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817:, for example, are notorious for spending years excavating tunnels under the bark of trees, leading to significant structural damage. These larvae only emerge into the open for brief periods as adults, primarily to mate and disperse. The import and export of timber has inadvertently assisted some insect pests to establish themselves far from their country of origin. An insect may be of little importance in its native range, being kept under control by parasitoid wasps, predators, and the natural resistance of the host trees, but be a serious pest in a region into which it has been introduced. This is the case with the
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123:. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results.
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be introduced to the home in any product containing animal fibres including upholstered furniture; the moths are feeble fliers but the carpet beetles may also enter houses through open windows. Furniture beetles, carpet beetles and clothes moths are also capable of creating great damage to museum exhibits, zoological and botanical collections, and other cultural heritage items. Constant vigilance is required to prevent an attack, and newly acquired items, and those that have been out on loan, may need
151:
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Janion-Scheepers, Charlene; Jarzyna, Marta A.; Jennings, Sarah; Lenoir, Jonathan; Linnetved, Hlif I.; Martin, Victoria Y.; McCormack, Phillipa C.; McDonald, Jan; Mitchell, Nicola J.; Mustonen, Tero; Pandolfi, John M.; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Popova, Ekaterina; Robinson, Sharon A.; Scheffers, Brett R.; Shaw, Justine D.; Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Strugnell, Jan M.; Sunday, Jennifer M.; Tuanmu, Mao-Ning; Vergés, Adriana; Villanueva, Cecilia; Wernberg, Thomas; Wapstra, Erik; Williams, Stephen E. (2017-03-30).
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298:. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district's inhabitants." An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop,
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wilting of shoots and branches caused by the insects' tunneling activities. Secondly there is the indirect damage, where the insects do little direct harm, but either transmit or allow entry of fungal, bacterial or viral infections. Although some insects are polyphagous, many are restricted to one specific crop, or group of crops. In many cases it is the larva that feeds on the plant, building up a nutritional store that will be used by the short-lived adult;
44:
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663:. These are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter, can be very numerous, and thrive in hot, dry conditions. They mostly live on the underside of leaves and puncture the plant cells to feed, with some species forming webbing. They occur on nearly all important food crops and ornamental plants, both outdoors and under glass, and include some of the most economically important pests. Another important group of mites is the
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and other means, the damage done by molluscs becomes of greater significance. Terrestrial molluscs need moist environments; snails may be more noticeable because their shells provide protection from desiccation, while most slugs live in soil and only come out to feed at night. They devour seedlings, damage developing shoots and feed on salad crops and cabbages, and some species tunnel into potatoes and other tubers.
1163:", in this case requiring a charm to be sung, accompanied by covering the wound with spittle, pounded green centaury, and hot cow's urine. The 20th century "prayer against pests" including the words "By Your power may these injurious animals be driven off so that they will do no harm to any one and will leave our fields and meadows unharmed" was printed in the 1956
1979:
Karl, David M.; Koskella, Britt; Mark Welch, David B.; Martiny, Jennifer B. H.; Moran, Mary Ann; Orphan, Victoria J.; Reay, David S.; Remais, Justin V.; Rich, Virginia I.; Singh, Brajesh K.; Stein, Lisa Y.; Stewart, Frank J.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; van Oppen, Madeleine J. H.; Weaver, Scott C.; Webb, Eric A.; Webster, Nicole S. (2019-06-18).
1978:
Cavicchioli, Ricardo; Ripple, William J.; Timmis, Kenneth N.; Azam, Farooq; Bakken, Lars R.; Baylis, Matthew; Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Boetius, Antje; Boyd, Philip W.; Classen, Aimée T.; Crowther, Thomas W.; Danovaro, Roberto; Foreman, Christine M.; Huisman, Jef; Hutchins, David A.; Jansson, Janet K.;
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Biggs, Reinette; Schlüter, Maja; Biggs, Duan; Bohensky, Erin L.; BurnSilver, Shauna; Cundill, Georgina; Dakos, Vasilis; Daw, Tim M.; Evans, Louisa S.; Kotschy, Karen; Leitch, Anne M.; Meek, Chanda; Quinlan, Allyson; Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara; Robards, Martin D.; Schoon, Michael L.; Schultz, Lisen; West,
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cause non-structural damage to property such as clothing and carpets. It is the larvae that are destructive, feeding on wool, hair, fur, feathers and down. The moth larvae live where they feed, but the beetle larvae may hide behind skirting boards or in other similar locations between meals. They may
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are terrestrial gastropod molluscs which typically chew leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and vegetable debris. Slugs and snails differ little from each other and both do considerable damage to plants. With novel crops being grown and with insect pests having been brought more under control by biological
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being found worldwide. The insects may be present in the warehouse or maybe introduced during shipping, in retail outlets, or in the home; they may enter packets through tiny cracks or may chew holes in the packaging. The longer a product is stored, the more likely it is to become contaminated, with
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The nematodes (eelworms) that attack plants are minute, often too small to be seen with the naked eye, but their presence is often apparent in the galls or "knots" they form in plant tissues. Vast numbers of nematodes are found in soil and attack roots, but others affect stems, buds, leaves, flowers
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Forest pests inflict costly damage, but treating them is often unaffordable, given the relatively low value of forest products compared to agricultural crops. It is also generally impossible to eradicate forest pests, given the difficulty of examining entire trees, and the certainty that pesticides
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Some pests may not be present on the tree all year round, either because of their life cycle or because they rotate between different host species at different times of the year. In forestry, pests may affect various parts of the tree, from its roots and trunk to the canopy far overhead. The larvae
759:
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation; the term has no botanical significance. Often, weeds are simply those native plants that are adapted to grow in disturbed ground, the disturbance caused by ploughing and cultivation favouring them over other species. Any plant is a
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The control of pests in crops is as old as civilisation. The earliest approach was mechanical, from ploughing to picking off insects by hand. Early methods included the use of sulphur compounds, before 2500 BC in
Sumeria. In ancient China, insecticides derived from plants were in use by 1200 BC to
915:
There are over four thousand species of cockroach worldwide, but only four species are commonly regarded as pests, having adapted to live permanently in buildings. Considered to be a sign of unsanitary conditions, they feed on almost anything, reproduce rapidly and are difficult to eradicate. They
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Many of the animals that we regard as pests live in our homes. Before humans built dwellings, these creatures lived in the wider environment, but co-evolved with humans, adapting to the warm, sheltered conditions that a house provides, the wooden timbers, the furnishings, the food supplies and the
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therefore aims to use a combination of prevention, cultural control measures, and direct control (such as pesticide use). Cultural measures include choosing appropriate species, keeping competing vegetation under control, ensuring a suitable stocking density, and minimizing injury and stress to
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is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures
1874:
Pecl, Gretta T.; Araújo, Miguel B.; Bell, Johann D.; Blanchard, Julia; Bonebrake, Timothy C.; Chen, I-Ching; Clark, Timothy D.; Colwell, Robert K.; Danielsen, Finn; Evengård, Birgitta; Falconi, Lorena; Ferrier, Simon; Frusher, Stewart; Garcia, Raquel A.; Griffis, Roger B.; Hobday, Alistair J.;
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A different group of weeds consists of those that are invasive, introduced, often unintentionally, to habitats to which they are not native but in which they thrive. Without their original competitors, herbivores, and diseases, they may increase and become a serious nuisance. One such plant is
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Insects are responsible for two major forms of damage to crops. First, there is the direct injury they cause to the plants as they feed on the tissues; a reduction in leaf surface available for photosynthesis, distortion of growing shoots, a diminution of the plant's growth and vigour, and the
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Pest control in buildings can be approached in several ways, depending on the type of pest and the area affected. Methods include improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides. For example, the pesticide
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In forestry, pests may affect various parts of the tree, from its roots and trunk to the canopy far overhead. The accessibility of the part of the tree affected may make detection difficult, so that a pest problem may already be far advanced before it is first observed from the ground. The
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can be impregnated into the fibres of cellulose insulation to kill self-grooming insects such as ants and cockroaches. Clothes moths can be controlled with airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals. Traditional
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A pest is any living thing which humans consider troublesome to themselves, their possessions, or the environment. Pests can cause issues with crops, human or animal health, buildings, and wild areas or larger landscapes. An older usage of the word "pest" is of a deadly
1101:. However, insecticides cannot safely be used in food storage areas; alternative treatments include freezing foods for four days at 0 °F (−18 °C) or baking for half an hour at 130 °F (54 °C) to kill any insects present.
450:
Plants have developed strategies that they use in their own defence, be they thorns (modified stems) or spines (modified leaves), stings, a thick cuticle or waxy deposits, with the second line of defence being toxic or distasteful
231:
can consist of hundreds of thousands of individual birds, their roosts can be noisy and their droppings voluminous; the droppings are acidic and can cause corrosion of metals, stonework, and brickwork as well as being unsightly.
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sometimes excavate holes in buildings, fencing and utility poles, causing structural damage; they also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, down-spouts, chimneys, vents and aluminium sheeting.
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which affect a wide range of plants, several mite species being major pests causing substantial economic damage to crops. They can feed on the roots or the aerial parts of plants and transmit viruses. Some examples are the
218:
that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance until the conditions are met for them to enter a
1125:
Pests have attracted human attention from the birth of civilisation. Plagues of locusts caused devastation in the ancient Middle East, and were recorded in tombs in
Ancient Egypt from as early as 2470 BC, and in the
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belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food; beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork; and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like
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can cause reductions of 80% in yield of susceptible potato varieties. The nematode eggs survive in the soil for many years, being stimulated to hatch by chemical cues produced by roots of susceptible plants.
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is said to have prayed "Snails, earwigs and all other creatures, hurt not the vines, nor the land nor the fruit of the trees, nor the vegetables ... but depart into the wild mountains." The 11th-century
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and fruits. High infestations cause stunting, deformation and retardation of plant growth, and the nematodes can transmit viral diseases from one plant to another. When its populations are high, the
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treat seeds and to fumigate plants. Chinese agronomy recognised biological control by natural enemies of pests and the varying of planting time to reduce pests before the first century AD. The
455:. Mechanical injury to the plant tissues allows the entry of pathogens and stimulates the plant to mobilise its chemical defences. The plant soon seals off the wound to reduce further damage.
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near the coast can become a nuisance, especially if they become bold enough to snatch food from passers-by. All birds are a risk at airfields where they can be sucked into aircraft engines.
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821:, an insect native to north-eastern Asia, which, since its arrival in North America, has killed millions of ash trees. Another example of a beetle species that exhibits pest behavior are
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Worldwide, agricultural pest impacts are increased by higher degrees of interconnectedness. This is due to the increased risk that any particular pest problem anywhere in the world (as a
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which transmits several grass and cereal viruses. Being exceedingly minute, many plant mites are spread by wind, although others use insects or other arthropods as a means to disperse.
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mentions locusts taking to the wing to escape fire. Given the impact of agricultural pests on human lives, people have prayed for deliverance. For example, the 10th century Greek monk
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are two insect pests prevalent in Alaska and aerial surveys can show which sections of forest are being defoliated in any given year so that appropriate remedial action can be taken.
249:
can form vast swarms which may be responsible for damage to fishing gear, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.
72:
occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.
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Some mites, too, infest foodstuffs and other stored products. Each substance has its own specific mite, and they multiply with great rapidity. One of the most damaging is the
227:
and cause enormous damage. Many people appreciate birds in the countryside and their gardens, but when these accumulate in large masses, they can be a nuisance. Flocks of
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spp., which, in turn, protects the plant from herbivores. In addition to providing housing, the plant also provides the ant with its exclusive food source in the form of
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and marshes; introduced into North
America, it has no natural enemies to keep it in check and has taken over vast tracts of wetlands to the exclusion of native species.
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when it is modified by fungal decay. The presence of the beetles only becomes apparent when the larvae gnaw their way out, leaving small circular holes in the timber.
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can passively transport pathogenic microbes on their body surfaces, particularly in environments such as hospitals, and are linked with allergic reactions in humans.
524:). From 1960-2013 ranges have shifted poleward by 2.7 ± 0.8 km (1.68 ± 0.50 mi) per year - albeit with significant differences between
304:, which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny
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the insects produce, which cuts out the light and reduces photosynthesis, stunting the plant's growth. They often transmit serious viral diseases between plants.
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tree species have developed stout spines that are swollen at the base, forming a hollow structure that provides housing for ants which protect the plant. These
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compound), both very widely used. Biological control also became established as an effective measure in the second half of the 19th century, starting with the
954:, which is found in grain and may become exceedingly abundant in poorly stored material. In time, predatory mites usually move in and control the flour mites.
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and phytosanitary measures worldwide. A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products.
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1890:
3352:. Sing it frequently on the wound and smear on your spittle, and take green centaury, pound it, apply it to the wound and bathe with hot cow's urine.
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when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample.
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cause up to 40% yield losses every year. The animal groups of the greatest importance as agricultural pests are (in order of economic importance)
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rubbish dumps. Many no longer exist as free-living organisms in the outside world, and can therefore be considered to be domesticated. The
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Bebber, Daniel P.; Ramotowski, Mark A. T.; Gurr, Sarah J. (2013-09-01). "Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world".
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If a man or a beast has drunk a worm ... Sing this charm nine times into the ear, and once an Our Father. The same charm may be sung
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2630:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region, Division of State and Private Forestry. 1998. pp. 17–22.
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Long-term
Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures: Degradation Mechanisms, Health Monitoring and Service Life Design
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cause structural damage to buildings and furniture. The natural habitat of these is the decaying parts of trees. The
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to humanity. Pests include plants, pathogens, invertebrates, vertebrates, or any organism that harms an ecosystem.
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512:, drought also retards contagion and infection; and some variability in precipitation is universal. More recently
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881:. The initial attack usually follows the entry of water into a building and the subsequent decay of damp timber.
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2748:"Mate finding in the forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani , mediated by volatiles from plants and females"
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makes a good lawn plant under hot dry conditions but become a bad weed when it out-competes cultivated plants.
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Hui, Y.H.; Bruinsma, L. Bernard; Gorham, J. Richard; Nip, Wai-Kit; Tong, Phillip S.; Ventresca, Phil (2002).
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larvae tend to live underground, feeding on roots, or tunnel into the stem or under the bark. The true bugs,
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2922:"Comparative insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzyme activities among pestiferous blattodea"
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1013:) damage to the wine industry in the 19th century resulted in the development of resistant varieties and
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286:, is sometimes considered a pest plant because of its sharp spiny burrs, shown here in a person's foot.
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Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being
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Masilamani, J.; Jesudoss, K.; Kanavillil, Nandakumar; Satpathy, K. K.; Nair, K.; Azariah, J. (2000).
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544:; or identification difficulties in the field.) In Europe, crop pests are expected to burgeon as the
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2670:"Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts, and Management"
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1877:"Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being"
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1638:(Euphorbiaceae): A plant investment in anti-herbivore defense via symbiotic ant partners".
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as it is harmful to aquatic ecosystems, recreational activities, and favours the spread of
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology
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Ruther, J.; Reinecke, A.; Thiemann, K.; Tolasch, T.; Francke, W.; Hilker, M. (June 2000).
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618:, have piercing and sucking mouthparts and live by sucking sap from plants. These include
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predators which control them are expected to be suppressed by future climatic conditions.
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are hollow, offering shelter for ants, which further protect the plant against herbivores.
8:
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1685:(January 1997). "Ants on swollen-thorn acacias: species coexistence in a simple system".
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Bernton, H.S.; Brown, H. (1964). "Insect
Allergy Preliminary Studies of the Cockroach".
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30:"Plant pest" redirects here. For diseases in plants caused by infectious organisms, see
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Skoracka, A (2007). "Reproductive barriers between populations of the cereal rust mite
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2279:(Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), on coconuts and resulting yield loss in eastern Jamaica
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Nowak, Martin A.; Boerlijst, Maarten C.; Cooke, Jonathan; Smith, John
Maynard (1997).
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1646:(6). Fiala, Brigitte; Linsenmair, K. Eduard; Zotz, Gerhard; Menke, Petra: 847–861.
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has been rapidly altering ranges, mostly by pushing them towards the poles (both
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for example has adapted its thin-walled stems to create ideal housing for an ant
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158:, often occur in high densities, making the damage they do even more detrimental.
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2882:. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. pp. 3–8.
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1210:"What Is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)"
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2364:"Anatomical Alterations in Plant Tissues Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes"
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FAO Corporate
Document Repository: Guidelines for Phytosanitary Certificates.
1354:"Jellyfish ingress: A threat to the smooth operation of coastal power plants"
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in Europe saw the introduction of effective plant-based insecticides such as
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1041:. All these methods have been refined and developed since their discovery.
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Animals able to live in the dry conditions found in buildings include many
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such as beetles, cockroaches, moths, and mites. Another group, including
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1546:"Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services"
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affecting humans, livestock/pets, agricultural and ornamental plants.
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Flint, Mary; van den Bosch, R. (1981). "A History of Pest
Control".
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1981:"Scientists' warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change"
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The constant pest : a short history of pests and their control
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Walling, L. L. (2000). "The myriad plant responses to herbivores".
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House Guests, House Pests: A Natural
History of Animals in the Home
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207:
164:
116:
2724:
2211:
Jeppson, L.R.; Keifer, Hartford H.; Baker, Edward William (1975).
1876:
1746:
1729:
1187:. Commonwealth of Australia: Department of Health. 1 November 2010
1056:
would damage many forest organisms other than the intended pests.
873:
infests the structural timbers of old buildings, mostly attacking
3951:
3907:
3873:
3851:
3806:
2840:
2815:
Timber Decay in Buildings: The Conservation Approach to Treatment
1948:
1030:
1017:, and the accidental discovery of effective chemical pesticides,
1002:
998:
854:
841:
533:
497:
257:
rapidly became extinct when the last islander left the island of
155:
88:
2964:"Bacterial load of cockroaches in relation to urban environment"
1104:
3885:
3586:
3575:
3339:
1155:
contained charms and spells to ward off or treat pests such as
994:
962:
630:. Apart from weakening the plant, they encourage the growth of
611:
603:
583:
485:
476:
415:
224:
203:
108:
4117:
3856:
3216:. Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California
2745:
2596:"Non-native Invasive Freshwater Plants – Purple Loosestrife (
1852:
1845:
1136:
1131:
1077:
978:
712:
645:
619:
525:
364:
352:
76:
50:
2892:
2876:
United States: Science and Education Administration (1980).
1275:"Pest advice for controlling pigeons, gulls and other birds"
3900:
2879:
Protecting Woolens Against Clothes Moths and Carpet Beetles
2109:
Stange, L.A. (created September 2004, updated March 2006).
2084:
Speiser B. (2002). "Chapter 219. Molluscicides". 506–508.
1977:
1954:"The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges"
750:
708:
587:
295:
237:
211:
112:
96:
92:
80:
2374:. Carolina Escobar; Javier Cabrera; Alessio Vovlas: 1987.
2237:
1740:(6638). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 167–171.
1542:
772:, a native of Europe and Asia where it occurs in ditches,
610:
larvae feed mainly on the aerial portions of plants while
3403:. Charlotte, North Carolina: Tan Books & Publishers.
2184:
Mites of Greenhouses: Identification, Biology and Control
977:
A row-crop sprayer applying pesticide to a young crop of
878:
290:
Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are
104:, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions.
84:
3144:(3 ed.). North Carolina Forest Service. August 2013
3078:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1955. pp. 41–42.
2111:"Snails and Slugs of Regulatory Significance to Florida"
1727:
1113:
Locust detail from a hunt mural in the grave-chamber of
500:. The most common example for the longest time has been
458:
Plants sometimes take active steps to reduce herbivory.
440:
The large and directly defensive thorn-like stipules of
3166:
Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control
2271:
2122:
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
1873:
1680:
1130:
in the Bible, as taking place in Egypt around 1446 BC.
760:
weed if it appears in a location where it is unwanted;
659:
The mites that cause most trouble in the field are the
3162:
1971:
1093:. Moth larvae can be killed with insecticides such as
75:
Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting;
2961:
2138:(6th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 661–670.
1327:"Three Reasons Why Woodpeckers Drill Holes on Houses"
407:
of plants, has a specific definition in terms of the
2919:
1795:
1791:
1789:
3570:
3257:
2920:Valles, S.M.; Koehler, P.G.; Brenner, R.J. (1999).
2778:
2291:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
1891:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
488:in nectaries on their leaves as food for the ants.
3088:
2443:Plant Nematodes and Their Control: Phytonematology
1869:
1867:
1461:. Government of Western Australia. 25 October 2017
947:the insects often originating from dry pet foods.
556:
474:located on the leaf stipules. Similarly, several
3193:. Pest Control Technology, GIA Media. 25 May 2017
2962:Rivault, C.; Cloarec, A.; Guyader, A. Le (1993).
2668:Herms, Daniel A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (2013).
2540:
1786:
4133:
3082:
2180:
1536:
1246:
926:are important commercial pests of grain storage.
680:which can devastate coconut production, and the
403:The term "plant pest", mainly applied to insect
383:for food, damaging grasslands and crops through
3258:Krall, S.; Peveling, R.; Diallo, B. D. (1997).
3235:Hahn, Jeffrey; Jesse, Laura; Pellitteri, Phil.
2896:Integrated Pest Management in Cultural Heritage
2784:
2667:
2561:
1864:
930:Various insects attack dry food products, with
421:
2627:Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Alaska
2361:
2217:. University of California Press. p. 15.
1634:Heil, Martin (1997). "Food body production in
1473:
1439:. Government of Western Australia. 1 June 2017
1374:
1089:; modern ones use volatile repellents such as
912:before being added to the general collection.
236:in urban settings may be a health hazard, and
3556:
3328:No. 73. [Wið Wyrme] Anglo-Saxon Magic
2811:
2133:
1401:
1253:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–11.
1105:In mythology, religion, folklore, and culture
845:Termites can cause serious structural damage.
367:can cause damage to crops and garden plants.
3010:
2785:Ghiassi, Bahman; Lourenco, Paulo B. (2018).
2078:
1681:Young, Truman P.; Stubblefield, Cynthia H.;
1064:
963:Pest control in agriculture and horticulture
737:in many other countries and is considered a
540:, so their trend conforms with the trend of
3318:
2574:(3rd ed.). W.H. Freeman. p. 308.
2322:
2238:Hummer, Kim; Postman, Joseph (2000-03-01).
1944:
1942:
1431:
1429:
1044:
695:can cause serious reductions in crop yield.
418:) will propagate across the entire system.
3563:
3549:
3092:Introduction to Integrated Pest Management
2275:Infestation patterns of the coconut mite,
2206:
2204:
2134:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002).
2043:
1551:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1381:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. Preface.
568:such as those of the cotton bollworm moth
532:which show the opposite trend, toward the
130:in agriculture and forestry by the use of
2987:
2855:"Understanding Clothes Moth Infestations"
2838:
2465:
2463:
2412:
2389:
2379:
2018:
1906:
1745:
1567:
1247:van Emden, H. F.; Service, M. W. (2004).
528:. (Especially in the case of viruses and
409:International Plant Protection Convention
3398:
3251:
2886:
2272:Sharon Angella McDonald (July 9, 1997).
2127:
1939:
1426:
1108:
972:
918:
840:
783:
725:
686:
640:
560:
435:
374:
272:
184:
149:
42:
3375:"Catholic Prayer: Prayer Against Pests"
2893:Pinniger, David; Meyer, Adrian (2015).
2843:. University of Florida IFAS Extension.
2640:
2634:
2534:
2201:
1590:
1319:
1204:
1202:
1085:deter adult moths with strong-smelling
1071:Pest control § In homes and cities
399:, are sometimes considered to be pests.
134:; however, other methods exist such as
27:Organism harmful to humans/our concerns
14:
4134:
3847:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
3451:
3324:
2805:
2791:. Elsevier Science. pp. 314–315.
2567:
2469:
2460:
2439:
2433:
2231:
2103:
672:that transmits the reversion virus of
496:Pest ranges are heavily determined by
3544:
3169:. UCANR Publications. pp. 2–17.
2869:
2174:
1569:10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836
198:, can become very numerous in cities.
171:. In its broadest sense, a pest is a
3357:585, ff. 136b, 137a (11th century) (
3211:
2818:. Taylor & Francis. p. 56.
2717:
2647:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4.
2644:Insect Sampling in Forest Ecosystems
2362:Palomares-Rius, Juan Emilio (2017).
2327:confirm their host specialization".
2248:National Clonal Germplasm Repository
1633:
1627:
1368:
1240:
1199:
389:threat large flocks pose to aircraft
315:
126:Humans have traditionally performed
3239:. University of Minnesota Extension
3039:
2152:
733:, a native of South America, is an
536:. This may be due to their lack of
24:
3429:
2839:Koehler, P. G.; Oi, F. M. (1991).
2689:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051
2547:. Courier Corporation. p. 1.
2541:Spencer, Edwin R. (24 July 2013).
2522:. Texas Invasive Species Institute
2214:Mites Injurious to Economic Plants
2056:International Year of Plant Health
1593:Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
1333:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2002
957:
551:
351:Disease-causing pathogens such as
25:
4158:
3479:
3298:
2060:Food and Agriculture Organization
1950:Food and Agriculture Organization
1730:"Evolution of genetic redundancy"
1058:Forest integrated pest management
1051:Forest integrated pest management
491:
4116:
3521:"Maps : FAO in Emergencies"
3485:
3441:", CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne,
3261:New Strategies in Locust Control
2764:10.1046/j.1365-3032.2000.00183.x
2162:. Amateur Entomologists' Society
319:
202:Animals are considered pests or
3438:Pests, Diseases and Beneficials
3392:
3367:
3292:
3278:
3228:
3205:
3183:
3156:
3135:"Appendix B: Pest Management".
3128:
3066:
3052:. CRC Press. pp. 426–427.
3004:
2955:
2913:
2847:
2832:
2739:
2661:
2618:
2588:
2512:
2490:
2406:
2355:
2316:
2265:
2090:Encyclopedia of Pest Management
2088:In: Pimentel D. (ed.) (2002).
1674:
1584:
1524:
1508:"Nuisance Birds - Canada Geese"
1500:
1451:
1437:"Caltrop: what you should know"
1404:"People and nature on St Kilda"
1395:
830:
557:In agriculture and horticulture
428:Plant defence against herbivory
3962:Home-stored product entomology
3264:. Springer. pp. 453–454.
3237:"Insect pests of stored foods"
2160:"True bugs (Order: Hemiptera)"
2120:. Division of Plant Industry,
1345:
1293:
1267:
1228:
1216:. University of California IPM
1177:
837:List of common household pests
779:
63:in an entomological collection
13:
1:
4045:Decline in insect populations
3638:List of insect-inspired songs
2941:10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00076-6
1170:
387:and their excrement, and the
3931:
3493:travel guide from Wikivoyage
3212:Choe, D.-H. (1 March 2013).
3191:"Finding Money in the Attic"
3098:. Springer. pp. 52–81.
3025:10.1016/0021-8707(64)90082-6
2244:Currant and Gooseberry Pests
1486:American Society of Agronomy
1402:Turner, Robin (March 2002).
1301:"Stopping Woodpecker Damage"
422:Plant defences against pests
311:
7:
3497:UF/IFAS Pest Alert Web site
3163:Pat O'Connor-Marer (2006).
3104:10.1007/978-1-4615-9212-9_4
2677:Annual Review of Entomology
1986:Nature Reviews Microbiology
10:
4163:
4075:Pesticide toxicity to bees
4055:List of endangered insects
3350:against a penetrating worm
2968:Epidemiology and Infection
2899:. Archetype Publications.
2641:Leather, Simon R. (2008).
2368:Frontiers in Plant Science
2124:. Accessed 27 August 2010.
1237:, accessed 22 August 2012.
1235:Merriam-Webster dictionary
1068:
1048:
966:
834:
748:
425:
370:
180:
145:
29:
4113:
4085:
4027:
3979:
3930:
3815:
3754:
3726:
3684:
3653:
3596:
3582:
3401:The Rural life prayerbook
3399:Dachauer, Alban (2014) .
2980:10.1017/S0950268800068254
2341:10.1007/s10682-007-9185-5
2240:"Black Currant Gall Mite"
2181:Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (2003).
2003:10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5
1459:"Prescribing pest plants"
1142:Tryphon of Constantinople
1065:Pest control in buildings
268:
138:, and recently developed
60:Sceliphron destillatorius
57:, damaging a specimen of
4040:Colony collapse disorder
4035:Bees and toxic chemicals
3325:Storms, Godfrid (1948).
2752:Physiological Entomology
1045:Pest control in forestry
824:Melolontha Hippocastrani
721:
432:Plant disease resistance
3942:Insect bites and stings
3919:Drosophila melanogaster
3832:Biological pest control
3515:Flying moisture insects
3452:Ordish, George (1976).
2446:. Brill. pp. 1–9.
2381:10.3389/fpls.2017.01987
2116:2 December 2010 at the
1899:10.1126/science.aai9214
1533:Retrieved 1 August 2012
1375:Jones, Richard (2015).
1250:Pest and Vector Control
987:agricultural revolution
940:sawtoothed grain beetle
745:. Control is difficult.
654:Eriophyes cerasicrumena
510:crop disease resistance
195:Columba livia domestica
4007:Rats, Lice and History
3435:Hockings, F. D. 2014,"
3344:University of Nijmegen
3138:Forest Health Handbook
2812:Ridout, Brian (2013).
2568:Janick, Jules (1979).
2473:Molluscs as Crop Pests
2440:Decker, Heinz (1989).
1544:Paul C. (2012-11-21).
1122:
981:
927:
846:
797:
746:
696:
656:
575:
447:
400:
287:
199:
167:disease, specifically
159:
64:
34:. For other uses, see
3992:Alfred Russel Wallace
3777:Entomological warfare
3628:Insects in literature
3049:Food Plant Sanitation
2727:. USDA Forest Service
2571:Horticultural Science
2470:Barker, G.M. (2002).
2413:Evans-Goldner, Lynn.
2277:Eriophyes guerreronis
1799:Nature Climate Change
1707:10.1007/s004420050063
1605:10.1007/s003440000026
1165:Rural Life Prayerbook
1112:
1069:Further information:
1049:Further information:
1039:cottony cushion scale
976:
922:
893:, only attacking the
844:
835:Further information:
787:
749:Further information:
729:
690:
644:
564:
542:human-aided dispersal
453:secondary metabolites
439:
378:
276:
188:
154:Pests, such as these
153:
46:
36:Pest (disambiguation)
3947:Insect sting allergy
3741:Cicadas in mythology
2415:"Pale Cyst Nematode"
2329:Evolutionary Ecology
2187:. CABI. p. 47.
1824:10.1038/nclimate1990
702:potato cyst nematode
693:potato cyst nematode
574:can devastate crops.
571:Helicoverpa armigera
263:St Kilda field mouse
255:St Kilda house mouse
48:Varied carpet beetle
4050:Habitat destruction
3802:Insects in religion
3019:(506–513): 506–13.
2725:"Emerald ash borer"
2476:. CABI. p. 1.
2051:"Enter the contest"
1856:0000-0002-4821-0635
1849:0000-0003-4440-1482
1816:2013NatCC...3..985B
1699:1997Oecol.109...98Y
1652:1997JEcol..85..847H
1305:Joy of Birdwatching
1091:1,4-Dichlorobenzene
815:wood-boring beetles
578:Together pests and
484:trees also produce
443:Vachellia collinsii
301:Tribulus terrestris
283:Tribulus terrestris
140:biological controls
4147:Insects in culture
4123:Insects portal
4095:Insects and humans
3623:Arthropods in film
3572:Human interactions
3075:Stored-grain Pests
2857:. English Heritage
2498:"Slugs and snails"
1640:Journal of Ecology
1123:
982:
928:
885:mainly attack the
847:
798:
770:purple loosestrife
747:
697:
657:
652:caused by a mite,
596:gastropod molluscs
576:
538:airborne dispersal
448:
401:
331:. You can help by
288:
259:St Kilda, Scotland
200:
160:
136:mechanical control
121:gastropod molluscs
65:
55:Anthrenus verbasci
4129:
4128:
4018:Insect Literature
3975:
3974:
3874:Carmine/Cochineal
3827:Beneficial insect
3797:Insects in ethics
3746:Scarab (artifact)
3736:Bees in mythology
3645:Insects on stamps
3463:978-0-432-11300-4
3410:978-1-61890-678-6
3334:. 's-Gravenhage:
3271:978-3-7643-5442-8
3176:978-1-879906-70-9
3113:978-1-4615-9212-9
3059:978-0-203-91056-6
2906:978-1-909492-22-6
2825:978-1-136-73989-7
2798:978-0-08-102111-8
2654:978-1-4051-4029-4
2598:Lythrum salicaria
2554:978-0-486-14442-9
2483:978-0-85199-790-2
2287:Master of Science
2224:978-0-520-02381-9
2194:978-0-85199-841-1
2145:978-0-201-75054-6
2098:978-0-8247-0632-6
1859:
1636:Macaranga triloba
1481:"Pest Management"
1388:978-1-4729-0624-3
1260:978-0-521-01083-2
1185:"What is a pest?"
1161:penetrating worms
1157:wid smeogan wyrme
889:of both hard and
883:Furniture beetles
871:deathwatch beetle
819:emerald ash borer
794:emerald ash borer
461:Macaranga triloba
397:Branta canadensis
349:
348:
261:in 1930, but the
16:(Redirected from
4154:
4142:Pests (organism)
4121:
4120:
3997:Jean-Henri Fabre
3772:Cricket fighting
3767:Cockroach racing
3633:Insects in music
3594:
3593:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3489:
3475:
3423:
3422:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3379:Catholic Culture
3371:
3365:
3364:
3336:Martinus Nijhoff
3333:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:"Carpet Beetles"
2836:
2830:
2829:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2699:. Archived from
2674:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:. Archived from
2592:
2586:
2585:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2520:"Alligator Weed"
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2325:Abacarus hystrix
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:. Archived from
2284:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2250:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2125:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1910:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1808:Nature Portfolio
1793:
1784:
1783:
1749:
1726:
1683:Isbell, Lynne A.
1678:
1672:
1671:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1410:. Archived from
1399:
1393:
1392:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1019:Bordeaux mixture
936:drugstore beetle
863:longhorn beetles
735:invasive species
682:cereal rust mite
344:
341:
323:
316:
292:invasive species
21:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4109:
4087:
4081:
4023:
3971:
3933:
3926:
3818:
3811:
3750:
3722:
3680:
3649:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3482:
3464:
3432:
3430:Further reading
3427:
3426:
3411:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3346:. p. 303.
3331:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3214:"Clothes moths"
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3114:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3009:
3005:
2960:
2956:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2783:
2779:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2544:All About Weeds
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2407:
2360:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2132:
2128:
2118:Wayback Machine
2108:
2104:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2049:
2048:
2044:
1995:Nature Research
1976:
1972:
1956:
1947:
1940:
1872:
1865:
1794:
1787:
1679:
1675:
1660:10.2307/2960606
1632:
1628:
1589:
1585:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1512:NBC Environment
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1358:Current Science
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1307:. 22 March 2018
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1107:
1073:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1023:copper sulphate
971:
965:
960:
958:Countermeasures
944:Indianmeal moth
839:
833:
792:tree killed by
782:
757:
724:
559:
554:
552:Economic impact
494:
434:
426:Main articles:
424:
373:
345:
339:
336:
329:needs expansion
314:
271:
183:
148:
39:
32:Plant pathology
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4127:
4126:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4014:Lafcadio Hearn
4011:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Jan Swammerdam
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3913:Model organism
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Insect farming
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3671:Artificial fly
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3604:Insects in art
3600:
3598:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3517:
3512:
3509:plant diseases
3494:
3481:
3480:External links
3478:
3477:
3476:
3462:
3449:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3409:
3391:
3366:
3317:
3291:
3286:Book of Exodus
3277:
3270:
3250:
3227:
3204:
3182:
3175:
3155:
3127:
3112:
3081:
3065:
3058:
3038:
3003:
2974:(2): 317–325.
2954:
2935:(3): 227–232.
2912:
2905:
2885:
2868:
2846:
2831:
2824:
2804:
2797:
2777:
2758:(2): 172–179.
2738:
2716:
2660:
2653:
2633:
2617:
2606:on 7 July 2016
2587:
2580:
2560:
2553:
2533:
2511:
2489:
2482:
2459:
2452:
2432:
2405:
2354:
2335:(5): 607–616.
2315:
2264:
2230:
2223:
2200:
2193:
2173:
2151:
2144:
2126:
2102:
2077:
2064:United Nations
2042:
1970:
1938:
1908:10019.1/120851
1863:
1785:
1673:
1626:
1599:(2): 195–216.
1583:
1560:Annual Reviews
1535:
1523:
1499:
1472:
1450:
1425:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1344:
1318:
1292:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1227:
1198:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1128:Book of Exodus
1121:, 1422–1411 BC
1106:
1103:
1066:
1063:
1046:
1043:
1035:vedalia beetle
1011:powdery mildew
967:Main article:
964:
961:
959:
956:
901:Carpet beetles
832:
829:
807:spruce budworm
781:
778:
731:Alligator weed
723:
720:
558:
555:
553:
550:
514:climate change
506:drought stress
493:
492:Climate change
490:
423:
420:
405:micropredators
372:
369:
347:
346:
326:
324:
313:
310:
270:
267:
221:swarming phase
182:
179:
147:
144:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4159:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:Neonicotinoid
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:Other aspects
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3615:Musca depicta
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:. P. Davies.
3455:
3450:
3448:
3447:9781486300211
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3306:
3305:Perseus Tufts
3302:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3238:
3231:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2726:
2720:
2706:on 2020-07-19
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2581:0-7167-1031-5
2577:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2521:
2515:
2499:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2453:90-04-08922-5
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2305:on 2011-06-08
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2254:on 2012-09-26
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1747:10.1038/40618
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:(1): 98–107.
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1460:
1454:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1414:on 2016-03-13
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1215:
1214:ipm.ucanr.edu
1211:
1205:
1203:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:medical text
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1119:Ancient Egypt
1116:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:extract. The
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
980:
975:
970:
955:
953:
948:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:flour beetles
925:
924:Flour beetles
921:
917:
913:
911:
906:
905:clothes moths
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:, especially
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
843:
838:
828:
826:
825:
820:
816:
810:
808:
804:
795:
791:
786:
777:
775:
771:
765:
763:
762:Bermuda grass
756:
752:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
719:
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
694:
689:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:blackcurrants
671:
666:
662:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:scale insects
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
572:
567:
563:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
467:Crematogaster
463:
462:
456:
454:
445:
444:
438:
433:
429:
419:
417:
412:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
343:
334:
330:
327:This section
325:
322:
318:
317:
309:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
285:
284:
279:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
250:
248:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
196:
191:
190:Feral pigeons
187:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
157:
152:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
62:
61:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Pest (animal)
4100:Insecticides
4017:
4005:
4002:Hans Zinsser
3967:Clothes moth
3917:
3728:In mythology
3661:Fishing bait
3613:
3531:. Retrieved
3524:
3453:
3437:
3400:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3327:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3301:"Iliad 21.1"
3294:
3288:. 10: 13–15.
3285:
3280:
3260:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3185:
3165:
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3137:
3130:
3091:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2932:
2928:
2915:
2895:
2888:
2878:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2849:
2834:
2814:
2807:
2787:
2780:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2719:
2708:. Retrieved
2701:the original
2680:
2676:
2663:
2643:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2597:
2590:
2570:
2563:
2543:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2492:
2472:
2442:
2435:
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2418:
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2367:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2324:
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2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2278:
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2252:the original
2243:
2233:
2213:
2183:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2154:
2135:
2129:
2105:
2089:
2080:
2069:. Retrieved
2067:. 2021-01-15
2054:
2045:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1893:: eaai9214.
1886:
1880:
1803:
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1515:. Retrieved
1511:
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1491:. Retrieved
1489:. 2018-03-07
1484:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1407:
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1377:
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1213:
1189:. Retrieved
1179:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1135:
1124:
1074:
1054:
983:
969:Pest control
949:
929:
914:
910:quarantining
899:
848:
831:In buildings
822:
811:
803:larch sawfly
799:
766:
758:
755:Noxious weed
739:noxious weed
718:
707:
698:
678:coconut mite
670:big bud mite
661:spider mites
658:
653:
608:lepidopteran
600:
577:
569:
566:Caterpillars
495:
481:
475:
465:
459:
457:
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441:
413:
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396:
393:Canada geese
350:
340:January 2024
337:
333:adding to it
328:
299:
289:
281:
251:
201:
193:
177:
161:
128:pest control
125:
106:
74:
68:
66:
58:
54:
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4086:Categories,
4065:Insecticide
3896:Sericulture
3867:Royal jelly
3792:Flea circus
3782:Entomophagy
3716:Cantharidin
3711:Spanish fly
3686:In medicine
3666:Fly fishing
3597:In the arts
3342:thesis for
2299:10919/36916
2246:. USDA/ARS
1997:: 569–586.
1810:: 985–988.
1562:: 421–448.
1331:Woodpeckers
1147:Old English
1099:pyrethroids
1087:naphthalene
1027:Paris Green
780:In forestry
774:wet meadows
632:sooty mould
504:: Although
472:food bodies
242:Woodpeckers
102:cockroaches
4136:Categories
4105:Pesticides
3842:Bee pollen
3837:Beekeeping
3819:entomology
3762:Biomimicry
3694:Apitherapy
3654:In fishing
3609:Beetlewing
3590:in culture
3533:2021-07-22
3501:arthropods
3355:MS. Harley
3013:J. Allergy
2710:2020-04-03
2309:2020-09-22
2258:2013-03-09
2071:2021-01-27
1517:2024-07-25
1493:2021-01-31
1408:Context 73
1364:: 567–569.
1220:11 January
1171:References
1095:permethrin
1021:(lime and
1007:phylloxera
952:flour mite
851:arthropods
743:mosquitoes
665:gall mites
624:whiteflies
546:vertebrate
265:survived.
208:Mosquitoes
173:competitor
132:pesticides
4088:templates
4060:Pesticide
3676:Fly tying
3505:nematodes
3419:900012575
3122:840286794
2772:0307-6962
2683:: 13–30.
2289:thesis).
2037:190637591
2011:1740-1526
1933:206653576
1917:0036-8075
1832:1758-678X
1756:0028-0836
1687:Oecologia
1578:1543-5938
1279:PestAware
1083:mothballs
991:pyrethrum
895:heartwood
891:soft wood
867:wood ants
790:green ash
616:Hemiptera
592:nematodes
530:nematodes
357:oomycetes
312:Pathogens
247:Jellyfish
229:starlings
223:, become
117:nematodes
4028:Concerns
3980:Pioneers
3957:Woodworm
3862:Propolis
3817:Economic
3704:Melittin
3699:Apitoxin
3359:Lacnunga
3033:14226309
2949:10661713
2697:24112110
2500:. Which?
2400:29201038
2114:Archived
2029:31213707
1965:21711155
1952:(2017).
1925:28360268
1889:(6332).
1851:). (SJG
1840:83612131
1780:14507190
1723:26354370
1715:28307618
1621:11842328
1613:11038228
1418:11 April
1152:Lacnunga
1115:Horemhab
1037:against
1015:grafting
942:and the
875:hardwood
859:woodworm
855:termites
636:honeydew
580:diseases
508:weakens
502:rainfall
361:bacteria
165:epidemic
156:termites
89:bed bugs
3952:Bed bug
3934:insects
3932:Harmful
3908:Shellac
3852:Beeswax
3807:Jingzhe
3587:insects
3583:Aspects
3576:insects
3472:2276485
3310:3 April
3299:Homer.
3148:8 April
2998:8472775
2989:2272268
2861:8 April
2731:3 April
2610:9 April
2526:5 April
2504:5 April
2425:7 April
2421:. APHIS
2391:5697168
2349:2428949
2166:6 April
2136:Biology
2062:of the
2020:7136171
1882:Science
1812:Bibcode
1772:4402723
1764:9217155
1695:Bibcode
1668:2960606
1648:Bibcode
1465:2 April
1443:2 April
1337:3 April
1311:3 April
1285:2 April
1061:trees.
1031:arsenic
1003:tobacco
999:quassia
887:sapwood
796:beetles
634:on the
584:insects
534:equator
498:climate
385:grazing
381:begging
371:Ecology
365:viruses
278:Caltrop
234:Pigeons
225:locusts
216:vectors
181:Animals
146:Concept
109:insects
3891:Kermes
3886:Chitin
3879:Polish
3470:
3460:
3445:
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3407:
3384:13 May
3340:D.Litt
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3243:13 May
3220:13 May
3197:13 May
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1001:, and
995:derris
938:, the
934:, the
865:, and
713:snails
676:, the
650:cherry
620:aphids
612:beetle
604:sawfly
486:nectar
482:Acacia
477:Acacia
416:system
363:, and
269:Plants
204:vermin
169:plague
77:snakes
51:larvae
3857:Honey
3574:with
3491:Pests
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3142:(PDF)
3096:(PDF)
2925:(PDF)
2704:(PDF)
2673:(PDF)
2345:S2CID
2283:(PDF)
2033:S2CID
1993:(9).
1961:S2CID
1957:(PDF)
1929:S2CID
1853:ORCID
1846:ORCID
1844:(DPB
1836:S2CID
1776:S2CID
1768:S2CID
1719:S2CID
1664:JSTOR
1617:S2CID
1558:(1).
1137:Iliad
1132:Homer
1078:Boron
979:maize
722:Weeds
709:Slugs
646:Galls
588:mites
522:South
518:North
353:fungi
306:burrs
296:weeds
238:gulls
212:ticks
113:mites
97:ticks
93:fleas
81:wasps
3901:Silk
3507:and
3468:OCLC
3458:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3415:OCLC
3405:ISBN
3386:2020
3312:2020
3266:ISBN
3245:2020
3222:2020
3199:2020
3171:ISBN
3150:2020
3118:OCLC
3108:ISBN
3054:ISBN
3029:PMID
2994:PMID
2945:PMID
2901:ISBN
2863:2020
2820:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2768:ISSN
2733:2020
2693:PMID
2649:ISBN
2612:2020
2576:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2528:2020
2506:2020
2478:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2427:2020
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2396:PMID
2219:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2168:2020
2140:ISBN
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1921:PMID
1913:ISSN
1828:ISSN
1760:PMID
1752:ISSN
1711:PMID
1609:PMID
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1467:2020
1445:2020
1420:2020
1383:ISBN
1339:2020
1313:2020
1287:2020
1255:ISBN
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1193:2020
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753:and
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711:and
691:The
626:and
606:and
594:and
526:taxa
520:and
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69:pest
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2976:doi
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1999:doi
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