818:
927:, with the headline finding that "personal carbon trading has potential to engage individuals in taking action to combat climate change, but is essentially ahead of its time and expected costs for implementation are high". Based on this DEFRA announced that "the (UK) Government remains interested in the concept of personal carbon trading and, although it will not be continuing its research programme at this stage, it will monitor the wealth of research focusing on this area and may introduce personal carbon trading if the value of carbon savings and cost implications change".
3719:
3707:
998:
3743:
3731:
42:
729:, with the economic recovery of COVID-19 and new technical capacity having opened a favorable window of opportunity for initial test runs of such in appropriate regions, while many questions remain largely unaddressed. However, carbon rationing could have a larger effect on poorer households as "people in the low-income groups may have an above-average energy use, because they live in inefficient homes".
722:. Individuals then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals wanting or needing to emit at a level above that permitted by their initial allocation would be able to purchase additional credits in the personal carbon market from those using less, creating a profit for those individuals who emit at a level below that permitted by their initial allocation.
947:
demonstrate the benefits of to be far greater than was acknowledged in the
Government's research. Accordingly, it urged them to move quickly to fund moves towards potential implementation in the near future. A 2018 European Commission debate on TEQs also concluded positively, but failed to create significant momentum towards implementation.
898:-, service-, labor- and lifestyle-decisions, requirements for the design and maintenance of anonymized accurate data, international enforcement, scope and loopholes of evaluations, adoption by major emitters in a landscape of globalized economic competition, public acceptance and the availability and prices of products and services.
946:
In
January 2011, the UK's All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil published a report into TEQs, garnering significant media coverage. This report highlights the significant research from a number of research centres produced since the Government's feasibility study, and argues that these studies
942:
A 2010 paper into attitudes towards personal carbon trading suggests a general ambivalence, however the researchers noted that "In fact, moderate support was the commonest view". A four-week consumer trial on
Personal Carbon Allowances carried out in London in June 2011 reported that "Participants
934:
produced their report on the subject, which concluded that ”personal carbon trading could be essential in helping to reduce our national carbon footprint" and rebuked the
Government for delaying a full feasibility study, stating that "although we commend the Government for its intention to maintain
837:
and ensure fair access to fuel and energy. They also believe it would increase ‘carbon literacy’ among the public, while encouraging more localised economies. For example, in the UK, the city of
Manchester claims it is "the first city to undertake to empower all its citizens with carbon literacy."
813:
Individuals who exceed their allocation (i.e. those who want to use more emissions credits than they have been given) would be able to purchase additional credits from those who use less, so individuals that are under allocation would profit from their small carbon footprint. There are two types of
938:
Analysts have noted that to implement any effective carbon rationing system, "the government must convince the public that rationing levels are fair, that the system is administered transparently and fairly, and that evaders are few in number, likely to be detected and liable to stiff penalties if
841:
Personal carbon trading has been criticised for its possible complexity and high implementation costs. As yet, there is minimal reliable data on these issues. There is also the fear that personal "rationing" and trading of allowances will be politically unacceptable, especially if those allowances
894:. Issues may include privacy, the evaluation of emissions from individuals that e.g. co-run multinational companies, the evaluation of offsets by inducing reductions of emissions by others or overall, accuracy of and requirements for the design of mechanisms to assess environmental impacts of
797:
Individuals would most likely hold their emissions credits in electronic accounts, and would surrender them when they make carbon-related purchases, such as electricity, heating fuel and petroleum. PCAs could also require individuals to use credits for public transport.
885:
technology and "smarter home and transport options make it possible to easily track and manage a large share of individuals' emissions" and that feedback effective in engaging individuals to reduce their energy-related emissions and relevant new personalized
2128:
881:– credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels – aligned with calculated regional maximum emissions for emission-target achievement – of per capita emissions allowances. The researchers find that recent advances in
1078:
1270:
1328:
1483:
Joshua Thumim and Vicki White, Centre for
Sustainable Energy (2008). Distributional Impacts of Personal Carbon Trading: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Defra, London
1501:
1119:
756:
1485:
877:
and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first trial implementations in climate-conscious technologically advanced countries. PCAs would consist of – e.g.
763:
project. The system has been the subject of a UK government funded feasibility study in 2008, an All Party
Parliamentary Group report in 2011, and a European Commission debate in 2018.
853:
policy instrument – redistributing money from the rich to the poor – as the rich use more energy than the poor, and so would need to buy allowances from them. This is in contrast to a
2028:
3443:
2022:
2016:
1086:
3619:
3287:
2744:
1911:
Personal carbon budgeting: What people need to know, learn and have in order to manage and live within a carbon budget, and the policies that could support them?
2002:
3460:
2070:
1306:
1245:
2896:
2712:
2891:
1996:
1041:
920:
1972:
1933:
for the UK Government to undertake a full-scale pilot and risk assessment of introducing personal carbon trading for individuals and small businesses.
2759:
685:
2138:
1482:
2739:
2686:
1463:
2119:
2144:
2395:
2080:
2042:
817:
2628:
935:
engagement in academic work on the topic, we urge it to undertake a stronger role, leading and shaping debate and coordinating research".
2512:
1966:
842:
are used to buy from industries who are already passing on costs from their participation in carbon levy or trading schemes such as the
2781:
2729:
2150:
1992:
752:
777:, Oxford, UK. The title "PCAs" or "PCA scheme" is sometimes used generically to refer to any proposed form of personal carbon trading.
3660:
2776:
2351:
1959:
1910:
821:
Survey results from 2022 - 2023 show that
Southern Europeans are more favourable to carbon rationing than people in Northern Europe.
789:– preliminary proposal in an article by Suryapratim Roy and Edwin Woerdman which analyses some of the legal and policy nuances of a
2991:
2702:
2420:
2197:
1763:
783:– originally proposed in an article by Dr. Kirk Barrett in 1995 and applicable to any form of pollution, including carbon dioxide.
3347:
3136:
2294:
1656:
916:
also grants powers allowing the UK Government to introduce a personal carbon trading scheme without further primary legislation.
1986:
2996:
2959:
2813:
2798:
2707:
2356:
2300:
1937:
3655:
2793:
1373:
1212:
678:
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2623:
2618:
1695:
931:
3158:
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2754:
2676:
2666:
2649:
2556:
2363:
1813:
1036:
2681:
3587:
3448:
3405:
2901:
1982:
1930:
1751:
719:
599:
257:
3784:
3514:
3390:
3207:
2400:
2010:
1644:
1526:
1144:
3747:
3385:
3365:
3312:
3264:
2316:
671:
25:
3504:
3455:
2881:
2843:
2788:
2248:
1989:(11 July 2006) announces study looking at personal carbon trading and other approaches to mobilising individuals
3769:
3572:
2856:
2603:
2123:
1831:"Living with a carbon allowance: The experiences of Carbon Rationing Action Groups and implications for policy"
1710:
1249:
774:
428:
2171:
Domestic
Tradable Quotas (Climate Change) Bill – a Private Members Bill submitted to the UK Parliament in 2004
1945:
3682:
3217:
2749:
956:
Carbon
Rationing Action Groups – groups in the UK and US that voluntarily cap their greenhouse gas emissions
453:
376:
152:
3665:
3337:
2866:
2861:
2766:
2633:
2190:
2033:
1916:
1682:"What is the progress towards seeing TEQs implemented in the UK?", from TEQs website - accessed 23 Jan 2011
627:
443:
2876:
2719:
2170:
1926:
1599:
1363:
1031:
396:
381:
262:
3774:
3735:
3499:
3302:
3259:
3032:
2954:
2808:
2084:
751:, who first published the idea in 1996 under its former name Domestic Tradable Quotas (DTQs). The UK's
366:
361:
346:
3604:
3279:
3254:
3227:
3189:
3106:
2924:
2771:
2724:
2474:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2131:(links to full reports broken, but they are available to be downloaded in full from the TEQs website
870:
726:
498:
391:
129:
3119:
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3599:
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2886:
2851:
2734:
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2502:
2331:
2267:
2228:
1920:
1789:
Media coverage of All Party Parliamentary report into TEQs, from www.teqs.net, accessed 23 Jan 2011
1471:
1460:
The Distributional Impacts of Economic Instruments to Limit Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport
1459:
1011:
714:
schemes under which emissions credits would be allocated to adult individuals on a (broadly) equal
569:
468:
401:
247:
237:
212:
167:
1527:"Pandemic and digitalization set stage for revival of a cast-off idea: Personal carbon allowances"
1145:"Pandemic and digitalization set stage for revival of a cast-off idea: Personal carbon allowances"
3723:
3645:
3555:
3297:
3269:
2949:
2598:
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2183:
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913:
790:
711:
642:
493:
448:
433:
418:
413:
356:
279:
66:
61:
33:
814:
carbon credits, Certified Emission Reduction credits EUAs and CERs and Verified Carbon Credits.
3322:
3142:
3084:
3001:
2986:
2871:
2507:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2094:
1645:
Media release: Norfolk Island to trial world first Personal Carbon Trading program - 27/10/2010
1425:
Parag, Yael; Eyre, Nick (2010). "Barriers for Personal Carbon Trading in the UK policy arena".
799:
748:
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284:
267:
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3042:
2492:
2415:
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1026:
895:
637:
584:
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252:
106:
725:
Some forms of personal carbon trading (carbon rationing) could be an effective component of
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3089:
2654:
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1845:
1611:
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632:
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242:
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8:
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3342:
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2156:
2029:
UK Government-commissioned scoping study, by the Centre for Sustainable Energy (Nov 2006)
564:
508:
463:
232:
227:
2045:
Article outlining personal carbon credit trading from home energy reductions (July 2009)
1849:
1711:
Environmental Audit Committee - Personal Carbon Trading: Fifth Report of Session 2007–08
1615:
1566:
1179:
3779:
3395:
3327:
3244:
3094:
3059:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2571:
1442:
604:
589:
488:
458:
438:
1660:
857:, under which all lower income people are worse off, prior to revenue redistribution.
825:
Proponents of personal carbon trading claim that it is an equitable way of addressing
3629:
3292:
3037:
2803:
2586:
2549:
2336:
2290:
1830:
1627:
1580:
1369:
1193:
1065:
982:
559:
548:
371:
299:
91:
86:
1446:
1365:
The EIB Climate Survey: Government action, personal choices and the green transition
909:
is trialling the world's first personal carbon trading programme, starting in 2011.
3672:
3239:
3222:
3163:
3054:
2818:
2532:
2405:
2341:
2088:
2074:
1881:
1853:
1619:
1570:
1434:
1350:
1282:
The reports from the UK government feasibility study can be downloaded in full here
1183:
1021:
882:
834:
803:
706:
emissions to contain climate change, could take any of several forms. One of them,
553:
351:
289:
157:
124:
1752:
Public attitudes to personal carbon allowances: findings from a mixed-method study
1549:
Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (16 August 2021).
1162:
Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (16 August 2021).
3624:
3545:
3509:
3438:
3412:
3400:
3317:
3249:
3124:
2981:
2593:
2544:
2522:
2129:
UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs feasibility study into TEQs
2081:"Beyond carbon pricing to TEQs – reconciling scientific reality with realpolitik"
1977:
report supporting implementation of a UK Personal Carbon Trading scheme from 2013
1817:
1699:
1489:
1307:
Molly Scott Cato MEP chairs European Commission debate on TEQs, 19 September 2018
850:
520:
319:
274:
162:
1857:
1692:
1623:
3577:
3433:
3375:
3370:
3212:
3101:
2833:
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2671:
2608:
2346:
2326:
2285:
2206:
2056:
2006:
1767:
1731:
1575:
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1188:
1163:
960:
906:
874:
826:
657:
652:
647:
622:
574:
530:
408:
386:
329:
294:
192:
182:
71:
1901:
1871:
Brendan Barrett, "Better than Star Wars: The Age of Stupid", 25 September 2009
1810:
3763:
3650:
3582:
3307:
3129:
3114:
3049:
2944:
1631:
1584:
1197:
1016:
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770:
339:
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324:
304:
217:
197:
177:
76:
56:
1870:
3535:
3332:
2976:
2966:
2613:
2497:
2410:
2115:
1438:
594:
309:
187:
101:
2104:
2061:
2050:
TEQs (Tradable Energy Quotas) – formerly known as Domestic Tradable Quotas
3562:
3079:
3071:
2321:
869:
concluded that personal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component of
950:
849:
Research in this area has shown that personal carbon trading would be a
833:, as it could guarantee that a national economy lives within its agreed
757:
Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce
3594:
2971:
1502:"Analysis | We Need Cap-and-Trade For Individuals As Well As Companies"
1467:
1120:"Analysis | We Need Cap-and-Trade For Individuals As Well As Companies"
887:
854:
807:
715:
134:
81:
1107:
2539:
2139:
Domestic Tradable Quotas: Fancy buying and selling your dirty habits?
977:
943:
engaged with the personal carbon allowance concept with enthusiasm".
699:
525:
314:
1339:
2108:
830:
755:
has been researching this scheme since 2003, and more recently the
172:
2517:
2175:
1400:
1066:"Any way you slice it: The past, present and future of rationing"
997:
2095:
The All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil's report into TEQs
1389:
David Fleming (2007), Energy and the Common Purpose, 3rd edition
41:
3530:
2019:(19 July 2006) with over 80 comments from members of the public
891:
843:
1960:
A persuasive climate: Personal trading and changing lifestyles
1799:
3444:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2527:
2132:
2064:
Lean Logic: A Dictionary for the Future and How to Survive It
2037:
1770:: Carbon Trust Advisory and The Coca-Cola Company. April 2012
1544:
1542:
1540:
1292:
1281:
878:
1548:
1161:
2083:
Popular peer-reviewed paper advocating for TEQs, edited by
1233:
924:
1537:
1317:
1155:
3620:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2164:
2098:
1657:"Norfolk Island Carbon/Health Evaluation (NICHE) website"
793:
scheme for individuals, for instance on an EU-wide scale.
1318:
Environmental Change Institute (ECI) – Oxford University
769:– described in the book "How we can save the planet" by
1600:"Personal carbon trading: A policy ahead of its time?"
3461:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1083:
journal, Volume 10, Number 4, Sept 2010, pp. 329-338"
951:
Related emissions reduction proposals and initiatives
993:
2114:Official responses to the feasibility study by i)
1997:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1724:"Rationing returns: a solution to global warming?"
1042:International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance
901:
1993:Government to consider personal carbon allowances
1213:"Can rationing carbon help fight climate change?"
773:and Tina Fawcett. Work on PCAs is ongoing at the
3761:
3661:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2017:David Miliband's blog on personal carbon trading
1715:
1938:RSA project on personal carbon trading – Carbon
1917:Carbon rationing and personal carbon allowances
1079:""An introduction to personal carbon trading",
802:would bring all other sectors of society (e.g.
710:, is the generic term for a number of proposed
16:Type of greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
2124:House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee
2396:History of climate change policy and politics
2191:
1302:
1300:
679:
2023:Commentary: Your Own Personal Carbon Credits
2013:in which he mentions personal carbon trading
1756:
2513:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2147:– a detailed report on DTQs (December 2005)
1246:"RSA CarbonLimited Partners and Supporters"
1204:
860:
3742:
3730:
3187:
2198:
2184:
1882:Release dates for The Age of Stupid - IMDb
1297:
1234:Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
930:Later that same month the UK Parliament's
753:Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
686:
672:
3482:
3288:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2421:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1721:
1574:
1424:
1362:Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023).
1271:UK Government feasibility study into TEQs
1187:
2992:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1800:All Party Parliamentary report into TEQs
1764:"Personal Carbon Allowances White Paper"
1293:All Party Parliamentary report into TEQs
816:
3348:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3137:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2116:David Fleming's Lean Economy Connection
2055:The Fleming Policy Centre's website on
1597:
810:) within the scope of a single scheme.
3762:
2997:Economics of climate change mitigation
2960:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2473:
2301:Scientific consensus on climate change
2151:Tyndall Centre summary of DTQ research
1828:
1551:"Personal carbon allowances revisited"
1329:Personal Pollution Allowance Proposal:
1164:"Personal carbon allowances revisited"
781:Tradable Personal Pollution Allowances
3656:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
3481:
3186:
2922:
2472:
2384:
2265:
2217:
2179:
1108:How would TEQs work?, on www.teqs.net
3678:Representative Concentration Pathway
2619:Tipping points in the climate system
2295:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
2071:The European Commission debates TEQs
2025:– Berkeley Daily Planet (1 Sep 2006)
1361:
965:Heat: How to Stop the Planet Burning
3449:Nationally determined contributions
3159:Individual action on climate change
2364:World energy supply and consumption
2034:Personal mobility emissions trading
1927:On The Move: SDC Annual Review 2005
1913:. By Parag & Strickland (2009).
1037:Emissions Reduction Currency System
923:completed a feasibility study into
13:
3588:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2205:
1967:What we must do to save the planet
1931:Sustainable Development Commission
980:is considered in the feature film
747:– devised by environmental writer
600:Renewable energy commercialization
14:
3796:
3515:Satellite temperature measurement
3120:forestry for carbon sequestration
2401:History of climate change science
2120:the Centre for Sustainable Energy
2062:The entry on TEQs from Fleming's
1889:
1598:Fawcett, Tina (1 November 2010).
1210:
767:Personal Carbon Allowances (PCAs)
3741:
3729:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3366:Climate Change Performance Index
2745:Destruction of cultural heritage
1693:DEFRA press release - 8 May 2008
996:
40:
3505:Instrumental temperature record
3456:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1875:
1864:
1822:
1804:
1793:
1782:
1745:
1704:
1686:
1675:
1649:
1638:
1591:
1519:
1494:
1476:
1453:
1418:
1393:
1382:
1355:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1286:
1275:
1264:
902:Progress towards implementation
875:economic recovery from COVID-19
3573:Climate variability and change
2923:
2604:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2141:– Financial Times (9 Oct 2006)
1722:Roodhouse, Mark (March 2007).
1238:
1227:
1137:
1112:
1101:
1071:
1058:
865:In 2021, a study published in
775:Environmental Change Institute
1:
3683:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3218:Climate emergency declaration
2159:Energy and the Common Purpose
2067:(published online April 2020)
1052:
986:, released in February 2009.
932:Environmental Audit Committee
377:Socially responsible business
153:Bright green environmentalism
3666:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2892:Middle East and North Africa
2218:
1368:. European Investment Bank.
732:
628:Environmental pricing reform
7:
2740:Depopulation of settlements
2385:
2145:Tyndall Technical Report 39
1908:UK Energy Research Council.
1858:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.10.044
1624:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.001
1032:Contraction and Convergence
989:
702:, as a means of reducing CO
382:Social return on investment
10:
3801:
3500:Global surface temperature
3391:Popular culture depictions
3303:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3033:Carbon capture and storage
2955:Carbon offsets and credits
2266:
2107:– 12 minute discussion of
1995:– press release by the UK
1894:
1829:Howell, Rachel A. (2012).
1576:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w
1340:End-user Emissions Trading
1189:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w
787:End-user Emissions Trading
367:Pollution haven hypothesis
362:Natural resource economics
347:High-performance buildings
3712:Climate change portal
3699:
3638:
3605:Extreme event attribution
3523:
3492:
3488:
3477:
3421:
3356:
3278:
3228:School Strike for Climate
3200:
3196:
3182:
3151:
3107:Climate-smart agriculture
3068:
3025:
2935:
2931:
2918:
2842:
2695:
2642:
2485:
2481:
2468:
2391:
2380:
2309:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2244:Climate change adaptation
2239:Climate change mitigation
2234:Effects of climate change
2224:
2213:
871:climate change mitigation
727:climate change mitigation
130:Climate change mitigation
3785:Environmental technology
3615:Global warming potential
3422:International agreements
3069:Preserving and enhancing
2503:Arctic methane emissions
2425:Years in climate change
2332:Greenhouse gas emissions
2229:Causes of climate change
2157:David Fleming's seminal
1921:climate change education
1816:30 November 2006 at the
1472:Policy Studies Institute
1012:Carbon emissions trading
971:
861:Research and development
791:carbon emissions trading
759:(RSA) through its Carbon
712:carbon emissions trading
570:Environmental technology
213:Ecological modernization
168:Corporate sustainability
3646:Climate change scenario
3298:Disaster risk reduction
2950:Carbon emission trading
2760:U.S. insurance industry
2730:Civilizational collapse
2577:sea surface temperature
2043:Personal Carbon Credits
1902:Personal Carbon Trading
1405:Carbon Literacy Project
1351:Types of Carbon Credits
1047:Personal carbon credits
959:"Icecaps" – devised by
914:Climate Change Act 2008
718:basis, within national
708:personal carbon trading
643:Green industrial policy
357:Marginal abatement cost
280:Fiscal environmentalism
97:Personal carbon trading
67:Carbon fee and dividend
62:Carbon emission trading
34:Environmental economics
3639:Research and modelling
3323:Nature-based solutions
3143:Nature-based solutions
3085:Carbon dioxide removal
3002:Fossil fuel divestment
2987:Climate risk insurance
2897:Small island countries
2508:Arctic sea ice decline
2057:Tradable Energy Quotas
2009:(19 July 2006) to the
1439:10.3763/cpol.2009.0009
822:
800:Tradable Energy Quotas
743:Tradable Energy Quotas
580:Fossil fuel divestment
3770:Climate change policy
3600:Earth's energy budget
3483:Background and theory
3371:Climate crisis (term)
3043:Fossil fuel phase-out
2937:Economics and finance
2902:by individual country
2844:By country and region
2819:Security and conflict
2814:Psychological impacts
2493:Abrupt climate change
2416:Charles David Keeling
2249:By country and region
2087:and lead-authored by
1929:– proposal by the UK
1904:policy? a short video
1555:Nature Sustainability
1168:Nature Sustainability
1027:Clean Air Conservancy
873:. They find that the
867:Nature Sustainability
820:
638:Free public transport
585:Fossil fuel phase-out
107:Social cost of carbon
3429:Glasgow Climate Pact
3090:Carbon sequestration
2655:Mass mortality event
2111:and TEQs (Sept 2008)
2097:, downloadable as a
2075:Molly Scott Cato MEP
1965:RSA Journal article
1728:History & Policy
1488:26 July 2008 at the
633:Environmental tariff
258:full-cost accounting
223:Efficient energy use
208:Ecological footprint
203:Ecological economics
3568:Climate sensitivity
3343:The Adaptation Fund
2799:Infectious diseases
2696:Social and economic
1985:of UK government's
1936:Description of the
1850:2012EnPol..41..250H
1698:18 May 2008 at the
1663:on 28 December 2012
1616:2010EnPol..38.6868F
1567:2021NatSu...4.1025F
1180:2021NatSu...4.1025F
737:Proposals include:
565:Carbon-neutral fuel
228:Energy conservation
3139:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3111:Forest management
3095:Direct air capture
3060:Sustainable energy
3017:Net zero emissions
3012:Low-carbon economy
3007:Green Climate Fund
2794:Indigenous peoples
2687:Plant biodiversity
2475:Effects and issues
1919:CarbonEquity is a
1068:. New Press Books.
1064:Cox, Stan (2013).
823:
605:Sustainable energy
590:Low-carbon economy
429:consumer behaviour
3775:Emissions trading
3757:
3756:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3630:Radiative forcing
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3293:Adaptive capacity
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3038:Energy transition
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2624:Tropical cyclones
2550:Urban heat island
2464:
2463:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2337:Carbon accounting
2291:Greenhouse effect
2257:
2256:
2161:, downloadable as
1923:and advocacy NGO.
1610:(11): 6868–6876.
1561:(12): 1025–1031.
1375:978-92-861-5535-2
1174:(12): 1025–1031.
983:The Age of Stupid
855:direct carbon tax
696:
695:
560:Carbon neutrality
549:2000-watt society
543:Energy transition
454:development goals
372:Social accounting
92:Environmental tax
87:Emissions trading
3792:
3745:
3744:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3673:Paleoclimatology
3490:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3240:Ecological grief
3223:Climate movement
3198:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3164:Plant-based diet
3055:Renewable energy
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2755:Economic impacts
2677:Invasive species
2533:Coastal flooding
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2406:Svante Arrhenius
2382:
2381:
2352:from agriculture
2342:Carbon footprint
2327:Greenhouse gases
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2215:
2214:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2089:Shaun Chamberlin
2077:(September 2018)
2011:Audit Commission
1884:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1659:. Archived from
1653:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1498:
1492:
1480:
1474:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:on 19 March 2008
1248:. Archived from
1242:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1085:. Archived from
1075:
1069:
1062:
1022:Carbon footprint
1006:
1001:
1000:
883:machine learning
688:
681:
674:
554:Alternative fuel
444:design standards
352:Impact investing
158:Circular economy
125:Carbon footprint
44:
21:
20:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3706:
3704:
3687:
3634:
3625:Orbital forcing
3519:
3484:
3465:
3439:Paris Agreement
3417:
3413:Warming stripes
3352:
3318:Managed retreat
3313:Loss and damage
3274:
3208:Business action
3192:
3170:
3147:
3070:
3064:
3021:
2982:Climate finance
2927:
2906:
2838:
2691:
2667:Extinction risk
2643:Flora and fauna
2638:
2599:Permafrost thaw
2594:Ozone depletion
2523:Extreme weather
2477:
2460:
2387:
2368:
2305:
2270:
2253:
2220:
2209:
2204:
2052:
1962:(December 2008)
1897:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1818:Wayback Machine
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1700:Wayback Machine
1691:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1596:
1592:
1547:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1506:Washington Post
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:Wayback Machine
1481:
1477:
1458:
1454:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1124:Washington Post
1118:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1089:on 13 July 2011
1077:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1002:
995:
992:
974:
953:
939:found guilty."
904:
863:
735:
705:
692:
663:
662:
618:
610:
609:
544:
536:
535:
521:Thermoeconomics
275:Ethical banking
163:Climate finance
148:
140:
139:
120:
112:
111:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3578:Cloud feedback
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3434:Kyoto Protocol
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3386:Media coverage
3383:
3378:
3376:Climate spiral
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3265:Public opinion
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3213:Climate action
3210:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:REDD and REDD+
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3102:Carbon farming
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2834:Water security
2831:
2829:Water scarcity
2826:
2824:Urban flooding
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Forest dieback
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Sea level rise
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:stratification
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Carbon leakage
2344:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2286:Climate system
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2207:Climate change
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2126:
2112:
2102:
2101:(January 2011)
2092:
2085:Kevin Anderson
2078:
2068:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2007:David Miliband
2000:
1999:(19 July 2006)
1990:
1983:Paragraph 2.84
1980:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:External links
1888:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1863:
1821:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1768:United Kingdom
1755:
1744:
1732:United Kingdom
1714:
1703:
1685:
1674:
1648:
1637:
1590:
1536:
1518:
1493:
1475:
1452:
1433:(4): 353–368.
1427:Climate Policy
1417:
1392:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1237:
1226:
1211:Swain, Frank.
1203:
1154:
1136:
1111:
1100:
1081:Climate Policy
1070:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1007:
991:
988:
973:
970:
969:
968:
961:George Monbiot
957:
952:
949:
907:Norfolk Island
903:
900:
862:
859:
827:climate change
795:
794:
784:
778:
764:
734:
731:
720:carbon budgets
703:
694:
693:
691:
690:
683:
676:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
658:Rail subsidies
655:
653:Green politics
650:
648:Green New Deal
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Carbon leakage
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
575:Feed-in tariff
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
531:Value of Earth
528:
523:
518:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
387:Sustainability
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
282:
277:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
193:Eco-innovation
190:
185:
183:Eco-capitalism
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
121:
119:Climate change
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
72:Carbon finance
69:
64:
59:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3797:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3750:
3749:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Climate model
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3583:Cloud forcing
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3476:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3358:Communication
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Vulnerability
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Flood control
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:reforestation
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:afforestation
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Nuclear power
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Carbon budget
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
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2782:Mental health
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2713:United States
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2570:
2568:
2567:deoxygenation
2565:
2563:
2562:acidification
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2379:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:from wetlands
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2345:
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2340:
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2335:
2334:
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2317:Deforestation
2315:
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2289:
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2110:
2106:
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2100:
2096:
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2090:
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2079:
2076:
2073:, chaired by
2072:
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2054:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:Energy Review
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:final report
1957:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
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1898:
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1839:
1838:Energy Policy
1832:
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1604:Energy Policy
1601:
1594:
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1464:Simon Dresner
1461:
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1432:
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1199:
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1038:
1035:
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1025:
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1018:
1017:Carbon offset
1015:
1013:
1010:
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1005:
1004:Energy portal
999:
994:
987:
985:
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979:
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868:
858:
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845:
839:
836:
835:carbon budget
832:
828:
819:
815:
811:
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805:
801:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
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771:Mayer Hillman
768:
765:
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754:
750:
749:David Fleming
746:
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689:
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524:
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519:
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512:
510:
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502:
500:
499:refurbishment
497:
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269:
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263:impact design
261:
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241:
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233:Environmental
231:
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219:
218:Ecotechnology
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209:
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204:
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198:Eco-investing
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178:Disinvestment
176:
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144:
143:
136:
133:
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116:
115:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
77:Carbon offset
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
57:Carbon credit
55:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3703:
3536:Carbon cycle
3493:Measurements
3188:Society and
3072:carbon sinks
2977:Climate debt
2967:Carbon price
2789:Human rights
2614:Season creep
2572:heat content
2498:Anoxic event
2411:James Hansen
2158:
2135:) (May 2008)
2063:
1974:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1907:
1877:
1866:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1811:Home | CRAGs
1806:
1795:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1758:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1706:
1688:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1651:
1640:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1558:
1554:
1530:
1521:
1511:21 September
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1478:
1455:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1384:
1364:
1357:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1313:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1240:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1206:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1129:21 September
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1080:
1073:
1060:
981:
975:
964:
963:in his book
945:
941:
937:
929:
919:In May 2008
918:
911:
905:
866:
864:
848:
840:
824:
812:
796:
786:
780:
766:
760:
741:
736:
724:
707:
697:
595:Net metering
469:food systems
397:organization
188:Eco commerce
102:Pigovian tax
96:
51:Carbon price
18:
3563:Carbon sink
3541:atmospheric
3406:video games
3080:Blue carbon
2703:Agriculture
2682:Marine life
2629:Water cycle
2587:temperature
2322:Fossil fuel
2105:BBC Radio 4
2091:(July 2015)
1979:(Sept 2007)
1969:(June 2006)
1844:: 250–258.
1410:14 February
1401:"Home Page"
851:progressive
494:procurement
449:development
434:consumption
419:agriculture
414:advertising
409:Sustainable
300:development
3764:Categories
3595:Cryosphere
3556:permafrost
3328:Resilience
3280:Adaptation
3255:Litigation
3245:Governance
3190:adaptation
2972:Carbon tax
2925:Mitigation
2862:Antarctica
2750:Disability
1973:RSA Carbon
1954:RSA Carbon
1946:RSA Carbon
1737:9 December
1667:31 October
1468:Paul Ekins
1219:2 December
1093:23 January
1053:References
808:government
716:per capita
484:management
479:livelihood
474:industries
424:capitalism
392:accounting
290:accounting
248:enterprise
238:accounting
135:Food miles
82:Carbon tax
3780:Rationing
3610:Feedbacks
3381:Education
2882:Caribbean
2877:Australia
2804:Migration
2767:Fisheries
2708:Livestock
2634:Wildfires
2540:Heat wave
2122:and iii)
1774:14 August
1632:0301-4215
1585:2398-9629
1198:2398-9629
978:rationing
890:could be
733:Proposals
700:rationing
526:Used good
514:transport
402:reporting
320:marketing
3736:Glossary
3724:Category
3546:biologic
3260:Politics
3152:Personal
2857:Americas
2720:Children
2486:Physical
2279:Overview
2219:Overview
2167:) (2005)
2109:peak oil
1900:What is
1814:Archived
1696:Archived
1531:phys.org
1486:Archived
1447:62882992
1149:phys.org
990:See also
892:designed
879:monetary
831:peak oil
804:industry
617:Policies
504:sourcing
330:recovery
295:building
268:planning
173:Degrowth
147:Concepts
26:a series
24:Part of
3551:oceanic
3401:fiction
3250:Justice
3201:Society
2809:Poverty
2518:Drought
2386:History
2310:Sources
1975:Limited
1956:Limited
1950:website
1948:Limited
1940:Limited
1895:General
1846:Bibcode
1612:Bibcode
1563:Bibcode
1256:1 April
1176:Bibcode
976:Carbon
896:product
761:Limited
698:Carbon
509:tourism
464:finance
340:vehicle
335:trading
325:paradox
305:economy
253:finance
3531:Albedo
3524:Theory
3235:Denial
3026:Energy
2887:Europe
2867:Arctic
2852:Africa
2777:Health
2772:Gender
2725:Cities
2650:Biomes
2557:Oceans
2545:Marine
2268:Causes
2153:(2005)
2118:, ii)
2003:Speech
1630:
1583:
1445:
1372:
1196:
844:EU ETS
745:(TEQs)
489:market
459:energy
439:design
310:growth
243:design
3748:Index
3510:Proxy
3270:Women
2735:Crime
2662:Birds
2528:Flood
2038:Lahti
1834:(PDF)
1443:S2CID
1215:. BBC
972:Media
921:DEFRA
285:Green
28:about
3333:Risk
2872:Asia
2454:2024
2449:2023
2444:2022
2439:2021
2434:2020
2429:2019
2133:here
1776:2012
1739:2010
1669:2012
1628:ISSN
1581:ISSN
1513:2021
1466:and
1412:2017
1370:ISBN
1258:2008
1221:2021
1194:ISSN
1131:2021
1095:2011
925:TEQs
912:The
888:apps
829:and
3396:art
2165:PDF
2099:PDF
2036:in
2005:by
1854:doi
1620:doi
1571:doi
1435:doi
1184:doi
315:job
3766::
2163:a
1852:.
1842:41
1840:.
1836:.
1766:.
1730:.
1726:.
1626:.
1618:.
1608:38
1606:.
1602:.
1579:.
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1557:.
1553:.
1539:^
1529:.
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1462:,
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1299:^
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