrieved 3054: 3047: 3038: 3028: 3023: 3015: 3010: 3001: 2972: 2927: 2868: 2834: 2824: 2816: 2791:, retrieved 2787:the original 2771: 2764: 2747: 2741: 2721: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2630: 2620: 2617: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2566: 2535: 2434: 2430:protectorate 2399: 2390: 2382: 2366: 2358: 2350: 2334:Russian SFSR 2323: 2319: 2311: 2268: 2259:Yakub Shevki 2236: 2232: 2228:Dunsterforce 2217: 2200:Mar Binyamin 2193: 2172: 2161: 2158: 2139: 2135: 2120:Part of the 2116:10 shahi and 2052: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2023:Ottoman Army 1996: 1984: 1940: 1922: 1890: 1881:Siege of Van 1878: 1866: 1851: 1835: 1823: 1787: 1772: 1751: 1747:Van Province 1732: 1711: 1654: 1628:Dunsterforce 1624:Dunsterville 1513: 1473: 1465: 1462:Count Kanitz 1455: 1424: 1388: 1352: 1335:pan-Turanian 1320: 1297: 1234: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1100:Central Asia 1073:Asia-Pacific 1047:North Africa 1025:South Africa 1001:South Arabia 990: 892:Theatres of 847: 846: 777:Qar-i Shirin 735: 693:9,353 killed 689: 670:471+ wounded 664: 636: 623: 609: 596: 583: 553: 509: 415:Simko Shikak 327:H.H. Asquith 205: 124: 119:Belligerents 98: 38:Part of the 18: 6570:Abbas Mirza 6563:Individuals 6239:BBC Persian 6161:Individuals 5414:Netherlands 5391:Switzerland 5272:Occupations 5263:Spanish flu 5040:(1919–1922) 5034:(1918–1921) 5028:(1918–1923) 5017:(1919–1921) 5011:(1919–1921) 5005:(1919–1920) 4981:(1918–1920) 4975:(1918–1920) 4969:(1918–1920) 4951:(1918–1920) 4933:(1918–1920) 4927:(1917–1921) 4921:(1917–1921) 4868:(1916-1918) 4866:Arab Revolt 4857:(1915–1917) 4851:(1915–1917) 4839:(1914-1917) 4833:(1914–1917) 4827:(1914–1921) 4821:(1913–1920) 4809:(1910–1920) 4803:(1900–1920) 4301:July Crisis 4222:(1880–1914) 3885:Mesopotamia 3763:Home fronts 3722:World War I 3680:New Zealand 3640:Switzerland 3590:Netherlands 3362:East Africa 3342:World War I 3340:History of 3300:Persia/Iran 3182:12 December 3114:"Chapter 5" 3071:11 February 2994:Austin 1920 2793:22 November 2748:Oil in Iran 2540:I.B. Tauris 2418:Lord Curzon 2406:Enver Pasha 2328:signed the 2326:Talat Pasha 2298: 1918 2204:Agha Petros 2127:World War I 2003:Percy Sykes 1651:Battle zone 1643:Agha Petros 1427:Enver Pasha 1331:Enver Pasha 1327:Caspian Sea 1325:around the 1260:Afghanistan 1042:East Africa 986:Mesopotamia 964:Middle East 894:World War I 807:2nd Hakkari 792:1st Hakkari 760:Robat Karim 400:Enver Pasha 369:Agha Petros 349:Percy Sykes 253:(1914–1916) 238:(1916–1921) 139:(1914–1917) 6760:Qajar Iran 6664:Categories 6286:Great Game 5631:Agreements 5431:War crimes 5307:Luxembourg 5200:Casualties 4078:Montenegro 3913:South West 3793:Technology 3783:Propaganda 3773:Opposition 3585:Luxembourg 3084:References 2756:B000YBGZ54 2288:Azerbaijan 2264:Sixth Army 2247:Ninth Army 2198:patriarch 2055:XIII Corps 1963:Soltanabad 1872:after the 1842:Omer Fevzi 1827:Kermanshah 1814:Third Army 1742:Christians 1703:Operations 1575:commanded 1533:detachment 1375:Mazendaran 1367:Azerbaijan 1359:Royal Navy 1240:neutrality 1229:See also: 1225:Background 1187:Qajar Iran 1139:Baltic Sea 1090:New Guinea 1059:Somaliland 848:See also: 837:Sauj Bulak 787:Kermanshah 637:June 1916: 597:June 1916: 214:Qajar Iran 58:XIII Corps 6532:Incidents 6489:Abbasabad 6484:1826–1828 6479:1804–1813 6474:1722–1723 6469:1651–1653 6457:Conflicts 6401:Diplomacy 6033:Incidents 5988:Conflicts 5932:Diplomacy 5528:Diplomacy 5235:Olympians 5158:Australia 5125:Logistics 5058:Vlora War 4987:(1918–19) 4963:(1918–19) 4957:(1918–19) 4945:(1918–19) 4892:(1916–17) 4874:(1916–17) 4825:Zaian War 4815:(1914–15) 4542:first day 4430:Lusitania 4258:(1912–13) 4252:(1911–12) 4240:(1908–09) 4234:(1905–06) 4216:(1870–71) 4005:Principal 3865:Gallipoli 3768:Memorials 3753:Geography 3743:Aftermath 3675:Australia 3484:Palestine 3454:Hong Kong 3428:Venezuela 2614:246923610 2438:Reza Khan 2396:Aftermath 2332:with the 1901:Manzikert 1838:Omer Naci 1806:Halil Bey 1798:Kâzım Bey 1493:airplanes 1439:Halil Bey 1431:Kâzım Bey 1425:In 1914, 1215:Reza Shah 1134:Black Sea 1119:North Sea 976:Gallipoli 950:Macedonia 832:3rd Urmia 827:2nd Urmia 812:1st Urmia 411:Halil Kut 6091:Timeline 5816:Category 5403:Refugees 5369:Italians 5358:Germans 5318:Ober Ost 5098:Aviation 4199:Timeline 4170:Bulgaria 3951:Tsingtao 3928:Togoland 3875:Caucasus 3810:European 3802:Theatres 3610:Portugal 3530:Bulgaria 3444:Caucasus 3406:Americas 3372:Ethiopia 2666:wounded. 2600:(6): 4. 2558:56455579 2526:(2006). 2453:See also 2361:IV Corps 2255:IV Corps 2142:Assyrian 2124:issue by 1862:Andranik 1759:Assyrian 1755:Armenian 1739:Assyrian 1735:Armenian 1685:Maragheh 1468:Lawrence 1451:Dagestan 1379:Khorasan 1304:Egyptian 1262:and the 1246:and the 1124:Atlantic 1080:Tsingtao 1064:Ethiopia 1037:Cameroon 1032:Togoland 971:Caucasus 822:Suldouze 578:Strength 541:2nd Army 83:Location 42:and the 6599:Related 6281:Old fox 6222:Related 5554:Germany 5454:Germany 5382:Germany 5302:Belgium 5287:Albania 5246:Disease 5226:Sports 5178:Ireland 5091:Warfare 5084:Aspects 4279:Origins 4272:Prelude 4175:Senussi 4155:Germany 4150:Leaders 4088:Romania 4029:Belgium 4024:Leaders 3923:Kamerun 3905:African 3840:Romania 3818:Balkans 3733:Outline 3668:Oceania 3658:Ireland 3645:Ukraine 3615:Romania 3570:Ireland 3565:Hungary 3555:Germany 3545:Estonia 3540:Denmark 3535:Croatia 3525:Belgium 3515:Albania 3494:Vietnam 3382:Morocco 3377:Liberia 2534:(ed.). 2370:Bakubah 2346:Ardahan 2146:Hakkari 2112:for 12 1928:Bushire 1905:Beyazit 1886:brigade 1870:Başkale 1831:Hamadan 1808:units ( 1779:Salmast 1708:Prelude 1693:Mahabad 1681:Ardabil 1669:Ardabil 1466:German 1272:Russian 1167:Persian 940:Balkans 928:Finland 923:Romania 797:Hamadan 772:Musalla 755:Bushehr 679:Unknown 607:~20,000 200:Germany 65:Hamadan 5574:Russia 5549:France 5377:Canada 5292:Serbia 5163:Canada 5120:Horses 5072:(1921) 5066:(1920) 5060:(1920) 5054:(1920) 5046:(1920) 4999:(1919) 4993:(1919) 4939:(1918) 4904:(1918) 4898:(1917) 4886:(1916) 4880:(1916) 4845:(1915) 4264:(1913) 4246:(1911) 4228:(1905) 4185:Darfur 4110:Serbia 4093:Russia 4056:Greece 4044:France 4034:Brazil 3880:Persia 3823:Serbia 3635:Sweden 3625:Serbia 3620:Russia 3605:Poland 3595:Norway 3560:Greece 3550:France 3508:Europe 3418:Canada 3413:Brazil 3357:Angola 3350:Africa 3302:, in: 3284: 3252: 3244: 3224: 3201: 3124: 3098: 3062: 2875: 2779: 2754: 2728: 2612: 2556: 2546: 2344:, and 2284:Tabriz 2224:Qazvin 2180:Majles 2168:Sweden 2044:Angman 2040:Roever 2029:, 1916 1847:Sufian 1804:) and 1727:Kermān 1695:, and 1689:Marand 1673:Tabriz 1667:, and 1579:under 1501:Anzali 1447:Tabriz 1416:Mauser 1406:, and 1385:Forces 1270:, the 1244:Allies 1236:Persia 1114:U-boat 1013:Africa 991:Persia 955:Greece 945:Serbia 906:Europe 817:Charah 750:Dilman 690:11,029 647:25,000 624:Total: 594:51,000 584:Total: 250:Sweden 197: 179: 155: 135:Russia 132: 95:Result 88:Persia 5771:Other 5564:Japan 5559:Italy 5386:camps 5230:Rugby 4066:Japan 4061:Italy 4039:China 3933:North 3654:Wales 3630:Spain 3575:Italy 3499:Yemen 3474:Japan 3459:India 3449:China 3367:Egypt 2640:(PDF) 2610:S2CID 2530:. In 2507:Notes 2378:Bijar 2374:Senna 2338:Batum 2212:Urmia 2154:Tyari 2122:toman 2114:qiran 2027:Urmia 1897:Moush 1794:Qotur 1783:Urmia 1677:Urmia 1528:Krupp 1371:Gilan 1085:Samoa 1052:Libya 935:Italy 802:Seray 665:3,000 610:Peak: 6438:P5+1 5974:P5+1 5351:POWs 4677:1918 4579:1917 4505:1916 4406:1915 4310:1914 4115:Siam 3918:East 3489:Siam 3469:Iraq 3464:Iran 3437:Asia 3282:ISBN 3250:ISBN 3242:ISBN 3222:ISBN 3218:HMSO 3199:ISBN 3184:2008 3122:ISBN 3096:ISBN 3073:2015 3060:ISBN 2873:ISBN 2795:2008 2777:ISBN 2752:ASIN 2726:ISBN 2554:OCLC 2544:ISBN 2442:Shah 2342:Kars 2274:1918 2253:and 2190:1917 2021:The 2013:1916 1907:and 1899:and 1829:and 1820:1915 1781:and 1769:1914 1757:and 1737:and 1723:Yazd 1719:Fars 1697:Khoy 1505:Baku 1460:and 1274:and 1213:and 1181:and 1157:The 75:Date 2602:doi 2184:Qom 2025:in 1725:or 1691:, 1535:of 1449:to 1161:or 782:Qom 6666:: 3656:, 3248:, 3220:. 3197:. 3174:. 3163:45 3116:. 2985:^ 2956:^ 2936:^ 2913:^ 2887:^ 2847:^ 2823:, 2802:^ 2642:. 2616:. 2608:. 2598:58 2596:. 2575:^ 2552:. 2515:^ 2380:. 2340:, 2295:c. 2293:, 1978:fa 1969:de 1957:fa 1833:. 1721:, 1699:. 1687:, 1683:, 1679:, 1675:, 1663:, 1402:, 1398:, 1381:. 1373:, 1369:, 1258:, 1254:, 1221:. 1177:, 1169:: 6341:e 6334:t 6327:v 5850:e 5843:t 5836:v 5202:/ 3714:e 3707:t 3700:v 3660:) 3652:( 3333:e 3326:t 3319:v 3306:. 3288:) 3256:. 3230:. 3207:. 3186:. 3165:. 3142:. 3130:. 3104:. 3075:. 2992:( 2976:( 2963:( 2947:( 2881:. 2838:( 2758:. 2734:. 2686:" 2646:. 2604:: 2560:. 1980:) 1976:( 1971:) 1967:( 1959:) 1955:( 1800:( 1165:( 884:e 877:t 870:v 727:e 720:t 713:v 25:.

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Persian campaign (World War I)

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