673:
1890:
248:
1318:
1199:
2285:, up 11.2% from 239 million in 2006. In 2004, the global shipments were 183 million units, an 11.6% increase over 2003. In 2003, 152.6 million computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 175 billion. In 2002, 136.7 million PCs were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 175 billion. In 2000, 140.2 million personal computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $ 226 billion. Worldwide shipments of personal computers surpassed the 100-million mark in 1999, growing to 113.5 million units from 93.3 million units in 1998. In 1999, Asia had 14.1 million units shipped.
1824:
2249:
832:, personal computers and home computers lost any technical distinction. Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound, and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers. Mass-market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of personal computers used at home.
1169:. These machines were AC-powered and included a small CRT display screen. The form factor was intended to allow these systems to be taken on board an airplane as carry-on baggage, though their high power demand meant that they could not be used in flight. The integrated CRT display made for a relatively heavy package, but these machines were more portable than their contemporary desktop equals. Some models had standard or optional connections to drive an external video monitor, allowing a larger screen or use with video projectors.
1534:
972:, these varieties often rest on the ground or underneath desks. Despite this seeming contradiction, the term "desktop" does typically refer to these vertical tower cases as well as the horizontally aligned models which are designed to literally rest on top of desks and are therefore more appropriate to the "desktop" term, although both types qualify for this "desktop" label in most practical situations aside from certain physical arrangement differences. Both styles of these computer cases hold the systems hardware
938:
1875:
2100:
2340:
of 2011. Global PC sales fell sharply in the first quarter of 2013, according to IDC data. The 14% year-over-year decline was the largest on record since the firm began tracking in 1994, and double what analysts had been expecting. The decline of Q2 2013 PC shipments marked the fifth straight quarter of falling sales. "This is horrific news for PCs," remarked an analyst. "It's all about mobile computing now. We have definitely reached the tipping point." Data from
6101:
1267:
597:
1115:
1248:). These machines had a keyboard with slightly reduced dimensions compared to a desktop system, and a fixed LCD display screen coplanar with the keyboard. These displays were usually small, with 8 to 16 lines of text, sometimes only 40 columns line length. However, these machines could operate for extended times on disposable or rechargeable batteries. Although they did not usually include internal disk drives, this form factor often included a
2541:
712:, followed by the Heathkit H89 in late 1979. With the purchase of the Heathkit H8 you would obtain the chassis and CPU card to assemble yourself, additional hardware such as the H8-1 memory board that contained 4k of RAM could also be purchased in order to run software. The Heathkit H11 model was released in 1978 and was one of the first 16-bit personal computers; however, due to its high retail cost of $ 1,295 was discontinued in 1982.
263:
2527:
883:
716:
727:
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1222:, enhancing their portability. To save power, weight and space, laptop graphics chips are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM, resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to desktop machines, that more typically have a graphics card installed. For this reason, desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for
2352:, which was designed to look similar to tablet/smartphone software, was cited as a contributing factor in the decline of new PC sales. "Unfortunately, it seems clear that the Windows 8 launch not only didn't provide a positive boost to the PC market, but appears to have slowed the market," said IDC Vice President Bob OβDonnell.
2147:, PC gaming was the third largest gaming sector behind console and mobile gaming in terms of market share sitting at a 24% share of the entire market. The market for PC gaming continues to grow and is expected to generate $ 32.3 billion in revenue in the year 2021. PC gaming is at the forefront of competitive gaming, known as
665:, Jobs and Wozniak were given their first purchase order, for 50 Apple I computers, only if the computers were assembled and tested and not a kit computer. Terrell wanted to have computers to sell to a wide range of users, not just experienced electronics hobbyists who had the soldering skills to assemble a computer kit. The
38:
980:, processor chip and other internal operating parts. Desktop computers have an external monitor with a display screen and an external keyboard, which are plugged into ports on the back of the computer case. Desktop computers are popular for home and business computing applications as they leave space on the desk for
2339:
as computing devices would surpass the PCs sales (as has happened since 2012). As of 2013, worldwide sales of PCs had begun to fall as many consumers moved to tablets and smartphones. Sales of 90.3 million units in the fourth quarter of 2012 represented a 4.9% decline from sales in the fourth quarter
2190:. Distributors such as the ones listed allow many games to be purchasable and accessible to users. Though some distributors may only sell games that have been created by their own company, many games and franchises are available on multiple distributor platforms. Some multiplayer pc games can also be
2086:
tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts; even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important
1795:
also provide portable storage for users, commonly used on other electronics such as mobile phones and digital cameras, the information stored on these cards can be accessed using a memory card reader to transfer data between devices. Webcams, which are either built into computer hardware or connected
1229:
Unlike desktop computers, only minor internal upgrades (such as memory and hard disk drive) are feasible owing to the limited space and power available. Laptops have the same input and output ports as desktops, for connecting to external displays, mice, cameras, storage devices and keyboards. Laptops
145:
manufacturers. Many personal computer users no longer need to write their programs to make any use of a personal computer, although end-user programming is still feasible. This contrasts with mobile systems, where software is often available only through a manufacturer-supported channel, and end-user
1340:
pen or finger. Some tablets may use a "hybrid" or "convertible" design, offering a keyboard that can either be removed as an attachment, or a screen that can be rotated and folded directly over top the keyboard. Some tablets may use desktop-PC operating system such as
Windows or Linux, or may run an
700:
following in August 1977, which sold over 100,000 units during its lifetime. Together, especially in the North
American market, these 3 machines were referred to as the "1977 trinity". Mass-market, ready-assembled computers had arrived, and allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing
3960:
AT&T announced on
Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just 50 US$ if they signed up for an Internet service plan... 'The era of a perfect Internet computer for 99 US$ is coming this year,' said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a
2047:
in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system): the power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service
2355:
In August 2013, Credit Suisse published research findings that attributed around 75% of the operating profit share of the PC industry to
Microsoft (operating system) and Intel (semiconductors). According to IDC, in 2013 PC shipments dropped by 9.8% as the greatest drop-ever in line with consumers
2079:
that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. Often, they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user; for example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been
1758:
can be used or extra hard disks can be put together in an external case. The keyboard and the mouse are external devices plugged into the computer through connectors on an I/O panel on the back of the computer case. The monitor is also connected to the input/output (I/O) panel, either through an
749:
were further developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games. They typically could be used with a television already in the home as the computer display, with low-detail blocky graphics and a limited color range, and text about 40 characters wide by 25
2023:
began to be explored, but widespread adoption required lower-cost graphical display equipment. By 1984, mass-market computer systems using graphical user interfaces were available; by the turn of the 21st century, text-mode operating systems were no longer a significant fraction of the personal
1659:
is a comprehensive term for all physical and tangible parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks. Some sub-systems of a personal computer may contain processors that run a fixed
1750:
inside the computer case. Disk drives, which provide mass storage, are connected to the motherboard with one cable, and to the power supply through another cable. Usually, disk drives are mounted in the same case as the motherboard; expansion chassis are also made for additional disk storage.
1183:
The development of thin plasma display and LCD screens permitted a somewhat smaller form factor, called the "lunchbox" computer. The screen formed one side of the enclosure, with a detachable keyboard and one or two half-height floppy disk drives, mounted facing the ends of the computer. Some
1487:
In 2007, with the release of
Windows Mobile 6, Microsoft dropped the name Pocket PC in favor of a new naming scheme: devices without an integrated phone are called Windows Mobile Classic instead of Pocket PC, while devices with an integrated phone and a touch screen are called Windows Mobile
1971:
used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating
817:
Somewhat larger and more expensive systems were aimed at office and small business use. These often featured 80-column text displays but might not have had graphics or sound capabilities. These microprocessor-based systems were still less costly than time-shared mainframes or minicomputers.
2514:
and BAN (Basel Action
Network) teamed up with electronic recyclers in the US and Canada to create an e-steward program for the orderly disposal of electronic waste. Some organizations oppose EPR regulation, and claim that manufacturers naturally move toward reduced material and energy use.
535:
portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians, and other business problem-solvers. In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton.
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were expected to double their installed PCs by 2012 and to take 70% of the second billion PCs. About 180 million computers (16% of the existing installed base) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008. The whole installed base grew 12% annually.
835:
An increasingly important set of uses for personal computers relied on the ability of the computer to communicate with other computer systems, allowing interchange of information. Experimental public access to a shared mainframe computer system was demonstrated as early as 1973 in the
1156:
Before the introduction of the IBM PC, portable computers consisting of a processor, display, disk drives and keyboard, in a suit-case style portable housing, allowed users to bring a computer home from the office or to take notes at a classroom. Examples include the
2273:. The United States had received 38.8% (394 million) of the computers shipped, Europe 25% and 11.7% had gone to the Asia-Pacific region, the fastest-growing market as of 2002. The second billion was expected to be sold by 2008. Almost half of all households in
232:
Since none of these Apple products were mainframes or time-sharing systems, they were all "personal computers" and not "PC" (brand) computers. In 1995, a CBS segment on the growing popularity of PC reported: "For many newcomers PC stands for Pain and
Confusion."
1052:
setup into one box. HTPCs can also connect to services providing on-demand movies and TV shows. HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC, or can be assembled from components.
1786:
is "a device connected to a computer to provide communication (such as input and output) or auxiliary functions (such as additional storage)". Peripherals generally connect to the computer through the use of USB ports or inputs located on the I/O panel.
1218:" design, where the keyboard and computer components are on one panel, with a hinged second panel containing a flat display screen. Closing the laptop protects the screen and keyboard during transportation. Laptops generally have a rechargeable
2260:
personal computers had been sold worldwide from the mid-1970s up to this time. Of the latter figure, 75% were professional or work related, while the rest were sold for personal or home use. About 81.5% of personal computers shipped had been
2018:
interaction, using an alphanumeric display and keyboard. The user had to remember a large range of commands to, for example, open a file for editing or to move text from one place to another. Starting in the early 1960s, the advantages of a
2304:(IDC) data for Q2 2011, for the first time China surpassed US in PC shipments by 18.5 million and 17.7 million respectively. This trend reflects the rising of emerging markets as well as the relative stagnation of mature regions.
1263:. Such computers are currently large laptops. This class of computers usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally found in smaller portable computers, and may have limited battery capacity or no battery.
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797:
on 23 July 1985. The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking, windowing operating system, color graphics with a 4096-color palette, stereo sound, Motorola 68000 CPU, 256 KB RAM, and 880 KB 3.5-inch disk drive, for US$ 1,295.
2359:
In the second quarter of 2018, PC sales grew for the first time since the first quarter of 2012. According to research firm
Gartner, the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline.
2323:
sold in 2008. Besides the regular computer manufacturers, companies making especially rugged versions of computers have sprung up, offering alternatives for people operating their machines in extreme weather or environments.
1804:
and speakers can be connected via USB or through an auxiliary port (found on I/O panel) and allow users to listen to audio accessed on their computer; however, speakers may also require an additional power source to operate.
2042:
supports applications and provides common services such as memory management, network connectivity and device drivers, all of which may be used by applications but are not directly of interest to the end user. A simplified
391:, based on microprocessors, were developed during the early 1970s. Widespread commercial availability of microprocessors, from the mid-1970s onwards, made computers cheap enough for small businesses and individuals to own.
2194:, allowing players the ability the play with other platforms, such as pc and different consoles. There are "games" on distributor platforms that may allow players to play other known games using the game application as an
859:
was made available for public use. The combination of powerful personal computers with high-resolution graphics and sound, with the infrastructure provided by the
Internet, and the standardization of access methods of the
2280:
The global personal computer shipments were 350.9 million units in 2010, 308.3 million units in 2009 and 302.2 million units in 2008. The shipments were 264 million units in the year 2007, according to
5262:
124:
Institutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with computers. While personal computer users may develop their applications, usually these systems run
1935:. The user may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer. Therefore, most
312:
to mainframe computers. Computers intended for laboratory, instrumentation, or engineering purposes were built, and could be operated by one person in an interactive fashion. Examples include such systems as the
169:" β have dominated the personal computer market, and today the term "PC" normally refers to the ubiquitous Wintel platform. Alternatives to Windows occupy a minority share of the market; these include the
4306:
Petrovskaya, Elena; Deterding, Sebastian; Zendle, David I (2022-04-29). "Prevalence and
Salience of Problematic Microtransactions in Top-Grossing Mobile and PC Games: A Content Analysis of User Reviews".
2717:
1006:(also known as single-unit PCs) is a desktop computer that combines the monitor and processor within a single unit. A separate keyboard and mouse are standard input devices, with some monitors including
4915:
2218:, etc. Many games, frequently free to play games, have microtransactions available for players. These transactions can help enhance gameplay or to personalize their characters. There are games such as
1779:(a high-speed PCI bus dedicated to graphics adapters, found in older computers). Most modern personal computers have multiple physical PCI Express expansion slots, with some having PCI slots as well.
1295:
drive, smaller size, and lower performance than full-size laptops. By mid-2009 netbooks had been offered to users "free of charge", with an extended service contract purchase of a cellular data plan.
903:
A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical, mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a
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5175:
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for telephone communication and often had provisions for external cassette or disk storage. Later, clamshell format laptop computers with similar small plan dimensions were also called "notebooks".
2379:
Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture, while the capabilities of computers increased. In 1975, an Altair kit sold for around only
3686:...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember.
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308:
which became operational in 1946 could be run by a single, albeit highly trained, person. This mode pre-dated the batch programming, or time-sharing modes with multiple users connected through
4428:
1734:, while the ram modules plug into corresponding ram sockets. Some motherboards have the video display adapter, sound and other peripherals integrated onto the motherboard, while others use
4192:
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form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done with toggle switches to enter instructions, and output was provided by
2007:. Windows, macOS, and Linux all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of them were inspired by or directly inherited from the
864:, established the foundation for a significant fraction of modern life, from bus time tables through unlimited distribution of free videos through to online user-edited encyclopedias.
3104:
2383:, but required customers to solder components into circuit boards; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another
672:
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capability. The processor and other working components are typically reduced in size relative to standard desktops, located behind the monitor, and configured similarly to laptops.
2288:
As of June 2008, the number of personal computers in use worldwide hit one billion, while another billion is expected to be reached by 2014. Mature markets like the United States,
3017:
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acts have been implemented in various countries and states. In the absence of comprehensive national legislation or regulation on the export and import of electronic waste, the
2174:
There are multiple different game distributors; players are able to purchase games in-person at retail stores and digitally. Some large names for digital game distributors are
657:
computer circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The Apple I computer differed from the other kit-style hobby computers of era. At the request of
2690:
5293:
2915:
2075:, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a
1303:
have since filled the gap left by Netbooks. Unlike the generic Netbook name, Ultrabook and Chromebook are technically both specifications by Intel and Google respectively.
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4409:
3150:
1809:
can be connected through an audio input port on the I/O panel and allow the computer to convert sound into an electrical signal to be used or transmitted by the computer.
225:
incorporated the designation into its model name, the term originally described personal computers of any brand. In some contexts, "PC" is used to contrast with "Mac", an
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that first came about in the late 1980s, typically in a clamshell form factor with a keyboard. Non-x86 based devices were often called palmtop computers, examples being
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282:
The "brain" may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far.
3075:
1044:, and is often used as a digital photo viewer, music and video player, TV receiver, and digital video recorder. HTPCs are also referred to as media center systems or
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series of computers developed from 1965 to 1969. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a
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onboard port on the motherboard, or a port on the graphics card. Capabilities of the personal computer's hardware can sometimes be extended by the addition of
3345:
There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975.
2171:, the PC gaming sector was the second-largest category across all platforms as of 2022, valued at US$ 45 billion, surpassing console market revenue by 2020.
426:. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time.
824:
were characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large-capacity local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a
463:
in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for
2256:
In 2001, 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48,000 in 1977. More than 500 million personal computers were in use in 2002 and one
676:
The three personal computers referred to by Byte Magazine as the "1977 Trinity" of home computing: The Commodore PET, the Apple II, and the TRS-80 Model I.
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3918:
5158:
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was introduced, which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units. Another famous personal computer, the revolutionary
4579:
2844:
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5239:
2311:, there has been a vendor tradition to keep adding functions to maintain high prices of personal computers. However, since the introduction of the
30:
This article is about the general concept of a personal computer ("PC"). For the specific architecture often meant by "PC" in industry jargon, see
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Commodore press release. "The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977."
3392:"This announcement ranks with IBM's announcement of the System/360 a decade earlier as one of the most significant in the history of computing."
669:
as delivered was still technically a kit computer, as it did not have a power supply, case, or keyboard when it was delivered to the Byte Shop.
3795:
1149:
could be fit into a transport case, making it a portable computer, but it weighed about 50 pounds. Such early portable computers were termed "
3333:
2498:
Personal computers have become a large contributor to the 50 million tons of discarded electronic waste generated annually, according to the
2167:
leading the industry that is suspected to surpass a billion dollars in revenue in 2019. According to a December 2023 market analysis done by
4510:
684:
after being revealed in January 1977. However, it was back-ordered and not available until later that year. Three months later (April), the
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1796:
via USB are video cameras that records video in real time to either be saved to the computer or streamed somewhere else over the internet.
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2980:
2658:
2198:; these games originally may not be supported by the player's current device, whether it be platform locked or no longer supported by the
612:
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4102:
2970:
Gene Carter, Wow! What a Ride!: A Quick Trip Through Early Semiconductor and Personal Computer Development, Lulu Press β 2016, chapter 8
2348:
bucked the general trend as strong sales to first-time buyers in the developing world allowed the company's sales to stay flat overall.
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in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person.
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1947:
continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user.
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operating system designed primarily for tablets. Many tablet computers have USB ports, to which a keyboard or mouse can be connected.
1021:
in February 2008, characterized by low cost and lean functionality. These were intended to be used with an Internet connection to run
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247:
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Wayne Green visited MITS in August 1975 and interviewed Ed Roberts. Article has several paragraphs on the design of the Altair 8800.
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laptop, the computing industry started to pursue the price too. Although introduced only one year earlier, there were 14 million
1667:
Most 2010s and 2020s-era personal computers require users only to plug in the power supply, monitor, and other cables. A typical
585:
programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk, including a keyboard, a small one-line display, and printer. The
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3258:
Roy A. Allan, A Bibliography of the Personal Computer : the Books and Periodical Articles, Allan Publishing β 2006, p. 80
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was remarkably small, leading to the "desktop" nomenclature. More recently, the phrase usually indicates a particular style of
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3218:
Roy A. Allan, A Bibliography of the Personal Computer : the Books and Periodical Articles, Allan Publishing β 2006, p. 73
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operating system. The Alto was a demonstration project, not commercialized, as the parts were too expensive to be affordable.
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can be plugged in via USB and can be used as an input device for video games as an alternative to using keyboard and mouse.
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are also a little more expensive compared to desktops, as the miniaturized components for laptops themselves are expensive.
593:(CRT) and cassette tape storage. These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses.
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was considered an attractive price point; these systems had text-only displays and only floppy disks for storage. By 1982,
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3097:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum"
4489:
2981:"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum"
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had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40% of homes in United Kingdom, compared with only 13% in 1985.
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5370:
4953:
4356:
3010:"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum"
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provide portable storage using flash memory which allows users to access the files stored on the drive on any computer.
523:
in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". This seminal, single user
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with more people working at home and learning remotely, PC sales grew by 26.1% compared to previous years according to
17:
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1962:
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IBM's first PC was introduced on 12 August 1981 setting what became a mass market standard for PC architecture.
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form. Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or
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2301:
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117:
has also been used, primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s. The advent of personal computers and the concurrent
4808:"Gartner Says Declining Worldwide PC Shipments in Fourth Quarter of 2012 Signal Structural Shift of PC Market"
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2426:. By late 1998, the average selling price of personal computer systems in the United States had dropped below
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IBM PC-compatible suitcase format computers became available soon after the introduction of the PC, with the
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688:(usually referred to as the "Apple") was announced with the first units being shipped 10 June 1977, and the
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1664:, such as a keyboard controller. Firmware usually is not changed by the end user of the personal computer.
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735:
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3068:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum"
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External costs of environmental impact are not fully included in the selling price of personal computers.
915:, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing,
6146:
5066:"Laptops are on fire! In a good way (if you're selling). PC sales race to highest growth rate since 2011"
5036:"PC Sales Remain on Fire as Fourth Quarter Shipments Grow 26.1% Over the Previous Year, According to IDC"
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that allow players to purchase additional game packs in order to gain access to additional new gameplay.
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was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the
502:
4262:"Analysis of Selected Internet Platforms of Distributors of Computer Games in the Assessment of Users"
3268:
The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind
607:
1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true "personal computer", the
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1776:
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1695:. Most towers have empty space where users can add additional components. External devices such as a
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at Fairchild in 1968. Faggin later used silicon-gate MOS technology to develop the first single-chip
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6136:
3039:"1964: First Commercial MOS IC Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum"
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2020:
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1408:, among others. Current UMPCs typically feature the Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Linux
1203:
620:
517:. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL/1130 performance on a portable, single user computer,
852:
service providers emerged in the late 1980s, giving public access to the rapidly growing network.
459:. It was built starting in 1972, and a few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the
6086:
5897:
5509:
5395:
4520:
3297:
2191:
1727:
1550:
1468:
are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are
845:
805:
794:
528:
395:
348:
198:
5722:
4845:"Feeble PC industry stumbles to steep sales drop during first quarter as Windows makeover flops"
3940:
3377:
3371:
1767:. Standard peripheral buses often used for adding expansion cards in personal computers include
5859:
5774:
5559:
2559:
2257:
1883:
1033:
4110:
429:
Early personal computersβ—βgenerally called microcomputersβ—βwere often sold in a
6069:
6042:
5902:
5864:
5807:
5631:
5375:
4976:
4683:"Gartner Says More than 1 Billion PCs in Use Worldwide and Headed to 2 Billion Units by 2014"
2438:
1973:
1868:
1676:
1219:
912:
841:
825:
222:
4789:
https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110210/tc_afp/itinternettelecomequipmentmobileconsumerproduct
2936:
2143:
is popular among the high-end PC market. According to an April 2018 market analysis done by
1378:
integration. They are generally smaller than tablets, and may not have a slate form factor.
1088:
5817:
5797:
5739:
5648:
5469:
5422:
5065:
4129:
3972:
2312:
2207:
2083:
2033:
1932:
1844:
1726:, graphics card and processor are in most cases mounted directly onto the motherboard. The
1627:
1564:
1375:
1233:
1059:
are computers inside of keyboards, generally still designed to be connected to an external
771:
301:
5043:
1939:
written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or "
406:
in 1968 gave a preview of features that would later become staples of personal computers:
8:
5892:
5599:
3185:
1981:
1700:
1405:
1003:
766:; the latter was introduced in 1982, and totaled 8 million unit sold. Following came the
446:
126:
4282:
4133:
3991:
1823:
6074:
6011:
5734:
5571:
5504:
5464:
5446:
5285:
4887:
3410:
3325:
2574:
2532:
2490:
2371:. According to Canalys, 2020 was the highest growth rate for the PC market since 2011.
2270:
2252:
Personal computers worldwide in million distinguished by developed and developing world
1828:
1692:
1588:
968:
While the term "desktop" often refers to a computer with a vertically aligned computer
904:
638:, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product,
486:
419:
340:
118:
106:
4271:: 5 – via 2018 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems.
3127:
Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, Intel Core Microarchitecture, x86 Processor Family
2624:
2063:. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an
6062:
6016:
5990:
5977:
5912:
5643:
5626:
5474:
5329:
5289:
5281:
5126:
5101:
4606:
4332:
4145:
4082:
3851:
3824:
3774:
3416:
3381:
3317:
3130:
2569:
2546:
2434:
2364:
2179:
2153:
1988:
1967:
An operating system (OS) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an
1944:
1860:
1818:
1704:
1688:
1656:
1632:
1461:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1056:
973:
920:
751:
697:
693:
628:
531:, Washington, D.C.. Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the
524:
482:
403:
399:
309:
267:
158:
50:
31:
4473:, January 14, 2009, Andy Patrizio, internetnews.com, retrieved at September 12, 2011
3329:
304:, early experimental machines could be operated by a single attendant. For example,
5937:
5920:
5700:
5621:
5614:
5277:
4849:
4322:
4312:
4261:
4137:
4020:
3727:
3309:
2503:
2450:
2262:
2248:
2203:
2199:
2068:
2038:
Generally, a computer user uses application software to carry out a specific task.
1956:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1856:
1843:, or documentation that performs some task on a computer system. The term includes
1836:
1696:
1668:
1647:
1617:
1449:
1445:
1409:
1260:
1237:
1060:
1041:
932:
908:
837:
590:
494:
438:
142:
46:
42:
4382:
3961:
maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.
961:
to small models which can be tucked behind or rest directly beneath (and support)
455:
was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the
6057:
6047:
6037:
5874:
5854:
5766:
5566:
5539:
5354:
5338:
5162:
4795:
4470:
4451:
4432:
4413:
4311:. CHI '22. New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1β12.
3979:
3845:
3665:
3402:
2840:
2599:
2584:
2564:
2336:
2308:
2293:
2183:
2039:
1908:
1893:
Children being taught how to use a laptop computer in 2005. An older (1990s-era)
1852:
1797:
1788:
1708:
1684:
1622:
1560:
1393:
1387:
1371:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1288:
1271:
1173:
1166:
1142:
1029:
988:
810:
701:
more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware.
685:
415:
376:
74:
4815:
1533:
1291:. Initially, the primary defining characteristic of netbooks was the lack of an
6006:
5636:
5609:
5484:
5454:
5323:
4763:
4690:
3621:
3599:
3511:
3490:
2713:
The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, second Ed. End-User Development
2629:
2289:
2274:
2215:
2076:
2052:
1968:
1848:
1760:
1735:
1712:
1637:
1570:
1554:
1514:
1472:. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons like
1442:
1022:
891:
856:
680:
The first successfully mass-marketed personal computer to be announced was the
578:
559:
510:
460:
430:
423:
380:
356:
322:
226:
170:
146:
program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer.
54:
5119:
Icons of business: an encyclopedia of mavericks, movers, and shakers, Volume 1
4141:
2670:
The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand.
1287:, were a subgroup of laptops suited for general computing tasks and accessing
619:
Microprocessor, the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the
113:
by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. The term
6120:
6021:
5832:
5789:
5717:
5658:
5549:
5544:
5489:
5459:
5430:
5387:
4360:
3321:
2802:
2418:. The total value of personal computer purchases in the US in 1983 was about
1928:
1743:
1672:
1574:
1545:
1538:
981:
954:
942:
746:
681:
650:
388:
333:
251:
114:
5380:
4435:, May 27, 2010, Andy Patrizio, earthweb.com, retrieved at September 12, 2011
4317:
3540:
3456:
3313:
957:. Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical
937:
485:
prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the
6052:
5985:
5954:
5827:
5822:
5675:
5670:
5514:
5365:
5326:
make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date
4327:
3209:, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?"
2403:
2345:
2015:
1977:
1916:
1764:
1739:
1585:
1292:
1080:
1045:
916:
887:
767:
658:
639:
624:
372:
344:
275:
138:
110:
102:
37:
5263:"Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead?"
5176:"Netbooks Are Destroying the Laptop Market and Microsoft Needs to Act Now"
3573:
1180:
to give roughly equivalent performance to contemporary desktop computers.
1145:
was produced in a very small experimental batch around 1978. In 1975, the
995:, processor and RAM, to improve the speed and responsiveness of demanding
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5744:
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5479:
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1501:
1333:
1284:
1241:
1215:
1092:
1072:
1049:
1007:
977:
962:
898:
861:
821:
786:
779:
763:
709:
608:
600:
519:
434:
360:
78:
2473:, the average selling price of all Windows portable PCs has fallen from
2099:
1184:
variations included a battery, allowing operation away from AC outlets.
5959:
5942:
5925:
5884:
5844:
5837:
3841:
2903:
2332:
2175:
1924:
1864:
1806:
1801:
1783:
1755:
1731:
1522:
1506:
1497:
1434:
A pocket PC is a hardware specification for a handheld-sized computer (
1413:
1367:
1350:
1300:
1266:
1245:
1223:
1177:
1064:
992:
969:
958:
790:
775:
646:
616:
596:
551:
544:
456:
442:
384:
314:
218:
174:
98:
86:
1114:
6081:
5947:
5932:
5754:
5729:
5097:
5008:
4916:"Steve Ballmer's retirement leaves Microsoft in a replacement crisis"
2470:
2406:
observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about
2395:
2349:
2316:
2140:
2131:
1940:
1840:
1597:
1541:
of a personal computer and peripherals (some of which are optional):
1439:
1429:
1397:
1296:
1158:
1076:
704:
In 1977 the Heath company introduced personal computer kits known as
662:
635:
586:
567:
506:
411:
364:
186:
150:
1722:
connects all processor, memory and peripheral devices together. The
437:
lamps. Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards,
262:
73:
designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as
5869:
5802:
5680:
5663:
5604:
5494:
5344:, No. 6, November 1983, "SCAMP: The Missing Link in the PC's Past?"
5153:
3436:
What's New (February 1978), "Commodore Ships First PET Computers",
2872:
2579:
2526:
2423:
2328:
2219:
2211:
2195:
2157:
1936:
1912:
1661:
1469:
1465:
1417:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1119:
1068:
849:
719:
705:
532:
498:
271:
130:
94:
70:
2540:
2457:
at U.S. retail in August 2008. In 2009, ASP had further fallen to
991:
is a desktop computer that generally comprises a high-performance
5779:
5749:
5653:
4686:
3885:"The PC was supposed to die a decade ago. Instead, this happened"
3796:"Evolution of Custom Gaming PCs: What Really Made the Difference"
3151:"Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer"
2442:
2341:
2320:
2187:
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2044:
2004:
1477:
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1274:
996:
949:
Before the widespread use of PCs, a computer that could fit on a
882:
666:
654:
571:
490:
337:
90:
4045:
3703:
3229:
2908:"1995 video shows the struggle was real for first-time PC users"
2292:
and Japan accounted for 58% of the worldwide installed PCs. The
1863:
to provide the necessary services for application software, and
1259:
is a portable computer that provides the full capabilities of a
93:. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an
5709:
5381:
Global archive with product data-sheets of PCs and Workstations
4214:"Newzoo: Global esports market will exceed $ 1 billion in 2019"
2454:
2399:
2266:
2014:
Early personal computers used operating systems that supported
1920:
1453:
1337:
1211:
1193:
1162:
1037:
1014:
731:
689:
540:
471:
452:
407:
318:
166:
154:
45:, which includes a metal case with the computing components, a
4185:"Global Games Market Revenues 2018 | Per Region & Segment"
2441:(ASP) showed a decline in 2008/2009, possibly due to low-cost
2242:
715:
5179:
4407:
Global PC shipments grew 13.8 percent in 2010 β Gartner study
3941:"Light and Cheap, Netbooks Are Poised to Reshape PC Industry"
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being a leading example of the type. Later models included a
1018:
582:
555:
514:
332:
The personal computer was made possible by major advances in
305:
292:
202:
194:
190:
178:
162:
82:
1244:
had roughly the plan dimensions of a sheet of typing paper (
623:
as the first commercially successful personal computer. The
543:, was demonstrated in 1973 and shipped in 1974. It used the
4635:
Economic recovery bumps AP 1999 PC shipments to record high
2835:
2344:
showed a similar decline for the same time period. China's
2008:
1481:
1032:(HTPC) combines the functions of a personal computer and a
950:
759:
755:
726:
326:
4657:"Worldwide PC use to reach 1 billion by 2008: report"
4305:
2506:
issue affecting developing countries and the environment,
1355:
5328:, Robert X. Cringely, Addison-Wesley Publishing, (1992),
2387:, and the resultant system was of use only to hobbyists.
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1510:
1084:
563:
478:
464:
368:
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4946:"The Apple Vs. Samsung Title Fight for Mobile Supremacy"
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computer, long before the era of the personal computers.
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4738:"4P Computing β Negroponte's 14 Million Laptop Impact"
3284:. No. 184. Peterborough, NH: 73, Inc. p. 89.
2654:
The iPad's Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right
1742:
devices. The graphics card or sound card may employ a
1460:. Pocket PCs have many of the capabilities of desktop
848:
became more commonly available after 1978. Commercial
4977:"PC shipments faced their steepest-ever drop in 2013"
2868:"Mac or PC? Ten reasons why Macs are better than PCs"
2414:; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around
1048:. The goal is to combine many or all components of a
4761:
4713:"Computers in use pass 1 billion mark: Gartner"
4309:
CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3768:
2683:"Overview of update channels for Office 365 ProPlus"
2522:
1374:, the difference being that smartphones always have
5206:"Falling PC Prices Pit Microsoft Against PC Makers"
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3363:
2798:"Mac vs. PC cost analysis: How does it all add up?"
1448:. It may have the capability to run an alternative
754:, a UK company, produced the ZX Seriesβ—βthe
367:. The MOS integrated circuit was commercialized by
193:. Other notable platforms until the 1990s were the
4882:"PC Sales Still in a Slump, Despite New Offerings"
4880:
4853:. Associated Press. April 10, 2013. Archived from
4426:Laptop Sales Soaring Amid Wider PC Growth: Gartner
2410:was made of components that cost the dealer about
1987:Common contemporary desktop operating systems are
890: 1+ from the early 1990s, with a 25 MHz
613:Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS)
550:A seminal step in personal computing was the 1973
5203:
4814:(Press release). January 14, 2013. Archived from
4568:
4566:
4564:
3973:New Windows Mobile 6 Devices :: Jun/Jul 2007
3562:
3118:
2080:created in the separate spreadsheet application.
1517:. In later years a hardware specification called
1324:Compaq tablet PC with rotating/removable keyboard
923:for animation and motion picture visual effects.
121:have significantly affected the lives of people.
27:Computer intended for use by an individual person
6118:
4259:
3449:
3401:
3176:
3174:
3172:
2831:"Don't buy a new PC or Mac before you read this"
1336:display, which can be controlled using either a
566:) which later served as inspiration for Apple's
501:minicomputer in order to run APL/1130. In 1973,
497:, and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an
4952:. Credit Suisse. August 8, 2013. Archived from
4416:, Jan 13, 2011, retrieved at September 12, 2011
734:personal computer produced in 1985β1990 by the
5417:
4878:
4561:
4079:Computer Science and Communications Dictionary
3435:
2051:Typical examples of software applications are
1509:were miniature pocket-sized computers running
5403:
4913:
4800:
4593:
4457:
4438:
3429:
3395:
3169:
1675:(or "tower"), a metal chassis that holds the
1521:was later released by Microsoft that run the
5157:December 1998. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
4626:
4602:"Dell Passes Compaq as Top PC Seller in U.S"
4534:
4503:
4476:
4419:
4400:
4072:
4070:
3124:
2206:can range across each distributor platform,
1976:, prioritizing system requests, controlling
1738:for graphics cards, network cards, or other
1715:) are usually found in a personal computer.
1141:in 1972, but no hardware was developed. The
5261:Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (2013).
4974:
4710:
4512:iSuppli raises 2007 computer sales forecast
4485:ISuppli Raises 2007 Computer Sales Forecast
3622:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975β2004"
3596:"Personal Computer Market Share: 1975β2004"
3273:
2739:"Personal Computers | Information Literacy"
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3298:"Design Innovations in Personal Computers"
3227:
911:. Workstations are used for tasks such as
539:Another desktop portable APL machine, the
258:), an early example of a personal computer
137:, which is provided in "ready-to-run", or
5260:
5087:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4488:, pcworld.com, 2007-06-19, archived from
4326:
4316:
4067:
3912:
2590:Market share of personal computer vendors
2237:Market share of personal computer vendors
1851:that perform productive tasks for users,
5229:
4874:
4872:
4354:
4164:
2828:
2469:in February. According to research firm
2374:
2247:
1888:
1873:
1822:
1532:
1354:
1316:
1265:
1197:
1113:
936:
881:
725:
714:
671:
627:designed for the Altair was to become a
595:
481:Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a
375:MOS integrated circuit was developed by
261:
246:
133:"), which is most often proprietary, or
36:
4350:
4348:
4023:. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
3613:
3587:
3369:
3295:
2937:"Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator"
2716:. Interaction Design Foundation. 2017.
2484:
1746:to keep the analog parts away from the
14:
6119:
5001:
4830:
4614:from the original on December 27, 2011
4582:from the original on November 18, 2014
4167:"Microsoft Office 2000 software suite"
4123:
3906:
3840:
3619:
3593:
3483:"Joe's Heathkit Computer Catalog Page"
2902:
2865:
2810:from the original on 27 September 2014
2795:
2508:extended producer responsibility (EPR)
1392:The ultra-mobile PC (UMPC) is a small
1153:" by journalists owing to their heft.
589:microcomputer of 1973 had a full-size
291:in a June 1949 news article about the
97:, rather than by a computer expert or
5391:
5232:"The true cost of personal computers"
4869:
4599:
3676:from the original on January 17, 2023
3279:
2555:List of computer system manufacturers
1907:Software applications are common for
770:, totaled 17 million units sold, the
562:. It had a graphical user interface (
256:American Museum of Science and Energy
41:An artist's depiction of a 2000s-era
5322:Accidental Empires: How the boys of
4787:Tablets, smartphones to outsell PCs
4663:from the original on August 23, 2014
4345:
4076:
3813:
3793:
3645:
3376:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p.
3212:
2500:United Nations Environment Programme
2094:
1025:browsers and Internet applications.
4895:from the original on April 11, 2013
4355:Kanellos, Michael (June 30, 2002).
3871:Desktop notebooks stake their claim
3697:
3620:Reimer, Jeremy (December 2, 2012).
3594:Reimer, Jeremy (November 2, 2009).
2847:from the original on 8 October 2014
2777:from the original on 6 October 2014
2390:At their introduction in 1981, the
2202:of the pc. The number of different
1950:
1730:(microprocessor chip) plugs into a
926:
221:for "personal computer". While the
24:
5315:
5204:Shane O'Neill (December 2, 2009).
5063:
4983:from the original on June 25, 2017
4383:"Computers reach one billion mark"
4126:Kinematic Labs with Mobile Devices
3834:
3741:
3725:"A Decade of Personal Computing".
2866:Haslam, Karen (11 December 2013).
1381:
355:(MOS) transistor was developed by
25:
6163:
5348:
5095:Personal Computers and the Family
5016:from the original on 13 July 2018
4879:Nick Wingfield (April 10, 2013).
4357:"PCs: More than 1 billion served"
3921:from the original on May 27, 2016
3240:from the original on May 31, 2008
2657:, Popular Science, archived from
1835:Computer software is any kind of
804:In 1982 "The Computer" was named
274:from 1982, in a classroom in the
6100:
6099:
5282:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x
5230:Mattison, Richard (2012-10-03).
4922:. Bloomberg News. Archived from
4740:. OLPC News. December 11, 2008.
4600:Yates, Nona (January 24, 2000).
4546:, newsfactor.com, archived from
4464:PC Sales Up for 2008, but Barely
4021:"Wordreference.com: WordNet 2.0"
3915:"Time to drop the Netbook label"
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3771:Encyclopedia of Computer Science
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3153:. 22 August 2008. Archived from
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2465:for notebooks by January and to
2331:consulting firm predicted that,
2164:Counter-Strike: Global Offensive
2098:
1963:Usage share of operating systems
1283:, also called mini notebooks or
560:Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
165:hardware β collectively called "
5254:
5242:from the original on 2016-10-02
5223:
5197:
5167:
5136:
5111:
5076:from the original on 2022-07-24
5057:
5028:
4995:
4968:
4938:
4907:
4781:
4770:from the original on 2019-04-25
4755:
4744:from the original on 2019-02-07
4730:
4719:from the original on 2009-09-19
4704:
4689:. June 23, 2008. Archived from
4675:
4649:
4389:from the original on 2008-02-18
4375:
4299:
4275:
4253:
4235:
4224:from the original on 2023-01-17
4206:
4195:from the original on 2019-10-17
4177:
4158:
4117:
4095:
4056:from the original on 2018-11-01
4038:
4027:from the original on 2019-03-30
4013:
4002:from the original on 2019-03-22
3984:
3966:
3951:from the original on 2017-05-26
3933:
3895:from the original on 2023-01-17
3876:
3864:
3821:Upgrading and Repairing Laptops
3787:
3762:
3735:
3718:
3700:"Chronology of Amiga Computers"
3691:
3658:
3639:
3628:from the original on 2023-01-17
3551:from the original on 2019-02-19
3533:
3522:from the original on 2023-01-17
3504:
3475:
3463:from the original on 2014-05-10
3350:
3336:from the original on 2017-05-25
3289:
3261:
3252:
3221:
3200:
3143:
3107:from the original on 2021-08-12
3089:
3078:from the original on 2020-07-29
3060:
3049:from the original on 2021-10-26
3031:
3020:from the original on 2019-10-27
3002:
2991:from the original on 2019-10-24
2973:
2964:
2953:from the original on 2015-12-22
2929:
2918:from the original on 2023-01-17
2896:
2720:from the original on 2019-03-29
2693:from the original on 2018-04-22
2651:Conlon, Tom (29 January 2010),
2512:Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition
2422:, comparable to total sales of
2230:
2027:
1867:that controls and co-ordinates
394:In what was later to be called
43:desktop-style personal computer
4445:Worldwide PC Shipments in 2008
2859:
2822:
2789:
2755:
2731:
2704:
2675:
2644:
2617:
2363:In 2020, as the result of the
2356:trends to use mobile devices.
2302:International Data Corporation
877:
493:compact cassette drive, small
212:
153:operating systems (first with
13:
1:
5270:Journal of Industrial Ecology
5174:Joe Wilcox (April 16, 2009).
5145:Average PC Price drops below
4975:John Fingas (March 4, 2014).
4711:Tarmo Virki (June 23, 2008).
3913:Erica Ogg (August 20, 2009).
3373:A History of Modern Computing
3296:Garland, Harry (March 1977).
3228:Jim Battle (August 9, 2008).
2610:
1923:and other digital messaging,
1903:is visible in the background.
1754:For large amounts of data, a
1683:, a storage device such as a
1344:
872:
826:multitasking operating system
243:History of personal computers
135:free and open-source software
5371:How to Upgrade Your Computer
5276:(2 β RPPβ2013β04): 175β185.
5002:Warren, Tom (13 July 2018).
4543:Global PC Sales Leveling Off
4173:: 105 – via Ebscohost.
3731:. 5 August 1991. p. 24.
3125:Weidendorfer, Josef (2011).
2796:Finnie, Scot (8 June 2007).
2315:foundation and its low-cost
1423:
1257:desktop replacement computer
1122:from 1975, one of the first
129:, free-of-charge software ("
7:
4575:HP back on top of PC market
4359:. CNET News. Archived from
3873:, accessed October 19, 2007
3746:. JACKED IN. Archived from
3570:"Sinclair Research website"
2518:
1895:desktop personal computer's
1812:
1763:connected via an expansion
1528:
1103:
1098:
1017:computer was introduced by
343:(IC) chip was developed by
189:operating systems, such as
10:
6168:
5850:Personal digital assistant
5123:Greenwood Publishing Group
4762:Conrad H. Blickenstorfer.
4385:. BBC News. July 1, 2002.
3992:"Definition of PERIPHERAL"
3744:"Obituary: The PC is Dead"
3270:(2007). Macmillan, p. 448.
2488:
2234:
2129:
2031:
1960:
1954:
1816:
1495:
1436:personal digital assistant
1427:
1385:
1348:
1310:
1191:
1107:
1040:or an appropriately sized
930:
896:
240:
236:
29:
6095:
6030:
5999:
5976:
5911:
5883:
5788:
5765:
5708:
5699:
5592:
5532:
5525:
5445:
5438:
5429:
5161:October 11, 2011, at the
4142:10.1088/978-1-6270-5628-1
3860:– via Google Books.
3415:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3370:Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003).
2944:The EDSAC Replica Project
2743:courses.lumenlearning.com
2630:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2090:
1748:electromagnetic radiation
1306:
1187:
1129:The potential utility of
828:. Eventually, due to the
353:metalβoxideβsemiconductor
336:technology. In 1959, the
65:, often referred to as a
4165:Garrison, Bruce (1999).
4081:. Boston, MA: Springer.
3850:. Wiley. pp. 7β17.
3823:, Que Publishing, 2004,
3358:The engineering handbook
3129:. Boston, MA: Springer.
2605:
2595:Personal Computer Museum
2225:
2048:that benefits the user.
2021:graphical user interface
1943:" in mind. However, the
1492:Palmtop and handheld PCs
867:
846:online service providers
745:During the early 1980s,
740:Socialist Czechoslovakia
621:microcomputer revolution
321:of 1956, and the Soviet
6152:Time Person of the Year
6087:Wireless sensor network
5376:How to Build a Computer
4920:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
4318:10.1145/3491102.3502056
4128:. Morgan and Claypool.
3541:"Heathkit H89 computer"
3314:10.1109/c-m.1977.217669
3101:www.computerhistory.org
3072:www.computerhistory.org
3043:www.computerhistory.org
3014:www.computerhistory.org
2985:www.computerhistory.org
1728:central processing unit
1133:was apparent early on.
1067:. Examples include the
1036:. It is connected to a
945:desktop computer (2006)
529:Smithsonian Institution
396:the Mother of All Demos
349:Fairchild Semiconductor
266:The 8-bit architecture
181:operating system), and
149:Since the early 1990s,
101:. Unlike large, costly
5860:Portable data terminal
5238:. GreenBiz Group Inc.
4766:. Ruggedpcreview.com.
4124:Kinser, Jason (2015).
4103:"Application software"
3978:March 4, 2008, at the
3356:Dorf, Richard C., ed.
2806:. Computerworld, Inc.
2560:List of home computers
2253:
1984:, and managing files.
1980:devices, facilitating
1904:
1886:
1884:raster graphics editor
1832:
1653:
1396:. It was developed by
1364:
1325:
1289:web-based applications
1277:
1207:
1126:
1034:digital video recorder
946:
894:
842:bulletin board systems
785:In the same year, the
742:
738:company in the former
723:
677:
604:
371:in 1964, and then the
298:
278:
259:
58:
6043:Information appliance
5865:Portable media player
5808:Handheld game console
4077:Weik, Martin (2000).
2439:average selling price
2375:Average selling price
2251:
2235:Further information:
2208:first-person shooters
2151:, with games such as
1927:playback, playing of
1892:
1877:
1826:
1536:
1484:readers and cameras.
1438:, PDA) that runs the
1370:are often similar to
1358:
1320:
1269:
1201:
1117:
940:
913:computer-aided design
885:
774:(1983) introduced in
729:
718:
675:
615:. Based on the 8-bit
599:
474:and its descendants.
470:used in the original
387:, in 1971. The first
280:
265:
250:
223:IBM Personal Computer
40:
6132:Classes of computers
5818:Mobile data terminal
5798:Electronic organizer
5470:Intelligent terminal
4247:visualcapitalist.com
4220:. 12 February 2019.
3750:on February 23, 2014
2763:"Mac* vs. PC Debate"
2485:Environmental impact
2461:for desktops and to
2313:One Laptop per Child
2084:End-user development
2034:Application software
1933:computer programming
1859:that interface with
1845:application software
1827:A screenshot of the
1628:Application software
708:, starting with the
302:history of computing
217:The term "PC" is an
183:free and open-source
6127:American inventions
5070:www.theregister.com
4818:on January 15, 2013
4764:"Rugged PC leaders"
4693:on December 4, 2008
4249:. 31 December 2023.
4171:World Communication
4134:2015klmd.book.....K
3847:Laptops for Dummies
3672:. 54β59: 18. 1999.
3516:vintagecomputer.com
3188:on 10 February 2003
2884:on 23 December 2014
2625:"personal computer"
2477:in October 2008 to
2398:and its competitor
1982:computer networking
1869:distributed systems
1701:visual display unit
1004:all-in-one computer
907:and run multi-user
806:Machine of the Year
782:series (464β6128).
634:in the form of the
527:now resides in the
268:Pravetz 82 computer
127:commercial software
6147:Personal computers
6075:Computer-on-module
5933:Digital wristwatch
5735:Mobile workstation
5505:Video game console
5465:Internet appliance
5299:on August 26, 2014
5117:Kateri M. Drexler
5093:Marvin B. Sussman
4956:on August 14, 2013
4926:on August 24, 2013
4888:The New York Times
4794:2011-03-05 at the
4469:2012-03-17 at the
4450:2011-12-27 at the
4431:2011-09-25 at the
4412:2011-09-25 at the
4363:on August 25, 2012
3945:The New York Times
3487:www.classiccmp.org
3457:"Apple II History"
3360:. CRC Press, 2004.
2575:Mobile workstation
2533:Electronics portal
2491:Computer recycling
2254:
2110:. You can help by
2011:operating system.
1905:
1887:
1833:
1829:LibreOffice Writer
1693:optical disc drive
1654:
1643:External hard disk
1525:operating system.
1412:, and low-voltage
1365:
1326:
1278:
1234:Notebook computers
1208:
1131:portable computers
1127:
1124:portable computers
1057:Keyboard computers
947:
905:local area network
895:
793:, was unveiled by
743:
724:
722:, released in 1981
678:
605:
570:, and Microsoft's
420:video conferencing
341:integrated circuit
287:British newspaper
279:
260:
119:Digital Revolution
59:
18:Personal computers
6114:
6113:
6063:Rugged smartphone
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5649:Small form factor
5475:Interactive kiosk
5186:on April 17, 2009
4857:on April 19, 2013
4685:(Press release).
4607:Los Angeles Times
4338:978-1-4503-9157-3
4218:GamesIndustry.biz
4151:978-1-6270-5627-4
4088:978-0-7923-8425-0
3947:, April 1, 2009,
3780:978-0-442-27679-9
3666:"Computing Japan"
3518:. 8 August 2013.
3422:978-0-07-135892-7
3387:978-0-262-53203-7
3157:on 22 August 2008
3136:978-0-387-09765-7
2570:Portable computer
2547:Technology portal
2502:. To address the
2481:in October 2009.
2451:desktop computers
2435:Microsoft Windows
2365:COVID-19 Pandemic
2263:desktop computers
2204:video game genres
2180:Valve Corporation
2169:Visual Capitalist
2154:League of Legends
2128:
2127:
2065:application suite
2024:computer market.
1989:Microsoft Windows
1945:software industry
1941:user-friendliness
1861:computer hardware
1857:operating systems
1819:Computer software
1689:solid-state drive
1657:Computer hardware
1110:Luggable computer
982:multiple monitors
921:computer graphics
909:operating systems
752:Sinclair Research
750:characters tall.
698:Tandy Radio Shack
694:Tandy Corporation
581:introduced fully
525:portable computer
489:processor with a
483:portable computer
439:computer displays
404:Douglas Engelbart
79:internet browsing
63:personal computer
32:IBM PC compatible
16:(Redirected from
6159:
6142:Office equipment
6103:
6102:
5938:Calculator watch
5921:Activity tracker
5706:
5705:
5530:
5529:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5389:
5388:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5292:. Archived from
5267:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5208:. Archived from
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5182:. Archived from
5171:
5165:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5115:
5109:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5042:. Archived from
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4950:The Financialist
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4884:
4876:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4850:Washington Times
4841:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4804:
4798:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
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4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4679:
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4672:
4670:
4668:
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4645:
4643:
4630:
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4621:
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4597:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4550:on June 14, 2011
4538:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4523:on June 10, 2011
4519:, archived from
4507:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4480:
4474:
4461:
4455:
4442:
4436:
4423:
4417:
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4397:
4395:
4394:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
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4352:
4343:
4342:
4330:
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4294:
4293:
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4272:
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4257:
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4250:
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4232:
4230:
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4203:
4201:
4200:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4109:. Archived from
4099:
4093:
4092:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4046:"GUI Definition"
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
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3988:
3982:
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3957:
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3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
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3901:
3900:
3880:
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3868:
3862:
3861:
3838:
3832:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3800:digitalstorm.com
3794:Houghton, Andy.
3791:
3785:
3784:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3742:Angler, Martin.
3739:
3733:
3732:
3728:Information Week
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3702:. Archived from
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3598:. Archived from
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3572:. Archived from
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3545:oldcomputers.net
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3489:. Archived from
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3403:Freiberger, Paul
3399:
3393:
3391:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3293:
3287:
3285:
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3249:
3247:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:. Archived from
3178:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
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3084:
3083:
3064:
3058:
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3055:
3054:
3035:
3029:
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3026:
3025:
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3000:
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2997:
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2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
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2952:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2880:. Archived from
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2735:
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2726:
2725:
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2702:
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2699:
2698:
2679:
2673:
2672:
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2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2621:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2504:electronic waste
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2337:tablet computers
2294:emerging markets
2200:operating system
2123:
2120:
2102:
2095:
2069:Microsoft Office
1978:input and output
1957:Operating system
1951:Operating system
1878:A screenshot of
1837:computer program
1798:Game controllers
1789:USB flash drives
1697:computer monitor
1669:desktop computer
1450:operating system
1446:operating system
1410:operating system
1372:tablet computers
1261:desktop computer
1246:ANSI A or ISO A4
1238:TRS-80 Model 100
1089:Raspberry Pi 400
1061:computer monitor
1042:computer display
933:Desktop computer
927:Desktop computer
838:Community Memory
762:(1981), and the
591:cathode ray tube
296:
254:in 1983 (at the
143:operating system
21:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6137:Home appliances
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6091:
6048:Microcontroller
6038:Embedded system
6026:
5995:
5964:
5907:
5879:
5875:Ultra-mobile PC
5784:
5761:
5687:
5588:
5521:
5425:
5416:
5361:Dissecting a PC
5355:How Stuff Works
5351:
5318:
5316:Further reading
5313:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5265:
5259:
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5245:
5243:
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5224:
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5189:
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5168:
5163:Wayback Machine
5146:
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4796:Wayback Machine
4786:
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4638:, zdnetasia.com
4632:
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4471:Wayback Machine
4462:
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4443:
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4433:Wayback Machine
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4414:Wayback Machine
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4236:
4227:
4225:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4122:
4118:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4075:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4005:
4003:
3996:Merriam-Webster
3990:
3989:
3985:
3980:Wayback Machine
3971:
3967:
3954:
3952:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3839:
3835:
3819:Scott Mueller,
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3740:
3736:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3706:on 2 April 2014
3696:
3692:
3679:
3677:
3670:Computing Japan
3664:
3663:
3659:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3602:on June 6, 2012
3592:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3407:Swaine, Michael
3400:
3396:
3388:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3339:
3337:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3230:"The Wang 2200"
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3066:
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3052:
3050:
3037:
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3023:
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3008:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2841:CBS Interactive
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2737:
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2732:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2664:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2600:Gaming computer
2565:Public computer
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2446:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2309:developed world
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2216:adventure games
2184:Electronic Arts
2138:
2130:Main articles:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2108:needs expansion
2093:
2053:word processors
2040:System software
2036:
2030:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1917:Internet faxing
1909:word processing
1853:system software
1849:word processors
1821:
1815:
1761:expansion cards
1736:expansion slots
1709:pointing device
1691:, and often an
1685:hard disk drive
1652:
1623:System software
1571:Expansion cards
1531:
1504:
1496:Main articles:
1494:
1432:
1426:
1394:tablet computer
1390:
1388:Ultra-mobile PC
1384:
1382:Ultra-mobile PC
1353:
1347:
1315:
1313:Tablet computer
1309:
1206:laptop computer
1196:
1190:
1174:Compaq Portable
1167:Commodore SX-64
1143:Xerox NoteTaker
1112:
1106:
1101:
1030:Home theater PC
989:gaming computer
935:
929:
901:
880:
875:
870:
661:, owner of the
579:Hewlett Packard
554:, developed at
416:word processing
377:Federico Faggin
327:computer system
297:
286:
245:
239:
227:Apple Macintosh
215:
75:word processing
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6165:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5965:
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5962:
5957:
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5950:
5945:
5940:
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5929:
5928:
5917:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
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5760:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5714:
5712:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5560:Personal super
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5455:Arcade cabinet
5451:
5449:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5419:Computer sizes
5415:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5350:
5349:External links
5347:
5346:
5345:
5336:
5324:Silicon Valley
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5253:
5222:
5196:
5166:
5135:
5110:
5086:
5064:Kunert, Paul.
5056:
5027:
4994:
4967:
4937:
4906:
4868:
4829:
4799:
4780:
4754:
4729:
4703:
4674:
4648:
4625:
4592:
4560:
4533:
4502:
4475:
4456:
4437:
4418:
4399:
4374:
4344:
4337:
4298:
4274:
4252:
4234:
4205:
4176:
4157:
4150:
4116:
4113:on 2015-04-30.
4094:
4087:
4066:
4037:
4012:
3983:
3965:
3932:
3905:
3875:
3863:
3856:
3833:
3812:
3786:
3779:
3761:
3734:
3717:
3698:Polsson, Ken.
3690:
3657:
3638:
3612:
3586:
3561:
3532:
3503:
3474:
3448:
3428:
3421:
3394:
3386:
3362:
3349:
3288:
3272:
3260:
3251:
3236:. Jim Battle.
3220:
3211:
3199:
3182:"IBM Archives"
3168:
3142:
3135:
3117:
3088:
3059:
3030:
3001:
2972:
2963:
2928:
2906:(2015-01-23).
2895:
2858:
2821:
2788:
2754:
2730:
2703:
2674:
2643:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2536:
2520:
2517:
2489:Main article:
2486:
2483:
2453:and $ 689 for
2376:
2373:
2290:Western Europe
2275:Western Europe
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2192:cross-platform
2126:
2125:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2089:
2077:user interface
2032:Main article:
2029:
2026:
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1817:Main article:
1814:
1811:
1671:consists of a
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1575:graphics cards
1568:
1558:
1555:microprocessor
1548:
1542:
1530:
1527:
1515:Psion Series 3
1493:
1490:
1488:Professional.
1443:Windows Mobile
1428:Main article:
1425:
1422:
1386:Main article:
1383:
1380:
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1137:described the
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
931:Main article:
928:
925:
919:modeling, and
897:Main article:
892:RISC processor
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
857:World Wide Web
747:home computers
461:Datapoint 2200
389:microcomputers
381:microprocessor
357:Mohamed Atalla
284:
241:Main article:
238:
235:
214:
211:
173:platform from
157:and then with
89:playback, and
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6164:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
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6128:
6125:
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6122:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6088:
6085:
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6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6064:
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6060:
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6056:
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6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
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6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
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5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
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5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
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5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
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5826:
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5821:
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5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
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5791:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Smart speaker
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:Diskless node
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:0-201-57032-7
5331:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5212:on 2014-03-12
5211:
5207:
5200:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5132:
5131:0-313-33863-9
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5106:0-86656-361-X
5103:
5099:
5096:
5090:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5046:on 2021-12-30
5045:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4971:
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4951:
4947:
4941:
4925:
4921:
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4910:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4875:
4873:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4492:on 2012-01-19
4491:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4441:
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4408:
4403:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4334:
4329:
4328:10044/1/95775
4324:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4248:
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4238:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4194:
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4172:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4050:www.linfo.org
4047:
4041:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3857:9780764575556
3853:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3648:IEEE Spectrum
3642:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3576:on 2014-12-14
3575:
3571:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:"Heathkit H8"
3507:
3493:on 2018-05-25
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3375:
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3359:
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3346:
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3331:
3327:
3323:
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3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
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3276:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3187:
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3156:
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3132:
3128:
3121:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3077:
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3063:
3048:
3044:
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3034:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2990:
2986:
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2917:
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2909:
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2899:
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2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:Computerworld
2799:
2792:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2661:on 2010-04-20
2660:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2633:(Online). n.d
2632:
2631:
2626:
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2601:
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2553:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2467:$ 540 and 560
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2437:systems, the
2436:
2431:
2425:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:price of the
2388:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2238:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2119:February 2024
2113:
2109:
2106:This section
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:media players
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:computer game
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1882:, which is a
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:break out box
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:computer case
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:exploded view
1535:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:GPS receivers
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:media servers
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:computer case
952:
944:
943:Dell OptiPlex
939:
934:
924:
922:
918:
917:architectural
914:
910:
906:
900:
893:
889:
884:
865:
863:
858:
855:In 1991, the
853:
851:
847:
843:
840:project, but
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
799:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
741:
737:
733:
728:
721:
717:
713:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Commodore PET
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Steve Wozniak
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:Also in 1973
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
516:
513:offered only
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:In 1973, the
475:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
334:semiconductor
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
294:
290:
283:
277:
273:
269:
264:
257:
253:
252:Commodore PET
249:
244:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:(running the
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
122:
120:
116:
115:home computer
112:
108:
104:
103:minicomputers
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6070:Single-board
5955:Smartglasses
5898:Programmable
5823:Mobile phone
5676:Blade server
5554:
5515:Microconsole
5510:Home console
5366:How PCs Work
5339:
5321:
5301:. Retrieved
5294:the original
5273:
5269:
5256:
5246:28 September
5244:. Retrieved
5235:
5225:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:the original
5199:
5188:. Retrieved
5184:the original
5169:
5152:
5144:
5143:Nancy Weil,
5138:
5118:
5113:
5094:
5089:
5078:. Retrieved
5069:
5059:
5048:. Retrieved
5044:the original
5039:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5007:
4997:
4987:September 8,
4985:. Retrieved
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4954:the original
4949:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4924:the original
4919:
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4886:
4859:. Retrieved
4855:the original
4848:
4820:. Retrieved
4816:the original
4811:
4802:
4783:
4772:. Retrieved
4757:
4746:. Retrieved
4732:
4721:. Retrieved
4706:
4695:. Retrieved
4691:the original
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4659:. CBC News.
4651:
4640:, retrieved
4634:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4605:
4595:
4584:, retrieved
4574:
4552:, retrieved
4548:the original
4542:
4536:
4525:, retrieved
4521:the original
4511:
4505:
4494:, retrieved
4490:the original
4484:
4478:
4459:
4440:
4421:
4402:
4391:. Retrieved
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4361:the original
4308:
4301:
4290:. Retrieved
4286:
4277:
4268:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4226:. Retrieved
4217:
4208:
4197:. Retrieved
4188:
4179:
4170:
4160:
4125:
4119:
4111:the original
4107:ScienceDaily
4106:
4097:
4078:
4058:. Retrieved
4049:
4040:
4029:. Retrieved
4015:
4004:. Retrieved
3995:
3986:
3968:
3959:
3953:, retrieved
3944:
3935:
3925:November 29,
3923:. Retrieved
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3878:
3866:
3846:
3836:
3820:
3815:
3805:28 September
3803:. Retrieved
3799:
3789:
3770:
3764:
3754:February 12,
3752:. Retrieved
3748:the original
3737:
3726:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:the original
3693:
3685:
3678:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3630:. Retrieved
3615:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:the original
3589:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:the original
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3544:
3535:
3524:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:the original
3486:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3451:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3411:
3397:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3338:. Retrieved
3305:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3244:November 13,
3242:. Retrieved
3234:Wang2200.org
3233:
3223:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3159:. Retrieved
3155:the original
3145:
3126:
3120:
3109:. Retrieved
3100:
3091:
3080:. Retrieved
3071:
3062:
3051:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3013:
3004:
2993:. Retrieved
2984:
2975:
2966:
2955:. Retrieved
2943:
2931:
2920:. Retrieved
2911:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2871:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2801:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2712:
2706:
2695:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2669:
2663:, retrieved
2659:the original
2653:
2646:
2635:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2497:
2494:
2432:
2404:Michael Dell
2389:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2346:Lenovo Group
2326:
2306:
2299:
2287:
2279:
2255:
2231:Market share
2173:
2168:
2162:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2116:
2112:adding to it
2107:
2082:
2064:
2057:spreadsheets
2050:
2037:
2028:Applications
2016:command line
2013:
1986:
1966:
1906:
1834:
1793:Memory cards
1781:
1775:(PCIe), and
1753:
1717:
1677:power supply
1666:
1660:program, or
1655:
1586:Optical disc
1581:Power supply
1505:
1486:
1466:applications
1433:
1420:processors.
1391:
1366:
1327:
1293:optical disc
1285:subnotebooks
1279:
1254:
1236:such as the
1232:
1228:
1209:
1182:
1171:
1155:
1128:
1081:Commodore 64
1055:
1050:home theater
1027:
1012:
1001:
986:
976:such as the
967:
963:LCD monitors
948:
902:
888:SPARCstation
862:Web browsers
854:
834:
822:Workstations
820:
816:
809:
803:
800:
784:
768:Commodore 64
744:
703:
679:
659:Paul Terrell
644:
640:Altair BASIC
629:
625:computer bus
606:
576:
549:
538:
518:
476:
468:architecture
451:
428:
393:
373:silicon-gate
345:Robert Noyce
331:
299:
288:
281:
276:Soviet Union
270:produced in
231:
216:
148:
123:
111:time-sharing
66:
62:
60:
5813:Handheld PC
5745:Subnotebook
5723:Convertible
5584:Workstation
5577:Home server
5500:Thin client
5480:Rich client
5340:PC Magazine
4822:January 18,
4812:Gartner.Com
4715:. Reuters.
4642:January 13,
4618:January 13,
4586:January 13,
4554:January 13,
4527:January 13,
4517:Macworld UK
4496:January 13,
4283:"RetroArch"
3842:Gookin, Dan
3831:, pp. 18β21
3680:February 6,
3654:(8): 16β18.
3282:73 Magazine
3207:PC Magazine
2904:Rather, Dan
2420:$ 4 billion
2333:smartphones
2073:LibreOffice
1807:Microphones
1773:PCI Express
1720:motherboard
1681:motherboard
1608:Motherboard
1519:Handheld PC
1507:Palmtop PCs
1502:Handheld PC
1464:. Numerous
1368:Smartphones
1334:touchscreen
1301:Chromebooks
1242:Epson HX-20
1093:ZX Spectrum
1073:Amstrad CPC
1008:touchscreen
997:video games
978:motherboard
959:tower cases
899:Workstation
878:Workstation
780:Amstrad CPC
764:ZX Spectrum
710:Heathkit H8
611:created by
609:Altair 8800
601:Altair 8800
547:processor.
520:PC Magazine
443:disk drives
435:front panel
402:researcher
361:Dawon Kahng
213:Terminology
6121:Categories
5960:Smart ring
5948:Sportwatch
5943:Smartwatch
5926:Smart band
5903:Scientific
5885:Calculator
5845:Palmtop PC
5838:Smartphone
5775:Detachable
5600:All-in-one
5550:Industrial
5447:Appliances
5303:August 23,
5216:2010-10-14
5190:2010-10-14
5080:2022-07-24
5050:2022-07-24
4960:August 13,
4930:August 25,
4774:2010-10-14
4748:2010-10-14
4723:2010-10-14
4697:2010-10-14
4393:2010-10-14
4292:2024-04-04
4228:2019-04-25
4199:2019-04-25
4060:2019-02-22
4031:2007-08-19
4006:2019-03-05
3955:2010-10-14
3899:2019-12-18
3883:Bott, Ed.
3829:0789728001
3632:2013-02-09
3606:2009-07-17
3580:2014-08-06
3555:2019-03-04
3526:2019-03-04
3497:2019-03-07
3340:2017-01-03
3111:2019-08-30
3082:2019-08-30
3053:2019-08-30
3024:2019-08-30
2995:2019-08-30
2957:2017-07-05
2922:2021-04-01
2748:2023-05-24
2724:2018-04-22
2697:2018-04-22
2665:2010-10-14
2637:2018-06-11
2611:References
2445:, drawing
2176:Epic Games
1961:See also:
1925:multimedia
1915:browsing,
1865:middleware
1802:Headphones
1784:peripheral
1756:tape drive
1732:CPU socket
1523:Windows CE
1498:Palmtop PC
1414:Intel Atom
1363:smartphone
1351:Smartphone
1345:Smartphone
1297:Ultrabooks
1226:purposes.
1178:hard drive
1165:; and the
1091:, and the
1065:television
993:video card
974:components
970:tower case
873:Stationary
814:magazine.
791:Amiga 1000
776:Yugoslavia
730:The 8-bit
647:Steve Jobs
617:Intel 8080
552:Xerox Alto
545:Intel 8008
457:Intel 8008
422:, and the
385:Intel 4004
351:, and the
315:Bendix G15
229:computer.
219:initialism
201:, and the
107:mainframes
99:technician
87:multimedia
57:not shown)
6082:Smartdust
6017:Minisuper
6012:Mainframe
5991:Supermini
5755:Smartbook
5730:Cloudbook
5632:Pizza box
5526:Computers
5485:Simulator
5290:154297251
5098:Routledge
5009:The Verge
4899:April 11,
4861:April 11,
4367:August 9,
3322:0018-9162
3308:(3): 24.
3192:9 January
3161:9 January
2888:5 October
2851:5 October
2814:5 October
2781:5 October
2767:intel.com
2687:Microsoft
2585:Pocket PC
2408:US$ 3,000
2396:Osborne 1
2392:US$ 1,795
2350:Windows 8
2327:In 2011,
2300:Based on
2269:and 2.1%
2212:MMO games
2141:PC gaming
2132:Gaming PC
1969:interface
1841:procedure
1598:hard disk
1480:readers,
1440:Microsoft
1430:Pocket PC
1424:Pocket PC
1398:Microsoft
1216:clamshell
1159:Osborne 1
1151:luggables
1077:BBC Micro
795:Commodore
787:NEC PC-98
772:Galaksija
706:Heathkits
663:Byte Shop
653:sold the
645:In 1976,
636:S-100 bus
587:Wang 2200
568:Macintosh
507:Wang 2200
412:hypertext
365:Bell Labs
310:terminals
199:Commodore
187:Unix-like
151:Microsoft
6106:Category
5978:Midrange
5913:Wearable
5893:Graphing
5870:Siftable
5803:E-reader
5790:Handheld
5740:Notebook
5681:Blade PC
5664:Stick PC
5644:Portable
5627:Deskside
5610:Tabletop
5555:Personal
5495:Smart TV
5342:, Vol. 2
5240:Archived
5236:GreenBiz
5159:Archived
5154:PC World
5133:, p. 102
5125:, 2007,
5108:, p. 90.
5074:Archived
5014:Archived
4981:Archived
4893:Archived
4792:Archived
4768:Archived
4742:Archived
4717:Archived
4667:June 12,
4661:Archived
4612:Archived
4580:archived
4467:Archived
4448:Archived
4429:Archived
4410:Archived
4387:Archived
4222:Archived
4193:Archived
4054:Archived
4025:Archived
4000:Archived
3976:Archived
3949:archived
3919:Archived
3893:Archived
3844:(2005).
3674:Archived
3626:Archived
3549:Archived
3520:Archived
3461:Archived
3444:(2): 190
3409:(2000).
3334:Archived
3330:32243439
3302:Computer
3238:Archived
3105:Archived
3076:Archived
3047:Archived
3018:Archived
2989:Archived
2948:Archived
2916:Archived
2912:CBS News
2873:Macworld
2845:Archived
2808:Archived
2775:Archived
2718:Archived
2691:Archived
2689:. 2018.
2580:Quiet PC
2519:See also
2443:netbooks
2424:pet food
2329:Deloitte
2321:netbooks
2265:, 16.4%
2220:The Sims
2196:emulator
2158:Valorant
1937:software
1913:Internet
1855:such as
1847:such as
1831:software
1813:Software
1707:, and a
1705:keyboard
1662:firmware
1633:Keyboard
1613:Speakers
1529:Hardware
1470:freeware
1418:VIA C7-M
1376:cellular
1281:Netbooks
1147:IBM 5100
1139:Dynabook
1135:Alan Kay
1120:IBM 5100
1104:Luggable
1099:Portable
1069:Atari ST
850:Internet
778:and the
758:(1980),
720:IBM 5150
686:Apple II
632:standard
630:de facto
603:computer
533:IBM 5100
499:IBM 1130
487:IBM PALM
453:Micral N
447:printers
289:The Star
285:β
272:Bulgaria
131:freeware
95:end user
71:computer
51:keyboard
5833:Feature
5780:Phablet
5750:Netbook
5654:Mini PC
5622:Desktop
5615:Surface
5593:By size
5423:classes
5357:pages:
5147:$ 1,000
5100:, 1985
5020:14 July
4687:Gartner
4269:FedCSIS
4130:Bibcode
3917:. CNN.
2455:laptops
2428:$ 1,000
2416:$ 1,000
2385:$ 2,000
2381:US$ 400
2342:Gartner
2307:In the
2283:iSuppli
2271:servers
2267:laptops
2258:billion
2188:Ubisoft
2149:esports
2136:PC game
2087:it is.
2045:analogy
2005:FreeBSD
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1332:uses a
1275:netbook
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655:Apple I
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511:HP 9800
491:Philips
338:silicon
300:In the
237:History
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6031:Others
5855:Pocket
5828:Camera
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4369:2001
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